YIELD AND COMPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SELECTIONS OF GRAPEVINE CV. CABERNET SAUVIGNON

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1 YELD AND COMPOSTONAL DFFERENCES BETWEEN S OF GRAPEVNE CV. CABERNET SAUVGNON J. R. Whtng and W. J. Harde Sunraysa Hortcultural Research nsttute, Mldura, 35. R. M. Cram, formerly of the Department, nstgated the experment. The authors gratefully acknowledge the expert techncal assstance of Mrs. J. L. Sutherland and B. G. Morey. They are ndebted to G. C. Fletcher who montored symptoms of vrus-lke dsease n the vneyard and to the staff of the Sunraysa Hortcultural Research nsttute who mantaned the vnes. R. Jardne provded gudance on statstcal procedures. R. R. Hollck kndly provded the grape selectons R3V19E and R2VlW. Manuscrpt submtted 2 February Revsed manuscrpt receved 8 Aprl Accepted for publcaton 8 Aprl Eght selectons of grapevne (V rs vnfera L.) cv. Cabernet Sauvgnon from three nternatonal sources were compared for productvty, frut composton and growth. Sgnfcant dfferences between selectons were detected n each aspect. Selectons.V and R3V19E consstently outyelded all others. The greater yelds were attrbuted to a combnaton of a greater number of clusters per vne, greater number of berres per cluster and greater berry weghts. The cumulatve yeld of the Calfornan selecton.v was 19.6% and 18.7% greater than the popular n selectons A.V and A.V , respectvely. Lowest cumulatve yelds were obtaned from the French selec- There exsts n many vneyards consderable varaton n productvty and growth between ndvdual vnes. The orgn of such phenotypc varaton les n the nteracton between genotypes and extrnsc factors such as envronment, cultural treatment and dsease. Typcally, a large proporton of ths varaton s reproducble by vegetatve propagaton (16). Thus sgnfcant mprovement n productvty, frut characterstcs, and vne growth have resulted from the selecton of propagaton materal from superor sources. The relatve contrbutons of genotype and the ncdence of systemc vrus-lke dsease to the reproducble component of the between-vne varaton have been dffcult to resolve, due prmarly to the lack of comparatve results based on plants known to be completely free of dsease. The debltatng effects of common vrus-lke dseases of the grapevne are reasonably well establshed (7). Much of the mprovement due to selecton can be attrbuted to the elmnaton of vrus-lke dsease by selecton tself or by the post-selecton elmnaton of such dseases by thermotherapy and merstem culture (7). Nevertheless somatc mutaton does occur and evdence has been presented to show that genetc dfferences could account for a reproducble dfference n berry weght between selectons of the Sultana (syn. Sultanna, Thompson Seedless) cultvar (1). n selecton programs have been estab- ABSTRACT 212 tons.c ,.c and.c Selecton-dependent dfferences n the concentraton of soluble solds and ph of the juce were consstently detected when frut was harvested on the same date. Vegetatve growth, measured as the weght of prunngs removed durng dormancy, was greatest n the selectons R3V19E, R2VlW, and.v These results could not be attrbuted solely to dfferences arsng from the ncdence of vrus-lke dseases among the selectons. The results support a genetc bass for at least part of the enhanced productvty acheved through selecton. lshed for many cultvars~ Yeld ncreases of up to 25 % have been reported n a comparson of fve selectons of Sultana wth unselected controls (3). Smlar studes of several other grapevne cultvars have reaffrmed the value of ths approach (2). The study reported here s one of a seres conducted by ths nsttute n order to evaluate potentally superor selectons of a range of commercally mportant varetes. Cabernet Sauvgnon, regarded generally as a premum, but low yeldng, cultvar n, has receved consderable attenton n selecton programs. ntal success was acheved wth selectons A.V and A.V of the South. n 1973 Antclff (2) establshed that these were superor to others avalable at that tme. Snce that study a number of selectons wth greater yeld potental have become avalable. The performance of these compared wth the superor selectons of the prevous study s reported heren. MATERALS AND METHODS The eght selectons ncluded n the experment represented three nternatonal sources, namely, France, U.S.A. and. Detals regardng the orgn of each are presented n Table 1. All mported selectons had been tested for freedom from mportant vrus-lke dseases n the country of orgn. They were retested by standard technques at the Plant Research nsttute,

2 YELD AND COMPOSTON DFFERENCES Burnley, Vctora durng quarantne and on ths bass were ncluded n the Accesson Lst of Vrus Tested Frut Varetes n (9). Dormant buds of the selectons were grafted to plants (14,15) whch are ndcators of the followng dseases of the grapevne: leafroll, fanleaf, corky bark, fleck, yellow speckle and flavescence doree. Table 1. dentfcaton number and source of Cabernet Sauvgnon selectons under comparson. n accesson Country of Source and dentfcaton lst numbera orgn number.v c c c A.V A.V R3V19E b R2VlWb U.S.A. France France France Unversty of Calforna, Foundaton Seed and Plant Materal Servce (F.V. G9V3VXUCD).N.R.A. Pont de la Maye (BX 5186CXP. de la M.).N.R.A. Pont de la Maye (BX 5197CXP. de la M.).N.R.A. Pont de la Maye (BX 5325CXP. de la M.) South (126SN urootpa) South (125SN urootpa) Vctora (ex Coonawarra) c Vctora (ex Great Western)c a Accesson Lst of Vrus Tested Frut Varetes n (9). b Selecton number, Vctora. c A selecton from vnes of the stated locaton establshed n the vneyard of R. R. Hollck, rymple, Vctora. The n selectons were smlarly ndexed. n addton each vne n the experment was nspected regularly for vsual symptoms of dsease. The vnes were planted n August 1971 at the Sunraysa Hortcultural Research nsttute (lattude 34 1' S, longtude 142 6' E) whch has a mean annual heat summaton of 218 C (5). The sol was predomnantly Moorook sandy loam but extended to Murray sand (shallow phase) toward one end of the tral ste (12). Annual water applcaton, ncludng ranfall, was typcally 1 mm. Seasons n the Southern Hemsphere cover two calendar years and heren are referred to by the year of the harvest. The vnes were propagated from cuttngs taken from a sngle vne of each selecton and planted as one-yearold rootlngs at 2.4 m ntervals n rows 3.4 m apart. Each vne was head traned and cane pruned on a T-trells (.9 m wde, 1.2 m above the ground). Each selecton represented a treatment n a randomzed complete block desgn wth 21 replcatons. Data were treated by analyss of varance. Lnear regresson analyss was used to examne relatonshps between selected varables. The number of canes retaned at prunng n each year was, for each vne, based on ts growth. The maxmum number of canes retaned on any vne ranged from sx n 1975, the year of the frst harvest, to 1 n 1978 and years thereafter. Each cane contaned approxmately 14 nodes. The weght of annual shoot growth removed at prunng was recorded each year. n 1978 and 1979 the number of buds retaned on each vne at prunng was recorded. Measurements of the crop commenced n Wthn years, frut of each selecton was harvested on the same date to concde wth the ntake of local wneres. Total fresh yeld and number of clusters were recorded for each vne. mmedately before harvest a random sample of 1 berres was selected from each vne for berry weght measurements. The samples were crushed for determnaton of the concentraton of soluble solds (by refractometer), the concentraton of ttratable acd (ttrated wth NaOH; end pont ph 8.2), and ph of the juce. Average cluster weght and average number of berres per cluster were derved from the measured parameters. RESULTS ncdence of vrus-lke dseases: Symptoms of vrus-lke dsease were found n three selectons (Table 2). Grapevne leafroll symptoms were detected by feld observatons and on ndcator cultvars only n selecton A.V The feld symptoms of grapevne leafroll appeared annually and n each vne of the nfected selecton. Grapevne yellow speckle was detected n the selectons.v and R2VW. Table 2. ncdence of vrus-lke dsease wthn eght selectons of Cabernet Sauvgnon. Selecton.V C C C A.V A.V R3V19E R2VlW a G YS = grapevne yellow speckle. GLR = grapevne leafroll. = no vrus-lke dsease symptoms detected. Vrus-lke dsease symptoms detected a GYS GLR GYS Yeld and yeld components: Crop yelds for the fve years were sgnfcantly dfferent between selectons wthn each year (Fg. 1). Selectons.V and R3V19E consstently outyelded all others durng the fve years and sgnfcantly n 1978 and 1979 (P.5). There was no sgnfcant dfference n crop yeld n any year between the two commonly used n selectons A.V and A.V Selecton.C consstently yelded less than all other selectons n each year. There were sgnfcant dfferences between selectons n each component of yeld n all years (Fg. 1). The hghest yeldng selectons.v and R3V19E generally had hgh numbers of clusters and hgh weghts of clusters. n general those selectons wth hgh weghts of clusters tended to have hgh weghts of berres and hgh numbers of berres per cluster. Of the two commonly used n selectons,

3 214 ~ YELD AND COMPOSTON DFFERENCES ;.~ ~2 v ~J 1 e 4 2 ~ = U zo N loo ~ so,~ eo ~ 3 ~ 4 U 2 8 ~. ~ 6 ca 4 ~') 2 O 1.1 Fg. 1. Fresh yeld and yeld components of eght selectons of Cabernet Sauvgnon. Vertcal bars represent least sgnfcant dfference at P.5. A.V generally had a hgher number of clusters, but A.V had heaver clusters. The berres of selecton A.V were consstently heaver than those of A.V The number of berres per cluster was smlar for both. The French selecton.c generally had fewer clusters and lghter clusters than all other selectons. The lower cluster weght was prmarly due to fewer berres per cluster. The relatve nfluence of the ndvdual components of yeld on the varaton n fresh yeld between selectons, n each year, was examned accordng to the general relatonshp: Fresh yeld = number of clusters per vne weght of berres number of berres per cluster. n order to standardze the varance assocated wth each component of yeld, wthn a gven year, the geo- metrc mean of each component was calculated for each selecton. A grand mean of each component was then calculated by aggregatng the geometrc means of each selecton. Estmates of fresh yeld were obtaned by systematcally substtutng the mean value of a partcular component of each selecton nto the general equaton n whch the grand means of the other components remaned constant, e.g., estmated fresh yeld (selecton ) = G.M. of number of clusters (selecton ) mean G.M. of weght of berres (selectons -j) mean G.M. of number of berres per cluster (selectons - j), where G.M. s the geometrc mean. The estmates of fresh yeld thus obtaned were summed and the mean and standard devaton calculated. The standard devaton of the mean for each component obtaned n ths manner provdes a measure of the

4 YELD AND COMPOSTON DFFERENCES m 215 Z w u_ m m _>_ ul a Z 3 7" L rap. r-] Cluster Number Per Vne Berry Number Per Cluster Berry Weght YEAR Fg. 2. Standard devaton of the calculated yeld values of eght selectons of Cabernet Sauvgnon. relatve contrbuton of each component to the varaton n yeld between selectons. n four out of fve years, the component contrbutng to the greatest varaton n yeld between selectons was the number of clusters per vne (Fg. 2). n 1978 the number of berres per cluster had the greatest nfluence on the varaton n yeld between selectons. Varaton n weght of berres had the least nfluence on yeld dfferences between selectons n all years. However, the weght of berres and yeld of selectons was postvely correlated (P.5) n 1975, 1976, and 979. n the two years n whch bud numbers were recorded there was a postve correlaton between cluster number per vne and bud number (r =.72, P.5 and r =.836, P.1, n 1978 and 1979, respectvely). The number of clusters per bud dffered sgnfcantly between selectons (Table 3). n general the hgher yeldng selectons also had the greatest number of clusters per bud. On a cumulatve yeld bass over fve years, selecton.v outyelded the generally recommended selectons n A.V and A.V by Table 3. Cluster number per bud of eght selectons of Cabernet Sauvgnon Selecton Cluster number per bud V R3V19E R2VW A.V A.V C C C L.S.D. (P.5).19.2

5 216 n YELD AND COMPOSTON DFFERENCES 8 c "; 7 L SD (-5) c~ _J 6 ul 1 2:5 uu 4 > _J 3 U 2 1 Fg. 3. Cumulatve fresh yelds ( nclusve) of eght selectons of Cabernet Sauvgnon g ;s ~4 z z ~ J. en..~ 7. u ~ "" "" 1 n --1 '-" -- s.s 3.9f z z: f X 3.5,.. t~ t~ ~ ~ t),- t~ _..,tt) t),.. tt} ) t~ t) t ~,. t } ~ t} ~ 1 },. t) tfj } tt) to} ~1 ell N ~.-,- ~- N e') N,-,-" ~- N ~l N v- ~- ~- N... t~ N v-,- ~" N. ~ N,., N. ~, N N ~ N "` N N.o N ~., N N.D N; N N.D.D N ~,N N w m,-,.. d d o o" -- - O~ m,,-,..~ d d d d ~,.-,,- d d ~ d e,.- ~ d d d O" e;,,-,'- d " d O Fg. 4. Composton of grape juce at harvest of eght selectons of Cabernet Sauvgnon. Vertcal bars represent least sgnfcant dfference at P.5. NS, not sgnfcant.

6 YELD AND COMPOSTON DFFERENCES % and 18.7%, respectvely (Fg. 3). The average annual yeld of the hghest yeldng selecton.v was 16. kg per vne (19.8 ton per hectare) and the average annual yeld of the lowest yeldng selecton.c was 5.3 kg per vne (6.6 ton per hectare). Composton: There were sgnfcant dfferences between selectons n the concentraton of soluble solds and ph of the juce n every year (Fg. 4). The concentraton of ttratable acd was only sgnfcantly dfferent between selectons n two years. Selecton.C was sgnfcantly lower n the concentraton of soluble solds n the juce than the other selectons n four of the fve years. No consstent trends were apparent between the other selectons. Lnear regresson analyss revealed no sgnfcant relatonshp between the mean yeld of each selecton and the concentraton of soluble solds n any year, even when the analyss was confned to those selectons consdered to be free of vrus-lke dsease. The juce of the selecton wth the lowest yeld,.c , had the hghest ph of the juce n four of the fve years. There were no consstent dfferences n juce ph among the other selectons. Regresson analyss dd not show a sgnfcant correlaton between the mean annual yeld of each selecton and ph. There was no consstent relatonshp between selecton and concentraton of ttratable acd n the juce. n only one year (1976) there was a sgnfcant correlaton between the mean annual yeld of each selecton and the concentraton of ttratable acd (P.5). There were no sgnfcant dfferences n composton of the juce between the two commonly used n selectons A.V and A.V , except for the concentraton of soluble solds n Annual growth: n each year there were sgnfcant dfferences between selectons n the weght of annual growth removed at prunng (Fg. 5). The selecton R3V19E had the hghest weght of prunngs n four of the fve years. Selectons.C and.c consstently had the lowest prunng weghts. Of the two popular n selectons, A.V had a consstently hgher, though not always sgnfcant, weght of prunngs than A.V DSCUSSON Dfferences n yeld between selectons of a cultvar have been attrbuted to vrus-lke dseases andor genetc varaton. n the present study, vrus-lke dsease was detected n only three selectons. Therefore, based on our current awareness of vrus-lke dseases, at least part of the varaton n yeld between selectons, n ths study, can be attrbuted to a genetc orgn. Grapevne leafroll has been assocated wth lower yelds (4,6,11), lower numbers of clusters per vne (4,6), smaller clusters (6), fewer berres per cluster (4), heaver berres (4), lower concentraton of soluble solds n the juce (4,6,8,1,11), hgher concentraton of ttratable acd n the juce (8,1,11), hgher ph n the juce (8) and lower prunng weghts (7,11) when compared wth unnfected vnes. n the present study only one selecton A.V exhbted symptoms of grapevne leafroll. Wth regard to each of the aforementoned aspects of grape and vne development there were dsease-free selectons wth values both greater than and less than those assocated wth A.V Ths observaton provdes further evdence that the source of the dfferences n these aspects between selectons s not related solely to vrus-lke dsease. t s of course possble that the growth and productvty of A.V was not affected n any way by the leafroll dsease. nherent dfferences n the susceptblty to vrus-lke dsease have been observed among breedng lnes of other plants (13). Dfferent strans of vruslke dseases may each cause specfc responses n a host vne (17). The leafroll nfecton of A.V has been regarded as 'mld' (2). The nfluence of grapevne yellow speckle on yeld, composton and growth s not known, but t s beleved to be neglgble (2,4,17). The results of ths study support ths belef to the extent that the symptoms were found n.v , the hghest yeldng selecton. t s noteworthy that the relatve performance of the selectons n terms of growth and productvty was smlar n each year. n the fnal year of the experment there remaned a substantal dfference between the crop of the hghest and lowest yeldng selectons. The large and consstent dfferences n weght of annual growth removed at prunng are n contrast to smlar studes wth Sultana (4,16). n all years the hgher ~ 2- z -5 v- tfl 143 tt) ) tt)," t) ~ t) tl3 tt),- t) t) U~ t) tfl,- ~ Urt U3 U13 ur~,- ~ ~ t~ t) 4 o3 4 ~ ~- v- 4 o3 4 ~ ~,- 4 ~ 4 "- "- "- _~. tu ~ 4 "- ~ "- = ~. u~ t~ o4 v..,- ~ 4 ~ 4 4 oo ~o oo 4 w 4 4 ~ oo 4 ~ 4 4 o ~' 4 4 ~ 4 ",D ~ ~ ~,-,.. d d d C~ O" m ~,-3: d O" O" O" m,.-,,- d d d c~ c~ ~,.-,- O" d O" o~,-,- C~ C~ CS C~. ~ ~: ~ o -- ~.. - o. o. _ Fg. 5. Weght of annual growth removed at prunng of eght selectons of Cabernet Sauvgnon. Vertcal bars represent least sgnfcant dfference of P.5.

7 218 m YELD AND COMPOSTON DFFERENCES yeldng selectons tended to have hgh prunng weghts. Yeld dfferences between selectons are prmarly attrbuted to varaton n the number of clusters per vne and the number of berres per cluster. n 1978 and 1979 the greater number of clusters per vne of the hgher yeldng selectons was probably due to a greater number of buds per vne and a greater number of clusters per bud. However, the proporton of buds that developed nto shoots and the frutfulness of those shoots was not nvestgated. The hgher number of berres per cluster of the hgher yeldng selectons may have been due to greater flower numbers per cluster andor a greater percentage frut set. Flowerng of all selectons was smultaneous, thus dfferences n the number of berres per cluster cannot be attrbuted to the nfluence of weather durng ths perod. The varaton n weght of berres between selectons had least nfluence on the dfferences n yelds between selectons. However, the general assocaton of hgh berry weghts and hgh yeldng selectons supports prevous evdence (1) that berry weght s ndeed a selecton-dependent character t s noteworthy that the n selectons A.V and A.V yelded smlarly despte the consstent appearance of symptoms of leafroll n A.V n a prevous study where vnes of both selectons were pruned to smlar numbers of buds, Antclff (2) noted that the yelds of A.V were the greater of the two. n the present study the number of clusters per vne of A.V was sgnfcantly greater than that of A.V n one year (1975), yet n that year the cluster weght of A.V was greater; thus both selectons yelded smlarly. n subsequent years there was no sgnfcant dfference n the number of clusters per vne between the two selectons. Possbly the method of prunng and trellsng n our experment allowed the greater expresson of the yeld potental of A.V than n the expeament of Antclff (2). The concentraton of soluble solds n frut of selectons consdered to be free of vrus-lke dsease was unrelated to the level of crop. Ths result provdes further evdence that there were ntrnsc physologcal dfferences between the selectons. The selecton of.c whch consstently had low concentratons of soluble solds n the frut also had the lowest rato of shoot weght (measured at prunng) to crop load n all but the frst season. There was lttle dfference between the selectons wth respect to the concentraton of ttratable acd n the juce. The concentraton of ttratable acd and the ph of the juce were generally unrelated to yeld. The juce of selecton.c consstently had the hghest ph. The evaluaton of wne assocated wth each of the selectons s the subject of a separate study; however, prelmnary results and the compostonal data reported here ndcate that the hgh yeldng selectons may be used wthout detrmental effect on qualty. LTERATURE CTED 1. Antclff, A.J. Evdence for a genetc dfference n berry weght between Sultana vnes. Vts 12:16-22 (1973). 2. Antclff, A. J. Comparson of some local and mported clones of mportant wne grape varetes. Aust. Grapegrower Wnemaker 113:3-4 (1973). 3. Antclff A.J., and H. Hawson. The n Sultana clones: Rapd adopton of mproved plantng materal. J. Aust. nst. Agrc. Sc. 4:19-13 (1974). 4. Antclff, A. J., R. C. Woodham, and K. M. Celler. A comparson of 182 Sultana clones selected for yeld. Aust. J. Agrc. Res. 3: (1979). 5. Cram, R. M. Changes n the composton of rpenng grapes n a warm clmate. Aust. J. Exp. Agrc. Anm. Husb. 13: (1973). 6. Goheen, A.C. Grape leafroll. n: Vrus dseases of small fruts and grapevnes. N. W. Frazer, ed. p Unv. of Calf. Press, Berkeley, CA (197). 7. Goheen A. C. Vrus and vruslke dseases of grapes. Hortc. Sc. 12: (1977). 8. Hale, C. R., and R. C. Woodham. Effect of grapevne leafroll dsease on the acd and potassum composton of Sultana grapes. Am. J. Enol. Vtc. 3:91-2 (1979). 9. kn, R. Accesson Lst of Vrus Tested Frut Varetes n. 7th ed. Dept. Health, Canberra, (198). 1. Klewer, W. M., and L. A. Lder. nfluence of leafroll vrus on composton of Burger fruts. Am. J. Enol. Vtc. 27: (1976). 11. Lder, L. A., A. C. Goheen, and N. L. Ferrar. A comparson between healthy and leafroll-affected grapevne plantng stocks. Am. J. Enol. Vtc. 26: (1975). 12. Penman, F., G. D. Hubble, J. K. Taylor, and P. D. Hooper. A sol survey of the Mldura rrgaton settlement, Vctora. Councl for Scentfc and ndustral Research,, Bulletn No. 133 (194). 13. Russell, G. E. Plant Breedng for Pest and Dsease Resstance. Butterworths, London (1978). 14. Shanmuganathan, N., and G. Fletcher. ndexng grapevne clones n the Frut Varety Foundaton of for vrus and vrus-lke dseases. Aust. J. Exp. Agrc. Anm. Husb. 2: (198). 15. Taylor, R. H., and R. C. Woodham. ndexng grapevnes for vruses n. n: Proceedngs of the Fourth Meetng of the nternatonal Councl for the Study of Vruses and Vrus Dsease of Grapevnes. p Ann. Phytopathol. (1972). 16. Woodham, R. C., and D. McE. Alexander. Reproducble dfferences n yeld between Sultana vnes. Vts 5: (1966). 17. Woodham, R. C., R. H. Taylor, and L. R. Krake. Grapevne vrus and vrus-lke dseases n Southern. Rv. Patol. Veg. 9:17-22 (1973).