EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BINDING ABBA MANSUR (2005/21694EH) OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING NIGERIA. NOVEMBER, 2010.

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1 > DEPARTMENT,> > EXTRACTON AND CHARACTERZATON OF BNDNG MATERAL FROM LOCUS BEANS POD (PARJ(A BGLOBOSA). BY ABBA MANSUR (2005/21694EH) OF CHEMCAL ENGNEERNG FEDERAL UNVERSTY OF TECHNOLOGY, MNNA NGERA. NOVEMBER, 2010.

2 EXTRACTON AND CHARACTERZATON OF BNDNG MATERAL' FROM LOCUS BEANS POD (PARKA BGLOBOSA) BY ABBA MANSUR (2005/21694EH) A PROJECT SUBMTTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMCAL ENGNEERNG, FEDERAL UNVERSTYOF TECHNOLOGY, NGERA N PARTAL FULFLMENT OF THE REQUREMENT FOR THE A WARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGNEERNG (B.ENG) DEGREE N CHEMCAL ENGNEERNG NOVEMBER, 2010.

3 DECLARATON declared that the work ths project report on the EXTRACTON, AND qharacterza TON OF BNDNG MATERAL FROM LOCUS BEANS POD (PARKA BGLOBOSA) has been performed by me under the supervson of DR. 1. O., c)kafor. No part of ths project report was presented for another d,egree or dploma.. e~sewhere afany nsttuton to the best of my knowledge.! ABBA MANSUR ( EH) Sgnature Date..

4 CERTFCATON Ths s to certfy that ths project on the EXTRACTON AND CHARACTERZATON OF BNDNG MATERAL FROM LOCUS BEANS POD (PARKA BGLOBOSA) by ABBA jansur(200s121694eh) meet the requrements for the partal fulfllment of the awru;d of ~achelor of Engneerng (B. ENG) degree n Chemcal Engneerng, Federal unversty of.. 1echnology, Mnna Dr. 1. O. OKAFOR Project Supervsor Date P:ROF.F.ABERUAGBA Head of Department Date External Examner Date,.

5 DEDCATON dedcated ths project work to Almghty GOD.. f. f v

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT, Frst of all, thank the God almghty (the mercful) for the knowledge, support, protecton and courage gven to me throughout my academc perod and ths research work' n partcular. apprecate the assstance of my supervsor Eng. lo. Okafo! and therefore wsh to thank hm for all hs advces and efforts n seeng me through the completon of ths., 1 research work successfully. wsh to express my profound grattude to my parents for ther love and care to me. Also, wsh to thank my elder brothers Alh. Abba Lawa and Alh. Sada Abba, for ther fnancal support throughout my academc career. Thank you so much. To my brothers (~lder) Abu, brahm, Alyu, & Sulaman Abba, thank you for your words of advce. To ~y ssters (elder) Raj. Jamla & Raj. Rab and (younger) ones Gaje, Radza, Asha and Hafsat thank you for your care. To my very best frends n School: Abdurahman,Gdado, Shehu, Musty, Nas,! Habb, Phlp, thank: you for beng wth me n all tmes most mportantly the patence, p,eace and the happness we shared to ourselves, you wll be n my heart forever..!( wll really mss you). To my very best frends at home: Usman (shroro), Amnu, Ramza, Sanus, Abdulganyu(kawu), Ramsu, Usman (sr), Emnem, Offcer and Muhammad(lappazy), thank you and luvyou all. want to t~ank the followng people: Mr. Abraham Danjuma of chemcal Engr. Dept and Mr. Musa Bulus of fshery Dept. for ther assstance towards ths research,work. Last but not,the least my project partner Usman Shehu, thank you for the tolerance apd perseverance we dsplayed towards ths work. v

7 ABSTRACT The research work was conducted and amed prmarly to extract and characterze a bndng. materal from a locvst beans pod (parka bglobosa). The extracton method used was a batch method n whch the pod whch was reduce to a sze of 71 O/lm. 109 of the pod was ; soaked wth 100ml of water at dfferent temp that s 100 c, 50 c, room temperature and h'exanes whch were the solvents used nto a concal flask and close' tght. Both the t~mperatures of the water were mantaned usng a controlled steam bath. A change n, ', cblour was observed from colourless to dark brown for the water solvent and brown for the h,exane solvent. The samples were fltered usng smotherng cloth and tq.e extract was recovered by evap~ratng the solvent.e. water and hexane. After hours, the yeld of the extrac'obtaned from the pod whch was 109 were 5.9g for 100 c, 6.03g for 50 c, 6.22gfor r?or temperature and 3.94g for hexane. Characterzaton analyss was conducted apled at determmng the physcal and chemcal propertes for the extract whch shows that the htracfwas.. dark brown for the water sample and brown colour for hexane. The ph' tecota:ed'were:'hotwater (5.87), warm water (6.82), cool water (6.10)n-hexane (5.92). The refractve ndexes recorded were: Hot wler (1.28), warm water (1.28) cool water (1.2) and.. hexane (1.46). The denstes were: Hot water (0.9248) warm water (0.9535), cool water (0.9685). Ths shows that the extract was a weak organc acd and denser n nature. Also from theana:1yss ofhe chemcal and,t shows that the extract contans: cabohydrate (57.56 %);! crude fber (22.96 %),total ash (7.69 %), dry matter (5.34 %), crude proten (4,86 %) and ether extract (1.32 %). The result obtaned shows that water was the better solvent than n::h'exdne tojsen the extracton of Locust beans pod based on the extract yelded. The t trac(~an'he used to add strength to the wall and floors of the buldngwh{m mxed wth s~r and the 'fbers of the pod can be use n controllng sol eroson. 1 1 < '\,~ l v

8 Table of Content, CONTENTS PAGES TTTLE PAGE DECLARATON CERTFCATN qedcaton AKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT n V V V TABLE OF CONTENT VU. J ~HAPTERONE 1.0 NTRODUCTON 11 1 OBJECTVES OF THE WORK. 1:.2 JUSTFCATON OF STUDY, 1.3 THE SCOPE OF THE WORK ,.. CHAPTER TWO 2~0 LTERA TUru; REVEW 2.lHSTORCAL BACK GROUND 4! 4. v

9 t2 DSTRBUTON OF LOCUS BEANS POD! 21.3 COMPOSTON OF LOCUS BEANS POD 2/.4 COMPOSTO OF POD OF LOCUS BEANS 2.5, TRADTONAL USES OF LOCUS BEANS POD 2.6 NDUSTRAL VSES OF LOCUS BEANS POD 2.7 PROCESSNG OF POD OF LOCUS BEANS ' 2.8 LEACHNG PROCESS N THE SOL VENT EXTRACTON OF LOCUS BEANS POD 6 29 MASS TfuwSFER, N LEAClllNG OPERA non CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3.1 PRE-TREATMENT 3.2 TABLE OF LST OF EQUPEMENT AND MATERALS DRYNG PROCESS OF THE SAMPLE 3!.2.2 SZE REDUCTON PROCESS OF THE SAMPLE 3 ị 2.3 WEGHNG PROCSS OF THE SAMPLE 3.3 LABORATORY METHODE OF EXTRACTONS ,.3.1 BATCH METHODE OFEXTRACTON SEM BATCH METHODE OF EXTRACTON 14 v

10 3.3.3 CONTNEOUS METHODE OF EXTRACTON 14 3:.4 EXPERMENTAL PROCEDURE EXTRACT RECOVERY 15 3!.5 ANALYSS OF CHEMCAL COMPOSTON 15 \ DETERMNATON OF MOSTURE DETERMNATON OF CRUDE 1~! CHAPTER FOUR 1 4:.0 REULT AND DSCUSSON OF RESULT RESULT OF THE EXPERMENTS 19 4;.1.1 TABLE OF RESULT OF DRYNG PROCESS OF THE POD PERCENTAGE YELD TABLE OF THE EXTRACT TABLES OF PHYSCO CHEMCAL PROPERTES OF THE '1 EXTRACT 21 4[.2.1 TABLE OF THE RESULT USNG 710f1.m OF THE MESH 21 4!.2.2 TABLE OF CHEMCAL COMPOSTON OF THE EXTRACT 21! 4'.3 DSCUSSON OF RESULT CHARACTERZATON OF THE EXTRACT ANALYSS df CHEMCAL COMPOSTON 23 CHAPTER FVE CONCLUSON AND RECOMMENDATON :.1 CONCLUSON 24 5;.2 RECOMMENDATON 24 x

11 REFERENCES 25 APPENDX 26 x