Cabernet Hang-Time Forum Jan Grape Sorting. Simon Nordestgaard c. 1930s

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1 Cabernet Hang-Time Forum Jan 2017 c. 1930s Grape Sorting Simon Nordestgaard

2 Outline Quality impacts of sorting Winery sorting Vineyard/harvester sorting Possible future directions in sorting

3 Quality impacts of sorting What are the contaminants? Stem fragments Leaves Leaf petioles Unripe grapes Raisined grapes Rotten grapes, etc. What impact will the level of contamination have on the particular wine style?

4 Impact of sorting out vegetal matter (stems, leaves, petioles, etc.) Sorting is more likely to have a positive impact for red than white wines because any vegetal matter gets included during fermentation Vinsonneau and Vergnes (2000): 1% additional vegetal matter can negatively impact quality for some red wines (this was added on top of the 0.5-2% that was already in the output from the destemmer added matter was of the same makeup as the existing vegetal matter) Ward et al. (2015): No impact of leaf petiole addition to Cabernet Sauvignon at realistic levels 10% leaf petiole addition required to produce significant sensory and chemical changes (leaf petiole addition increased floral characters and decreased green characters) Cabernet hang-time: Potentially more vegetal matter from more brittle vines (growing conditions dependent), but maybe material is drier and less negative extractables?

5 Impact of sorting recent trials Donahue & Luck (2014) Cabernet Sauvignon (hand-picked) Optical sorting Alcohol lower by ~0.5% (raisined grapes) Tannin/phenolics lower (vegetal matter) Sensory (blind tasting): Wine critic: Preferred sorted wine (more perfumed, with pure fruit, blackberry and plum, and a nice clean sweetness - unsorted Is earthier in the mouth and the tannins are more granular) Enology students: Preferred unsorted wine (19 to 2) Hendrickson, Oberholster et al. (2016) Pinot Noir (hand-picked, machine harvested with/without Pellenc Selectiv sorting on-board) Optical sorting Alcohol lower by ~0.3% on average Tannin and other phenolics lower Sensory: Control Optically sorted Brix (Juice) Alcohol 14.26% 13.76% Tannins 404 mg/l 296 mg/l IBMP threhsold 1.4 ng/l 1 ng/l Picking method Control Optically sorted Hand 13.9% 13.2% Machine-Selectiv 14.4% 14.0% Machine 14.4% 14.4% With only two significant differences among the 18 aroma, taste and mouthfeel attributes tested, it was concluded that all treatments led to wines of similar character. Cabernet hang-time: Alcohol reduction might be relevant (if heterogeneous grapes) Sensory 2-15 ng/l

6 Winery sorting methods by hand Bunches and/or destemmed grapes In contrast, automated sorting technologies only work on destemmed grapes Static table or conveyor Need lots of staff Belt conveyor Vibrating conveyor (with drainage slots)

Analysis Ejection by air-nozzles Optical, c.

new cheaper models 250-400 in world Many manufacturers:

WECO/Scharfenberger, Key/Enoveneta Problems removing:

7 Analysis Ejection by air-nozzles Optical, c Sorting by size, shape, colour (Vis+NIR) Expensive but new cheaper models in world Many manufacturers: Bucher-Vaslin, Pellenc, Protec, Armbruster, WECO/Scharfenberger, Key/Enoveneta Problems removing: Botrytis-affected red grapes Slight ripeness differences Exaggerated capacity: e.g. 2.5 vs. 10 t/hr Losses: 1.5 6%

Imaged on or just off belt, and ejected as fly

8 Videos - Optical - feed systems Gravity feed Imaged and ejected as fall Lower throughput Fast-belt feed Imaged on or just off belt, and ejected as fly Higher throughput (fast belt adds space between objects)

9 2 stages of vibrating screens, c. 1990s 2 stages: 1. Smalls and juice fall through 2. Grapes fall through

10 Air-jet (Vaucher-Beguet Mistral), c stage vibrating + air-jet Air-jet blows away light materials as they fall off an edge - petioles, leaves, larger raisins and smashed grape skins (Fraser 2012)

11 Air-jet fast belt (Bucher-Vaslin Rflow), c Material accelerated by fastbelt to spread them out, allowing higher throughput

12 Density bath Ripe grapes sink and unripe grapes/waste float in sugar or juice solution of set Baumé Amos Tribaie (density and other), c Bucher-Vaslin Densilys, c. 2017

13 Video - Density bath

14 Rollers, c Single or 2-stage rollers (Pellenc-style) 2-stage: Tight rollers help align petioles allow draining of jucie Spreading systems on larger devices vibrating, sweeping arms Relatively high throughputs

15 Video Rollers (Bucher-Vaslin S/M/L)

Destemmer traditional rotary Influence of beater

sort Promoted interest in gentler destemmers

16 Destemmer traditional rotary Influence of beater shaft speed (Vinsonneau and Vergnes 2000): Faster Beater shaft speed (rpm) Burst berries Sorting difficulties More vegetal matter More to sort Promoted interest in gentler destemmers Vegetal matter (%) Burst berries (%) Beater shaft speed (rpm)

17 Gentler destemmers Shaking rods/cage quite gentle ~0.6% juice with Pellenc Selectiv ~ % vegetal matter (after included roller sorter) compared with ~1-2% for rotary destemmer (hand-picked, Vinsonneau et al & 2013) Raisins can potentially be left on stems Destemmer packaged with roller sorter Functional / clever marketing SOCMA Cube, c Shaking rods Bucher-Vaslin Oscillys, Shaking cage, c SOCMA/Scharfenberger, c Linear with fingerwheels Armbruster Rotovib, c Shaking rotary beater Pellenc Selectiv, c Shaking rods

18 Video - Pellenc Selectiv

19 Machine harvesters, c. 1970s Partial destemming Many stems left on the vine Some sorting Cleaning fans - leaves Vegetal matter in harvest Hand-picked: ~7% Machine-harvested: ~1-2% Vegetal matter content estimates from Anneraud et al. (2012)

SOCMA destemmer on New Holland Braud harvester, c.

New Holland Braud harvesters Removed more stems Stem

rotary destemmer at winery than rotary winery destemmer

On-board SOCMA Rotary winery Juice content without or

20 SOCMA destemmer on New Holland Braud harvester, c Above bins on each side still current destemmer for New Holland Braud harvesters Removed more stems Stem content on-board SOCMA vs. rotary destemmer at winery than rotary winery destemmer Slightly more juicing at harvest than without destemmer On-board SOCMA Rotary winery Juice content without or with on-board destemmer Without destemmer With destemmer Plots translated from Vinsonneau et al. (2004)

21 Pellenc - Selectiv Process 1 & 2, c & 2013 Pellenc s shaking linear destemmer Roller sorting table including initial rollers to align petioles Pellenc claim: 99.8% clean harvest & 95% of petioles eliminated (bigger than 35 mm long)(ifv testing)

1999) Free grapes/juice can fall through and aren t exposed

22 Pellenc grid conveyor/fan sorting Grid for the whole conveyor (evolution of Pellenc s grid fan sorter, c. 1999) Free grapes/juice can fall through and aren t exposed so directly to fans Pellenc claim up to 5% more harvest than a competitive machine

23 Gregoire Cleantech Vario, c Gregoire Cleantech destemmer (cross between SOCMA destemmer and traditional rotary destemmer) Vario roller sorting table

24 Video Gregoire Cleantech Vario

25 Gregoire EasyClean, c Fingers that move side to side and destem grapes through the grid Gregoire have performed a similar test with IFV that Pellenc did and got the same 99.8% cleanliness result and are using this in their marketing

26 Video - Gregoire EasyClean

27 New Holland Braud Opti-Grape, c Still has SOCMA destemmer (after a new roller pre-sorting stage) Now has an air-jet sorting stage New Holland claim: it is also effective at removing dry and mouldy fruit, and also botrytrised fruit

28 Video New Holland Braud Opti-Grape

29 ERO Vitiselect, c Traditional rotary destemmer (ERO claim that they were first with an on-board destemmer in 1998) Roller sorting table Compatible with side-arm discharge conveyor

30 Oxbo PremiumSort, c Destemmer similar to Gregoire Cleantech but centrally and rearmounted Ratchet motion sorting belt that grapes fall through Compatible with side-arm discharge conveyor

31 Pellenc Selectiv Process 2 (XLE) conveyor, c Similar to model with twin onboard bins, but has side-arm discharge conveyor Side-ways moving belt under destemmers transfer grapes to a single larger sorting table Sorted grapes fall into a single buffer bin with a conveyor system in it that feeds the sidearm discharge conveyor Buffer bin allows for storage when changing gondolas, etc.

32 Video - Pellenc Selectiv Process 2 (XLE)

Limitations model/conditions dependent only have supplier recommendations (not independent treat with considerable

33 Speed and yield Harvester destemming and sorting systems may only process a certain throughput before their performance declines losses or maceration? Limitations model/conditions dependent only have supplier recommendations (not independent treat with considerable caution) Pellenc: Destemmers reach speeds up to 50 tonnes/ha at 4.5 km/hr New Holland Braud: Destemmer only use in up to 20 tonnes/ha, shorter rows Opti-Grape use in up to 8 tonnes/ha, shorter rows

intact condition for sorting One benefit of winery sorting is extra technologies (optical, density bath) and can ability to sort both

34 Destemming/sorting in the vineyard or winery? Red grapes/wine If mechanically harvesting and want to sort, probably better to sort on harvester as the grapes will be in the most intact condition for sorting One benefit of winery sorting is extra technologies (optical, density bath) and can ability to sort both hand-picked and machine-harvested grapes White grapes/wine On-board destemming could cause more grape maceration leading to more grape skin derived phenolics in the free-run (level of maceration will be brand/model/conditions dependent)

35 Maintenance and cleaning Sorting systems generally add complexity and moving parts Cleaning can also be an issue Cabernet hang-time: Concentrated sticky overripe grapes may enhance some of these issues?

$perhaps we will be able to divide grapes into multiple fractions by slight differences in sugar (instead of just removing the extremes green$

36 Future directions? Winery optical sorters may be more widely adopted as prices come down and technology improves e.g. perhaps we will be able to divide grapes into multiple fractions by slight differences in sugar (instead of just removing the extremes green & raisined grapes) Winery shaking destemmers with in-built roller sorting may be more widely adopted for processing hand-picked grapes On-harvester destemming and sorting may be more widely adopted as systems improve (disharge conveyor compatibility, simplicity, throughput) 3-way sorting (potatoes here)

37 Acknowledgements Suppliers who provided information on their winery/vineyard equipment and offered their perspective Wine industry personnel who offered their perspective James Freckleton, Jan O Connor, Paul Petrie, Sue Hodder, Sarah Pidgeon, Michael Maldari, and others People who posted videos of equipment operation on-line that I used/edited snippets from MatéVi includes information on equipment trials performed by the French Institute of Vine and Wine (IFV)

38 Disclaimer The information contained in these slides should be considered general in nature, and viewers should undertake their own specific investigations before purchasing equipment or making major process changes. The dates when different inventions were introduced and the order in which these inventions were made are presented in good faith based on information currently available. Some limited comparisons between different equipment are made and these are again presented in good faith based on available information. It should be noted that there is fairly limited rigorous independent information available on the relative performance of vineyard/winery equipment, particularly given the importance of equipment performance to all wine producers - both in terms of wine quality and productivity. None of the information presented should be considered as an endorsement of any product by the AWRI.

39 Extra slides that might be relevant in discussions (delete the following slides before putting this presentation on the web as a pdf)

40 Automatic winery sorters costs and adoption* (as of Nov 2014) Notable mechanism Example brands and/or models Throughput (t/hr) Cost # Australia # World Rollers Bucher-Vaslin Delta Trio <15 $25,000 ~8 ~150 Integrated with vibrating destemmer Pellenc/SOCMA/Bucher-Vaslin ~20 ~1,000 2-stage vibrating Enoveneta TSA 7-15 $30,000 ~3 ~150 Grape size Amos Industrie Calibaie 4-8 $45,000 0 ~10 Air-jet (gravity-fed) Air-jet (fast-belt) Density bath Optical Vaucher-Beguet Mistral 6-9 $60,000 ~2 ~350 Bucher-Vaslin Rflow <15 $55,000 0 ~100 Amos Industrie Tribaie Bucher-Vaslin, Pellenc, Protec, Key, WECO < 5 $120,000 < 20 $200,000 < 5 $90,000 <10 $240,000 0 ~85 ~2 ~250 *Order of magnitude values for general technology comparison purposes only, other capacities available

Pellenc vs. SOCMA vs. Bucher-Vaslin destemmer-sorters Median results for hand-picked grapes for 2008-2012 (not all from side-by-side trials) reported by Vinsonneau et al.

30% Total waste removed 85% 77% 88% Grape losses 0.5% 1.5% 1.8% Whole berries 11.2% 8.7% 8.4% Juice content 0.6% 1.5% 5.2% Laceration of stems 3.1% 4.1% 2.

41 Pellenc vs. SOCMA vs. Bucher-Vaslin destemmer-sorters Median results for hand-picked grapes for (not all from side-by-side trials) reported by Vinsonneau et al. (2013): Pellenc Selectiv SOCMA Cube Bucher-Vaslin Oscillys Number of observations Throughput (tonnes/hr) Efficiency 95% 93% 95% Residual (vegetal?) debris 0.36% 0.38% 0.30% Total waste removed 85% 77% 88% Grape losses 0.5% 1.5% 1.8% Whole berries 11.2% 8.7% 8.4% Juice content 0.6% 1.5% 5.2% Laceration of stems 3.1% 4.1% 2.1% Similar performance and authors note that grape variety, maturity and specific equipment settings have major influences

higher suction without losing juice Still mainly just removes leaves Petioles pass / not sucked away

42 Debris content (%) Pellenc Trieur grid-belt sorter - c Free grapes and juice fall through grid-belt so top fan can clean more effectively / operate at higher suction without losing juice Still mainly just removes leaves Petioles pass / not sucked away Debris content with and without Trieur top-fan turned on (Plot translated from Vinsonneau et al. 2005) No Trieur With Trieur Leaves Petioles Stems Leaves Petioles

43 Adoption of on-harvester destemming and sorting Currently low adoption in Australia relative to Europe and New Zealand Low industry profitability Vegetal matter left in the vineyard that currently get paid for by weight at the winery (and some good grapes typically 0.5% in ITV/IFV studies) Slower forward harvesting speeds in some instances Increased maintenance Side-arm discharge conveyor models only available recently (the increased operating costs are likely more influential than capital costs destemming/sorting system only 2-10% extra on $400K harvester) Adoption will likely increase over time

WEA Conference 7 September Innovations & options for grape sorting. Simon Nordestgaard

WEA Conference 7 September Innovations & options for grape sorting. Simon Nordestgaard WEA Conference 7 September 2016 Dom Pérignon (1638 1715) Sorting in Champagne c. 1930s Innovations & options for grape sorting Simon Nordestgaard simon.nordestgaard@awri.com.au Manual sorting (modern configurations)