The Grape Entomology

Transcription

1 The Grape Entomology

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3 Mani M. Shivaraju C. Narendra S. Kulkarni The Grape Entomology

4 Mani M. Shivaraju C. Division of Entomology and Nematology Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Bangalore, Karnataka, India Narendra S. Kulkarni Department of Agricultural Entomology Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute Dharwad, Karnataka, India ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: # Springer India 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 Dedicated to the late Dr. S. Jayaraj, Biocontrol Specialist and former Vice Chancellor of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. He was a strong promoter of integrated pest management in agricultural and horticultural crop systems in which biocontrol plays the major role.

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7 Foreword Crop protection in the present day is an important input in crop production. Pests have plagued mankind from the beginning and will continue to vex people and thwart all their endeavors. Grape cultivation in India faces serious threat from several pests and diseases. More than 100 pests are known to attack grapes in India. Among them, thrips, mealybugs, stem borers and mites are considered to cause serious losses in various regions, if adequate and timely preventive and curative measures are not taken. As much as 80 % yield loss is reported in grapes due to insect pests in India. Generally, chemicals are used to manage insects, mites and other pests on grapes. Indiscriminate use of these chemical pesticides not only adds to the cost of production significantly, but also results in these chemicals becoming residues in the final produce and also in soil, water and air. Use of appropriate pesticides in the right dose and at the right time holds the key for effective pest management. Application of chemicals alone does not solve pest problem completely in many cases. The integration of cultural, mechanical, chemical with biopesticides will go a long way in managing pests effectively. This book covers all the basic and applied aspects of the grape pest species which are useful to plan and implement integrated pest management in vineyards. The book provides information on the field identification of the major pests with their photographs, life cycle, seasonal development, damage, list of effective chemicals and biopesticides, besides various other practices which will be highly useful for effective pest management. This book is the first of its kind since there is no comprehensive book on Indian grape pests available in India. This will serve as a guide for grape growers, state government officials and other stakeholders in the grape industry, besides scientists and students engaged in grape research and development activities. Pune, India October 5, 2012 P.G. Adsule Indian Council of Agricultural Research vii

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9 Preface Intensive and extensive cultivation of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) leads to serious pest problem in vineyards in major grape-growing areas of the world. Climatic conditions in India are favorable for high production of table and wine grapes, and also for incidence of a variety of pests. These include sucking insect pests, namely thrips, hoppers, mealybugs, etc., and beetle pests like stem borers, stem girdlers, flea beetles, chafer beetles, shot hole borers and several lepidopteron, mites, nematodes and vertebrate pests. Pests of grapes in other countries relevant to Indian conditions are also dealt herewith since they may be found in India in the future. Up-to-date information on biology, damage, seasonal development and management practices of the pests are covered in this book. Some of the pest management practices followed in other countries are also given, which will be useful to Indian conditions. Pesticide residue is a serious problem both for export and internal market in grapes. Guidelines for pesticide residue management in grapes are also given in this book. We have tried to accommodate almost all the important information generated on the grape pests up to A complete list of grape pests (except disease) occurring in different grape-growing regions of the world is also covered in this book which will be a ready recknor for the grape workers. We sincerely hope that this book will provide useful information to many entomologists, students working on grapes and the grape growers in the country. It is a pleasure to thank all those people who helped and provided suggestions and encouragement in the preparation of our book The Grape Entomology. Bangalore, India Mani M. Shivaraju C. Narendra S. Kulkarni ix

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11 Acknowledgements The beatitude and euphoria that accompanies successful completion of any task would be incomplete without expression of appreciation of simple certitude to the people who made it possible to achieve the goal by their encouragement and support. We heartily thank Dr. N. K. Krishnakumar, Deputy Director General of Horticulture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, for his technical guidance. We are immensely grateful to Dr. Amrik Singh Sidhu, Director, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, for his genuine guidance, impeccable and scholarly advice, recurring encouragement, sustained interest and above all his affectionate way of dealing with things throughout the course of writing the book. We wish to express our extreme and profound sense of gratitude to Dr. P. G. Adsule, Director, National Research Centre for Grape, Pune, Maharashtra, for his valuable suggestions and useful guidance. We take this opportunity to convey our sincere thanks to Dr. Abraham Verghese, Director, National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Bangalore, for the encouragement to write this book. We would also like to convey our thanks to our colleagues, Dr. A. Krishnamoorthy, Dr. N. Bakthavatsalam, and Dr. A. N. Shylesha, Principal Scientists of National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Hebbal, Bangalore, for providing valuable suggestions. xi

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13 Contents 1 Introduction... 1 Natural Enemies Decision-Making... 2 Cultural Practices... 2 Chemical Control... 3 Insecticide Resistance IPM Grape Cultivation in India... 5 Planting Training of Vines... 6 Pruning of Vines Nutrition... 6 Irrigation Other Cultural Practices Harvesting... 7 Marketing Pests... 9 Insects Homopteran Pests Biology Seasonal Development Damage Management of Grape Thrips References Leafhoppers Species Biology Damage Varietal Susceptibility Seasonal Development Monitoring Natural Control Management References xiii

14 xiv Contents Mealybugs Species Field Identification of Major Species of Indian Grape Mealybugs General Biology of Mealybugs Damage Seasonal Development Varietal Susceptibility Monitoring Natural Control Management Cultural Mechanical Control Chemical Control Foliar Applications Dipping of Grape Bunches Soil Drenching Biological Control of Mealybugs Predators Biology of Cryptolaemus Predatory Potential Mass Production Mealybug Production Beetle Production Storage Release of Australian Ladybird Beetle Other Species Monitoring of Ants Stage to Be Released Time of Release Number to Be Released Integration with Chemicals Limitations of Use of the Ladybird Beetle Production and Use of Parasitoids Pathogens Production and Use of Verticillium lecanii Calendar-Based Practices for Grape Mealybug Management References Scale Insects Soft Scales (Homoptera: Coccidae) Hard Scales (Homoptera: Diaspididae) Damage Management References Lac Insects Life Cycle

15 Contents xv Damage Natural Control References Aphids Biology Damage Seasonal Development Natural Control Management References Phylloxera Life Cycle Damage Natural Control Monitoring Management References Whitefly Orange Spiny Whitefly: A. spiniferus (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Spiralling Whitefly, A. dispersus References Other Sucking Insects Stink Bugs (Pentomidae) Mirids Tree Hoppers (Membracidae) Lygaeidae Coreidae Cicadas (Cicadidae) Cercopidae References Coleopteran Pests Flea Beetles References Weevils Biology Damage Management Cultural Control Chemical Control References Auger Beetle Biology Damage Management References Shot-Hole Borer (Granulate Ambrosia Beetle)

16 xvi Contents Biology Damage Monitoring Management References Stem Borers The Longicorn Beetle: C. scabrator Fab. (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera) Kulsi Teak Borer: Stromatium barbatum (Fabr.) (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera) References Stem Girdler Life Cycle Damage Host Range Seasonal Development Management References Chafer Beetles Species General Biology Damage Seasonal Development Monitoring Management References Lepidopterous Pests Gram Caterpillar: Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Noctuidae) Management Tobacco Caterpillar: Spodoptera spp. (Noctuidae) Leaf Roller/Folder: Sylepta lunalis Guene. (Pyralidae) Castor Capsule Borer: Conogethes (Dichocrocis) punctiferalis (Guenée) (Pyralidae) Leaf and Berry Webber: Adoxophyes privatana (Walker) (Tortricidae) Berry Plume Moth: Oxyptilus regulus Meyrick (Pterophoridae) Horn Worms (Sphingidae) Bag Worm: Clania crameri (West Hood) (Psychidae) Bark-Eating Caterpillar: Indarbela sp. (Metarbelidae) Hairy Caterpillars: Euproctis spp. (Lymantridae) Fruit Sucking Moths References Termites Morphology and Biology Seasonal Development

17 Contents xvii Damage Management References Ants Species Role of Ants Monitoring and Treatment Decisions Management References Grasshopper Species Description Damage Control References Wasps and Bees Species Damage Varietal Susceptibility Management References Raisin Insects Dried Fruit Beetle: Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) Indian Meal Moth: Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Raisin Moth Saw Toothed Grain Beetle: Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) Angoumois Moth: Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) References Other Insect Pests Gall Makers and Gall Midges (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera) Vinegar Flies (Drosophilidae: Diptera) Fruit Flies Earwigs (Forficulidae: Dermaptera) Eumolpidae Click Beetles/Wire Worms (Elateridae: Coleoptera) Tenebrionidae Vine Sawflies (Tenthredinidae: Hymenoptera) References Mites Mite Species Important Indian Grape Mite Species Two Spotted Red Spider Mite: T. urticae Vine Blister/Gall Mite: C. vitis Grape Rust Mite: Calepitrimerus vitis Life Cycle

18 xviii Contents Nature of Damage Red Spider Mite Eriophyid Mites Seasonal Development of Mites Peninsular India Seasonal Activity of Spider Mites in Punjab Seasonal Activity of Spider Mites in Jammu and Kashmir and H.P Seasonal Activity of Eriophyid Mites in Kashmir Natural Control Varietal Susceptibility Management Biological Control Botanical Pesticides References Nematodes Srinivasa Rao M and Priti K Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore Major Grape Nematodes Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) Reniform Nematode (R. reniformis) Root Lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) Dagger Nematodes (Xiphinema spp.) Distribution and Seasonal Fluctuations Varietal Reaction Management Cultural Methods Use of Resistant Rootstocks Chemical Control Integrated Nematode Management References Snails and Slugs (Phylum: Mollusca; Class: Gastropoda) Snails Slugs References Vertebrate Pests Bats References Birds Species Damage Varietal Preference Monitoring Bird Management Practices References Other Vertebrates Management References

19 Contents xix 4 Pesticides Used in Grape Pest Management Imidacloprid Carbaryl Carbofuran Phorate Thiamethoxam Lambda Cyhalothrin Clothianidin Spinosad Emamectin Benzoate Diafenthiuron Dimethoate Fipronil Chlorpyriphos Malathion Phosalone Quinalphos Oxydemeton-Methyl Methomyl Profenophos Dichlorvos Cartap Hydrochloride Buprofezin Acephate Cypermethrin Deltamethrin Fenvalerate Abamectin Dicofol Fenpyroximate Spirotetramat Metaldehyde Zinc Phosphide References Biopesticides and Biocontrol Agents Used in Vineyards Azadirachtin Nimbecidine Neem Cake Pongamia Cake Verticillium lecanii Beauveria bassiana Metarhizium anisopliae Pseudomonas fluorescens Trichoderma harzianum Bacillus thuringiensis HaNPVandSlNPV Paecilomyces lilacinus Australian Ladybird Beetle (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) Leptomastix dactylopii

20 xx Contents 6 Pesticide Residue Management in Grapes Importance of Use of Pesticides/Insecticides in Vineyards Problems Associated with Pesticides Importance of Testing Pesticide Residues Maximum Residue Limit Pre-Harvest Interval (PHI) Codex Standards Pesticide Regulation in India Sector Initiatives Taken by the Government Banned and Registered Pesticides in India References Annexure General Precautions About the Authors Index

21 List of Tables Table 3.1 List of thrips species recorded on grapes in different countries Table 3.2 List of chemicals recommended for grapevine thrips in different countries Table 3.3 List of hoppers recorded on grapes Table 3.4 List of chemicals recommended for hopper control Table 3.5 Mealybug species recorded on grapevines in different regions of the world Table 3.6 Biology of pink mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus at C and % relative humidity Table 3.7 List of insecticides recommended for control of mealybugs Table 3.8 List of scales recorded on grapes in different countries Table 3.9 List of aphids on grapes in different countries Table 3.10 List of other sucking insects on grapes in different countries Table 3.11 Seasonal activity of Scelodonta strigicollis in Andhra pradesh Table 3.12 Seasonal incidence and influence of abiotic factors on the population build-up of the grapevine flea beetle Table 3.13 Cumulative mean efficacy of certain organic materials as soil mulches/amendments against grub and pupae of flea beetle Table 3.14 Cumulative mean efficacy of insecticidal treatments against grubs of the grapevine flea beetle Table 3.15 Similar damaging beetles on grapes in different countries Table 3.16 List of weevils on grapevines in different countries Table 3.17 List of stem-boring beetles of the grapevine in different countries Table 3.18 Efficacy of certain toxicants against grapevine stem borer grubs via injection into borer holes Table 3.19 Collection of Adoretus bicolour adults with light traps xxi

22 xxii List of Tables Table 3.20 Similar damaging beetles recorded on grapes in different countries Table 3.21 Other caterpillar pests on grapevines in different countries Table 3.22 List of termites recorded in vineyards in different countries Table 3.23 List of grasshoppers recorded on grapes in different countries Table 3.24 List of wasp and honey bee species on grapes in different countries Table 3.25 List of insects attacking raisins in different countries Table 3.26 List of other insects recorded on grapes in different countries Table 3.27 List of mite species recorded on grapevine in different countries Table 3.28 Biology of Tetranychus urticae on grapevine Table 3.29 Seasonal incidence of Tetranychus urticae in relation to abiotic factors on grapevine Table 3.30 List of chemicals recommended for mite control on grapes Table 3.31 List of nematodes recorded in vineyards in different countries Table 3.32 Distribution of parasitic nematodes of grapes in India Table 3.33 List of snails and slugs damaging grapevine in different countries Table 3.34 List of birds damaging grapes in different countries Table 3.35 Similar vertebrate pests of grapevine Table 5.1 Bio-nematicides and biopesticides