Managing Nematodes in Vineyards

Transcription

1 World Class. Face to Face. WSGS Meeting 2018 November 15, 2018 Managing Nematodes in Vineyards Katherine East PhD Student WSU-IAREC Prosser, WA wine.wsu.edu

2 OUTLINE What nematode species are in vineyards? Where are they in vineyards? When they are the most abundant? What management options are available? Pre-plant Post-plant

3 Photo from: UC Davis Nemaplex FINDING NEMA What does above-ground nematode damage look like?

4 Table from: Field Guide for Integrate Pest Management in Pacific Northwest Vineyards, PNW644, Photo from: Kearney Ag R&E Center, Modified from:michelle Moyer NEMATODES IN WASHINGTON VINEYARDS Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Found in Oregon and Washington Vineyards Most Likely and Capable of Causing Economic Damage Northern root-knot (Meloidogyne hapla) Ring (Mesocriconema xenoplax) Dagger (Xiphinema americanum group) Present but Unlikely to be of Economic Importance Root-lesion (Pratylenchus spp.) Pin (Paratylenchus spp.) Stunt (Tylenchorhynchus spp.) Spiral (Helicotylenchus spp.)

5 Egg photo: Damascenoa et al. 2016; Female photo: Wim M.L. Wesemael NORTHERN ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE MELOIDOGYNE HAPLA Life cycle of M. hapla Juveniles (J2) Females Eggs Invade and gall root tips Inhibit water / nutrient uptake Most products / management strategies target soilborne J2 stage April 7, 2015

6 DAGGER NEMATODE XIPHINEMA SPP. All life stages are soilborne Feeding damage Virus vector (nepoviruses) X. americanum: Cherry rasp leaf, Tobacco ringspot, Tomato ringspot The species of Xiphinema (X. index) that transmits Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) has not been found in Washington

7 Image modified from Howland, A.D., et.al J. Nematology 46: , Modified from: Michelle Moyer. WHERE ARE THEY? PT. I ** Project that collected this data was also previously funded by the Washington State Grape and Wine Research Program

8 East, Moyer, Madden, Zasada. How Low Can They Go? Plant Parasitic Nematodes in a Washington Vineyard. Catalyst. In preparation WHERE ARE THEY? PT. II Dagger Throughout soil 48 inches deep Root-knot In vine row In top 24 inches 0 48

9 East, Moyer, Zasada, Schreiner. Developmental Dynamics of M. hapla in WA Wine Grapes. Plant Dis. Accepted In Revision WHEN ARE THEY MOST ABUNDANT IN SOIL? Northern root-knot nematode J2 model Sample in the fall, that s when J2 densities are highest

10 Data from: Field Guide for Integrate Pest Management in Pacific Northwest Vineyards, PNW644, Modified from: Michelle Moyer NEMATODE DENSITIES SHOULD I TAKE ACTION? Nematode Species Average Density (WA) Threshold 1 Threshold 2 Threshold 3 Root-Knot Nematode Dagger Nematode Ring Nematode Lesion Nematode Threshold 1 : Not of general concern Threshold 2 : Might cause damage if the plant is weak / young Threshold 3 : Will likely cause some crop damage; however, it is site-dependent

11 STRESS BUCKET A vine can only carry so much stress Productive vine Non-productive vine Nematode Other pests Drought

12 LET S CLARIFY SOME LANGUAGE Replant Whole vineyard replacement Allows for pre-plant chemical / cultural management All vines same age Interplant Replacing individual vines within an existing vineyard Reliant on post-plant nematicides Vines of different ages Both: Planting of young vines with limited capacity for nematode damage

13 NOW WHAT CAN I DO? Pre-plant decisions Soil fumigation Green manures / biofumigation Nematode resistant or tolerant rootstocks Post-plant decisions Post-plant nematicides Especially important in replant situations!

14 PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDE 2018 Table from: 2018 Pest Management Guide for Grapes in Washington, EB0762

15 Average J2 (# / 250 g soil) Funded by the Washington State Grape and Wine Research Program POST-PLANT NEMATICIDES Post-Plant Nematicide Performance Spring Pretreatment Fall 16 Fall 17 Timing and rate are vitally important to nematicide efficacy Untreated Nimitz Salibro Double Rate Salibro Full Spring Salibro Half Salibro Half Spring Twice Spring Working with company to adjust rate / timing Not registered in grape (yet)

16 GENERALLY SPEAKING We don t have any demonstrably effective post-plant nematicides available on the market currently for grapes There is potential in the future! SO Pre-plant prevention is #1 strategy How? Fumigation / Rootstocks

17 Diagram: ServeAg; Picture from: Bill Watts GREEN MANURES / COVER CROPS / BIOFUMIGANTS Cover crops / manure that has biofumigation effect Sudangrass, mustards, arugula Must reach nematodes to work pre-plant Nematode hosts?

18 PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDE 2018 Table from: 2018 Pest Management Guide for Grapes in Washington, EB0762

19 FUMIGATION AND ROOTSTOCK TRIAL

20 Modified from: Michelle Moyer ROOTSTOCK CHOICE Rootstock MTG (riparia x rupestris) Harmony ([solonis x Othello] x Dogridge) 1103 P (berlandieri x rupestris) Teleki 5C (berlandieri x riparia) Own Rooted (vinifera) Own-Rooted, Self- Grafted (vinifera) Selection Reasoning Moderate to high nematode resistance. Bonus of phylloxera and crown gall resistance. Tends to low vigor and earlier ripening. Lower drought resistance. Specifically bred for nematode resistance. It is not phylloxera resistant, but it is crown gall resistant. Susceptible to Dagger nematode, but moderate to high resistance to Root-knot nematode. Tends to high vigor, but is relatively drought resistant. Decent nematode (except Dagger) and phylloxera resistance. Tends to moderate vigor, and earlier ripening. Industry standard control Grafting control

21 East, Zasada, Moyer. Preplant fumigation and rootstock choice influence on M. hapla during vineyard establishment. AJEV. In preparation Funded by the Washington State Grape and Wine Research Program FUMIGATION / ROOTSTOCKS FOR DAGGER Fumigation effectively reduces dagger nematode These rootstocks are susceptible to dagger nematode (as expected)

22 East, Zasada, Moyer. Preplant fumigation and rootstock choice influence on M. hapla during vineyard establishment. AJEV. In preparation Funded by the Washington State Grape and Wine Research Program FUMIGATION / ROOTSTOCKS FOR ROOT-KNOT Fumigation only reduces root-knot nematode for 1 year Some rootstocks act as hosts for root-knot, but show no above-ground effect (tolerance) No effect on yield Higher PW in rootstocks

23 SUMMARY Sample in fall Different species have different densities throughout the soil profile Limited post-plant options Pre-plant decision making is important Effectiveness of chemical and cultural management depends on timing and nematode species

24 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Chair Dr. Michelle Moyer Committee Dr. Inga Zasada, Dr. Paul Schreiner, Dr. Patrick Moore Jensena Newhouse, Elise Mills, Ashley Boren, Eric Gale, Matthew Scott, Amy Peetz, Catie Wram, Maria Mireles, Margaret McCoy and Keira Newell Joe Cotta, Kari Smasne, Julie Tarara of Ste. Michelle Wine Estates, Rick Hamman of Hogue Ranches, and Richard Hoff of Mercer Ranches Funded through the Washington State Grape and Wine Research Program; funding sources include Washington State Wine Commission, Auction of Washington Wines, State Liter tax, and/or WSU Agriculture Research Center Questions?