International Political Economy

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1 International Political Economy Series Editor: Timothy M. Shaw, Visiting Professor, University of Massachusetts Boston, USA, and Emeritus Professor, University of London, UK The global political economy is in flux as a series of cumulative crises impacts its organization and governance. The International Political Economy series has tracked its development in both analysis and structure over the last three decades. It has always had a concentration on the global South. Now the South increasingly challenges the North as the centre of development, also reflected in a growing number of submissions and publications on indebted Eurozone economies in Southern Europe. An indispensable resource for scholars and researchers, the series examines a variety of capitalisms and connections by focusing on emerging economies, companies and sectors, debates and policies. It informs diverse policy communities as the established trans-atlantic North declines and the rest, especially the BRICS, rise. Titles include: Caroline Kuzemko THE ENERGY SECURITY CLIMATE NEXUS Hans Löfgren and Owain David Williams (editors) THE NEW POLITICAL ECONOMY OF DRUGS Production, Innovation and TRIPS in the Global South Timothy Cadman (editor) CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL POLICY REGIMES Towards Institutional Legitimacy Mark Hudson, Ian Hudson and Mara Fridell FAIR TRADE, SUSTAINABILITY, AND SOCIAL CHANGE Andrés Rivarola Puntigliano and José Briceño-Ruiz (editors) RESILIENCE OF REGIONALISM IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Development and Autonomy Godfrey Baldacchino (editor) THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF DIVIDED ISLANDS Unified Geographies, Multiple Polities Mark Findlay CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES IN REGULATING GLOBAL CRISES Nir Kshetri CYBERCRIME AND CYBERSECURITY IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH Kristian Stokke and Olle Törnquist (editors) DEMOCRATIZATION IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH The Importance of Transformative Politics

2 Jeffrey Wilson GOVERNING GLOBAL PRODUCTION Resource Networks in the Asia-Pacific Steel Industry International Political Economy Series Standing Order ISBN hardcover Series Standing Order ISBN paperback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

3 Fair Trade, Sustainability, and Social Change Mark Hudson Assistant Professor, University of Manitoba, Canada Ian Hudson Associate Professor, University of Manitoba, Canada and Mara Fridell Faculty Affiliate, University of Manitoba, Canada

4 Mark Hudson, Ian Hudson, and Mara Fridell 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

5 For my parents, Peter and Suzanne MH For John Loxley IH For my parents, Kirsten and Gary MF

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7 Contents List of Figures and Tables Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations viii ix xi 1 Things and What They Hide 1 2 Car Trunks to Shipping Containers 28 3 The Persistence of Poverty 70 4 Free Riding and the Fairness Frame 93 5 Power and Consumption: Corporate Countermovement and the Threat of Asymmetry W(h)ither Fair Trade? 173 Afterword: Fair Trade in a Boom Market 184 Appendix: WFTO Standards for Fair Trade Organizations 187 Notes 191 References 196 Index 214 vii

8 Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 FLO international s standards for fair trade World coffee prices ( ) The martini glass of the global coffee commodity chain. Extreme concentration appears at the levels of the international traders and the roasters Framing the problem Frame construction ( ) (percent of total comments) Decommodification sub-themes (percent of total decommodification comments) 123 Tables 1.1 Political-economic approaches to fair trade Official development assistance Organic and fair trade sales Movement frames Frames and sub-frames Sales volumes by coffee certification initiatives (metric tonnes) Possible movement outcomes Movement demands and corporate responses 152 viii

9 Acknowledgments It goes without saying that writing a book requires the assistance of a great number of people whose names fail to make it onto the title page. We were very fortunate to work with a remarkably dedicated group without whom this book would not have been completed. Our original editor, Randy Schmidt, shepherded the manuscript through the peer review process with amazing patience and sage advice. Even when the work passed out of his hands, he was incredibly generous with his time and effort. We were very fortunate to be guided by the energetic editor of the International Political Economy Series at Palgrave Macmillan, Tim Shaw, who has worked hard to bring this manuscript to publication. In fact, the entire London office of Palgrave seems to have a bit of a hand in some aspect of this book. We would also like to thank our friends and colleagues who have given us so much support over the years. Economists are not usually famed for their kindness and fun-loving nature, but at the University of Manitoba John Loxley, Fletcher Baragar, Ardeshir Sepehri, John Serieux, and Robert Chernomas have all been outstanding coworkers and great friends. We would also like to thank Jennifer Clapp for her support and guidance very early on in this research, as well as Dean Bavington and Nick Garside, whose insistent opinions have undoubtedly had some insidious influence. We add appreciative thanks to ecologist Dr James Brown and to Anna Rothney, and to Vera Norwood, Richard Wood, Cornelia Flora, Betty Dobratz, Mike Bell, John Bellamy Foster, and Val Burris, for sharing their environmental and political sociology insight and expertise. We have also benefitted from our association with a number of people in the academic fair trade community in Canada especially Darryl Reed and Ian Hussey, with whom an evening is always well spent. We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments that unambiguously improved the end product. Zach Saltis and Rosa Sanchez Garcia did excellent but unglamorous work, fact checking and updating at various times in the completion of ix

10 x Acknowledgments the manuscript. As is always the case, any remaining errors can be solely attributed to the authors. The authors would also like to thank the generous funding of the Dean s Office and the Global Political Economy Research Fund in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Manitoba.

11 Abbreviations 4C ATO C.A.F.E. CSR EFTA FDB FLO-CERT FLO e.v. FLO FTF FTO FTUSA GM GWC IBFAN ICA ICO ICR IFAT ILO IMF ISMAM KNCU MCC NAATO NCA NEWS! P&G RA RM SAP SERRV SFTMS Common Code for the Coffee Community Alternative Trade Organization Coffee and Farmer Equity Program Corporate Social Responsibility European Fair Trade Association Danish Consumers Cooperative Society Fair Trade Labeling Organization Inspection and Certification of Producer Organizations Fair Trade Labeling Organization Standard Setting and Producer Support Fair Trade International Fair Trade Federation Fair Trade Organization Fair Trade USA Genetically modified Good Working Conditions International Baby Food Action Network International Coffee Agreement International Coffee Organization International Coffee Producers Register International Federation for Alternative Trade International Labor Organization International Monetary Fund Indigenes de la Sierra Madre de Motozintla Kilimanjaro Native Cooperative Union Mennonite Central Committee North American Alternative Trade Organization National Coffee Association Network of European World Shops Proctor and Gamble Rainforest Alliance Resource Mobilization Structural Adjustment Program Sales Exchange for Refugee Rehabilitation and Vocation Sustainable Fair Trade Management System xi

12 xii List of Abbreviations SMO UC UNCTAD USDA VCA WFTO WTO Social Movement Organization UTZ Certified United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United States Department of Agriculture Value Chain Analysis World Fair Trade Organization World Trade Organization

North America Ethyl Acetate Industry Outlook to Market Size, Company Share, Price Trends, Capacity Forecasts of All Active and Planned Plants

North America Ethyl Acetate Industry Outlook to 2016 - Market Size, Company Share, Price Trends, Capacity Forecasts of All Active and Planned Plants Reference Code: GDCH0416RDB Publication Date: October