Wolbachia Infection in the Coffee Berry Borer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Transcription

1 ARTHROPOD BIOLOGY Wolbachia Infection in the Coffee Berry Borer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) FERNANDO E. VEGA, 1 PABLO BENAVIDES, 2 JEFFREY A. STUART, 2 AND SCOTT L. O NEILL 3 Insect Biocontrol Laboratory, USDAÐARS, Building 011A, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 95(3): 374Ð378 (2002) ABSTRACT A nested polymerase chain reaction protocol yielded positive detection of the maternally inherited cytoplasmic proteobacterium Wolbachia in total genomic DNA from coffee berry borers collected in Benin, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, India, Kenya, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Uganda. Wolbachia was not detected in specimens from Cameroon, the Dominican Republic, Indonesia, Jamaica, and Peru. AmpliÞed bands from India and Brazil were cloned and sequenced. The 438-bp sequence clearly conformed to Wolbachia group B and was nearly identical to that of Ephestia kuehniella. The possible implications of Wolbachia infection in the coffee berry borer are discussed. KEY WORDS Wolbachia, Hypothenemus, coffee berry borer, endosymbionts Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing speciþc information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDA. 1 vegaf@ba.ars.usda.gov. 2 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 1158 Smith Hall, West Lafayette, IN Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. THE COFFEE BERRY BORER, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), is the most important insect pest of coffee throughout the world. Endemic to Central Africa, it has now spread to most coffee growing regions (Baker 1999). Female adults bore a hole in the coffee berry and deposit their eggs; larvae feed on the endosperm, lowering its quality and possibly causing abscission of the berry (Le Pelley 1968). The entire life cycle occurs inside the berry, except when the newly molted adult females emerge in search of another berry to colonize. This cryptic life cycle makes control of this insect extremely difþcult. As is common in some Scolytidae tribes (e.g., Corthylini, Cryphalini, Dryocoetini, Hyorrhynchini, and Xyleborini; Kirkendall 1993), H. hampei (Cryphalini) exhibits a female-biased sex ratio, incestuous intraberry inbreeding (sib-mating), and dwarfed males (Bergamin 1943, Baker 1999). The female-biased sex ratio in Scolytidae is usually ascribed to haplodiploidy, whereby unfertilized eggs result in males, although this has been shown only for the Xyleborini and some members of the Dryocoetini (Entwistle 1964, Kirkendall 1993, Normark et al. 1999). Brun et al. (1995) have reported that male coffee berry borers appear to develop from fertilized eggs and have the same number of chromosomes as females, although only the maternal set of chromosomes is expressed. Another mechanism for skewed sex ratios favoring females has been ascribed to the effects of the maternally inherited intracellular proteobacterium Wolbachia. The mechanism, known as feminization or sex conversionñ whereby genetic males become functional femalesñ was originally reported in isopods (Rousset et al. 1992) and has recently been reported in Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Kageyama et al. 1998). Wolbachia also causes unidirectional or bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility, whereby fertility will depend on the Wolbachia strain present in the insect and on whether the male or female (or both) are infected (OÕNeill et al. 1997; Bourtzis and OÕNeill 1998). Wolbachia has also been shown to induce parthenogenesis in parasitic Hymenoptera (Stouthamer et al. 1990, Zchori- Fein et al. 1992); conßicting reports on parthenogenetic development have been reported for the coffee berry borer (Bergamin 1943, Browne 1961, Entwistle 1964, Muñoz 1989, Barrera et al. 1995). Lastly, Wolbachia has been implicated in male killing, both during early and late developmental stages, in various insects (Hurst et al. 1997, Fialho and Stevens 2000, Hurst et al. 2000, Jiggins et al. 2000). Wolbachia has been detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 15Ð20% of insect species sampled (Werren et al. 1995, OÕNeill et al. 1997, Werren 1997, Zhou et al. 1998, Werren and Windsor 2000), although a method known as long-pcr resulted in Wolbachia detection in 76% of species sampled (Jeyaprakash and Hoy 2000). Wolbachia has been detected in several Coleopterans (Wade and Chang 1995, Giordano et al. 1997, Fialho and Stevens 2000, Jeyaprakash and Hoy 2000, Malloch et al. 2000), but only one report of detection in Scolytidae (Ips typographus L.) has been published (Stauffer et al. 1997). We were inter /02/0374Ð0378$02.00/ Entomological Society of America

2 May 2002 VEGA ET AL.: Wolbachia INFECTION IN COFFEE BERRY BORER 375 ested in using molecular techniques to document the presence of Wolbachia in the coffee berry borer to determine whether Wolbachia might be involved in the skewed-sex ratio exhibited by the insect, which would expand knowledge on the basic biology of the insect. Materials and Methods Insects. Coffee berry borers were obtained from infected coffee berries collected in the Þeld in Benin (Niaouli), Brazil (Piracicaba), Cameroon (Atok), Colombia (Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda), Dominican Republic (La Cumbre, Santiago), Ecuador (Via Chone, Santo Domingo, Pichincha), El Salvador (Finca El Espino, Antiguo Cuscatlán, Libertad), Honduras (Yojoa Flora, Peña Blanca, Cortés), India (Elkhill Estate, Siddapur, Kodagu District, Karnataka), Indonesia (Sumber- Asin, Malang), Jamaica (Saint Andrews Parish), Kenya (Coffee Research Foundation in Ruiru, Thika District), Mexico (Finca La Alianza, Chiapas), Nicaragua (km 14, Matagalpa), and Uganda (Muwoko, Mubende District). The extensive coffee berry borer collection from Peru allowed us to analyze males and females separately, but due to the female-biased sex ratio, most of the insects from all other countries were females, and no attempt was made to separate any males, if present. Insects were placed in absolute ethanol while still alive and stored at room temperature until DNA was extracted. PCR Assay. Total genomic DNA was extracted from insects using the DNeasy Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Total genomic DNA from Drosophila simulans Sturtevant (Riverside) naturally infected with Wolbachia was used as a positive control. Negative controls consisted of samples lacking DNA template. All experiments were repeated at least twice. A nested PCR protocol was used, with primers designed to amplify the Wolbachia wsp gene fragment (Braig et al. 1998, Zhou et al. 1998): 81F (5 -TGGTC- CAATAAGTGATGAAGAAAC), 691R (5 -AAAAAT- TAAACGCTACTCCA), and 522R (5 -ACCAGCTTT- TGCTTGATA). PCRs were done in 20 l reactions volumes consisting of 1 l DNA template, 17 l Platinum PCR Supermix (Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, MD), and 1.0 l each of primers 81F and 691R (20pmol/ l). The thermal proþle used in the GeneAmp PCR System 9700 thermocycler (PE Applied Biosystems, Norwalk, CT) was as follows: 94 C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94 C for 1 min, 55 C for 1 min, and 72 C for 1 min, with a Þnal extension at 72 C for 10min. The PCR product was diluted 1:100 and used for the second PCR with primers 81F and 522R in 20 l reaction volumes as described above. Bands were visualized under UV illumination in a 1% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. A 50-bp DNA ladder (Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, MD, catalog No Ð014) was used to determine the size of the ampliþed DNA band. Before running nested PCR, primers 12SA1 and 12SB1 (speciþc for insect mitochondrial 12S rrna) were used to assess the quality of the DNA (OÕNeill et al. 1992; results not shown). Cloning and Sequencing. DNA bands ( 450bp) from PCR products, corresponding to coffee berry borer specimens from India and Brazil were used for cloning and sequencing. The QIAEX-II Gel Extraction Fig. 1. Wolbachia detection in total genomic coffee berry borer DNA extracted from specimens collected in Brazil (lane 3), Colombia (lane 4), Ecuador (lane 5), India (lane 5), Nicaragua (lane 7), and El Salvador (lane 8). Lane 1 is the DNA ladder (50bp; Gibco BRL), and lane 2 is a positive Wolbachia control from Drosophila. Kit (Qiagen) was used to isolate the DNA fragments from the 1% agarose gel. The TOPO TA Cloning Kit for Sequencing (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) was used for cloning and transformation of the DNA fragments. The solutions containing the DNA fragments and the vector were incubated overnight in prewarmed LB plates with 50 g/ml of kanamycin. Hundreds of colonies were obtained after this procedure. Four colonies from each sample (four Brazilian and four Indian) were selected and cultured overnight in LB medium containing 50 g/ml of kanamycin. To isolate plasmid DNA, the Wizard Plus SV Minipreps DNA PuriÞcation System (Promega, Madison, WI) was used. The DNA fragments were sequenced using an ABI-3700 Automatic Sequencer (PE Applied Biosystems). BLASTX and BLASTN sequence analyses (Altschul et al. 1997) were performed to compare the CBB sequence with other sequences in the GenBank database. Results and Discussion An 450-bp band was obtained from the nested PCR using total genomic DNA from coffee berry borers originating in Benin, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, India, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Uganda (Fig. 1). The positive Drosophila control, yielded a band of similar size. No ampliþcation was obtained from any of the negative controls (not shown). Cloning and sequencing of four clones from each sample (India and Brazil) revealed a 438-bp sequence (Fig. 2, GenBank Accession AF389084). There were sequence differences between clones, but these were interpreted to be PCR artifacts: one Brazilian clone had a G instead of an A at position 74, and a T instead of an A at position 72. One Indian clone had

3 376 ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Vol. 95, no. 3 Fig. 2. Consensus sequence (438 bp) for Wolbachia isolated from Indian and Brazilian coffee berry borers. an A instead of a G at position 149. Interestingly, one Brazilian clone and two Indian clones had a T instead of a C at position 327 (marked by the asterisk in Fig. 2). A T instead ofacatthat position would make this sequence identical to that of the Wolbachia wspb gene isolated from Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (Sasaki 1999). This sequence clearly indicates that the coffee berry borer Wolbachia belongs to Wolbachia sp. group B (Sasaki 1999). To further investigate the negative ampliþcation in specimens from Cameroon, the Dominican Republic, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, and Peru new primers were designed (pbf2: 5 -TAGCTACTATGTTCGTT- TGC; pbr1: 5 ÐCTCTGTTACTAAAGGATT GC) based on the cloned fragment sequence from Brazil and India. PCR products from nested reactions using primers 81F/691R followed by 81F/522R were used with primers pbf2 and pbr1 to increase sensitivity and yielded positive ampliþcation in all samples that were previously positive as well as in coffee berry borer DNA from Kenya whose ampliþcation had previously been negative. PCR experiments conducted using DNA from samples collected from Cameroon, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Indonesia, and Peru with primers 81F/691R followed by pbf2/pbr1 were still negative. The lack of ampliþcation in these specimens could be due to the actual absence of Wolbachia in insects from sites sampled in these countries or to a different nucleotide sequence in the Wolbachia DNA which prevents annealing with the primers used. It is also possible that the quality of Wolbachia DNA from these samples might have been compromised, or its titer might have been low. As stated by Jeyaprakash and Hoy (2000), standard PCR techniques frequently produce false negatives, thus requiring more sensitive detection techniques. Our results provide evidence for the presence of Wolbachia in specimens from 11 countries and of infection with a B group Wolbachia in coffee berry borer specimens from India and Brazil. As is the case with other insects, Wolbachia may be playing a signiþcant role in the biology of the coffee berry borer. An interesting phenomenon, termed functional haplodiploidy, has been described for this insect (Brun et al. 1995) which has two related consequences for the paternally derived set of chromosomes in males. First, these chromosomes condense

4 May 2002 VEGA ET AL.: Wolbachia INFECTION IN COFFEE BERRY BORER 377 during spermatogenesis and always fail to be incorporated in the sperm. Second, in males, these chromosomes condense and are never expressed in somatic tissues. Although additional investigations have also reported the elimination of paternal genes in the coffee berry borer (Borsa and Kjellberg 1995), there is no apparent karyotypic difference between male and female coffee berry borers. Thus, it seems reasonable that the cause of this phenomena, as well as the sex determination mechanism itself, may be cytoplasmatic, and may involve Wolbachia. This is, in fact, consistent with recent hypotheses on the mode of action for Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility. These suggest an effect on chromosomes by selectively removing or modifying host proteins involved in chromosomal condensation and de-condensation before and after zygote formation (Bourtzis and OÕNeill 1998, Feder et al. 1999). Furthermore, the work by Peleg and Norris (1972a, 1972b) and Norris and Chu (1980) and Normark et al. (1999) suggests that a maternally inherited bacterium might be involved in sex determination in the scolytid Xyleborus ferrugineus (F.). Past research on coffee berry borer genetics, coupled with the detection of Wolbachia in coffee berry borers from different countries and evidence of production of male-only progenies when antibiotics are used in rearing diets, suggest that Wolbachia might be playing a role in sex determination in the coffee berry borer. Additional studies conþrming the elimination of the female-biased sex ratio in the progeny of coffee berry borer females treated with antibiotics, as well as detection of Wolbachia in inbreeding but not in outbreeding members of Scolytidae, would provide additional support to the hypothesis stating that Wolbachia is involved in sex determination. Acknowledgments We are grateful to the following colleagues for providing coffee berry borer specimens: Chris Lomer (Benin), Ramiro Ruõ z Cárdenas (Brazil), Maurice Tindo (Cameroon), Alex E. Bustillo Pardey (Colombia), Pablo Delgado and Alberto Larco (Ecuador), Bernard Pierre Dufour (El Salvador), Raul Muñoz and Angel Trejo (Honduras), R. Naidu, M. M. Balakrishnan, and K. Sreedharan (India), Dr. Zaenudin (Indonesia), Alford Williams (Jamaica), George I. Oduor (Kenya), Juan F. Barrera Gaytán (Mexico), Elizabeth Nuñez Sacarõ as (Peru). Nicaraguan specimens were collected by F. E. Vega, Guy Mercadier, and Edwin Zepeda; Ugandan specimens were collected by F. E. Vega, G. Mercadier, and Patrick Kucel; Dominican Republic specimens were collected by F. E. Vega. We thank Patrick F. Dowd (USDA) and two anonymous reviewers for comments on a previous version of the manuscript, and Eric Rosenquist (USDA) for making this work possible. References Cited Altschul, S. F., T. L. Madden, A. A. Schäffer, J. Zhang, Z. Zhang, W. Miller, and D. J. Lipman Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3389Ð Baker, P. S The coffee berry borer in Colombia. Final report of the DFID-Cenicafé - CABI Bioscience IPM for coffee project. DFID - Cenicafé, Chinchiná, Colombia. Barrera, J. F., J. Gómez, and C. Alauzet Can the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) reproduce by parthenogenesis? Entomol. Exp. Appl. 77: 351Ð354. Bergamin, J Contribuição para o conhecimento da biologia da broca do café Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Col. Ipidae). Arq. Inst. Biol. 14: 31Ð72. Borsa, P., and F. Kjellberg Experimental evidence for pseudo-arrhenotoky in Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Heredity 76: 130Ð135. Bourtzis, K., and S. O Neill Wolbachia infections and arthropod reproduction. BioScience 48: 287Ð293. Braig, H. R., W. Zhou, S. L. Dobson, and S. L. O Neill Cloning and characterization of a gene encoding the major surface protein of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis. J. Bacteriol. 180: 2373Ð2378. Browne, F. G The biology of Malayan Scolytdae and Platypodidae. Malay. For. Rec. 22: 1Ð255. Brun, L. O., J. Stuart, V. Gaudichon, K. Aronstein, and R. H. ffrench-constant Functional haplodiploidy: a mechanism for the spread of insecticide resistance in an important international pest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92: 9861Ð9865. Entwistle, P. F Inbreeding and arrhenotoky in the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus compactus (Eich.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. A 39: 83Ð88. Feder, M. E., T. L. Karr, W. Yang, J. M. Hoekstra, and A. C. James Interaction of Drosophila and its endosymbiont Wolbachia: natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility. Am. Zool. 39: 363Ð373. Fialho, R. F., and L. Stevens Male-killing Wolbachia in a ßour beetle. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Biol. Sci. 267: 1469Ð Giordano, R., J. J. Jackson, and H. M. Robertson The role of Wolbachia bacteria in reproductive incompatibilities and hybrid zones of Diabrotica beetles and Gryllus crickets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94: 11439Ð Hurst, G.D.D., L. D. Hurst, and M.E.N. Majerus Cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters, pp. 125Ð154. In S. L. OÕNeill, A. A. Hoffmann, and J. H. Werren (eds.), Inßuential passengers: inherited microorganisms and arthropod reproduction. Oxford University Press, New York. Hurst, G.D.D., A. P. Johnson, J. Hinrich G. v. d. Schulenburg, and Y. Fuyama Male killing Wolbachia in Drosophila: a temperature-sensitive trait with a threshold bacterial density. Genetics 156: 699Ð709. Jeyaprakash, A., and M. Hoy Long PCR improves Wolbachia DNA ampliþcation: wsp sequences found in 76% of sixty-three arthropod species. Insect. Mol. Biol. 9: 393Ð405. Jiggins, F. M., G.D.D. Hurst, C. E. Dolman, and M.E.N. Majerus High-prevalence male-killing Wolbachia in the butterßy Acraea encedana. J. Evol. Biol. 13: 495Ð501. Kageyama, D., S. Hoshizaki, and Y. Ishikawa Femalebiased sex ratio in the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis: evidence for the occurrence of feminizing bacteria in an insect. Heredity 81: 311Ð316. Kirkendall, L. R Ecology and evolution of biased sex ratios in bark and ambrosia beetles, pp. 235Ð345. In D. L. Wrensch and M. A. Ebbert (eds.), Evolution and diversity of sex ratio: insects and mites. Chapman & Hall, New York. Le Pelley, R. H Pests of coffee. Longmans, Green and Company, London.

5 378 ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Vol. 95, no. 3 Malloch, G., B. Fenton, and D. J. Butcher Molecular evidence for multiple infections of a new subgroup of Wolbachia in the European raspberry beetle Byturus tomentosus. Mol. Ecol. 9: 77Ð90. Muñoz, R Ciclo biológico y reproducción partenogenética de la broca del fruto del cafeto Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.). Turrialba 39: 415Ð421. Normark, B. B., B. H. Jordal, and B. D. Farrell Origin of a haplodiploid beetle lineage. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 266: 2253Ð2259. Norris, D. M., and H. Chu Symbiote-dependent arrhenotokous parthenogenesis in the eurkaryote Xyleborus, pp. 453Ð460. In W. Schwemmler and H.E.A. Schenk (eds.), Endocytobiology, endosymbiosis, and cell biology, vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. O Neill, S. L., R. Giordano, A.M.E. Colbert, T. L. Karr, and H. M. Robertson S rrna phylogenetic analysis of the bacterial endosymbionts associated with cytoplasmic incompatibility in insects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89: 2699Ð2702. O Neill, S. L., A. A. Hoffmann, and J. H. Werren (eds.) Inßuential passengers: inherited microorganisms and arthropod reproduction. Oxford University Press, New York. Peleg, B., and D. M. Norris. 1972a. Symbiotic interrelationships between microbes and ambrosia beetles. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 20: 59Ð65. Peleg, B., and D. M. Norris. 1972b. Bacterial symbiote activation of insect parthenogenetic reproduction. Nature New Biol. 236: 111Ð112. Rousset, F., D. Bouchon, B. Pintureau, P. Juchault, and M. Solignac Wolbachia endosymbionts responsible for various alterations of sexuality in arthropods. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 250: 91Ð98. Sasaki, T Wolbachia sp. group B (from E. kuehniella, Tsuchiura) wspb gene for surface protein, partial cds. GenBan Accession AB Stauffer, C., M.M.M. van Meer, and M. Riegler The presence of the protobacteria Wolbachia in European Ips typographus (Col., Scolytidae) populations and the consequences for genetic data. Proceedings of the German Society for General and Applied Entomology, 18Ð22 March 1997, Bayreuth, Germany. Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Entomol. 11: 709Ð711. Stouthamer, R., R. F. Luck, and W. D. Hamilton Antibiotics cause parthenogenetic Trichogramma to revert to sex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87: 2424Ð2427. Wade, M. J., and N. W. Chang Increased male fertility in Tribolium confusum beetles after infection with the intracellular parasite Wolbachia. Nature (Lond.) 373: 72Ð 74. Werren, J. H Biology of Wolbachia. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 42: 587Ð609. Werren, J. H., and D. M. Windsor Wolbachia infection frequencies in insects: evidence of a global equilibrium? Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267: 1277Ð1285. Werren, J. H., L. Guo, and D. Windsor Distribution of Wolbachia in neotropical arthropods. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 262: 197Ð204. Zchori-Fein, E., R. T. Roush, and M. S. Hunter Male production induced by antibiotic treatment in Encarsia formosa, an asexual species. Experientia 48: 102Ð105. Zhou, W., F. Rousset, and S. O Neill Phylogeny and PCR-based classiþcation of Wolbachia strains using wsp gene sequences. Proc. R. Soc. Lon. B 265: 509Ð515. Received for publication 24 August 2001; accepted 20 February 2002.