Introduction. The SPU

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Kelley Simmons
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Lecture 2. December 17 2007 Kamaruddin Abdullah Laboratory of Solar Conversion Technology Faculty of Engineering Darma Persada University Rector@webmail.

1 Lecture 2. December Kamaruddin Abdullah Laboratory of Solar Conversion Technology Faculty of Engineering Darma Persada University 1 Outline (Lecture 2) y Introduction y Need for value added activities y The SPU concept y Financing scheme y Lesson learnt y Conclusions 2

2 Introduction SPU (Small Processing Unit) is a unit where local produces such food crops, cash crops and marine products are processed into secondary or finish products of high quality and have market value such as ground coffee, fish meal, dried fruits and vegetables, sea weeds candy or flour, ground dried chili, etc. SPU is linked to the E 3i village concept as an embryonic form of SME where local people can be employed to have source of income in the village rather than go the the big cities 3 The SPU The SPU can make use of available machines, preferable those domestically developed RE technology, to back up the required production lines The finished products can be labelled as the village s products and apply to get trade name. The finished products should have clear specification of its contents as well as the date of expiration (validity date) 4

3 The SPU The SPU should adopt good production practices Managed by a well trained entrepreur assissted by some technicians to operate the facilitites Rural house wives may be hired to perform a certain SPU works such as for sorting, packaging, marketting, etc. 5 The SPU The SPU may take the following forms: Farm cooperative Personal enterprise (merchants) SME 6

4 Types of SPU Stand alone processing unit: Drying unit Cool storage unit Integrated production lines Drying unit Husker Roaster Milling machine Packaging,machine 7 Survey to potential project site get basic data and permission from local authoriries, local partner Need analysis (felt need) Select proper technology for the SPU No Design and construction of new RE technology Select available technology package Systems optimizaion, modeling Conduct life cycle cost ε=?? Purc hasing power yes Laboratory testing and validation yes ε=?? Construct and monitor SPU operation regularly ε=?? no 8

5 Flat bed GHE solar drying unit Building for further processing: husking roasting milling packaging Stoarge room Office space 9 Coffee processing center at Desa Batudulang Sumbawa Besar, NTB 10

6 11 12

7 13 Trolley type GHE solar dryer Proccessing bulding Office space Sorting table Packaging machine Freezer Fishing lamps 14

SPU: Jerked banana spikes production Banana

in Sumbawa Commodity: Coffee berries Price

8 SPU: Jerked banana spikes production Banana flower and spikes for jerked banana spikes 15 Table 4. Cash Flow of existing SPU for Coffee processing in Sumbawa Commodity: Coffee berries Price (Raw)-US$/kg Load: (Arabica) (kg) 2000 Price :dried)-us$/kg :ground)-us$/kg Roaster (kw)and kg/h duration (h) 5 Husker (kw) and kg/h Milling (kw) and kg/d

9 Table 5. Cash Flow (continued) Investment and Annual working capital (US$) 1. Operational cost for drying 450 (3 operators x US$50/mo x 3 mo ) 2. Operation cost for milling 1050 (3 operators x US$50/mo x 7 mo ) 3. Maintenance cost 3.45E Transportation &Packaging Procurement of raw materials (=185.4 kg/d xus$0.5/kgx 7x30)/(0.75)+drying 3.00E Variable cost for drying 9.67E+02 (30 timesx2000xus$0.016/kg) 7. Variable cost for milling (inc.hulling+roasting) 1.60E+04 (US$0.145/kgx 2x 184 kg/dx10x30 days/mo) 8. Depreciation (US$) 1.50E+03 Total working capital +initial investment 5.11E Cash flow (continued) Annual Revenue (US$) 1. Annual revenue (before pay back) (184 kg/d x 10 x 30 d x US$1/kg)* Annual revenue (after pay back)

10 Cash flow (with depreciation) Year Revenue Cost Interest rates(16%/y) Net Cumulative E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E SPU: hybrid nocturnal cool storage Shallow water pond with atomizer on roof top Cool storage roofing with water manifolds equipped with spray nozzles 20

11 21 Hybrid nocturnal cooling for vegetables Water pond Temporary storage Coolin g tower system Vegetable field 22

12 23 11:00 08:00 22:00 Nokturnal 23:30 02:30 24

13 18:00 25 High heat transfer rates Lower heat transfer rates 26

05.00 11.00 17.00 23.00 05.00 11.00 Local time 17.

14 27 Test results for banana storage, Malang, East Java load: 67,65 kg bananas Test date:16-18 August 2002 T ( o C) Local time Tr T a Tcw 28

15 Cooling of vegetables using hybrid nocturnal cooling Tevap Tc Tu-t 15.0 Tu-b Tdbling Tkentang o T( C) 20.0 Time (hrs) 29 30

16 Table 3. Comparison of test results of nocturnal cooling system- Candikuning village, Bali Products Nocturnal system Ordinary Storage room without cooling facility Load (kg) Day 1 (%) Day 2 (kg) Day 2 (%) Load (kg) Day 1 (%) Day 2 (kg) Day 2 (%) Carrot Lettuce Shallot Pack choi Cabbage Potatoes Conclusions SPUs powered using locally renewable energy sources have been installed in several villages in Indonesia Some of these SPUs are found to be operating well until today and providing benefit to the owner Contiuous monitoring is still required, however, to provide necessary advices before the technology can be generally adopted by the users 32

Vineyard Cash Flows Tremain Hatch

Vineyard Cash Flows Tremain Hatch thatch@vt.edu New grape growers Contemplating retirement or other transitions and considering viticulture and winemaking Alternative crop to existing farm operation Questions