Reminders: C TEST = WED 3/1 40 MC (10 from Unit 2) 1 SAQ. C 25 Q/V/A due TODAY! C 26 Q/V/A Due TH 3/2. Field Trip? C 23 matching?

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1 Reminders: C TEST = WED 3/1 40 MC (10 from Unit 2) 1 SAQ C 25 Q/V/A due TODAY! C 26 Q/V/A Due TH 3/2 Field Trip? C 23 matching? What s happening in this painting? HAPP?

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3 C 24: New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania Hispaniola (Haiti-Dominican Republic Indigenous Taino people (4 million 1492 (1000s by 1540s) Encomienda system? Gold, some silver NOT silks and spices Taino populations gone by mid 16 th C Culture preserved through language

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5 fire consuming the temple of Huitzilopochtli the appearance of streaking fire across the sky, the boiling, and later flooding, of a lake nearby Tenochtitlan, a woman weeping in the middle of night Fishermen discovered a bird that wore a strange mirror in the crown of its head. Montezuma looked into the mirror and saw a distant plain, with people making war against each other and riding on the backs of animals resembling deer. and the sightings of strange monsters having two heads and only one body throughout the city. God Quetzalcoatl (bearded, fair skinned Toltec god) was to return from the East The emperor Montezuma was said to have consulted fortune tellers to determine the causes of these omens; but they were unable to provide an exact explanation until after the arrival of the Spaniards

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8 1519

9 1520: Death of Montezuma II June 1520: Fall of the Aztec Empire 600 Spanish Conquistadors killed ,000 Aztecs killed: battle of Tenochtitlan

10 December 1520: 70 day smallpox epidemic

11 Florentine Codex Bernardino de Sahagun: Father of modern enthography Bartolome de las Casas: Wrote about abuse of native populations Initially suggested imported Africans for labor

12 Bishop Diego de Landa Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán 1566 During a ceremony on July 12, 1562, a disputed number of Maya codices (or books; Landa admits to 27, other sources claim "99 times as many") and approximately 5,000 Maya cult images were burned. The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the Americas.

13 Francisco Pizarro and Atahualpa: The Fall of the Inca Empire Pizarro had 180 soldiers 60 reinforcements to conquer an empire of 11 million Atahualpa and Huascar Inca army = thousands (Submit and Live, Resist and Die) Battle of Cajamarca 1532 Francisco Pizarro and Atahualpa, in 1532, drawing by Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala, c

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15 Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala Guaman Poma's great work was the (The First New Chronicle and Good Government), a 1,189-page document.. His book remains the longest sustained critique of Spanish colonial rule produced by an indigenous subject in the entire colonial period. Written between 1600 and 1615 and addressed to King Philip II of Spain, the Corónica outlines the injustices of colonial rule and argues that the Spanish were foreign settlers in Peru. The king never received the document.

16 Europeans in the Americas? Portuguese and indigenous peoples?

17 FIND a friend and QUIETLY answer this SAQ. Minimum of two sentences per a, b, and c. Be prepared to share. a. Identify and explain ONE similarity in the system of social hierarchy established in the Americas by the Spanish and the Portuguese. b. Identify and explain ONE difference in the system of social hierarchy established in the Americas by the Spanish and the Portuguese. c. Explain ONE reason for a similarity or difference as cited by you above.

18 Differences? S: P: Peninsulares Pensinsulares Creoles (Crillos) MESTIZOS MESTIZOS Mulattos RIGID Hierarchy Zambos Peninsulares owned all the land and power FAMILIES -More male dominated 85% of migrant population was male - more African slaves (1518: first slaves imported to New Word- to Brazil -Portuguese planters and owners of sugar mills were a privileged class - acted like the landed nobility - as long as they contributed to royal revenues, they were left alone Similarities: - Peninsulares were highest social class - People of varied ancestry lived together under European rule - Mixed race performed much of the manual labor - Members of native European countries were the pinnacle of the social ladder - Mixed races below on the social hierarchy - Slaves at the bottom REASONS?

19 The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Social Organization: Similar or Different from other areas? Mestizos Spanish + Natives Born in America/ Iberian parents Creoles Mulattos African + Spanish/ Portugese Zambos? Native Indians Black Slaves

20 Miguel Cabrera: 18 th century Zapotec artist

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23 Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of colonial administration established in colonial America. What evidence would you use to answer this question?

24 Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of colonial administration established in colonial America. Differences: S: - initially ruled by conquistadores - semi-private regimes that gave way to the Spanish crown -administrative centers in Mexico and Peru governed by viceroys - viceroys were reviewed by audencias haciendas encomienda system eventually replaced by the repartimiento system quinto: Spanish crown claimed 1/5 of all silver produced P: - Sugar plantations - Portuguese king granted large territories to nobles - Expected nobles to develop their holdings - Dispatched a governor to oversee affairs and enforce - Imperial policy Similarities: -Imperial rule/ royal backing and oversight -European style society in the cities -Both developed colonies for economic gain -Tried to gain control of as much land and territory as possible -Tried to make sure officials remained loyal to their respective governments -- generally saw this land as a place to exploit rather than as a place to settle

25 A Hacienda in Chile Mexico City and Lima?

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27 Potosi Quinto? Mita service? Zacatecas: One of the most productive of its silver mines, the Alvarado, has records which show a production of nearly $800,000,000 in silver between 1548 and 1867.

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29 Colonial government in North America: Private investors VS Royal backing European Empires and Colonies In the Americas, 1700

30 North American Populations Native European African

31 Export of Tobacco from Virginia Pounds

32 Compare the nature of the contact between the indigenous peoples and the Spanish, French and English in colonial America. What evidence would you use to answer this question?

33 Compare the nature of the contact between the indigenous peoples and the Spanish, French and English in colonial America. Differences: profit S: -forced labor so half hearted attempt to rebel/ little option available to them - mestizo populations develop because initially Spanish men settled in Americas by themselves - some attempt to use Spanish law to address poor treatment Fr: (more success w/ CONVERSION) - initially French male traders and fur trappers - Meti populations develop (FR and Native America) - mot as oppressive/ Fr don t force religion or government on natives - Native Americans used the Fr and English against one another to maximize E: - treaties/ not great. English tended to settled in North America as families- FARMS conflicted w indigenous migrations/hunting: led to conflict/ bitterness/ resentment/ HATED interracial marriages/ didn t care about religious conversion Similarities: In all cases, Europeans met Disorganized groups of indigenous peoples (unlike Spanish Latin America) All were seeking trading relationships. (fur, fish )- trade routes All eventually came to dominate the indigenous populations

34 1531: Latin America/ Virgin of Guadalupe yes!

35 Spanish fort in Florida

36 S P I C E Social: Development and Transformation of social structures 90% of native pop Lost in Latin Am North Am = mostly displacement Political: State-building, expansion and conflict Interaction Between humans and the environment Spanish: introduced smallpox, reduced native pop by 90% (~ 4 million to 2000) imposed strict system of social hierarchy based on race (peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos, zambos)/ harsh treatment of natives: encomienda system repartimiento system, mita service)/ established capitals in European style: Mexico City (New Spain), Lima (New Castile)./early settlers mostly single men Portuguese: no forced labor for natives, imported African slaves for sugar mills, similar social hierarchy to the Spanish/ early settlers mostly single men: social classes created from offspring of Europeans and Africans (mulattos) and natives and Africans (zambos) (BOTH social systems based on race) French: mostly single men come over to Americas: enter into relationship with native women = metis English: families come over- less interaction with natives Spanish/ Portuguese: viceroyalties, audencias check the power of the viceroys, encomineda system serves as mechanism for control Brazil: given to nobles by the king Iberian royal crowns controlled the colonies to a greater degree than the British or French British/ French: more independent, backed by support of some private investors as well as the crown under a mercantilist model Latin America: Plantations/ haciendas/ mining/ gold and silver / sugar/ introduction of smallpox and huge population loss North America: originally intend to live off the land and import goods/ later become settled agriculturalists- learn from natives New England: refine sugarcane into molasses for export French: exploit fur resources

37 S P I C E Culture: Development and interaction of cultures Economic: Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems Spanish/ Portuguese: intentionally do not encourage cultural exchange or diffusion, tried to eliminate native beliefs and replace with Roman Catholicism. Missionaries present early on: Bartolomeu de las Casas, Bishop Diego de Landa- Virgin of Guadalupe represents support for Christianity among natives English/ French: neither had much interest in converting natives to Christianity more cultural diffusion with the French/ English resisted mixed relationships the most / Africans in French colonies = voodoo Native resistance: try to retain cultural identity but largely unsuccessful- some revolts in North America/ African slaves attempted revolt but not successful Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala: native Incan who protested to the king to no avail Tupac Amaru rebellion (Inca) 1572 : led a rebel state, last Inca ruler, executed by the Spanish Spanish/ Portuguese: first looked for finished products/ spices/ gold/ finding none set up plantation economies (mostly sugar cane) Spanish: silver mines (Zacatecas, Mexico/ Potosi), Peru/ Manilla galleons EMCOMIENDA/ REPARTIMIENTO/ FREE LABOR qunito tax Brazil: engenhos English: mercantile system/ Atlantic Slave trade/ sugar = molasses and rum indentured servants as labor pool did not enslave the natives cash crops = cotton, tobacco, southern plantations French: in North America = fur trade, timber, fish in Caribbean colonies = horrible plantation conditions, sugarcane