Person Portmanteaus as a window into referential splits and hierarchies. Corinna Handschuh & Michael Cysouw

Transcription

1 Person Portmanteaus as a window into referential splits and hierarchies Corinna Handschuh & Michael Cysouw

2 Being portmanteau is not a yes/no phenomenon a portmanteau-like portmanteauoid bit

3 A 1 2 3x 3y 1 O 2 3x 3y

4 Transparent A 1 2 3x 3y 1 B+A C+A D+A O 2 A+B C+B D+B 3x A+C B+C D+C 3y A+D B+D C+D

5 Hierarchical A 1 2 3x 3y 1 D O 2 E 3x 3y A B C F

6 Inverse A 1 2 3x 3y 1 O 2 A 3x B D 3y C E F

7 Inverse A 1 2 3x 3y 1 A+i B+i C+i O 2 A D+i E+i 3x B D F+i 3y C E F

8 Inverse A 1 2 3x 3y 1 A+i B+i C+i O 2 A+j D+i E+i 3x B+j D+j F+i 3y C+j E+j F+j

9 Guarani

10 Guaraní 1Sg 1Pl 1Incl 2Sg 2Pl 3 zero 1Sg che che che che 1Pl ore ore ore ore 1Incl ya-ne ya-ne 2Sg ro ro ne ne 2Pl po po pe-ne pe-ne 3 a ro ya re pe o i zero a ro ya re pe o

11 Guajajara 1Sg 1Pl 1Incl 2Sg 2Pl 3 zero 1Sg he he he he 1Pl ure ure ure ure 1Incl za-ne za-ne 2Sg uru uru ne ne 2Pl a-pu uru-pu pe pe 3 a uru ci ere pe u i zero a uru za ere pe u

12 Mojave

13 Mojave (Yuman) Subject Imperative 1 ʔnᴶm- nᴶ- ʔnᴶk- Object 2 nᴶ- m- 3 ʔ- m- ø- k- Intransitive ʔ- m- ø- k-

14 Mojave (Yuman) Subject Imperative 1 ʔnᴶm- nᴶ- ʔnᴶk- Object 2 nᴶ- m- 3 ʔ- m- ø- k- Intransitive ʔ- m- ø- k-

15 Mojave (Yuman) Subject Imperative 1 ʔnᴶm- nᴶø- ʔnᴶk- Object 2 nᴶ- mø- 3 ʔ- m- ø- k- Intransitive ʔ- m- ø- k-

16 Mojave (Yuman) Subject Imperative 1 ʔnᴶm- nᴶ- ʔnᴶk- Object 2 nᴶ- m- 3 ʔ- m- ø- k- Intransitive ʔ- m- ø- k-

17 Mojave (Yuman) Subject Imperative 1 ʔnᴶm- nᴶ- ʔnᴶk- Object 2 nᴶ- m- 3 ʔ- m- ø- k- Intransitive ʔ- m- ø- k-

18 Mojave (Yuman) Subject Imperative 1 ʔnᴶm- nᴶ- ʔnᴶk- Object 2 nᴶ- m- 3 ʔ- m- ø- k- Intransitive ʔ- m- ø- k-

19 Subject Sing Plur Sing Plur Sing Plur 1 Sing ka- Plur Object 2 Sing ka- ki- ki- Plur 3 a- I- E- Intransitive Table 11: Turkana transitive prefixes (Dimmendaal 1991: ) Subject Sing Plur Sing Plur Sing Plur 1 Sing ki - áa- Plur I - E - Object 2 Sing áá- ki - ki - Plur 3 á- I - E - Intransitive Table 15: Maasai transitive prefixes (Payne et al. 1994: , Tucker et al. 1953:71-72)

20 Iroquoian languages

21 Iroquoian Southern Iroquoian Northern Iroquoian Cherokee Tuscarora/Nottoway Lake Iroquoian Tuscarora Huron/Wyandot Iroquois Proper Huron Wyandot Onondaga Seneca/Cayuga Oneida/Mohawk Cayuga Seneca Mohawk Oneida Mithun, Marianne The Languages of Native North America. (Cambridge Language Surveys). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 418.

22 Huron/Wyandot Iroquois Proper Cherokee Tuscarora/Nottoway

23 Hierarchical system in Cherokee Prefix choice determined by: Relative animacy of subject vs. object Discourse prominence, information flow Scancarelli, Janine Grammatical Relations and Verb Agreement in Cherokee. Ph.D. Thesis University of California at Los Angeles,

24 Active/ Agent Stative/ Lounsbury, Floyd G Oneida Verb Morphology. (Yale University Publications in Anthropology, 48). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.

25 Inverse Agent -o/_[c,i,a] -aw/_[e] -a/_[o] -a/_[c] -ʌ/_[i] -ø/_[a,o] Agent Direct Inverse in Oneida?

26 Oneida Mohawk Seneca Cayuga Onondaga Wyandot Huron Tuscarora Cherokee *KA ka/_[c] ka/_[c, y] ka/_[c] ga/_[c] ga/_[c] ʿka/_[C, yv] ɩa/_[c] ka/_[c] ka/_[reson.] kʌ/_[i] kʌ/_[i] kɛ/_[i, (y)ɔ] gę/_[i] gę/_[i] ʿkę/_[i] ɩe/_[n] kv/_[i] k/_[v] w/_[a] w/_[a. e] w/_[a, e, ɛ] w/_[a, e, u] w/_[a, e, ę] w/_[a, e, ę] 8/_[a. e] w/_[v] ø /_[e] (y)/_[o] y/_[o, u] y/_[o, ɔ] (-y)/_[o, ų] (y)/_[o, ǫ] ʔh/_[e] k/_[o] ɩ /_[o] a:/_[obstr.] *YO (y)o/_[c, i, a] yo/_[c] ʔo/_[C, i, a] o/_[c, i, a] (-y)o(w)/_[c, i, a] u(w)/_[c, i, a, o] o/_[c, i, a] (y)o/_[c, i, a] u:/_[c, a, v] (y)aw/_[e] ʔaw/_[e, ɛ] aw/_[e] (-y)aw/_[e] aw/_[e, ę] (i)a8/_[e] (y)aw/_[e, o, v] u:w/_[v, v] (y)a/_[o] y/_[v] ʔa/_[o, ɔ] a/_[o] (-y)a/_[o, ų] a/_[ǫ] a/_[o] u:wa/_[:, v] *KUWA kuwa/_[c] kuwa/_[c] kɔwɔ/_[c] gųwa/_[c] yǫwa/_[c] ɩonä/_[c, i] kv:wa/_[c] kuwʌ/_[i] kuwv/_[i] kɔwɛ/_[(y)ɔ, i] gųwę/_[i] kuw/_[a, e] kuw/_[v] kɔw/_[a, e, ɛ] (gowa-dí, gowa-n gųw/_[a, e, ę] yǫw/_[a] ɩon /_[a, e, o] kv:w/_[v, a, h] kuway/_[o] kɔwɔy/_[o, ɔ] di/n = plural a*x) gųway/_[o, ų] *YE (y)e/_[c, i] ye/_[c, i, y] ye/_[c, i] (y)e/_[c, i] (-y)e/_[c, i] (y)e/_[c, yv] (i)e/_[c, i] ye/_[c, i] a:tsi/_[c] (y)ak/_[e, o] yak/_[o, u] yak/_[o, ɔ] (y)ag/_[e, o, u] (-y)ag/_[e, o, ų] a(y)(ę)/_ [e, ę, o, ǫ, i] a ɩ /_[e, o, i] yak/_[e, o, v] a:k/_[v] (y)u/_[a] yu/_[a] yɔ/_[a] ǫ/_[a] (-y)u(w)/_[a, ę] ǫ/_[a, ę] on/_[a] (y)ʌ/_[e] y(ʌ)/_[e] yɛ/_[e] (-y)ę/_[e] yv/_[a, e, y] y/_[ɛ] (y)a/_[ ihey ] ya/_[ iey ] (-y)a/_[ ie ] ya/_[ ihey ] *YE+*YO (y)ako/_[c, i, a] yako/_[c] (ya)ko/_[c, i, a] go/_[c, i, a] (-ya)go(w)/_[c, i, a] (ay)u(w)/_[c, i, a] a ɩ o/_[c, a, i] (y)akaw/_[e] yakaw/_[e, ʌ] (ya)kaw/_[e, ɛ] gaw/_[e] (-ya)gaw/_[e] ayaw/_[e, ę] a ɩ a8/_[e] (y)aka/_[o] yak/_[v] (ya)ka/_[o, ɔ] ga/_[o] (-ya)ga/_[o, ụ] aya/_[o, ǫ] a ɩ a/_[o] *HR+*(K)A (-h)(l)a/_[c] la/_[c] ha/_[c] ha/_[c] ha/_[c] ha-/_[c] ha/_[c, i] (-h)ra/_[c] (-h)(l)ʌ/_[i] lv/_[i] hɛ/_[i, (y)ɔ] hę/_[i] hę/_[i] h(ę)/_[i] (-h)rv/_[i] (-h)(l)/_[a] (h)l/_[u] h/_[v] h/_[a, e, o, u] h(r)/_[a, ę, ų] (h)/_[a] hr/_[v] (-h)r/_[v] (-h)l/_[e, o] l/_[v] h/_[e, o] r/_[e, ę, o, ǫ] h/_[a,e,o] *HR+*YO (-h)(l)o/_[c, i, a] lo/_[c] ho/_[c, i, a] ho/_[c, i, a] ho(w)/_[c, i, a] (h)u(w)/_[c, i, a] ho/_[c, a, i] (-h)ro/_[c, i, a] (-h)(l)aw/_[e] law/_[e, ʌ] haw/_[e, ɛ] haw/_[e] haw/_[e] haw/_[e, ę] ha8/_[e] (-h)raw/_[e, o, v] (-h)(l)a/_[o] l/ [V] ha/_[o, ɔ] ha/_[o] ha/_[o, ų] ha/_[o, ǫ] ha/_[o] *HR+*(K)UWA (-h)(l)uwa/_[c] luwa/_[c] hɔwɔ/_[c] hǫ:wá:/_[c] hųwa/_[c] (h)ǫwa/_[c] honä/_[c, i] (-h)(l)uwʌ/_[i] luwv/_[i] hɔwɛ/_[(y)ɔ, i] hǫwę/_[i] hųwę/_[i] hǫw(ę)/_[i] (-h)(l)uw/_[a, e] luw/_[v] hɔw/_[a, e, ɛ] hǫw/_[a, e] hųw/_[a, e, ę] hǫw/_[a] hon /_[a, e, o] (-h)(l)uway/_[o] hɔwɔy/_[o, ɔ] hǫway/_[o] hųway/_[o, ų] *SH+*YE+*YO ʰshako/_[C, i, a] (h)sako/_[c] shako/_[c, i, a] sha:gó:/_[c. i, a] shago(w)/_[c, i, a, ę] (h)sayu/_[c, a] sa ɩ o/_[c, a, i] ʰshakaw/_[e] (h)ak/_[v] shakaw/_[e, ɛ] shakaw/_[e] shagaw/_[e, ę] sa ɩ a8/_[e] ʰshaka/_[o] (h)saka/_[u] shaka/_[o, ɔ] (h)shága/_[o] shaga/_[o, ų] sa ɩ a/_[o] *SH+*YE se/_[c,i] sa ɩ /_e, o] son/_[a] *RU ru/_[c] ru(w)/_[v] *YE+ATAT (y)utat/_[c, V] yutat/_[c, V] (ʔ)ɔtat/_[V, Reson.] adad (-y)ųdat/_[c] [?] atat/_[c] yvʔnaʔn/_[v, y, w] PNG+ata:t/_[V] (y)utate/_[x] yutate/_[l, n, w,?] (ʔ)ɔtate/_[Obstr.] [?] (-y)ųdade/_[cc] atand/_[v] yvʔnaʔ/_[r, t] PNG+ata:/_[C] yutak/_[y] (ʔ)ɔtah/_[n, t, ʔ n] (-y)ųdad/_[v, r] yvʔnat/_[k, s, ʔ]

27 Iroquoian History of Gender Proto Iroquoian Indefinite Specific introduction masculine Proto North-Iroquoian Indefinite Specific without Masculine Masculine Huron Indefinite Non-Human/Feminine Masculine

28 Iroquoian History of Gender Proto Iroquoian Indefinite Specific introduction masculine Proto North-Iroquoian Indefinite feminine split Specific without Masculine Masculine Oneida, Mohawk, Onondaga Indefinite/Feminine Non-Human/Feminine Masculine Tuscarora, Seneca feminine shift Indefinite/Feminine Non-Human Masculine

29 Cherokee PL Indef Agent 3rd 3rd KUWA YO YE (plur) KA Proto-North Iroquoian I Indefinite 3rd PL KUWA (plur) Indef YE Agent 3rd KA YO Proto-North Iroquoian II Indefinite 3rd PL (plur) KUWA (plur) Indef YE+ATAT YE Agent 3rd YE+YO YO KA Proto-North Iroquoian III Indefinite Masculine Animate PL (plur) KUWA (plur) Indef Agent Masc YE+ATAT YE Anim KA YE+YO YO Iroquoian Southern Iroquoian Northern Iroquoian Cherokee Tuscarora/Nottoway Lake Iroquoian Proto-North Iroquoian IV Indefinite Masculine Animate PL (plur) KUWA (plur) Indef Agent Masc YE+ATAT YE HR+(K)A Anim KA YE+YO HR+YO YO Tuscarora Huron/Wyandot Iroquois Proper Huron Wyandot Onondaga Seneca/Cayuga Oneida/Mohawk Cayuga Seneca Mohawk Oneida

30 Proto-North IroquoianV Indefinite Masculine Animate PL (plur) KUWA (plur) Indef Agent Masc YE+ATAT YE HR+(K)A Anim KA YE+YO HR+YO YO Proto-Tuscarora PL Indef Agent Masc Anim Indefinite Masculine Animate (plur) KUWA (plur) YE+ATAT YE+YO HR+YO YO YE HR+(K)A KA Proto-Huron PL Indef Agent Masc Anim Indefinite Masculine Animate (plur) KUWA (plur) YE+ATAT YE+YO HR+YO YO YE HR+(K)A KA Tuscarora PL Indef Agent Masc Anim Indefinite Masculine Animate YE+YO KA (plur) YE+ATAT HR+YO YO (plur) YE HR+(K)A KA Huron Agent PL Indef Masc Anim Indefinite Masculine Animate (plur) HR+(K)UWA KUWA (plur) ɩai8 [?] SH+YE YE SH+YE+YO YE+YO HR+YO YO HR+(K)A KA Iroquoian Southern Iroquoian Northern Iroquoian Cherokee Tuscarora/Nottoway Lake Iroquoian Tuscarora Huron/Wyandot Iroquois Proper Huron Wyandot Onondaga Seneca/Cayuga Oneida/Mohawk Cayuga Seneca Mohawk Oneida

31 Proto-North IroquoianV Indefinite Masculine Animate PL (plur) KUWA (plur) Indef Agent Masc YE+ATAT YE HR+(K)A Anim KA YE+YO HR+YO YO Proto-Lake Iroquoian Indefinite Masculine Animate PL (plur) (plur) KUWA Indef YE+ATAT YE Agent Masc HR+(K)A Anim KA YE+YO HR+YO YO Wyandot PL Indef Agent Masc Anim Indefinite Masculine Animate (plur) [?] HR+(K)UWA KUWA SH+YE+YO RU HR+(K)A YE+YO HR+YO YO (plur) YE KA Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga Indefinite Masculine Animate PL (plur) (plur) HR+(K)UWA KUWA Indef YE+ATAT YE Agent Masc SH+YE+YO HR+(K)A Inan HR+YO KA YE+YO YO Southern Iroquoian Iroquoian Northern Iroquoian Cayuga PL Indef Agent Masc Anim Indefinite Masculine Animate (plur) (plur) (plur) (plur) YE+ATAT HR+(K)UWA KUWA YE SH+YE+YO YE+YO HR+YO YO HR+(K)A KA Cherokee Tuscarora/Nottoway Lake Iroquoian Tuscarora Huron/Wyandot Huron Wyandot Onondaga Iroquois Proper Seneca/Cayuga Cayuga Seneca Oneida/Mohawk Mohawk Oneida Seneca PL Indef Agent Masc Anim Indefinite Masculine Animate (plur) (plur) (plur) (plur) YE+ATAT HR+(K)UWA YE SH+YE+YO YE+YO HR+(K)A HR+YO KUWA KA YO

32 Hierarchy or Inverse? In the coding of transitive 3Subj-3Obj verbs originally there was some hierarchical-like organization (cf. Cherokee). Through the subsequent diachronic extensions of the paradigm, recurrent coding arose that looks like an inverse system in some languages (cf. Oneida).