The Proto-Uto-Aztecan Cultivation Hypothesis: New Linguistic Evidence

Transcription

1 BLS 33, No DOI: (published by the Berkeley Linguistics Society and the Linguistic Society of America) The Proto-Uto-Aztecan Cultivation Hypothesis: New Linguistic Evidence University of Arizona 0. Introduction 204

2 difrasismos 205

3 1. New Maize Vocabulary in the Northern Languages o -á:xe-y o u -huka hu *su *ka- qa: ö paca:h- ~ apaca:h paca:hil qa: ö a: - ao:lli á:xi- a:-sag : hani wo ora **sura hani ha:ni 206

4 *sunu *hu:nu-i sunú-t sunú sunú súnnu sin-- i *su so Calamovilfa gigantea GA o -á:xe-y tortilla (literally, corn-put.in.mouth-non.possessed.noun.suffix ), KI -huka corn cob, corn stalk (?) 5 *sono sonó *sono sonó sonó corn stubble, sonógola sonó sonovoli-t hona-li-t *so sona soni soni-p soni-pi soni oni sö: *pa ci *paci baci bácia pahcí hací a: - i but note CN in-a: -iwa to plant corn seeds taken from images of the maize gods *pa:ca pa:cama [TB paca:h- ~ apaca:h to shell it, paca:hil shelled pine nuts ] *saki *ha:ki sak t *sak -/saki sagilá sá:ki ah éh sak(:)kí *saki/ Luiseño á:xi- wheat, a:-sag : *o ra/*o ri o na/ko ná wohna o:lo:- ono-ci onno-cci CO hani wo ora corncob qa: :vi(- at) : -vi pi:h *o - -ra/i 207

5 qa:- *sura embryo of corn, tender ear of green maize : EU surát kernel, seed ; NA i:lo:- tender ear of green maize before it solidifies ; HO soona( kernel, edible part of any seed, meat of pinyon nut, embryo of corn, the nutriment of a plant as contrasted with its form (probably PUA **sura heart, attested throughout the family, but shifted to the maize domain at the PUA stage in several languages) *ku:mi/u ku:m ku:mi-ku ku mi-ná/-má gumí kú:me má-h-ki- ima-ka ki-mé kimi -in *kuma qumia kumwi Zea mays kumut Amaranthus caudatus k y kó-mi ku-mi-up ku-ma k m-wi kumu -i-vai-a kuk me-p kokoma komo Amaranthus cruentus *wika *gi:kai *wika wiká/wi:.ká wì:k y a TB wi:ginat/ iwi:gin to stir, given in Hill (2001) may be related not to this word, but to the California word *wi:wi- acorn gruel * ca * sa *e:ca e- e- * ya app Chenopodium :ya Northern Paiute mas a plant, given in Hill (2001) is not related to this set. 2. Indirect Evidence for PNUA Cultivation 208

6 ho:ma u:ma i:ma- ha:ni haniíbi hani- ho:ma homop humáhma- 209

7 * * * 8 --ne -ne ie-mapa-ru -- ie-tainin :-t -t -góp *kuma *k *k, *k k l k ( ) x x ene k k *pa *p *p V 5 p p ù- p a p p ò: p è: p :gyá The incremented -lv- in AZT is a regular feature of this language (see correspondence sets in Kroskrity 1993: ) 210

8 *so *sv (p ò n)- i i -(ta) t í: són *t *t ou *t V 2 *k- ~ k *k *k V 3 *si:wi *sv 9 (wv) í w- iw si si Allium recurvatum t sôl sô:t *yampa Carum gairdneri nam-p nam *dam *siko Calochortus sæ gobe *siban-pv Chrysothamnus *svp V 3-p Chrysothamnus 211

9 *t- *t *tv 3 *t - *t V 2 *pa: -ta *p *pv 3 3. The Otomanguean Connection **sunu **sunu **se(n) **sa(a )ai(n) Rensch gives no POM glosses; the glosses given here are drawn from the meanings that Rensch gives for cognates in the daughter languages. 212

10 **sunu **suu- iwi- **sono **so- soso:wik *saki **sa- *sakwa **sawa **saka **se(n) **se(n) 1/2 **sa(a )ai(n) **sa(n) **(n)sa **Ysa *s *s *k *ku *k *ku, *k **ku:mi/u *kan- *kahna- qahavi ha:-l qá:nki- *k **k e **k au **k e **w(y)e7 * ~ kwh 7 *poe-th *k a *s ~ *k *k ~ *y ~ *s *y **k ~ **s *se(n) ~*k e *sa(n) *k a *k ~ *s *k 213

11 *k ~ *s *s *k 4. Conclusion * o:- 214

12 References The Reconstruction of Otopamean (Mexico) Archaeology and Linguistics: Aboriginal Australia in Global Perspective The Languages of Native America: Historical and Compatative Assessment Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis Language International Journal of American Linguistics Ute Dictionary -ka STUF Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung/Language Typology and Universals ø Ancient Mesoamerica International Journal of American Linguistics Ute Dictionary 215

13 Proto-Popolocan, A Comparative Study of Popolocan and Mixtecan International Journal of American Linguistics American Anthropologist Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis Histories of Maize: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize International Journal of American Linguistics de STUF Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung/Language Typology and Universals University of Pittsburgh Working Papers in Linguistics Language, History, and Identity: Ethnolinguistic Studies of the Arizona Tewa Proto-Mixtecan Glyphdwellers Report Ancient Mesoamerica 216

14 Ancient Mesoamerica x llantli x l tl l tl Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 10, Southwest Comparative Otomanguean Phonology Hispanic American Historical Review Comanche Dictionary and Grammar Florentine Codex, General History of the Things of New Spain The Ceremonies Current Anthropology American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of American Linguistics Olmec Art and Archaeology Rio Nuevo Archaeology : Investigations at the San Agustin Mission and Mission Gardens, Tucson Presidio, Tucson Pressed Brick Company, and Clearwater Site 217

15 P orhépecha kaso sïrátahenkwa: Desarrollo del sistema de casos del purépecha. International Journal of American Linguistics Last Hunters, First Farmers: New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture 218