Feeding habits of range-shifting herbivores: tropical surgeonfishes in a temperate environment

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1 Supplementary material Feeding habits of range-shifting herbivores: tropical surgeonfishes in a temperate environment Alexander J. Basford A,F, David A. Feary B,E, Gary Truong A, Peter D. Steinberg A,C,D, Ezequiel M. Marzinelli A,C,D and Adriana Vergés A,C,D A Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. B School of the Environment, University of Technology, 123 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia. C Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. D Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia. E Present address: School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. F Corresponding author. abasford1@gmail.com

2 Fig. S1. Stereoscopic microscope images of the morphology of the jaw apparatus of (1) Prionurus maculatus, (2) Prionurus microlepidotus, (3) Acanthurus triostegus and (4) Acanthurus dussumieri. Scale bar: 1 mm.

3 Fig. S2. Aquaria trial bite rates across individual sizes (g) of tropical (A. dussumieri, A. triostegus) and warmtemperate (P. maculatus, P. microlepidotus) surgeonfishes in tropical (25 C) and temperate (20 C) water temperatures. Table S1. Number of field surveys performed at each Sydney site from February to July 2013 Site February March April May July Total Clovelly Gordon s Bay 1 1 La Perouse Little Bay Long Bay 1 1 Shelly Beach Total

4 Table S2. Analysis of field bite rates of tropical and warm-temperate surgeonfishes Origin was fixed with two levels (Tropical, Warm-Temperate), Species was randomly nested in Origin, with two levels, Schooling was fixed with three levels (single-species, mixed, solitary) (n = 2 14). Temperature was fitted as a covariate. P-values were calculated using 9999 permutations under a reduced model. Pairwise tests for Schooling: Single species > Mixed Species = Solitary Source d.f. m.s. Pseudo-F P Temperature Origin Schooling <0.01 Species(Origin) Temperature Origin Temperature Schooling Origin Schooling Temperature Species(Origin) Species(Origin) Schooling Temperature Origin Schooling Temperature Species(Origin) Schooling Residual

5 Table S3. Analyses of total algal biomass consumption, bite rates and consumption of brown algal biomass by tropical and warm-temperate surgeonfishes in aquarium trials Data were log-transformed to improve test assumptions. Temperature was fixed with two levels (25 and 20 C), Origin was fixed with two levels (Tropical, Warm-Temperate) and Species was randomly nested in Origin, with two levels (n = 2 10). P-values were calculated using 9999 permutations under a reduced model. Non-significant terms with P > 0.25 were pooled to increase the power of the main effects of interest (temperature and origin; as per Underwood 1997). For brown algal consumption, pairwise tests for Temperature Species(Origin): within level Acanthurus dussumieri; 25 C > 20 C Aquarium trial Source d.f. m.s. Pseudo-F P Total algal consumption Temperature E Origin E < 0.01 Species(Origin) E-02 Pooled Temperature Origin E Temperature Species(Origin) E-04 Pooled Residual E-03 Aquaria bite rates Temperature < 0.01 Origin Species(Origin) Pooled Temperature Origin Temperature Species(Origin) Pooled Residual Brown algal consumption Temperature Origin Species(Origin) Temperature Origin Temperature Species(Origin) Residual

6 Table S4. Linear regression analyses of bite rates v. fish weight (g) for (a) each Species (n = 5 20) and (b) for each combination of Origin (Tropical, Warm-Temperate) Temperature (25 and 20 C) (n = 5 13) Factor Residual Coefficient s.e. of coefficient P d.f. Species A. dussumieri A. triostegus P. maculatus P. microlepidotus Origin Temperature Table S5. Tropical v. 25 C Tropical v. 20 C Warm-Temperate v C Warm-Temperate v. 20 C Analyses of relative gut index, opening jaw-lever ratio and closing jaw-lever ratio of tropical and warm-temperate surgeonfishes Origin was fixed with two levels (Tropical, Warm-Temperate) and Species was randomly nested in Origin, with two levels (n = 3 5). P-values were calculated using 9999 permutations under a reduced model. Monte Carlo ( MC ) P-value was used where there were <99 unique permutations Morphological Source d.f. m.s. Pseudo-F P analysis Relative gut indices Origin MC0.25 Species(Origin) < 0.01 Residual Opening lever ratio Origin E MC0.52 Species(Origin) E < 0.05 Residual E-04 Closing lever ratio Origin E MC0.80 Species(Origin) E Residual E-03 Reference Underwood, A. J. (1997). Experiments in Ecology: their Logical Design and Interpretation using Analysis of Variance. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.)

Table 1: Number of patients by ICU hospital level and geographical locality.

Table 1: Number of patients by ICU hospital level and geographical locality. Web-based supporting materials for Evaluating the performance of Australian and New Zealand intensive care units in 2009 and 2010, by J. Kasza, J. L. Moran and P. J. Solomon Table 1: Number of patients