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11 3/14/18 Tomato Relatives: Eggplant & Peppers Generally easy Susceptible to wilt diseases Hot peppers have good drought resistance Bells very productive when watered and fertilized Wait to plant when really warm (late April) Cucumbers, Pumpkins, Squash & Zucchini Easy to grow from seed Winter squash are grown during summer! Common question: Plants have been blooming for a week but no fruits why? Female Flower Young fruit - Cucumber Planting True Leaf Cotyledon Male Flower Cucumbers, squash, zucchini, melons, pumpkins male flowers produced first few weeks, typically more male than female flowers Plant cukes, squash, and melons up to the cotyledons for healthier plants Do not worry about this if direct seeding in the garden Plant up to here Squash Vine Borer Attack squash and zucchini in May/June and August Plant as early as possible early April Crop rotation helps, but adults fly Spray Pyrethrin, Neem (organic), or Permethrin (synthetic) beginning mid- May, every 7-14 days, lower part of stem Melons Wait until really warm to plant Cantaloupe Prefer drier conditions More compact vines, space 3 More leaf disease problems than watermelons Watermelons Need consistent moisture Space 6-8 Seedless varieties are expensive Crimson Sweet, Jubilee reliable, seeded 11

12 3/14/18 Melons and cucumbers can climb! Sweet Corn Plant early April In blocks of at least 3-4 rows Wind pollinated Lots of Nitrogen (slow release) Stagger plantings every 2 weeks later plantings will have more problems with corn earworm Drought sensitive! Sweet Corn Sugary Varieties (SU1) Traditional sugars break down quickly Silver Queen, Seneca Chief Sugary Enhanced (Se) Higher levels of sugar Bodacious, Legend Super-sweet Varieties (sh2) More sugar than SU1 and does not break down rapidly Serendipity These are not GMO! Sweet Potatoes and Peanuts Need well drained, sandy soil Very frost sensitive Sweet potatoes need a lot of space! Peanuts form on pegs that grow into the ground from flowers on lower stems Deer love both! Beans and Their Relatives Beans-Lima, Butter, Green Can inoculate seed with nitrogen fixing bacteria Don t bear heavily in hot weather Bush and pole varieties Southern Peas Field Peas, Black Eye Peas Need warm soils Low bushy plants Cool Season Vegetables Tolerate frost: Hardy: tolerate heavy frost (below 28 degrees), can produce through winter Cabbage, kale, collards, carrots Spinach, turnips, mustard greens, broccoli Half-hardy: tolerate light frost (28-30 degrees), usually productive through December extend season with cold frames or row covers Beets, cauliflower, chard, lettuce, Chinese cabbage 12

13 !"#$%&'(%)*' +#,"-.,/0/,1-! "#$! %&#$'()*! +,(-,$./,0$12-,/3/2'$*22'$45,(,52*6$7289$! :/'$;(-10! %)&&"#(*$+,,#(*$-"./&)+0*$ &1#)+)2)*$&)30(.*$#1&40'(! 5"$4"#$#&)4('/)4#$" #$%&'() #$*#+')'&*,)-,).$#/0)-,)(10) 2#340,! 5004)$&&'06)*0$$)43#-,04)'&-$)7&3) 2&&4)3&&()4080$&.%0,()! 9#380'()&,/06)%:'()'://0''-&,) '&*!""#$%&"'($%)*$+,$-&".*$/*$%"*#)/*,&($0 %)&&"#($*,,1$1,,'$'"#(2!"#$%&'("")*!"#$%!"&&'("!!"++,-".&/,*+#(0&#)0&+,()12& 3("")*.&-4#(0.&*21)#-4! "#$%&'()&*+,-.&/(#0,1/2&()'34&%#& 5'(6)$%&,1&78&%#&98&3'4$! :'1&;)&$#01&3,()-%&,1&0,3)&#(&$,1/<)& (#0$! =)%%+-)2&$>,1'-5&'13&-5'(3&#?%)1& '6',<';<)&'$&%('1$><'1%$! <)%%+-)!"##$%"&'()*+&,+&-./&*,0"&()*1! "#$%#&$'#()$*+%,+$-+.*,! )#*+"*&,"&&'("/ &(.%,01.%&,$.%*$,++*$ ! 5.%6$7#1#($2.(3.&3#%,8$1+.'$,-.0+,! 9.%$01.%&$.,$,3%:1+$01.%&,$#($3%$ 0.&7-+,! 5.;+$*'(("**+-"%*./+01*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +2+(6$<$=++;,$&-(#>:-$?0(31$/ 1.&+($3%$ 50+'/,."#(('+ 6-"*#7(! "#$%&'()'$%*+),(-'$./01*2&($2&'(#$+)&'(1*3&( (5'&(1%87'",90"4:! 75+(8&()'$%+(9'$3(:&&.(:$%+(*+(&5'#6( ;/)/:1(! <'(:&1($/1(5:(1'5+:-#5+1:(*+("&-1&38&'! =5')&(-#5+1:,(:-50&(*+.*2*./5#(-#5+1:((>?@(1$( AB(5-5'1! "#$%&$'(#$)%%*%+',! -))$.#/%0#$0%'(1$2 /3&$/%4#5$67'($ 5%6$/%4#5$'%$#8/)+9#! 0"1-2%$(32*'$+%$%4'*! 56+6 :!"#$%%&'()*&+$,-$.,'$';! 7.%28*-4! 9'': 3&9$);"'+<"%2!"#$%&'($ &)'*+% *($,-.%'/%+*0&$1 #!

14 3/14/18 Growing Potatoes Mound soil all potatoes develop between seed and soil level Spring Only Crops Potatoes Watch out for Colorado Potato Beetles! Larva and adults feed on foliage Handpick or spray: Spinosad B.t. for CPB Heat and Cool Season Crops Flavor not as good when mature in warm weather Bolting late plantings of cool season crops are more prone to bolting If have room, allow CS crops to bloom attract pollinators and beneficials Blossoms edible! Culinary Herbs for NC Piedmont: ANNUALS Basil Ocimum basilicum Loves heat - Do not plant out too early Easy from cuttings or seed Successive sowings Can overwinter indoors Prevent drought stress Pinch regularly, cut off flowers for more leaves or leave flowers for bees! Many varieties available Basil Downy Mildew New disease first recorded in NC 2009 This strain only effects basil Other strains of downy mildew infect cucumbers and cabbage Control: destroy affected leaves, avoid overhead irrigation, fungicides? Pesto type basils are most susceptible Does not overwinter in NC! spores float in from further south each season 14

15 3/14/18 Basil Varieties Greek Columnar Cinnamon or Mexican Basil very upright to 4, does not bloom Cool Season Annual Herbs Purple Ruffles Opal purple leaf Plant Aug-Sept for fall; Feb-March for spring Parsley Hardier may live through winter Thai Basil, Siam Queen compact 12 Soak seed in water 6-8 hrs. Flat leaf (Italian) and curly leaf types Cilantro seed called coriander Dill Italian Large Leaf - pesto Spicy Globe Small leaves on compact plants Allow to bloom after harvest Parsley Petroselinum crispum Cool season annual Italian Flat Leaf variety Sow fall or early spring neapolitanum Soak seed for 6-8 hrs Dies out mid summer after flowering Larval host for Black Swallowtail Sun pt. shade, moist, well drained soil Caterpillars Black swallowtail larva feed on all members of parsley/carrot family Handpick grow perennial fennel as nursery crop Spray with B.t, spinosad, etc. Curly Parsley Egg Young Caterpillars Black Swallowtail Caterpillars Will also eat: Fennel, Dill, Queen Anne s Lace, Carrot, Parsley Relatives Lovage Levisticum officinale Leafy plant, celery taste. May be perennial. Chrysalis Adult Male Adult Female Dill Anethum graveolens Ferny foliage is attractive, blooms nice cutflowers Cilantro, Coriander Coriandrum sativum Fall and early spring for foliage successive sowings. Let mature for seed. 15

16 3/14/18 Other Cool Season Annuals Onions and Their Relatives Onions, Garlic, Leeks Borage Borago officinalis Coarse hairy plants with edible flowers. Biennial. Roman Chamomile Chamaemelum nobile Perennial but not tolerant of humid heat. Ferny foliage, flowers used to make tea. Sun, well drained soil. Do best in our area when fall planted! Harvested in spring Heavy feeders like lots of organic matter and consistent moisture and nutrients Need good drainage Green onions/scallions are very easy to grow spring-fall. Ready to harvest in days. Onions Onion Sets Garlic Sow direct in October to harvest in April-May Short Day varieties: Grano, Granex, Texas Super Sweet Seed usually more successful and cost less than sets Thin in Jan to 4 apart for larger bulbs Need lots of Nitrogen in spring, but no sulfur Plant in Sept/Oct to harvest in late spring Grown from cloves Soft Neck varieties grow best in the south have stronger flavor Elephant garlic also does well very large with mild flavor Spring Only Crops Garden, Sugar Snap and Snow Peas Harvest in 60 days Sow lt. Jan early March Powdery Mildew a problem on later crops Sugar snaps and snow peas more heat tolerant Vines - need support 16

17 !"#"$$%&'()#*+, -,+&#&./,! "#$%&'()*+%,'-%'.$)#/',0)-%1! 2.##'$3.%4.4',*-#! 2$-&'5'/.$),'&*'6$)7.,&! 8$)7.,&',0.$),'-%',0)-%1'! 97.)6$)7.,&':',3$##',0.$),! ;$#.'<=.),./>'7$)-.&-.,'3*).' 0)*4?(&-7. Mediterranean Herbs Rosemary (shrub) Sage, Oregano and Marjoram Thyme and Lemon Thyme! All are perennial! Require full sun, excellent drainage! Drought tolerant! Irrigation and fertilizer lead to disease problems and reduce flavor! Bay needs sheltered spot! Thyme most sensitive to moisture Oregano Sage Salvia officinalis Purpurascens Greek Oregano Origanum vulgare subspecies hirtum Preferred Culinary Common Oregano Origanum vulgare Flowers in summer, less flavorful Sweet Marjorum Origanum marjorana Culinary tricky to grow Italian Oregano = O. marjorana x O. vulgare Easier to grow? Icterina Tricolor Berggarten Favorite culinary, large leaves. Common Thyme Thymus vulgaris Lavenders English Lavender Lavandula angustifolia not heat tolerant Broadleaf English Narrow Leaf French Lemon Thyme Thymus x citriodorus Lower growing with softer stems. Several gold leaved and variegated varieties are available. French Lavender Lavendula dentata not cold hardy Spanish Lavender Lavandula stoechas Most long lived lavender in SE Lavandin Lavandula x intermedia L. angustifolia x L. latifolia (Spike Lavender) Grosso does okay #&

18 Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis! Tough, evergreen shrub! Sun, good drainage! Drought, salt, and ph tolerant! Deer resistant! Ornamental and culinary upright and trailing forms available! Upright varieties typically reach 3-4 tall and wide or more!! Very small caterpillar! Lots of webbing and frass! Must treat when caterpillars first start feeding spinosad, B.t.! Does not cause permanent damage Southern Purple Mint Moth Bay Laurus nobilis Other Perennial Herbs! Shrubs or small tree! 5 x 5 shrub when grown outside! Needs sheltered site, south facing! Can be trained in various shapes! Grows well in containers bring indoors in winter Chives Allium schoenoprasum Extremely easy from seed or division. Long lived, self seed. Sun well drained soil, drought tolerant. Garlic Chives Allium tuberosum Taller than chives, same requirements. Self seeds prolifically. Mints All spread extremely vigorously!! Pineapple Mint Mentha suavolens Variegata Mexican Mint Marigold! Tagetes lucida! A perennial marigold!! Tarragon substitute (leaves)! Yellow flowers in fall, 3 x 2! Sun, well drained soil Spearmint Mentha spicata Sun to part shade, moist to average soil. Peppermint Mentha piperita Grow in containers above ground. Apple Mint Mentha suavolens #%

19 Fennel! Foeniculum vulgare! Perennial parsley relative! Anise flavor! Bronze leaf forms often used as ornamentals! Sun light shade, moist to dry soils! 3-5 tall, yellow flowers in summer attracts beneficials! Larval host Black Swallowtail! Florence Fennel is related but different, grow as a summer annual Lemon Balm Melissa officinalis Very easy sun to part shade, well drained soil. Easy from seed or cuttings. Other Perennial Herbs Salad Burnet Poterium sanguisorba Sun to light shade, well drained soil. Leaves have cucumber flavor best in spring and fall. Horseradish Armoracia rusticana Sun, rich, moist soil. Harvest roots by digging into clump rather than digging whole clump up. Other Perennial Herbs Pineapple Sage Salvia elegans Very easy sun to part shade, well drained soil. Easy from seed or cuttings. Red flowers in fall, pineapple scented foliage. Rose Scented Geranium Pelargonium graveolens Sun, good drainage. Wonderful fragrance, many other varieties Lemongrass Cymbopogon flexuosus Non Hardy Perennial Herbs Bring inside during winter Lemon Verbena Aloysia triphylla Culinary Ginger Zingiber officinale!"#$%&""'(!"#$%&'#$($)'*+,-.$*/$0'1,2$!'##3 4'5$6,7#$8&'7#'9$:%;< )!1#3=&>9$6&'?"$@A 2" B CD6 *+",$-./, %56-77-/ 8#$"/,-./%9:"/$ ;6</'2-/%1.+/$4%1"/$"6 =>=?@=A?BB@@ C.234D:6-77-/E/C,+F"G+ #&