Cultivar Selection. VEGETABLE CROPS UPDATE Volume 4 May 1994 No. 3. Hawai i Cooperative Extension Service

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1 Hawai i Cooperative Extension Service HITAHR College of Tropical Agriculture & Human Resources University of Hawai i at Manoa U.S.D.A. Cooperating VEGETABLE CROPS UPDATE Volume 4 May 1994 No. 3 Cultivar Selection Hector Valenzuela, Ted Hori, Steve Fukuda, Randy Hamasaki, Robin Shimabuku, Dwight Sato, Richard Nakano, Alton Arakaki, Dale Sato, and Roy Yamakawa. Cultivar selection is one of the critical decisions made during the vegetable crop production process. Seed quality is important to assure proper germination, stand establishment, tolerance or resistance to major pests and diseases, adaptation to local growing conditions, and to meet minimum market standards. The UHM Horticulture Department Seed Program sells seed from vegetable varieties which have been bred in our department. HSPA also sells UH sweet corn seed in Hawaii. Commercial growers rely on some of the seed produced by the Horticulture Seed program, especially green onions, long eggplant, snap beans, kai choy, and sweet corn. The other cultivars (for tomatoes, onions, broccoli) are more adapted for home gardening and are not grown to a large extent by commercial producers. Cultivars used by commercial growers obtained from out-of state, originate both in Asia, and in the continental U.S. Popular Asian Seed Companies (Sakata, Takii, HungNong) also have stations in the Continental U.S. Local commercial growers often obtain their out-ofstate seed from outfits in the continental U.S. that sell seed from a variety of Vegetable Seed Breeding Companies. Such wholesale companies include Champion, Green Barn, Rupp and Keithly Williams. Telephone numbers for these and other seed companies are listed below. The UH Vegetable County Extension agents, regularly conduct cultivar trials, to evaluate adaptation of new cultivars to particular growing conditions (see references below). The cultivars listed below, are those currently recommended in the different vegetable crop production areas of the state. An overview for growing vegetable transplants is presented in the latest April 1994 issue of American Vegetable Grower Magazine. COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE 3050 MAILE WAY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI I HONOLULU, HAWAI I The University of Hawai i at Manoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Cooperative Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating in presenting to the people of Hawai i programs and services without regard to race, color, national origin, sex or disability. It is an Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action Employer.

2 Cultivar Seed Company Location/Comments Asparagus UC-157 Various Kauai, OP Basil Italian Large Leaf Alf Chris. Green Leaved, OP Dark Opal Leaf Comstock Red Leaved, OP Beans Green Crop Various, bush Kentucky Wonder Various, bush Poamoho UH Stingless, RT, OP, pole Hawaiian Wonder UH rust tolerant, OP, pole Manoa Wonder UH RT, OP, pole Baby Fordhook Sun, Burpee, baby lima Kiganotaki, yardlong bean Beet Early Wonder Sun Green Top Green Barn Pacemaker II Burpee Broccoli Green Valiant Twilley Premium Crop Takii Kula Emperor Green Barn Kula Green Comet Green Barn Galaxy Burdock Tokinawa Long Takii Cabbage, Chinese Chine Exrpess Sakata Kula Hy-Mark Kula Nagaoka 55 Volcano WR-55 Takii Kula WR-60 Takii Kula Blue Takii Kula China Flash Sakata Kula Cabbage, Mustard Joi Choi Sakata white stemmed Mei Quing Choi Sakata green stemmed Waianae Strain UH WR, wide stem Cabbage, Head Rookie Twilley Tastie Sakata Kula, year-round Scorpio Sakata Kula, Summer Pacifica Sakata Kula CG Cross Takii Kamuela Ruby Red Takii red, Scarlet O Hara red, Carrots Nantes Half Long Burpee Kula Danvers half Long Burpee Lady Finger Sun baby carrot Little Finger Alf Chris baby carrot 2 Cauliflower Puakea UH Majestic Twilley Kula Snow Crown Abbott Kula White Contessa Sakata Celery Ventura Johnny s, Ferry Kamuela Starlet Twilley Utah 52-70R Burpee Kula Utah Burpee Kula Corn, Sweet Waimanalo SS UH, HSPA UH-10 UH, HSPA All Summer Sw. Twilley Lightning Twilley Sweetie Stokes Kula Illini SS Kamuela Cucumber, Western Slicing Sweet Slice Twilley Burpee Hybrid II Burpee New Market II Slicemaster PetoSeed Super Sett PetoSeed Genuine Know-You Lani UH Hilo 1 Burpee II Burpee Hilo Milo UH bush culture 1 Dasher II PetoSeed Kula Sakata #69 Sakata Kamuela 1 Resistant to cucumber mosaic virus and tolerant to watermelon mosaic virus and powdery mildew Cucumber, European Farbio Stokes Deliva Toska 70 Uniflora W FT FT Cucumber, Oriental Slicing Progress Takii Tasty Gem Burpless 69 Sakata Spring Swallow Know-You Daikon Chinese Type Fukuda, OP, round Cross #3 Takii Hilo, long Korean Var. HungNong Kula White Icicle Takii Kamuela Everest Takii Kamuela, round Awa Cross Hilo Minoase Summer Eggplant, Round Midnite PetoSeed Black Beauty Rupp

3 Classic Harris Kula Black Bell Twilley Burpee Hybrid Burpee Eggplant, Long NittaxWaimanalo UH NittaxMolokai UH Nitta Local Waimanalo Long UH Kula Farmers Long Know-You FT Molokai Long UH Eggplant, Pickling Short Tom Sakata Black Egg Money Maker Endive (Escarole) Salad King Sun Broad Leaved Batavian Sun Ginger Japanese type LC Hilo, pungent Chinese type LC Hilo Lettuce, Head Great Lakes Asgrow, Sun Hilo Mesa 659 Asgrow Kula, Salinas Asgrow, Sun Ithaca Asgrow, Sun Empire Asgrow Calmar Lettuce, Leaf Ostinata Stokes Hydroponics, Kauai Montello Stokes Hydroponics, Kauai Salina Hydroponics, Kauai Boston Butter Champion Kula Manoa UH, Fukuda Semi-head Anuene UH Semi-head Butterhead Stokes Grand Rapids Sun Salad Bowl Black Seeded Simpson Harris, Sun Royal Oak Leaf Sun Green Ice Burpee Red Sails Stokes Red Leaf Super Prize Super Price Red Leaf Lettuce, Romaine Green Tower Hazera Kamuela, Kula Parris Island Asgrow, Sun Kula Valmaine Sun Okra Annie Oakley Burpee Blondie 3 Onion, Bulb Granex F1 Asgrow SD, Winter Granex 33 Asgrow SD, Winter Grano 1015Y Asgrow SD, Summer Cimarron Sun SDI, Spring NewMex Yellow Sun SDI, Spring Granex 429 SDI, Spring Mit-Start SDI, Spring Onion, Green Koba strain UH Local strains LS Parsley, American Moss Curled Sun Hilo, Peas, Podded Manoa Sugar UH, Kula 1 Mamoth Melt Sugar Burpee, Sun Hilo, y Dwarf Grey Sugar Sun Oregon Sugar Pod 2 Green Barn, Sun 1 Resistant to powdery mildew and Fusarium wilt Pepper, Bell Jupiter Several Molokai Grande Rio 66 Tambel 2 Sun Summer Sweet # 86 Twilley Keystone Resistant Giant No. 3 Sun Mercury Purple Belle purplish fruits Summer Sweet #820 Twilley green/yellow fruits FOR TRIAL= Orobelle, Verdel, Zohar, Bell Tower, and Zerto (supplied by Green Barn, Abbott, Hazera, Abbott, and Nunhems, respectively). Pepper, Chili Filipino type Local mild, taper to point Mexibell Sun mild, green fruit Anaheim M Sun hot, green turn red Hungarian Yellow Sun Wax Green Barn hot, light yellow Jalapeno M Green Barn hot, dark green Hawaiian Chili Local hot, yellow turns red Pumpkin Tetsukabuto Takii FT, Kamuela 1 1 Dark green skin, orange flesh Radish Fancy Red Harris Scarlet Globe Green Barn Champion Stokes Red King Harris Crimson Giant Green Barn

4 Spinach, Horenso Alrite Takii Squash Ambassador Twilley Italian Burpee Burpee Italian Gold Rush PetoSeed Yellow Soybean Kahala UH RT Hakucho Takii Summer Sweetpotato Okinawan Type LC Hilo, dry flesh Molokai Purple LC Hilo, dry flesh Hoolehua Gold LC Kula, dry flesh Rapoza LC Kula, dry flesh Waimanalo Red LC Dry flesh, Kona B LC moist flesh, 71-5 LC moist flesh, 83-1 LC moist flesh, Jewel moist flesh, Taro Bun Long LC Chinese type Lehua LC Hilo Niue LC Samoan table taro White Apii LC Kamuela Tomato PS PetoSeed Large Fruited Merced Roger NK FT, Large Fruited Independence Twilley Determinate Pole King Twilley Indeterminate Healani UH Determinate 1 Sweet Million Sakata Cherry, Red Cherry Sun Cherry, Sweet Chelsea Green, Sakata Cherry, 1 Resistant to root knot nematode, fusarium wilt, and gray leaf spot. Watermelon Crimson Sweet Willhite, Sun, Kamuela, R 1 Golden Kyokuto Mikado FT, Kamuela, Y 1 Au Producer Willhite FT, Kamuela, R 1 Top Yield Twilley Glory Takii Sugar Baby Green, Sun Summer Festival Green Barn 1 R=Red flesh; Y= yellow flesh. FT= For Trial LC= Local cuttings OP= Open Pollinated RT= Root Knot nematode resistant SD= Short Day SDI= Short Day Intermediate WR= Tolerant to white rust fungi 4 Seed Companies 1. Abbott ( ) 2. Alf Christianson ( ) 3. Asgrow ( ) 4. Burpee ( ) 5. California Asparagus Seed ( ) 6. Champion ( ) 7. Ferry-Morse ( ) 8. Fukuda Green Barn ( ) 10. Harris Moran ( ) 11. Hazera Seed Limited, POB 1565, Haifa, Israel 12. HungNong ((408) ) 13. Johnny s ( ) 14. Keithly Williams ( ) 15. Known-you seed Co., Ltd., 26, Chung Cheng 2nd Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 16. Nunhems ( ) 17. PetoSeed ( ) 18. Rupp ( ) 19. Sakata ( ) 20. Stokes ( ) 21. SunSeed ( ) 22. Takii ( ) 23. Twilley ( ) 24. (UH) Univ. Hawaii ( ) 25. Willhite ( ) References 1. Fukuda, S., and H. Valenzuela Pepper cultivar trials. Veg. Crops Update 3(4): Hamasaki, R Cucumber variety trial field day at Waimanalo. Veg. Grow. News. Rep. 4. Hybrid Cucumber trial results. Rep Hamasaki, R Molokai sweet potato trial results. Veg. Grow. News. Rep Hamasaki, R Field day for TSW resistant tomato hybrid candidates held on Maui. Veg. Grow. News. Rep Hamasaki, R Daikon variety trial conducted at Volcano Experiment Station. Veg. Grow. News Rep Hamasaki, R.T. and H.D. Sato Vegetable Cultivars for the Home Garden. Univ. Hawaii, County Lf Hori, T Results of the cucumber variety trial. Maui Veg News. June Hori, T Chinese cabbage variety trial. Maui Veg News. July Hori, T Onion trial. Maui Veg. News. Oct. 2, Hori, T Tomato spotted wilt virus screening trial. Maui Veg. News. Dec Hori, T Vegetable Variety trials from around the state (daikon, sweet potato, cucumber). Maui Veg. News. Dec Valenzuela, H.R. and R. Hamasaki Tomato spotted wilt virus resistant tomato lines, cultivar evaluations. Veg. Crops Update Newsl. 3(4): Valenzuela, H.R. and J. DeFrank Eggplant cultivar trials. Veg. Crops Update Newsl. 3(4): Valenzuela, H.R. and R. Mau Cabbage cultivar trials. Veg. Crops Update Newsl. 3(4): Valenzuela, H.R. and D. Sato Chinese cabbage cultivar trials in Volcano. Veg. Crops Update Newsl. 4(1):6.

5 Thrips affect peppers in Florida During the season over 80% of the pepper acreage was affected with thrips in Palm Beach County, Florida. Yields in that area for peppers average 1,500 cartons/acre. However, even though growers spent over $200/Acre on insecticides, yields during that season ranged from cartons/acre due to high thrips infestations. Overall losses due to thrips were estimated to be $10 million for bell peppers in south east Florida (Kent Shuler, Florida Grower and Rancher, Jan. 94, pg 24). Armyworm Control in Florida Larving, Danitol, Lorsban, and Lannate were the most effective products for control of the yellow striped armyworm in tomatoes in trials conducted at the North Florida Research and Education Center. Bt s applications at 2 quarts per acre were also effective. Alternate hosts of the beet armyworm and yellow stripped armyworms include soybeans and weeds (Fl. Grow. Ranch. Dec. 93). Update on Organic Certification In Hawaii Recently, the Hawaii Organic Farmers Association (HOFA, Gilmore Hall 122, Honolulu, HI 96822, ATTN: Kimberly Clark) was created. HOFA will apply to the USDA to become a certifying agent for organic farmers in Hawaii. The Hawaii State Department of Agriculture will thus not be involved in the organic certification process and will not provide legislation. In this way the whole organic certification process will be left on the hand of private industry and non-profit groups. In the past, national and international certifying agencies have provided organic certification to local producers. This type of certification will continue to be accepted by HOFA, as long as federal standards are met. HOFA recently sponsored Organic Farming workshops throughout the State, and is planning for Certification Workshops this summer. For information on these workshops and on organic certification in Hawaii you may contact Kimberly Clark at Tel High Elevation Chinese-cabbage Cultivar Trials Hector Valenzuela and Dwight Sato Summer 1993 Trials A Chinese cabbage cultivar trial was conducted at the UH Volcano Station in the Summer The station is located at 4000 ft elevation, has volcanic ash soils, 150 in median annual rainfall, and 50-60F temperature range. The soil is classified as an immature Hydrol Humic Latosol. The surface consists of relatively recent ash deposits (1886). Soil analysis prior to starting the experiment showed a 5.9 soil ph, 5.14% organic carbon, mmho/cm EC, P= 87 ppm, K= 67 ppm, Ca= 1160 ppm, and Mg= 276 pm. The crop was seeded on 28 Apr., transplanted on 21 May, and harvested on 23 Jul (63 DAT). An earlier crop had to be replanted due to cutworm damage. Of the 20 varieties evaluated, harvest data was collected only for the ones which developed heads. Five temperate zone varieties, bolted earlier 5 and were not included in the analysis. Each replication consisted of two 9 foot rows replicated 4 times. Planting distance was 2 ft between rows and 1.5 ft in the row. Nitrogen tissue content of wrapper leaves taken prior to heading was 2.4, 2.6, 2.7, and 3.2 for Chorus, Ch. Pride, SCC-9206, and Tango respectively. A SAS multiple comparisons statistical evaluation determined that the low yielding varieties ( lbs/head) were China Express, WR-60, and WR Crusader. Mid yielding ( lbs/head) were WR-55, Tempest, Takatoh, Chorus, SCC-9206, China Flash, China Pride, Mini 1000, and Tango. The high yielding ones ( lbs/head) were Blues, Shunkei, and Kasumi. Local farmers in the Volcano area visited the experimental site on several occasions and identified the following varieties as having adequate growth and head shape: Takatoh, Chorus, WR-60, China Pride, SCC 9206, Shunkei, Blues, Kasumi, WR-55, China Flash, and Tango. A follow-up trial was thus established in late Dec to evaluate the varieties preferred by local growers and to evaluate their growth during the winter (rainy) season. Winter 1993 Trials Six Chinese cabbage varieties were selected, based on preliminary Spring trials and on grower acceptance. These were Chorus, China Pride, SCC-9206, Takatoh, Tango, and WR-60. WR- 60 may be considered as a standard, since it is commonly grown in Kula. The crops were seeded on 3 Dec. transplanted on 28 Dec. 1993, and harvested on 8 Mar (70 DAT). Each plot consisted of two 20 ft. rows. Spacing was 2 ft between rows and 2 ft between plants. Each treatment was replicated three times. Fertilization, and pest control practices were followed as recommended for commercial production. Results are presented below. Cultivar Yield (lbs/head) Spring 93 Winter 93 % Marketable Tango 3.6a 4.7a 73 WR c 4.5ab 77 Chorus 3.1ab 4.3bc 77 China Pride 3.3ab 4.2bc 75 Takatoh 3.1ab 4.1bc 60 SCC ab 4.0c 47 Means within a column with the same letter are not significantly different (P<0.05). % Marketable for Winter trials only. Results. Tango had the greatest yields in both Summer and Winter trials (62,726 plants/acre in Summer based on 17,424 plants/acre, and 37,363 lbs/acre in Winter based on 10,890 plant/acre and 27% culls due to rotting in Winter). WR-60 was as productive as Tango in the Winter but was the least productive, among these varieties, in Summer trials. All varieties produced adequate yields in the Summer with the exception of WR- 60, which had smaller heads. Both Takatoh and SCC-9206 had high rotting incidence in the Winter resulting in yields of 26,789 and 20,985 lbs/acre, respectively, which indicates lower adaptability during the rainy/cooler months.

6 Head weight was about 25% greater in the winter due to the cooler weather and the wider plant spacing (2 x 2 instead of 2 x 1.5 ft spacing). This trials indicate the potential for Chinese Cabbage production in the Volcano Area. Important production factors will be incidence of diamondbackmoth during the warmer months, and the greater incidence of foliar and root diseases in the winter. Cultural practices such as plant spacing, fertilization, rotation, sanitation, and cultivar selection can be adapted to minimize potential crop losses due to pests and diseases for the production of cole crops in Volcano. Industry Cooperators: Thank-you to Sakata, Mikado, Kyowa, Stokes, Takii, and Know-You Seed Companies for providing seed samples. Chemicals: United Horticultural Supplies, and HGP Inc. in Hilo. We thank Mr. Gaillane Maehira and Volcano Station Staff for data collection and field plot maintenance. Biological Control Corner Leafminer biological control with nematodes. Dr. Lynn LeBeck and colleagues, with the Entomology Dept. at UHM determined that the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae has potential as a biocontrol agent of the celery leafminer Liriomiza trifolii. The nematode attacked all instar stages of the leafminer larvae and caused rapid death of the host (J. Invert. Path. 62:58(1993)). Cover Crops and Compost Management for Root- Knot nematode control in Mungbeans. Work conducted in Thailand indicates that cover crops and composts can effectively control root-knot nematodes (Figures below). Greatest mungbean yields occurred when Guinea grass was used as a cover crop, and when compost (urban waste) and silkworm feces where used as compost treatments (Toida, Y. et al. TARC, Sept. 92). UPCOMING EVENTS Summer Course: Introduction to Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Agron. 192, 27 June-18 Aug. 1994, For information contact Mark Van Horn, Student Exptl. Farm, Dept. Agronomy, UC, Davis, CA 95616, Tel International Symposium on Organic and Sustainable Agriculture. Beijing, People s Republic of China, August, For information contact: Mr. Michael Rennaker, Director of Agriculture Programs, Citizen Ambassador Program, Dwight Eisenhower Bldg., Spokane, WA 99202, Tel , Fax th Agricultural Plastics Congress, Sept., Radisson Plaza Hotel, Lexington, Kentucky, For information contact the American Soc. for Plasticulture, POB , St. Augustine, FL No. Nematodes (per 100 g soil) No. Nematodes (per 100 g soil) Effect of Cover Crops on root knot nematode numbers for mungbean production (TARC '92) 0 Before After Guinea Rice Maize Marigold Mungbean Grass (monoculture) Effect of Compost Treatment on Root Knot Nematode numbers for Mungbean production Before After Compost Silkworm Cow Furadan Control feces manure 4th National Symposium on Stand Establishment of Horticultural Crops April, Monterey, California. For information contact Dr. Timothy Hartz at at Vegetable Crops Dept., Univ. California, Davis, CA RESOURCES Erosion Control Magazine, POB 3877, Santa Barbara, CA , $60 annually for 6 issues. Hawaii Organic Farmers Assoc Organic Certification Standards April Allowable and Prohibited Inputs for Crop Production. Hector Valenzuela, Ph.D. Vegetable Crops Extension Specialist Tel , Fax