Victorian Winter Crop Summary

Transcription

1 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

2 The State of Victoria Department of Environment and Primary Industries Melbourne 2014 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian Coat of Arms, the Victorian Government logo and the Department of Environment and Primary Industries logo. To view a copy of this licence, visit Print managed by Finsbury Green, March 2014 ISSN Accessibility If you would like to receive this publication in an alternative format, please telephone DEPI Customer Service Centre on , customer.service@depi.vic.gov.au, or contact the National Relay Service on , This document is also available on the internet at Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.

3 VICTORIAN WINTER CROP SUMMARY 2014 Department of Environment and Primary Industries Editor Katherine Hollaway Horsham

4 CONTENTS Introduction 3 Wheat 5 Barley 23 Oat 34 Triticale 39 Canola 43 Field Pea 56 Lentil 62 Faba Bean 67 Lupin 71 Chickpea 75 This guide can be downloaded to your computer or tablet at Remember to update it each March. 2 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

5 INTRODUCTION

6 THE WINTER CROP SUMMARY This publication summarises information on current varieties of the major winter crops grown in Victoria. Sources of additional information are listed in each chapter. Local advisers are also a key resource for information relevant to individual localities. This publication aims to prompt growers to ask themselves, Am I growing the best variety for my situation? Use it as a guide for discussion with consultants, advisers and marketing agents. Thank you to the Grains Research and Development Corporation for their support in making this guide available for Victoria. More information Additional information on the National Variety Trials (NVT) is available from NVTOnline at The Winter Crop Summary is available online at and can be downloaded to your computer or tablet at National Variety Trials (NVT) The majority of variety trials presented in this book are sourced from the NVT program. NVT also provide data from some breeding trials to add to the information available. In Victoria, NVTs are fully funded by the GRDC and in 2013 were contracted to two Service Providers: Agrisearch Services Pty Ltd and South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI). NVTs provide independent information on varieties for growers. The aim of each NVT is to document a ranking of INTRODUCTION new and widely adopted varieties in terms of grain yield and to provide grain quality information relevant to delivery standards. NVTs are also used by pathologists to determine disease resistance ratings used in the Winter Crop Summary. Conducted to a set of predetermined protocols, NVTs are sown and managed as close as possible to local best practice such as sowing time, fertiliser application, weed management and pest and disease control, including fungicide application. NVTs are not designed to grow varieties to their maximum yield potential. It is acknowledged that an ongoing project of this type would not be possible without the cooperation of farmers prepared to contribute sites and who often assist with the management of trials on their property. Plant Breeding Rights (PBR) Varieties subject to Plant Breeding Rights at the time of printing are annotated with the symbol. It should be noted that Unauthorised commercial propagation or any sale, conditioning, export, import or stocking of propagation material of these varieties is an infringement under the Plant Breeders Right Act 1994 and that any breaching of PBR law is punishable by a maximum $ fine for each offence. End Point Royalties (EPR s) EPR s payable for are quoted from varietycentral.com.au and are quoted ex-gst. Compliance with EPR systems is vital to assure the future of the Australian grains industry through the funding of new varieties and long term productivity gains. Figure 1: 2013 Victorian rainfall deciles for summer (January to March). Source: Bureau of Meteorology. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

7 THE SEASON Season 2013 A dry summer and autumn delayed the start to the season and meant that crops started with no stored subsoil moisture. Rainfall deciles for 2013 summer (January to March) and the growing season (April to November) are shown in Figure 1 and 2. Although Figure 2 shows a generally average growing season it should be noted that the majority of the growing season rainfall fell over the winter with a period of drier conditions in early spring. Rainfall deciles tended to drier than average in the Mallee and average to wetter than average elsewhere and this is reflected in crop yields. There were limited opportunities to control weeds before sowing and regular rainfall during winter also made postemergent weed control difficult. Temperatures were mild throughout the winter and there were few really hot days as crops matured. This allowed crops to fill well despite the drier conditions in spring. Likewise it was an unusually cool harvest. A series of frosts in late October, early November damaged pulses in the Mallee and northern Wimmera, and cereals and canola from the east Wimmera across to the North Central and North East. Dry conditions in early spring meant the Mallee finished the season early as did parts of the North Central and North East. For growers further south of these areas the cooler weather in late spring and eary summer meant a slightly later harvest than normal. Yields were below average to average in the Mallee. Wimmera yields were average to above average. Yields in the North Central and North East were more variable with average to excellent results except where frost affected yield and quality. Southern harvests were average to above average with some paddocks in Gippsland adversely affected by waterlogging. Looking forward to 2014 Up until early February the summer has been a dry with the exception of parts of the North East. Many areas have no stored moisture and unless there is late summer rain or an early break, growers in the lower rainfall areas would be wise to adopt a conservative approach. Despite low mouse populations growers are being warned to be on the alert for a potential increase in numbers. Above average yields and windy conditions have combined to increase the amount of spilled grain left in paddocks. If weed growth is promoted by summer rains mouse numbers can increase rapidly to plague proportions. There were a number of header fires during the 2013 harvest, particularly when harvesting lentils. The Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) has produced a Back Pocket Guide that outlines simple steps that can minimise fire risk at harvest. The Reducing Harvester Fire Risk guide is available at Figure 2: 2013 Victorian rainfall deciles for the growing season (April to November). Source: Bureau of Meteorology. 4 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

8 WHEAT

9 REVIEW OF 2013 Season Despite a late start to the season mild conditions and regular rainfall throughout winter and most of the spring generally provided good growing conditions. Dry conditions in the Mallee during early spring led to an earlier finish reducing yields. While further south it was relatively cool with plenty of time for grain to fill resulting in a slightly later than usual harvest. Yields in the Wimmera and south were average to above average. Unfortunately, there was severe damage to wheat from frosts in the North East, North Central and some areas further west. While hay cutting can be an option for frosted crops, low prices and the late timing of the frost meant that much of the wheat was at too late a stage to be cut for hay. Many crops yielded well below half of their yield potential in these cases. Disease In contrast to recent seasons, rust pressure during 2013 was low. Rust can only survive on living plants and the dry summer and autumn greatly reduced the survival of volunteer cereals (i.e. the green bridge ) and therefore inoculum carry over. In most cases, stripe rust was only observed in the more susceptible cultivars late in the season, while stem rust was not observed. Stubble borne diseases, particularly yellow leaf spot, were favoured by the reduced stubble breakdown during the dry summer/autumn and the good winter rains that followed. Diseases were more severe when susceptible varieties were sown into diseased stubble. Septoria tritici blotch, favoured by the wet winter, has again increased in importance in the high rainfall region. In addition, the detection of strains with reduced fungicide sensitivity highlights the importance of using fungicides in a way that delays further development of fungicide resistance. Crown rot caused whiteheads in wheat crops during 2013, particularly where there was a dry spring in many parts of the Mallee. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2014 WHEAT Wheat Disease Variety selection and robust disease management plans will be critical for minimising the impact of disease on cereal crops during The disease rating information provided in Table 3 will assist in selecting the most resistant cultivars possible and also identify which varieties will need additional disease management. Rust pressure during 2014 will be low due to the dry conditions during spring and early summer, combined with low rust pressure during 2013 reducing inoculum carry over. However, growers must still have a plan to manage cereal rusts in susceptible varieties as rust can quickly build up if suitable conditions occur. During 2013, there were several reports of a relatively new strain of stripe rust in Victoria. Even though this strain was first observed in NSW during 2010 it was not considered important in Victoria until this year. The occurrence of this strain has implications for the varieties Livingston, GBA Ruby and Waagan with new ratings shown in the Wheat Disease Reaction Table. Yellow leaf spot was common in many Mallee and northern Wimmera crops during 2013 where susceptible varieties were sown into infected stubble. Yellow leaf spot is best controlled by avoiding sowing susceptible varieties into paddocks with infected stubble present. The pressure from yellow leaf spot will be greatly reduced if susceptible (S) and very susceptible varieties (VS) are replaced with those rated moderately susceptible (MS) or better. Complete resistance is not needed to achieve sustainable control of this disease. Septoria tritici blotch (STB), an important stubble borne disease, has continued to increase in importance in the high rainfall regions. STB can be reduced by avoiding susceptible and very susceptible cultivars and by avoiding paddocks with infected wheat stubble still present. Should foliar fungicides be required they should be applied early in the disease development. If infection is established during the autumn an application at growth stage may be required with a subsequent application at GS39. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. New varieties New bread varieties added to the guide this year are LRPB Lancer, LRPB Trojan and Suntop. LRPB Gazelle is a new biscuit wheat. Manning is a new feed/dual purpose wheat. There are no new durum wheats. Quality changes Wheat Quality Australia (WQA) has consolidated classification zones with Victorian and South Australia now combined in the new Southern zone. This means that all Durum wheat varieties are now classified as ADR rather than Feed. AH upgrades are Grenade CL Plus, Kord CL Plus, LRPB Cobra, LRPB Dart and LRPB Phantom. LRPB impala has been upgraded to ASF1. AG0508 Growing wheat AG1160 Cereal disease guide DEPI Crop Disease App for Android and iphone VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS Information about each variety is presented as overview statements, then as comparison tables of yield, crop growth and disease reaction characteristics. Abbreviations used are: denotes that Plant Breeder Rights apply CCN Cereal Cyst Nematode BYDV Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus RLN Root Lesion Nematode Victorian Winter Crop Summary 5

10 Wheat APH Australian Prime Hard (min protein 13%) AH Australian Hard (min protein 11.5%) APW Australian Premium White (min protein 10%) ASW Australian Standard White ADR Australian Durum ASWN Australian Noodle (Protein %) ASF Australian Soft FEED Australian Feed * denotes default classification End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Bread wheat AXE AH quality in Victoria. Semi dwarf awned wheat with early maturity. Stem rust MS, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust MR, CCN S and yellow leaf spot S. MS to Pratylenchus neglectus. Good yield under terminal drought stress, large grains and SVS to pre-harvest sprouting. Released 2007 and marketed by AGT. EPR $2.50. Bread wheat BOLAC AH quality in Victoria. Fully awned, mid to late season maturity suited to high rainfall zones. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust MS, CCN S and yellow leaf spot S. Bolac is a high yielding milling wheat for south-west Victoria. Bolac has small grain size and is best suited to an early May sowing. Released 2006 and marketed by Viterra. EPR $2.10. Bread wheat CHARA AH quality in Victoria. White grained with short coleoptile and slow early vigour suited to medium to high rainfall zones. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust MSS, leaf rust MS, CCN R and yellow leaf spot MSS. Performs well on the moderately acid soils of central and north-eastern Victoria and southern NSW and irrigation where high yields are possible. Good straw strength. Has a reputation for water logging tolerance. Registered 1999 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $1. Bread wheat CORACK APW quality in Victoria. An early to mid-maturing variety derived from Wyalkatchem. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MS, leaf rust MS, CCN RMR and yellow leaf spot MR#. High yield potential, good wheat on wheat option with large grain and low screenings. Susceptible to black point. Released Developed (as VW2316) and marketed by AGT. EPR $3. Bread wheat CORRELL AH quality in Victoria. Fully awned with mid season maturity. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust MSS, CCN MR and yellow leaf spot SVS. Tolerant of boron toxicity, SVS to pre-harvest sprouting and low test weights. Released 2007 and marketed by AGT Seeds. EPR $2. Bread wheat DERRIMUT AH quality in Victoria. Semi dwarf early to mid season variety widely adapted in Victoria. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MSS, leaf rust R, CCN R and yellow leaf spot S. Moderately tolerant of boron toxicity and moderate grain size. Released 2007 and marketed by Nuseed. EPR $2.95. Bread wheat EGA WEDGETAIL APW* quality in Victoria. A mid to long season dualpurpose winter wheat. Developed for April sowing, suited to medium-high rainfall areas. Has a similar maturity to Rosella. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust MS, leaf rust MS, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MSS. Tolerant of acid soils and suitable for early winter grazing. Registered 2002 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $1.45. Bread wheat ELMORE CL PLUS AH quality in Victoria. Mid maturing variety with similar adaptation to Janz best suited to moderate to high yielding areas. Stem rust R, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust RMR, CCN S and yellow leaf spot S. A two gene Clearfield variety tolerant to label rates of Intervix herbicide. Released Developed and marketed by AGT. EPR $3.55. Bread wheat EMU ROCK AH quality in Victoria. An awned semi-dwarf early season variety with broad adaptation. Produces large grain with good test weight, has a low susceptibility to screenings. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust MSS, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Offers partial crown rot resistance (MS). Released Bred (IGW3167) and marketed by InterGrain. EPR $3.50. Bread wheat ESTOC APW quality in Victoria. A mid to late season white chaffed and awned variety slightly earlier flowering than Yitpi. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust MRMS, CCN MR and yellow leaf spot MSS. Is similar to Yitpi, has boron tolerance and has outperformed Yitpi in dry seasons. Tolerant of pre-harvest sprouting. Released 2010 (RAC1412) and marketed by AGT. EPR $3. Bread wheat FORREST APW quality in Victoria. Awned semi dwarf long season variety suited to the high rainfall zones for April to early May sowing. Stem rust R, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust MR, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Possesses resistance/tolerance to Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus. Released Bred by Advantage Wheats and marketed by Seednet. EPR $3.50. Bread wheat GLADIUS AH quality in Victoria. Fully awned semi dwarf mid season variety which has wide adaptation. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust MS, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MS. Gladius has performed well in a range of environments and seasons and was specifically bred to assist managing in-season drought risks. SVS to pre-harvest sprouting. Released 2007 and marketed by AGT. EPR $2.50. Bread wheat GRENADE CL PLUS AH quality in Victoria. Fully awned early-mid season variety. Two gene tolerance to label rates of Intervix herbicide and a sister line to Justica CL Plus. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust MS, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MS. Tolerant to boron and acid soils. Released 2012, tested as RAC1689R and marketed by AGT. EPR $3.80. Bread wheat EGA GREGORY APW* quality in Victoria. Early to mid season variety with medium to slow maturity suited to north eastern Victoria. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MR, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MSS. Released 2004 and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $ Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

11 Wheat Bread Wheat JUSTICA CL PLUS APW quality in Victoria. Fully awned semi dwarf with mid season maturity. Two gene tolerance to label rates of Intervix herbicide. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust MSS, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot S. Moderately tolerant to boron. Released 2010 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3.55. Bread wheat KELLALAC APW quality in Victoria. A late maturity spring wheat, well adapted to longer season environments, but not tolerant of very acid soils. Stem rust MSS, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust S, CCN MR and yellow leaf spot S. Released Bread Wheat KORD CL PLUS AH quality in Victoria. Fully awned semi dwarf with mid season maturity. Two gene tolerance to label rates of Intervix herbicide. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust MS, CCN MR and yellow leaf spot MSS. Based on Gladius with very similar adaptation. SVS to pre-harvest sprouting. Released 2011 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3.55. Bread Wheat LIVINGSTON AH quality in Victoria. An early maturing, fully awned variety of semi dwarf height and medium straw strength suited to north eastern Victoria. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust R, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MS. Has performed well in short finishing seasons without compromising performance in normal seasons. Released 2007 and marketed by AGT. EPR $2.50. Bread wheat LRPB COBRA AH quality in Victoria. High yielding early-mid season variety suited to both acid soils and alkaline soil types. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MSS, leaf rust MR, CCN MRMS and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Compact plant height, moderately resistant to lodging, but SVS to pre-harvest sprouting. Able to capitalise on above average rainfall. Released 2012, tested as LPB marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $3.50. Bread wheat LRPB DART AH quality in Victoria. Very early maturing suited to acid soils in north central and north east Victoria. Short to medium plant height will assist in short finishing seasons. Long coleoptile. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MR, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MS. Released 2012, tested as LPB and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $4. Bread wheat LRPB GAUNTLET APW quality in Victoria. A mid to late season variety suited to acid soils in north central and north east Victoria. Short to medium plant height with good early vigour. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust MRMS, CCN MRMS and yellow leaf spot MSS. Released 2012, tested as LPB and marketed by Seednet. EPR $3. Bread wheat LRPB LANCER APW* quality in Victoria. Mid-long season variety for early planting. Semi-dwarf with awns suited to medium to high rainfall areas. Stem rust R, stripe rust MR, leaf rust RMR, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MS. Moderate lodging resistance. Released 2013, tested as LPB and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $4.25. Bread wheat LRPB LINCOLN AH quality in Victoria. Mid season variety, semi dwarf with awns suited to medium to high rainfall areas. Stem rust MR, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust MR, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MS. Good straw strength, but SVS to pre-harvest sprouting. Best suited to central and north eastern Victoria. Released 2007 and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $2.50. Bread wheat LRPB MERLIN AH quality in Victoria. An early to mid season variety suited to north east and north central Vic. Large grain. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MS, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot S. Released 2012, tested as LPB and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $3.80. Bread wheat LRPB PHANTOM AH quality in Victoria. A mid to late season variety tolerant of boron and and acid soil tolerance. Good black point tolerance. Stem rust MS, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MS, CCN MRMS and yellow leaf spot SVS. Released 2012, tested as LPB and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $3.80. Bread wheat LRPB SCOUT AH quality in Victoria Potential replacement for Yitpi particularly in the Mallee. An awned white chaff variety with mid season maturity and has wide adaptation across Victoria. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MS, leaf rust R, CCN R and yellow leaf spot SVS. Susceptible to black point. Adapted to alkaline soils. Released 2009 (LPB ) and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $2.80. Bread wheat LRPB SPITFIRE AH quality in Victoria. Early to mid season maturity with white chaff and medium plant height suited to north central and north east Victoria. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MS, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MSS. Moderately susceptible to lodging and S to black point. Released 2010 and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $3.50. Bread wheat LRPB TROJAN APW quality in Victoria. Mid-long season variety. Semidwarf with awns suited to medium to high rainfall areas. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MR, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MSS. Moderate resistance to lodging and moderate tolerance to boron and aluminium. EPR $ Released 2013, tested as LPB and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $4.00. Bread wheat MACE AH quality in Victoria. An awned variety of medium height targeted to areas where stripe rust is not a problem. Stem rust MR, stripe rust SVS, leaf rust MR, CCN MRMS and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Tolerant of boron. Growers of Mace must implement a comprehensive fungicide strategy to control stripe rust. Released 2008, marketed by AGT. EPR $3. Bread wheat MAGENTA APW quality in Victoria. An awned semi-dwarf mid to long season variety. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MS, leaf rust MS and CCN S and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Has a long coleoptile with good early vigour and tillering capacity. Released 2007 and marketed by InterGrain. EPR $3. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

12 Wheat Bread wheat MERINDA AH quality in Victoria. An awned semi-dwarf main season variety with white chaff that is suited to north eastern Victoria. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust R#, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MSS. Released 2007 and marketed by AGT. EPR $2.50. Bread wheat SENTINEL 3R ASW quality in Victoria. Mid to long season variety of medium height suited to medium to high rainfall zones. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust R, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MS. Acid soil tolerant. Released 2006 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $1.80. Bread wheat SHIELD AH quality in Victoria. A white fully awned early-mid season variety. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust R, CCN MR and yellow leaf spot MSS. Short to medium plant height with a short coleoptile. Moderate tolerance to acid soils. Released 2012, tested as RAC1718 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3.25. Bread wheat SUNTOP AH quality in Victoria. A white fully awned variety with high yields that is suited to north central and north east Victoria. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust R, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MSS. Medium plant height. Good tolerance to acid soils, but SVS to pre-harvest sprouting. Released 2012, tested as SUN595B and marketed by AGT. EPR $3.25. Bread wheat WAAGAN ASW quality in Victoria. White chaffed early maturing variety with awns well adapted to environments of low to medium yield potential. Stem rust MS, stripe rust S, leaf rust MS, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MS. Performed well in north central and north east Victoria in tight finishes and under moisture stress. Bred by AGT and Enterprise Grains Australia. Released 2009 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3. Bread wheat WALLUP AH quality in Victoria. Mid season maturity fully awned white variety suited to medium rainfall environments. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust MS, CCN MR and yellow leaf spot MSS. Good straw strength and black point tolerance. Released Bred (as VV4978-1) and marketed by AGT. EPR $3. Bread wheat YITPI AH quality in Victoria. White fully awned semi dwarf which has dominated production in low rainfall areas of Victoria due to its high flexibility of sowing time, adaptation to stress and good physical grain quality. Stem rust S, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust MSS, CCN MR and yellow leaf spot SVS. Boron tolerant, large grain and low screenings, Yitpi suits low medium rainfall areas. Registered 2000 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $1. Bread wheat YOUNG AH quality in Victoria. An early to mid maturing variety suited to medium to low rainfall zones. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MS, leaf rust MRMS, CCN R and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Tolerant of acid soils but has small grain size. An option for wheat on wheat and tight wheat rotations. Registered 2005 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $1.70. stripe rust MSS, leaf rust MRMS, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MSS. A replacement for Bowie suited to sweet biscuit manufacture but is intolerant of boron. Registered 2006 and marketed by Seednet. Biscuit wheat LRPB GAZELLE ASF1 quality in Victoria. High yielding mid-late season variety suited to medium-high rainfall zones and irrigation. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MR, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MSS. Released 2012, tested as C51115 and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $4.00. Biscuit wheat LRPB IMPALA ASF1 quality in Victoria. High yielding early-mid season variety suited to medium rainfall zones in Victoria. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust S, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MSS. Released 2012, tested as C51021 and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $3.50. Biscuit wheat YENDA ASF1 quality in Victoria. Awned mid to late season variety suited to medium to high rainfall zones or irrigation. Stem rust R, stripe rust S, leaf rust R, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Very high straw strength. Released 2006 by AGT and marketed by Seednet. EPR $2. Durum CAPAROI ADR quality in Victoria. Mid season semi dwarf type developed for durum zones interstate. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MRMS and yellow leaf spot MR. Strong seedling vigour, strong straw and lodging and shedding resistance. Released 2008 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $2.60. Durum EGA BELLAROI ADR quality in Victoria. A mid maturing variety, earlier than Yitpi suited to 400mm+ rainfall zones. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MRMS and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Resistant to lodging. Produces good semolina colour and highly regarded for pasta quality. Registered Marketed by Heritage Seeds. EPR $2.50. Durum HYPERNO ADR quality in Victoria. An awned mid-season white chaffed variety adapted to medium rainfall zones. Stem rust R, stripe rust MR, leaf rust RMR, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Performs well in high yielding environments but is intolerant of boron. Released 2008 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3. Durum JANDAROI ADR quality in Victoria. Semi-dwarf with strong straw adapted to most durum growing regions. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MR, and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Quick maturity suited to late season planting and adapted to alkaline not acid soils. Released 2007 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $2.50. Durum SAINTLY ADR quality in Victoria. An early maturing awnless variety suited to short season environments. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MRMS, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Performs well in short finishing seasons, but intolerant of boron. Released 2008 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3. Biscuit wheat BARHAM ASF1 quality in Victoria. Awnless mid season variety suited to medium to high rainfall zones or irrigation. Stem rust MR, 8 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

13 Wheat Durum TJILKURI ADR quality in Victoria. A mid-season fully-awned variety. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust RMR and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Tolerant to Boron. Developed by Waite Institute, released 2010 and marketed by SA Durum Growers Association. EPR $3. Durum WID802 ADR quality in Victoria. An early to mid-season variety. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust RMR, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MRMS. High yielding, but may have low protein if nitrogen is limiting. Likely to produce high screenings in short finishes. Developed by Waite Institute, released 2012 and marketed by SA Durum Growers Association. EPR $3. Durum YAWA ADR quality in Victoria. An early to mid-season variety. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MR, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MRMS. High yielding, but may have low protein if nitrogen is limiting. Likely to produce high screenings in short finishes. Developed by Waite Institute (WID803), released 2012 and marketed by SA Durum Growers Association. EPR $3. Feed FRELON FEED quality in Victoria. An awned red winter wheat with high yield potential. It is a long season variety similar to Mackellar suitable for dual purpose applications when early sowing is possible. Stem rust S, stripe rust R, leaf rust MR, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Suited to high rainfall environments of SW Victoria and Gippsland. Bred by PBI Cambridge and developed for Australia by PGG Wrightson Grain and GrainSearch. Released 2007, marketed by AGF Seeds. Feed LRPB BEAUFORT FEED quality in Victoria. An awnless red grained mid to long season variety suited to high rainfall zones of southern Australia. Stem rust SVS, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust R, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Strong straw suited to early to mid season sowing with aluminium tolerance. Released 2008 and marketed by GrainSearch. EPR $3. MRMS, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MSS. Longer flowering period may protect against frost damage. Released 2009 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $2.20. Feed SCENARIO FEED quality in Victoria. Awnless red winter wheat with very high yield potential. A long season variety with similar maturity to Frelon and a direct replacement for Frelon and Amarok. Has a provisional rating of MR for stripe rust. Bred by RAGT, released 2013 and marketed by Seedforce. Feed/Dual purpose SQP REVENUE FEED quality in Victoria. A red grained winter wheat suited to longer growing season zones and irrigation. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust R, leaf rust R, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MS. Has good early vigour and stands well with good head retention. Bred by AusGrainz and CSIRO (as CSIRO ), released 2009 and marketed by GrainSearch. EPR $3.50. Table 1: Suggested minimum levels of wheat disease resistance for the southern region. Rust Stem Stripe Leaf Yellow leaf spot Septoria tritici Annual rainfall Low < 350 mm MSS MS MS MSS S Medium mm MS MRMS MS MSS MS High * > 500 mm MR MR MR MSS MS * unless a suitable program of disease control by fungicide applications can be planned and carried out. Feed/Dual purpose MACKELLER FEED quality in Victoria. A dual purpose red grained awnless late maturing winter wheat for grazing/hay as well as grain production. Stem rust MR, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust S and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Suited to the drier parts of the long season zones or irrigation. Registered 2001 and marketed by Seednet. Feed/Dual purpose MANNING FEED quality in Victoria. A dual purpose white grain with high yield potential suited to longer growing season zones and irrigation. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust R, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Resistant to BYDV. Bred by CSIRO/GRDC (as CS ), released 2013 and marketed by GrainSearch/AGF Seeds. EPR $3.50. Feed/Dual purpose NAPAROO FEED quality in Victoria. A white grained awnless long season winter wheat suited to hay production or grazing. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust R, leaf rust R# and yellow leaf spot MS. Released Marketed by AGT. EPR $2.50. Feed PRESTON FEED quality in Victoria with white grain. An awned shortish semi dwarf mid to late season variety suited to the high rainfall zone. Stem rust SVS, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust Victorian Winter Crop Summary

14 Wheat Table 2: Wheat variety agronomic guide. Maximum Quality Vic Low <400 mm Rainfall Med mm High >500 mm Screenings Maturity Height Coleop length Lodging Sprouting Head type Soil tolerance Colour Awn Boron Acid Bread wheat Axe AH MR E M-S MS MR SVS W A I I Bolac AH M-L M MR S W A I I Chara AH MR M-L M M-S MR S W A MI MT Corack APW R E-M S M-S MR S W A I T Correll AH MR M M ML MS SVS W A MT MT Derrimut AH MS E-M M-S MRMS S W A MT EGA Gregory APW* E-M MS S W A EGA Wedgetail APW* MR ML (+W) M MR S W A I MT Elmore CL Plus AH MS M M M MRMS W A I I Emu Rock AH MR E S M S W A Estoc APW M-L M MR MS W A MT MT Forrest APW MR L M S-M S W A Gladius AH MR M M MRMS SVS W A MT MT Grenade CL Plus AH MR EM MT ML S W A MT MT Justica CL Plus APW M M S W A MT Kellalac APW MS L M M S W A MI I Kord CL Plus AH M M SVS W A MT MT Livingston AH E-M M MS S W A I I LRPB Cobra AH MRMS E-M S MR SVS W A I MT LRPB Dart AH MRMS E S-M L S W A I MT LRPB Gauntlet APW MRMS M-L S-M M S W A I MT LRPB Lancer APW* MR M-L S M MR S W A I MI-I LRPB Lincoln AH MR M M MS SVS W A I MT LRPB Merlin AH MR E-M M MS W A I LRPB Phantom AH MR M-L ML S W A MT MT LRPB Scout AH MR M M ML MRMS MS W A MI MT LRPB Spitfire AH MR E-M M L MS S W A I MT LRPB Trojan APW MR ML M M MR MSS W A MT MT- MI Mace AH MR E M MR S W A MT Magenta APW M-L M L MRMS S W A Merinda AH M M MRMS W A Sentinel 3R ASW MRMS ML M S MRMS S W A MT Shield AH MR EM SM S S W A I MT Suntop AH MRMS M M SVS W A I MT Waagan ASW E M MS W A I MI Wallup AH M MR S W A I I Yitpi AH MR M MT ML MS MS W A MT Young AH MS E-M M M MSS S W A I MT Biscuit wheat Barham ASF1 M M MS S W AL I I LRPB Gazelle ASF1 MRMS M-L M MR S W A I MT LRPB Impala ASF1 MR E-M ML MS MSS W A I MT Yenda ASF1 M-L RMR W A MT MT Durum Caparoi ADR M H MS MR M I EGA Bellaroi ADR R M S-M S R M W A I I Hyperno ADR M M MR MR W A I Jandaroi ADR E M MS MR MR I Saintly ADR E S W A I Tjilkuri ADR MS M M S W/B A T WID802 ADR MS E-M MR Yawa ADR MS E-M MR Feed wheat Frelon Feed L (+W) R A LRPB Beaufort Feed ML M MR-MS MR R AL MT Mackeller Feed L (+W) M MR R AL Manning Feed L (+W) W Naparoo Feed L (+W) W A Preston Feed L S MR A SF Scenario Feed L (+W) R AL SQP Revenue Feed L (+W) S R AL Maturity: E = early, M = mid, L = late (+W) = Winter wheat Coleoptile length; S = short, M = medium, L = long Head Colour; W = white, B = black, R = red Height; S = short, M = medium, T = tall Soil tolerance; I = intolerant, T = tolerant Head type; A = awned, AL = awnless Sprouting, lodging & sprouting resistance; R = Resistant RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant MR = Moderately resistant MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = Moderately susceptible MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible VS = Very susceptible. 10 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

15 Wheat Table 3: Wheat variety disease rating guide. Rust Yellow Septoria CCN Pratylenchus CrownCommon Black Flag tritici Res P. P. thornei Rot Root rot Tip (black Smut neglectus resistance point) resistance Stem Stripe Leaf Leaf Spot Bread wheat Axe MS RMR MR S SVS S MS MS S MSS S S Bolac MRMS RMR MS S MS S S MS S MS MSS RMR Chara MRMS MSS MS MSS MS R S MR S S MSS MR Corack MR MS MS MR# MSS RMR MSS Sp S MS MSS S Correll MRMS MRMS MSS SVS MS MR MS S S MS MS R Derrimut MR MSS R S MSS R MSS MSS S S MSS R EGA Gregory MR MR MR MSS MS S S MRMS S MSS S MSS EGA Wedgetail MRMS MS MS MSS MSS S S - S - MS MRMS Elmore CL Plus MR MRMS RMR S MRMSp S - MS S MSS MS S Emu Rock MRMS MRMS MSS MRMS MSS S MS MSS MS MSS MS MS Estoc MR MRMS MRMS MSS S MR S S S MRMS MS MRMS Forrest R RMR MR MRMS MRMS S S S SVS MS MR MR Gladius MR MRMS MS MS MSS MS MS S S MS MS RMR Grenade CL MR MRMS MS S MSS R MSS S S MRMS S RMR Plus Janz RMR MS MRMS S MS S MSS S S MS S - Justica CL Plus MR MRMS MSS S S MS MSS S S MS S R Kellalac MSS MRMS S S MS MR S S R Kord CL Plus MR MRMS MS MSS MSS MR MS MS S MRMS MR MR Livingston MRMS MRMS R MS SVS MS MSS MRMS S S MRMS R LRPB Cobra RMR MSS MR MRMS MSS MRMS MS MS S MSS MSS S LRPB Dart MR MR MR MS S MS S MS MSS MS MRMSp MSS LRPB Gauntlet RMR MRMS MRMS MSS MSS MRMS S MRMS S MSS MSS MS LRPB Lancer R MR RMR MS S S S MS - LRPB Lincoln MR RMR MR MS S S MS MSS SVS MS MR RMR LRPB Merlin RMR MR MS S S MS MSS S MSS MSS S MRMS LRPB Phantom MS MR MS SVS MS MRMS S MSS MS MSS MR MRMS LRPB Scout MR MS R SVS MS R MSS MSS MSS S S MR LRPB Spitfire MR MR MS MSS MSS S - MR MSS MS S MRMS LRPB Trojan MRMS MR MR MSS MS MS MS MS MS MSS VS Mace MR SVS MR MRMS MRMS MRMS MS MRMS S MS MS S Magenta RMR MS MS MRMS MRMS S MS MSS MSS MSS S S Merinda RMR MRMS R# MSS MSS S - MR MSS Sentinel 3R RMR RMR R MS MSS S S MSS MSS S MSS MSS Shield RMR MR R MSS MSS MR MS MS S MRMS MRMSp S Suntop MR MR R MSS S MS MR MSS R Waagan MS S MS MS S S S S S S MS MS Wallup RMR MRMS MS MSS MSS MR MRMS MRMS S MS MR SVS Yitpi S MRMS MSS SVS MS MR MS MSS S MS MS MR Young RMR MS MRMS MRMS MS R S MR-MS S MS-S MR MS Biscuit wheat Barham MR MSS MRMS MSS MSS MS MRMS MSS S MSS MRMS MRMS LRPB Gazelle MR MR MR MSS S MSS S - LRPB Impala RMR MR S MSS S S - - S MSS MRMS SVS Yenda R S R MRMS MS S MR S S MS-S S MR Durum wheat Caparoi MR MR MRMS MR MR - - MR VS MS MSS R EGA Bellaroi MR MR MRMS MRMS MRMS VS Hyperno R MR RMR MRMS MR MS MR MRMS VS MS MS R Jandaroi RMR MR MR MRMS MRMS VS Saintly MR MR MRMS MRMS MRMS MS MR - VS MS MS R Tjilkuri MR MR RMR MRMS MRMS - - MRMS VS MS MSS R WID802 RMR MR RMR MRMS MRMSp MS MS MRMS VS MS MR - Yawa RMR MR MR MRMS MRMS MS MR MR VS MRMS MR - # Varieties marked may be more susceptible if alternative strains are present. p = ratings are provisional - treat with caution. R = Resistant RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant MR = Moderately resistant MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = Moderately susceptible MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible VS = Very susceptible. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

16 Wheat Table 3 continued: Wheat variety disease rating guide. Rust Yellow Septoria CCN Pratylenchus CrownCommon Black Flag tritici Res P. P. thornei Rot Root rot Tip (black Smut neglectus resistance point) resistance Stem Stripe Leaf Leaf Spot Feed wheat Frelon S R MR MRMS MRMSp S VSp LRPB Beaufort SVS RMR R MRMS MS S S - MSS - MRMS R Mackellar MR RMR S MRMS MRMS S - Manning MRMS RMR R MRMS S MS S S Naparoo RMR R R# MS MRMS S S - VS Preston SVS RMR MRMS MSS MR S S MS S MS MRMS SVS SF Scenario - MR p SQP Revenue RMR R R MS MRMS S S MSS S SVS MSS S # Varieties marked may be more susceptible if alternative strains are present. p = ratings are provisional - treat with caution. R = Resistant RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant MR = Moderately resistant MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = Moderately susceptible MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible VS = Very susceptible. Table 4: Wheat time of sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of departmental agronomists and plant breeders. MALLEE April May June July Chara, Estoc, LRPB Phantom, Yitpi > X X X X X < Barham, Clearfield Jnz, Correll, Derrimut, Elmore CL Plus, Espada, Gladius, Grenade CL Plus, Janz, Justica CL Plus, Kord CL Plus, Livingston, LRPB Catalina, LRPB Cobra, > X X X X X < < LRPB Lincoln, LRPB Scout, LRPB Spitfire, Mace, Merinda, Peake, Shield, Suntop Axe, Emu Rock, LRPB Dart, Ventura, Wyalkatchem, Young > > X X X X X < < WIMMERA April May June July Bolac, Estoc, LRPB Gazelle, LRPB Phantom, LRPB Trojan, > Yitpi X X X X < Axe, Barham, Bellaroi, Chara, Clearfield Jnz, Correll, Derrimut, Elmore CL Plus, Emu Rock, Espada, Frame, Gladius, Grenade CL Plus, Janz, Justica CL Plus, Kord CL Plus, Livingston, LRPB Catalina, LRPB Cobra, LRPB Impala, LRPB Lincoln, LRPB Merlin, LRPB Scout, LRPB Spitfire, Mace, Magenta, Merinda, Peake, Shield, Suntop, Wallup > X X X X < < < < < LRPB Dart, Ventura, Wyalkatchem, Young > X X X X < < < < < NORTH CENTRAL April May June July Bolac, Estoc, LRPB Gauntlet, LRPB Phantom, LRPB > Trojan, Magenta, Yenda, Yitpi X X X X X X < < Axe, Barham, Chara, Clearfield Jnz, Correll, Derrimut, Elmore CL Plus, Gladius, Grenade CL Plus, Janz, Justica CL Plus, Kord CL Plus, Livingston, LRPB Cobra, LRPB Impala, LRPB Lincoln, LRPB Merlin, LRPB Scout, LRPB Spitfire, Mace, Peake, Shield, Suntop, Waagan, Wallup > X X X X X < < LRPB Dart, Ventura, Wyalkatchem, Young > > X X X X X < < NORTH EAST April May June July MacKellar X X X < EGA Wedgetail > X X X X X X < Bolac, Chara, EGA Gregory, Estoc, Forrest, LRPB Gauntlet, LRPB Lancer, LRPB Phantom, LRPB Trojan, Magenta, > X X X X X < < Sentinel 3R, Yenda, Yitpi Barham, Clearfield Jnz, Elmore CL Plus, Grenade CL Plus, Janz, Justica CL Plus, LRPB Cobra, LRPB Impala, LRPB Lincoln, LRPB Merlin, LRPB Scout, LRPB Spitfire, Mace, Shield, Suntop, Waagan > X X X X X < LRPB Dart, Ventura, Wyalkatchem, Young > X X X X < SOUTH WEST April May June July Beaufort, Frelon, MacKellar, Naparoo, SQP Revenue X X X X X X X X < < EGA Wedgetail, Kellalac, Preston > X X X X X X X < < < Bolac, Chara, Forrest, LRPB Phantom, LRPB Trojan, Sentinel 3R, Yenda > X X X X X X < < < >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable 12 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

17 Wheat Table 5: Victorian wheat varieties - Domestic Flours Millers Assessment. Interpretation provided by David Hogan, Quality Operations Manager for Laucke Flour Mills. HARD WHEAT End Product category Variety Preferred Max class Plant Artisan Comment grade grade bakery breads Axe AH AH 1 1 Very poor water absorption, strong dough characteristics and long mix time. Bolac AH AH 2 2 Marginal AH - strong dough characteristics. Chara AH AH 1 2 Optimum value as separate segregation due to excess mix requirement. Corack APW APW 2 1 Acceptable APW quality. Suit domestic mills. Correll AH AH 3 1 Acceptable AH quality. Derrimut AH AH 3 1 Appears acceptable as AH quality to suit plant bakery. EGA Gregory APW* APW* 2 1 Limited data, but indicate suitable for domestic APW. EGA Wedgetail APW* APW* 1 2 Over strong APW. Long mix requirement. Appears to suit specialist segregation. Elmore CL Plus AH AH 3 1 Good water absorption & acceptable bake performance. Acceptable AH quality. Emu rock AH AH 3 2 Acceptable AH. Marginal long mix requirement. Estoc APW APW 2 1 Marginal APW quality. Some interest from domestic mills. Forrest APW APW 1 Limited data available. Gladius AH AH 1 2 Very strong dough properties with excessive mix time. Grenade CL AH AH 2 2 Marginal strong. Limited domestic interest. Plus Justica CL Plus APW APW 1 3 Strong dough. Appears to suit specialist segregation. Kellalac APW APW 2 Acceptable APW quality - has weak dough & poor bake. Kord CL Plus AH AH 3 1 Appears suitable for domestic mills. Livingston AH AH 3 2 Acceptable as AH quality to suit plant bakery. LRPB Cobra AH AH 3 1 Appears acceptable. Some concerns over low viscosity and high yellow pigment. LRPB Dart AH AH 2 1 Good dough & bakery performance, but low FN. Limited interest. LRPB Gauntlet APW APW 3 1 Appears acceptable. Good dough & bakery results. LRPB Lancer APW* APW* 2 1 Acceptable APW. Good water absorption & bake volume, but marginal long mix time. LRPB Lincoln AH AH 2 1 Appears to have limited suitability as domestic AH. LRPB Merlin AH AH 2 2 Strong dough, long mix. Possibly specialist applications. LRPB Phantom AH AH 3 1 Appears to suit domestic mills. LRPB Scout AH AH 2 1 Suitable AH, marginal long mix time. LRPB Spitfire AH AH 2 2 Long mix requirement and short extension, appears limited suitability for domestic mills. LRPB Trojan APW APW 2 1 Some interest from domestic mills. Marginal water absorption, long mix time but good bake volume. Mace AH AH 3 1 Early results indicate suitable as domestic AH. Magenta APW APW 2 1 Marginally acceptable for plant bakeries. Merinda AH AH 3 3 Has strong and extensible dough properties. Sentinel 3R ASW ASW 1 1 Appears to have limited suitability for domestic mills. Shield AH AH 3 1 Marginal strong. Expect some domestic interest. Suntop AH AH 2 2 Strong AH. Good water absorption, but marginally long mix time. Waagan ASW ASW 1 1 Not preferred. Poor bake performance. Wallup AH AH 1 2 Long mix requirement. Appears to suit specialist segregation. Limited interest from domestic millers. Yitpi AH AH 3 2 Acceptable AH quality. Young AH AH 2 2 Marginal AH quality - has strong dough & long mix time. SOFT OR NOODLE WHEAT End product category Variety Preferred Max Class Biscuit Cake Hot plate Comment grade grade goods Barham Soft SF Acceptable Biscuit quality LRPB Gazelle Soft SF Acceptable Biscuit quality LRPB Impala Soft SF Acceptable Biscuit quality Yenda Soft SF Acceptable Biscuit quality On the quality scale, a rating of 3 is preferred for a particular varietal end-use, 3 preferred, 2 suitable, 1 not suitable Victorian Winter Crop Summary

18 Wheat Table 6: Wheat disease guide. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Inoculum source Control FOLIAR Leaf rust Stem rust Stripe rust Septoria nodorum blotch (Glume blotch) Septoria tritici blotch Yellow spot BYDV GRAIN Bunt Puccinia triticinia Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Stagonospora nodorum Zymoseptoria tritici Pyrenophora tritici-repentis Barley yellow dwarf virus Tilletia laevis T. tritici Small orange-brown powdery pustules on leaf. Red-brown, powdery, oblong pustules with tattered torn edges on leaf and stem. Yellow powdery pustules often in stripes on leaves. Leaf lesions with minute black spots, leaf death. Can infect the head. Leaf lesions with minute black spots, leaf death. Leaf lesions often with yellow border, leaf death. Yellowing, dwarfing of infected plants, interveinal chlorosis, reduced seed set. Seed contains a black, foul smelling mass of spores. Affected grain is not accepted at silos. Stunted plants with black, powdery streaks in leaves. Flag smut Urocystis agropyri Loose smut Ustilago tritici Black powdery heads on diseased plants. ROOT/CROWN Common Bipolaris root rot sorokiniana Crown rot Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) Rhizoctonia bare patch Root lesion nematode Take-all Fusarium pseudogram inearum, F. culmorum Heterodera avenae Rhizoctonia solani (AG 8) Pratylenchus thornei and Pratylenchus neglectus Gaeumannomyc es graminis var. tritici Browning of the roots, subcrown internode and the stem base. Brown spots on leaves. White heads and pinched grain. Browning of stem bases, crown and sometimes roots. White heads and pinched grain. Yellow, stunted plants with knotted roots, often in patches. Patches of stunted plants with yellow-red erect leaves. Spear tipped roots. Reduced tillering, ill thrift; a lack of root branching and lesions on roots. Blackening of roots, stem bases and crown. Plant stunting with white heads and pinched grain. Develops in spring. Favoured by mild (15 C 22 C) moist weather. Can develop from mid spring into summer. Favoured by warm (15 30 C) humid conditions. Can develop throughout the growing season. Favoured by cool (8 15 C), moist weather. More common in early sown crops and in wet springs More common in early sown crops and in wet springs. More severe in close rotations, when wheat is sown into wheat stubble. Most common in perennial grass pastures and in early sown crops. Potentially region wide. Most likely in crops sown early in warm soils. Region wide. Scattered through crop. More severe following a wet winter and dry spring, especially on heavy soils which are poorly drained Light soils and well structured clays where cereals are common. Associated with reduced tillage and poor weed control in autumn. Discouraged by soils with high organic matter. Favoured by wheat in rotation with chickpea, medic and vetch. Favoured by a wet spring with a dry finish. Airborne spores from living wheat plants. Airborne spores from living plants (wheat, barley, durum and triticale). Airborne spores from living wheat and barley grass plants. Initially airborne spores released from stubble, and then spread by rain splashed spores within crop. Initially airborne spores released from stubble, and then spread by rain splashed spores within crop. Ascospores from stubble infect plants. Then secondary spread is by airborne spores in spring. A virus transmitted by aphids from infected grasses and cereals. Spores on seed coat infect seedling before it emerges. Soil and seedborne spores. Infected seed is the predominant source. Soil borne on grass and cereal residues. Also as spores in the soil. Soil borne on grass and cereal residues. Present in most soils in the southern region. Fungus carries over in organic matter in the soil. Wide host range. Survive as dormant nematodes in the soil. Soil borne on grass hosts and cereal residues. Resistant varieties, control volunteer summer-autumn wheat. Seed dressings and foliar fungicides. Resistant varieties, control volunteer summer-autumn wheat and barley. Foliar fungicides. Resistant varieties, fungicides (seed, fertiliser and foliar), control volunteer summerautumn wheat. Resistant varieties, foliar fungicides, seed treatments, stubble removal. Resistant varieties, foliar fungicides, seed treatments, stubble removal. Stubble removal, crop rotation, foliar fungicides, resistant varieties. Resistant varieties, seed treatments and/or insecticide treatments to control aphids Seed applied fungicide. Resistant varieties, seedapplied fungicide. Seed-applied fungicide. Crop rotation, one year free from hosts. Crop rotation. Avoid highly susceptible varieties, especially durum wheat. Resistant varieties, two year break from susceptible cereals and grasses, in particular wild oats. Pre-cropping weed control, chemical fallow, cultivation, modified sowing equipment. Group B herbicides may increase severity on some soil types. Read the label. Crop rotation using resistant crops and resistant varieties. Crop rotation, at least one year free of hosts (cereals and grasses, especially barley grass). Fungicide applied to seed or fertiliser. This table has been developed from information in the publications Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Root and Crown Diseases (Grains Research and Development Corporation, SARDI) and Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Leaf and Stem Diseases (Grains Research and Development Corporation, SARDI). 14 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

19 Wheat Table 7: Main season. Long term predicted wheat yield expressed as a percentage of Yitpi. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. Mallee North Central North East Wimmera Yitpi (t/ha) AGT Katana 102 (24) (14) Axe 97 (40) 99 (12) 96 (17) 105 (27) Barham - 96 (12) 99 (17) 96 (27) Beaufort (4) 112 (6) 105 (5) Bolac (7) 100 (14) 98 (5) Bowie - 89 (3) 91 (5) 92 (5) Bullet (4) 103 (5) 102 (5) Chara - 94 (12) 93 (17) 97 (18) Clearfield JNZ 91 (24) 93 (9) 92 (14) 93 (23) Clearfield STL 96 (33) 97 (7) 98 (11) 90 (23) Corack 106 (32) 105 (10) 104 (14) 111 (22) Correll 102 (41) 104 (12) 105 (17) 103 (27) Derrimut 97 (41) 95 (12) 95 (17) 103 (27) EGA Bounty 78 (9) - 94 (3) 80 (5) EGA Gregory (11) 100 (17) - Elmore CL Plus 99 (15) 100 (7) 100 (9) 103 (14) Emu Rock 104 (32) 103 (10) 102 (14) 110 (22) Espada 104 (33) 105 (11) 104 (17) 105 (23) Estoc 102 (41) 102 (12) 102 (17) 103 (27) Forrest (6) - Frame 94 (33) 92 (9) 92 (12) 90 (23) Gascoigne 97 (9) 101 (7) 99 (12) 100 (14) GBA Ruby (9) 100 (12) - Gladius 100 (41) 101 (12) 101 (17) 104 (27) Grenade CL Plus 94 (23) 100 (7) 99 (9) 93 (14) Harper 104 (32) 103 (10) 105 (14) 103 (22) Impose CL Plus 77 (9) - 86 (3) 82 (5) Janz - 96 (6) 95 (7) 97 (7) Justica CL Plus 99 (32) 101 (10) 101 (14) 103 (22) Kennedy - 94 (7) 92 (9) 93 (4) Kord CL Plus 98 (26) 99 (8) 95 (11) 99 (17) Livingston (9) 97 (14) 96 (4) LRPB Catalina 94 (41) 99 (12) 98 (8) 98 (27) LRPB Cobra 100 (14) 103 (5) 100 (6) 104 (9) LRPB Dart 96 (14) 102 (10) 103 (14) 104 (9) LRPB Gauntlet 95 (6) 97 (7) 95 (9) 97 (9) LRPB Gazelle (12) 107 (16) 102 (22) LRPB Impala (12) 108 (17) 107 (27) LRPB Lincoln 99 (33) 103 (12) 101 (17) 104 (27) LRPB Merlin 90 (6) 104 (11) 105 (17) 94 (10) LRPB Orion (12) 102 (17) 94 (27) LRPB Phantom 102 (32) 106 (10) 107 (14) 107 (22) LRPB Scout 106 (41) 109 (10) 111 (14) 115 (27) LRPB Spitfire 90 (6) 102 (11) 103 (17) 95 (15) LRPB Trojan 107 (23) 102 (5) 100 (6) 108 (9) Mace 102 (23) 101 (3) 98 (3) 100 (9) Magenta 103 (33) 99 (12) 99 (17) 102 (27) Merinda (3) - Peake 96 (27) 98 (7) 96 (12) 102 (19) Preston (3) - QAL (6) 99 (7) - Rosella (3) 83 (5) Sabel CL Plus 101 (18) 97 (5) 97 (8) 101 (13) Sentinel 3R (9) 98 (13) 101 (13) Shield 102 (23) 97 (3) 96 (3) 107 (14) SQP Revenue (10) 81 (5) Sunguard - 99 (5) 96 (8) 101 (13) Suntop (9) 104 (14) - Ventura - 97 (9) 97 (12) - Waagan (3) - Wallup 99 (15) 102 (10) 101 (14) 108 (22) Wyalkatchem 100 (41) 104 (5) 100 (4) 102 (27) Yenda - 89 (5) 92 (8) - Yitpi 100 (35) 100 (10) 100 (14) 100 (22) Young 97 (24) 98 (7) 98 (12) 102 (18) Victorian Winter Crop Summary

20 Wheat Table 8: Long season. Long term predicted wheat yield expressed as a percentage of Bolac. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. North East South West Bolac (t/ha) Adagio (3) Barham 92 (4) 91 (9) Beaufort 110 (6) 112 (15) Bolac 100 (6) 100 (15) Bowie - 83 (4) Chara 96 (6) 96 (15) Derrimut 95 (4) 98 (9) Diamondbird - 91 (3) EGA Bounty 92 (4) 89 (9) EGA Gregory 98 (6) 97 (9) EGA Wedgetail 92 (6) 92 (15) Elmore CL PLus - 99 (6) Endure 95 (3) 95 (6) Espada 99 (4) 98 (9) Estoc 98 (6) 98 (15) Forrest 99 (5) 100 (12) Frelon (3) Gascoigne 95 (3) 93 (9) Kellalac 92 (6) 94 (15) LRPB Gazelle 104 (5) 106 (12) LRPB Lincoln - 99 (9) LRPB Orion 99 (5) 102 (6) LRPB Phantom 102 (3) 102 (6) LRPB Scout (9) LRPB Trojan (3) Mackellar (9) Mansfield 90 (5) 90 (12) Naparoo - 91 (15) Preston 110 (6) 112 (15) QAL (3) 102 (10) Scenario (3) Sentinel 3R 100 (6) 98 (15) SQP Revenue 105 (6) 110 (15) Sunguard 95 (3) 93 (6) Sunzell - 79 (3) Yenda 95 (3) 100 (6) Table 9: Protein level (%) - Mallee 2013 wheat trials. Birchip Hopetoun Manangatang Merrinee Murrayville Quambatook Ultima Walpeup Axe Corack Correll Derrimut Emu Rock Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus LRPB Catalina LRPB Cobra LRPB Dart LRPB Phantom LRPB Scout LRPB Trojan Mace Shield Wyalkatchem Yitpi Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

21 Wheat Table 10: Yield - Mallee 2013 wheat trials expressed as a percentage of the yield of Yitpi. No fungicides used. Birchip Hopetoun Manangatang Merrinee Murrayville Quambatook Ultima Walpeup (C) Sowing Date 15/5/13 22/5/13 8/ /5/13 17/5/13 1/6/13 6/6/13 21/5/13 Yitpi (t/ha) Axe Corack Correll Derrimut Emu Rock Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus LRPB Catalina LRPB Cobra LRPB Dart LRPB Phantom LRPB Scout LRPB Trojan Mace Shield Wyalkatchem Yitpi Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) C = Caution interpreting data, Walpeup trial affected by Crown Rot Table 11: Screenings - Mallee 2013 wheat trials expressed as % of grain below a 2 mm sieve. Birchip Hopetoun Manangatang Quambatook Ultima Walpeup Axe Corack Correll Derrimut Emu Rock Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus LRPB Catalina LRPB Cobra LRPB Dart LRPB Phantom LRPB Scout LRPB Trojan Mace Shield Wyalkatchem Yitpi Victorian Winter Crop Summary

22 Wheat Table 12: Yield - North Central and North East (main season) 2013 wheat trials expressed as a percentage of the yield of Yitpi. Fungicides used on all trials. North Central North East Charlton (C) Diggora Mitiamo Dookie Wunghnu Yarrawonga (C) Sowing Date 28/5/13 29/5/13 28/5/13 14/5/13 3/5/13 18/5/13 Yitpi (t/ha) Axe Barham Chara Corack Correll Derrimut EGA Gregory Elmore CL PLus Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gascoigne Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Janz Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus LRPB Catalina LRPB Cobra LRPB Dart LRPB Gauntlet LRPB Gazelle LRPB Impala LRPB Lincoln LRPB Merlin LRPB Orion LRPB Phantom LRPB Scout LRPB Spitfire LRPB Trojan Mace Magenta QAL Shield Suntop Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) C = caution interpreting data: Charlton had excessive Brome grass, Yarrawonga had variable establishment. 18 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

23 Wheat Table 13: Protein level (%) and screenings - North Central and North East (main season) 2013 wheat trials. Screenings expressed as % of grain below a 2 mm sieve. Axe Barham Chara Corack Correll Derrimut EGA Gregory Elmore CL PLus Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gascoigne Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Janz Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus LRPB Catalina LRPB Cobra LRPB Dart LRPB Gauntlet LRPB Gazelle LRPB Impala LRPB Lincoln LRPB Merlin LRPB Orion LRPB Phantom LRPB Scout LRPB Spitfire LRPB Trojan Mace Magenta QAL Shield Suntop Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi Charlton Protein (%) Screenings (%) North Central North East North Central North East Diggormkihnwongtoormkie Mitia- Doo- Wung- Yarra- Charl- Digg- Mitia- Doo- Wunghnu Yarrawonga Victorian Winter Crop Summary

24 Wheat Table 14: Yield - North East and South West (early season) 2013 wheat trials, expressed as a percentage of the yield of Bolac. Fungicides used on all trials. North East South West Rutherglen Hamilton Streatham Teesdale Sowing Date 26/4/13 9/5/13 9/5/13 10/5/13 Bolac (t/ha) Bolac Chara EGA Gregory EGA Wedgetail Elmore CL PLus Estoc Forrest Gascoigne Kellalac LRPB Beaufort LRPB Gauntlet LRPB Gazelle LRPB Lancer LRPB Orion LRPB Phantom LRPB Scout LRPB Trojan Mansfield Naparoo Preston QAL Sentinel 3R SQP Revenue Wallup Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) Table 15: Protein level (%) and screenings - North East and South West (early season) 2013 wheat trials. Screenings expressed as a percentage of grain below a 2 mm sieve. Protein (%) Screenings (%) North East South West North East South West Rutherglen Hamilton Streatham Teesdale Rutherglen Hamilton Streatham Teesdale Bolac Chara EGA Gregory EGA Wedgetail Elmore CL PLus Estoc Forrest Gascoigne Kellalac LRPB Beaufort LRPB Gauntlet LRPB Gazelle LRPB Lancer LRPB Orion LRPB Phantom LRPB Scout LRPB Trojan Mansfield Naparoo Preston QAL Sentinel 3R SQP Revenue Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

25 Wheat Table 16: Yield, Protein level (%) and screenings - South West (long season) 2013 wheat trials. Yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Bolac. Screenings expressed as a percentage of grain below a 2 mm sieve. Fungicides used on all trials. Yield (%) Protein (%) Screenings (%) Hamilton Streatham Hamilton Streatham Hamilton Streatham Sowing Date 11/4/13 28/4/13 Bolac (t/ha) Bolac Bowie EGA Wedgetail Forrest LRPB Gazelle LRPB Lancer Mackellar Mansfield Naparoo Rudd Sentinel 3R SQP Revenue Sunzell Tennant Wylah Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) 6 6 LSD (%) Table 17: Yield - Wimmera 2013 wheat trials expressed as a percentage of the yield of Yitpi. Fungicides used on all trials. Brim (C) Horsham Kaniva Minyip Sowing Date 8/5/13 17/6/13 14/5/13 11/6/13 Yitpi (t/ha) Axe Barham Chara Corack Correll Derrimut Elmore CL PLus Emu Rock Estoc Gascoigne Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Janz Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus LRPB Catalina LRPB Cobra LRPB Dart LRPB Gauntlet LRPB Gazelle LRPB Impala LRPB Lincoln LRPB Orion LRPB Phantom LRPB Scout LRPB Trojan Mace Magenta Shield Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) C = caution interpreting data, Brim had poor establishment and heavy weed infestation Victorian Winter Crop Summary

26 Wheat Table 18: Protein level (%) and screenings - Wimmera 2013 wheat trials. Screenings expressed as % of grain below a 2 mm sieve. Protein (%) Screenings (%) Brim Horsham Kaniva Minyip Brim Horsham Kaniva Minyip Axe Barham Chara Corack Correll Derrimut Elmore CL PLus Emu Rock Estoc Gascoigne Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Janz Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus LRPB Catalina LRPB Cobra LRPB Dart LRPB Gauntlet LRPB Gazelle LRPB Impala LRPB Lincoln LRPB Orion LRPB Phantom LRPB Scout LRPB Trojan Mace Magenta Shield Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi Table 19: Durum wheat - Kaniva, Wimmera. Yield and long term yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of EGA Bellaroi. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. Protein (%) and screenings percentage of grain below a 2 mm sieve in 2013 trial. Fungicides used. Kaniva - sowing date 14/5/13 Yield (% of EGA Bellaroi) Protein (%) Screenings (%) Long term predicted yield EGA Bellaroi (t/ha) Caparoi (5) EGA Bellaroi (5) Hyperno (5) Jandaroi (4) Kalka (2) Saintly (4) Tjilkuri (5) WID Yawa (5) Site Mean (t/ha) 4.47 CV (%) 2 LSD (t/ha) 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Frank Henry Grant Hollaway David Hogan Russell Eastwood Daryl Mares Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham Laucke Flour Mills AGT University of Adelaide 22 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

27 BARLEY

28 Barley BARLEY REVIEW OF 2013 Season The late break meant many barley crops were sown dry with limited opportunities to control volunteer wheat prior to sowing. Consequently, barley crops contaminated by wheat were widespread and were downgraded at receival centres. The value of cutting crops contaminated with wheat for hay was limited as frost across the north central and north east and into NSW have led to higher quantities of hay coming onto the market. Barley crops unaffected by frost performed well with yields average or better in most areas, while yields were below average in the Mallee and some of the earlier finishing areas towards the North East. A good number of malting barley crops achieved malt classification but high screenings led to downgrades in some of the drier areas. Disease The stubble-borne diseases were favoured by the reduced stubble breakdown during the dry summer and autumn months followed by good winter rain. These conditions resulted in spot form of net blotch (SFNB) being common in all barley growing regions of Victoria and severe in susceptible varieties sown into infected barley stubble. Scald was also severe in the Wimmera during spring, while the net form of net blotch (NFNB) was present in some susceptible varieties. Barley leaf rust was not an issue and rarely observed due to the very dry start to the season which reduced the green bridge and inoculum. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2014 New varieties Compass and LaTrobe have been added to the list of barley varieties undergoing malt evaluation. Grange has been renamed GrangeR. Malt evaluation In 2013 the varieties Granger, Scope CL and Westminster received classification as malt varieties. Newly accredited malting varieties still need to gain market acceptance and growers are advised to consult with their marketer regarding the availability of segregation and pricing. Henley also received malt classification in 2013, however it was received at a number of sites with the blue aleurone characteristic. Any deliveries with this characteristic are not accepted as malt and this variety is not likely to be planted in the future. Barley Australia lists malting varieties that are preferred by it s member marketing companies. These varieties are now highlighted in the variety listings as Malting barley (Preferred variety). Variety Rights require correct declaration of varieties and growers are advised that some samples may be DNA tested. Wimmera is currently undergoing malt evaluation and the outcome will be updated on after March. Seed supplies Growers should carefully check seed supplies for wheat contamination when selecting seed to sow in Disease Changes in virulence of the stubble-borne diseases toward some barley varieties was observed during 2013 resulting in the ratings being changed. These are listed in Table 3. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. AG1160 Cereal disease guide DEPI Crop Disease App for Android and iphone Information includes: List of varieties preferred by purchasers of malting barley Update status of malting barley evaluation each March VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS Varieties have been listed according to quality classification grade and in alphabetical order and not in order of preference. Abbreviations used are: denotes that Plant Breeder Rights apply CCN Cereal Cyst Nematode BYDV Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus RLN Root Lesion Nematode NFNB Net Form of Net Blotch SFNB Spot Form of Net Blotch End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Malting barley - BASS Bass was accredited as malting barley in 2012, but is mainly considered a Western Australian variety with limited segregation options in Victoria. It has mid-late season maturity with excellent grain plumpness and better yields and disease resistance than Baudin. Scald MSS, SFNB S, NFNB MSS, powdery mildew S and leaf rust MR#. Best suited to areas with expected yields above t/ha. Good straw strength and tolerance to lodging, high level of resistance to preharvest sprouting and good head retention. Tested as WABAR2315. Released Seed available from Syngenta. EPR $3.50. Although Scope CL was developed by mutation of Buloke, it is considered a different variety and Barley Australia have advised against co-binning of Scope and Buloke. Plant Victorian Winter Crop Summary

29 Barley Malting barley (Preferred variety) - BAUDIN A mid season maturing variety, Baudin is an alternative malting variety to Gairdner in mm rainfall districts, but should not be grown in areas with greater than 500 mm, due to leaf disease susceptibility. Scald SVS, SFNB MSS, NFNB MRMS#, powdery mildew SVS and leaf rust VS. Compared to Gairdner, Baudin has superior grain plumpness in years with dry and hot spring conditions. The variety is a shorter plant type than Gairdner and less likely to lodge. Now outclassed by newer varieties due to disease susceptibility, Baudin s delivery options are limited. Released Seed available from Seednet. EPR $3 malt, $1 feed. Malting barley (Preferred variety) - BULOKE An early to mid season maturing variety best adapted to regions of southern Australia with mm annual rainfall. Buloke has moderately weak straw strength, similar to Gairdner, and can be prone to significant head loss under unfavourable conditions post-maturation. Buloke has a similar level of tolerance to pre-harvest sprouting to Gairdner. Average grain plumpness is similar or slightly inferior to Baudin but superior to Gairdner. Buloke is moderately tall and relatively slow growing. Scald MS, SFNB MSS, NFNB MR, powdery mildew MR and leaf rust SVS. Whilst Buloke yields well in Mallee environments, it should only be grown in CCN prone environments if the majority of other crops/varieties in the rotation are CCN resistant. In Victoria, Buloke is considered mid-season maturity earlier than Gairdner, but later than Hindmarsh. Buloke has export malt quality similar to Baudin. Released Seed available from Seednet. EPR $2. Malting barley (Preferred variety) - COMMANDER A mid maturing variety best suited to mm rainfall districts, particularly the Wimmera Mallee. It is broadly adapted and will outyield other varieties under favourable spring conditions. Commander is inherently lower in grain protein content than many other varieties. It has moderately weak straw and will lodge under either high yield environments or if unfavourable conditions occur between grain filling and harvest. Grain size is superior to many other malting barley varieties but it is prone to low test weights in some seasons. Scald S, SFNB & NFNB MSS, powdery mildew MRMS and leaf rust S. Growers should consult their grain marketers regarding markets and availability of segregation for this variety. Released Seed available from Seednet. EPR $3.80. Malting barley (Preferred variety) - FAIRVIEW A moderately late maturing variety best suited to mm rainfall districts. Yields are similar to Gairdner and Commander in these districts. The grain plumpness of Fairview is superior to Gairdner. Limited seed is only available under contract through GrainSearch, Geelong. released Fairview has an export malt quality profile and is marketed via closed loop supply chain through Malteurop. EPR $3. Malting barley (Preferred Variety) - GAIRDNER A moderately late maturing variety best suited to mm rainfall regions. In lower rainfall districts Gairdner can yield well in seasons with favourable spring finishes, however not necessarily within malting specifications. Scald SVS, SFNB S, NFNB MS, powdery mildew S and leaf rust S. Gairdner is known for high screenings in a dry spring, with the levels of grain plumpness for Gairdner generally being inferior to all other malting varieties. Gairdner has moderately good head retention, slightly inferior to Baudin. Gairdner is accepted by both domestic and export brewing markets. Released Seed available from Heritage Seeds. No EPR. Malting barley - GRANGER A mid to late maturing variety with strong straw, and good kernel plumpness and low screenings. Scald S, SFNB SVS, NFNB MS, powdery mildew R and leaf rust MR. Accredited as malting barley in 2013, export markets are yet to be established and growers are advised to consult with their grain marketer about segregation and pricing. Released Tested as SMBA Licensed by Limagrain and seed available from Heritage Seeds. EPR $2.95. Malting barley - HENLEY A mid to late maturing variety with strong straw, and good kernel plumpness and colour. Scald, SFNB & NFNB S, powdery mildew R and leaf rust MR#. Henley has good straw strength but can be prone to head loss and low test weights in some seasons. Henley was released as a malting variety in Europe but has been replaced by newer varieties. While it was accredited as malting barley in 2013, a number of receivals had the blue aleurone characteristic and were not accepted as malt under current receival standards. It is not likely to be grown in the future. Released Licensed by Limagrain and seed available from Heritage Seeds. EPR $2.95. Malting barley NAVIGATOR A mid to late maturing variety similar to Gairdner but offering higher yield potential, significantly improved physical grain quality and an excellent disease resistance profile with the exception of being very susceptible to leaf rust. Scald MR#, SFNB MRMS, NFNB MRMS#, powdery mildew R and leaf rust VS. Navigator is an accredited malting variety primarily suited for use by the domestic brewing industry. Due to the current small market size for Navigator as a malting variety, growers should seek advice from their grain marketer regarding availability of segregation and pricing prior to sowing this variety and will be best suited to growers with freight advantage to local malthouses. Released Seed available from Seednet. EPR $3.80 Malting barley - SCOPE CL A tall, early to mid season maturing barley with moderate to high yield potential across a range of medium rainfall environments. Its disease resistance profile is very similar to Buloke with the main concern being susceptibility to some leaf rust strains. Scald MSS, SFNB MSS, NFNB MR, powdery mildew MR and leaf rust SVS. Scope can be prone to significant head loss under unfavourable conditions post-maturation. Scope is the only barley variety registered for the use of an appropriate Clearfield herbicide. Accredited as malting barley in 2013, export markets are yet to be established so growers are advised to consult with their grain marketer about segregation and pricing. Although developed from a Buloke mutation, Barley Australia have not authorised co-binning with Buloke. It is considered a different variety to Buloke and legally needs to be declared as such. In the longer term, Scope is expected to be accepted into those markets currently accepting Buloke. Released Seed is available from Seednet exclusively through re-sellers that have a current Clearfield accreditation. EPR $ Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

30 Barley Malting barley - WESTMINSTER A mid to late maturity variety with medium to tall and stiff straw and improved head retention. Scald R#, SFNB S, NFNB MSS, powdery mildew RMR and leaf rust MR. Accredited as malting barley in 2013, export markets are yet to be established and growers are advised to consult with their grain marketer about segregation and pricing. It was bred by Limagrain, released 2009, and is marketed through Grainsearch. EPR $3. Feed barley - CAPSTAN Capstan is a high yielding feed variety recommended for 400mm plus rainfall regions. Capstan has short stiff straw with excellent head retention and would be suitable for growers targeting very high potential yields. It has very high screenings in lower rainfall districts. Scald S, SFNB MRMS, NFNB MS, powdery mildew MR and leaf rust MRMS. Released Seed available from Seednet. No EPR. Feed barley - FATHOM An early maturing variety with broad adaption and consistently high yields. It has very low screenings, similar to Maritime and a higher test weight than Fleet. Fathom has a long coleoptile, good weed competitiveness and better straw strength than Fleet. Fathom is well suited to wider row spacings and is an alternative to Hindmarsh particularly where more reliable establishment and improved early vigour are sought. Scald MR#, SFNB MR, NFNB MS, powdery mildew MRMS and leaf rust MSS. Released Seed available from Seednet. EPR $2. Feed barley - FLEET Best suited to mm rainfall regions as an alternative to Hindmarsh and Keel. Fleet has superior adaptation to deep sandy soils compared to Keel due to a relatively long coleoptile that makes Fleet more tolerant of deeper sowing. Scald MSS, SFNB MR, NFNB MRMS#, powdery mildew MRMS and leaf rust MSS. Some pathotypes of NFNB now show increased virulence on Fleet. Fleet has improved physical grain quality compared to Keel but has lower test weight than Hindmarsh. Fleet is highly prone to lodging but has good head retention. Released Seed available from Seednet. EPR $1.50. Feed / Food barley - HINDMARSH An early maturing semi-dwarf feed variety with exceptional yield potential, especially in drier years. It is recommended for the mm rainfall regions. Hindmarsh was the highest yielding barley variety in the Mallee and Wimmera in NVT long term trials for Hindmarsh has a relatively short coleoptile and deep sowing should be avoided to maximise crop establishment and yield potential. Scald SVS, SFNB SVS, NFNB MRMS, powdery mildew MS and leaf rust MSS. Hindmarsh is free threshing and has good resistance to head loss. Hindmarsh has excellent grain plumpness and also has the highest test weight of any feed variety. Released by the forerunner of DEPI Victoria in Seed available from Seednet. EPR $1.50. Feed barley - KEEL A high yielding, early maturing, feed variety recommended for the mm rainfall regions. Due to Keel s very early maturity, it can be prone to frost damage if sown too early. It performs best on heavy soil types with low fertility. Keel is not suitable for sandy soils, where Fleet or Fathom are preferred. Keel produces plump grain similar to Fleet and Fathom, along with low screenings; however, similar to Fleet, Keel has low test weight. Keel is a shorter plant type compared to Fleet and Fathom, has good head retention and is free-threshing. Scald MS, SFNB MR, NFNB MR#, powdery mildew MS and leaf rust VS. Released Seed available from Seednet. No EPR. Feed barley - OXFORD A feed variety best suited to medium to high rainfall regions ( mm) and should not be planted after mid-june. Scald MSS#, SFNB S, NFNB MS, powdery mildew R and leaf rust MR. Oxford was bred by Limagrain, released 2009 and seed is available from Heritage Seeds. EPR $2.50. VARIETIES CURRENTLY UNDERGOING MALT EVALUATION Barley under evaluation - COMPASS Barley under malt evaluation with possible accreditation in The malting quality profile will be suited to domestic and export malting and brewing markets currently utilising Gairdner and Commander. Compass is agronomically similar to Commander, but with improved yield and has excellent grain size and test weight. Scald MS#, SFNB MSS, NFNB MR#, powdery mildew MR. Bred by the University of Adelaide and tested as WI4593. It is currently undergoing malting evaluation with a decision expected in March Seed available from Seednet. EPR to be determined. Barley under evaluation - FLINDERS A moderately late maturing variety currently undergoing malt evaluation. It is a moderately short variety with stiff, strong straw and good head retention. It has high levels of grain plumpness and good test weights. Scald S, SFNB & NFNB S, powdery mildew R and leaf rust MS. Seed sales are limited to those growers participating in malting and brewing accreditation trials. Developed by InterGrain. Tested as WABAR2537. Released 2012, it is currently undergoing malting evaluation with a decision expected in March Seed available from Syngenta. EPR $3.80. Barley under evaluation - LATROBE An early maturing variety for the low to medium rainfall environments. Currently undergoing malt evaluation with a decision expected in March A semi-dwarf with a short coleoptile, good straw strength and head retention. Good lodging resistance and sprouting tolerance, but reduced weed competitiveness. It has high levels of grain plumpness and good test weights. Scald R#, SFNB S, NFNB MR, powdery mildew MR and leaf rust MSS. Developed by InterGrain (IGB1101). It is currently undergoing malting evaluation with a decision expected in March Seed available from Syngenta. EPR $4. Barley under evaluation - SKIPPER An early to mid maturing malting quality variety similar in maturity and plant type to Hindmarsh. Skipper is best adapted to mid and low rainfall environments. Relative to many other malting varieties, Skipper has high levels of grain plumpness and low levels of screenings being similar to Commander, but poor straw stength compared to other malt varieties. Scald S, SFNB MRMS, NFNB MR, powdery mildew MRMS and leaf rust SVS. Released 2011, it is currently undergoing malting evaluation with a decision expected in March EPR to be determined. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

31 Barley Barley under evaluation - SY RATTLER SY Rattler is a late maturing variety recommended for the high rainfall, mm regions. SY Rattler is undergoing the early stages of malt and brewing evaluation. Bred by Syngenta, tested as SYN Released in 2012, it is currently undergoing malting evaluation with a decision expected in March Seed available from Grainsearch. EPR $3. Barley under evaluation - WIMMERA Wimmera is a mid to late maturing variety with similar plant architecture to Gairdner and significantly higher yield potential and improved scald and leaf rust resistance. Scald MSS, SFNB MSS, NFNB MSS, powdery mildew S and leaf rust MR#. In long-term NVT trials, Wimmera has a 10% average yield advantage over Gairdner in all areas other than the Mallee. Wimmera has lower screenings and higher retention than Gairdner, with equivalent test weight. Wimmera has malting quality suited to a range of domestic and export markets. Released 2011, Wimmera (VB0432) is currently undergoing malting evaluation with a decision expected in March Seed available from Seednet. EPR to be determined. Table 1: Barley time of sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. MALLEE April May June July Bass, Baudin, Gairdner, Henley, Wimmera > X X X X X < < Commander, Compass, Fathom, Fleet, Keel > X X X X X X < < < Buloke, Hindmarsh, LaTrobe, Scope, Skipper > > X X X X X < < WIMMERA April May June July Bass, Flinders, Gairdner, Granger, Henley, > X X X X X < < Navigator, Oxford, Wimmera Keel > > X X X X X X X < < Baudin, Fleet > > X X X X X X < < Fathom, Hindmarsh, LaTrobe, Skipper > X X X X X X X < < Buloke, Commander, Compass, Scope > X X X X X < < NORTH CENTRAL April May June July Bass, Flinders, Gairdner, Granger, Henley, Navigator, Wimmera > > X X X X X X < < Fleet > > > X X X X X < < Buloke, Commander, Compass, Scope > > X X X X < < Fathom, Hindmarsh, LaTrobe, Skipper > X X X X X X X X X < < Keel > > X X X X X X < < NORTH EAST April May June July Bass, Flinders, Gairdner, Granger, Henley, Navigator, Oxford, Wimmera > X X X X X X < < Baudin > > X X X X X < < Keel > > X X X X X X X < < Buloke, Commander, Compass, Scope > > X X X X < < Fathom, Hindmarsh, LaTrobe, Skipper > X X X X X X X < < Fleet > > X X X X X < < SOUTH WEST April May June July Bass, Baudin, Capstan, Gairdner, Granger, Henley, Navigator, Oxford, Westminster, > > X X X X X < < < Wimmera Commander, Compass, Fathom, Fleet, Hindmarsh, LaTrobe > > X X X X < < >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable 26 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

32 Barley Table 2: Barley variety agronomic guide. Height Maturity Head loss Plump grain rating Lodging Malting barley Bass M ML R 7 R Baudin S M MR 7 R Buloke MT ME MS 6 M Commander M ME M 8 M Fairview MS ML MR R Gairdner M ML MR 5 R Granger M ML MR R Henley MT ML MR R Navigator S-MS ML MR 7 R Scope CL MT ME MS 6 M Westminster MT ML R R Feed barley Capstan VS ML R 5 R Fathom MT VE MR 8 MR Fleet M ME MR 8 M Hindmarsh S-MS VE MR 6-7 R-MR Keel M VE M 6 MS Oxford S-MS L R 7 R Barley under malt evaluation Compass M ME M 8 M Flinders MS ML R 7 R LaTrobe S-MS E MR 6-7 R-MR Skipper M EM MR 8 MS SY Rattler M M - - MR Wimmera M ML MR 7 R Height; T = tall, MT = moderately tall, M = medium, MS = moderately short, S = short Maturity; VE = very early, E = early, ME = moderately early, M = mid season, L = late Head loss and lodging; R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible Plump grain: relative scale: 1=small or unreliable grain size; 9=large or reliable grain size Table 3: Barley variety disease reactions. Root lesion Barley nematode Leaf scald Spot form Net Blotch Powdery Leaf rust mildew BYDV CCN Res P. thornei resistance Net form Net Blotch P. neglectus resistance grass stripe rust Malting barley Bass MSS S MSS S MR# MRMSp S MRMS MRMS R Baudin SVS MSS MRMS# SVS VS MR S - - MR Buloke MS MSS MR MR SVS MSp S MS MRMS R Commander S MSS MSS MRMS S MS R MRMS MRMS R Fairview SVS S S RMR R# R Gairdner SVS S MS S S MR S MRMS MS R Granger S SVS MS R MR Sp - MR MRMS R Henley S S S R MR# MS S MRMS MRMS R Navigator MR# MRMS MRMS# R VS Sp R MRMS MRMS R Scope CL MSS MSS MR MR SVS MR S MS MRMS R Westminster R# S MSS RMR MR MSp MRMS Feed barley Capstan S MRMS MS MR MRMS S R - - MRMS Fathom MR# MR MS MRMS MSS MS R MRMS MRMS R Fleet MSS MR MRMS# MRMS MSS MRMS R MRMS MRMS R Hindmarsh SVS SVS MRMS MS MSS MS R MS MRMS R Keel MS MR MR# MS VS S R - MRMS MS Oxford MSS# S MS# R MR MS S MRMS MR R Barley under malt evaluation Compass MS# MSS MR# MR - - R MR P MR P R Flinders S S S R MS MS S MR MR P R LaTrobe R# S MR MR MSS MS R MR MR R Skipper S MRMS MR MRMS SVS MR R MS MRMS R SY Rattler MS# SVS MR# R MRMS S R Wimmera MSS MSS MSS S MR# MRMSp S MRMS MRMS MR # Varieties marked may be more susceptible if alternative strains are present. p = These ratings are provisional - treat with caution. R = Resistant RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant MR = Moderately resistant MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = Moderately susceptible MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible VS = Very susceptible Victorian Winter Crop Summary

33 Barley Table 4: Barley disease guide. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Inoculum source Control FOLIAR Scald Net blotch spot form Net blotch net form Powdery mildew Rhynchosporium secalis Pyrenophora teres f. maculata Pyrenophora teres f. teres Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei Water soaked areas on leaves. Lesions appear grey/green then bleached with brown margins. Dark brown spots to 10 mm, with yellow margins. Small brown spots that develop into dark brown streaks on leaf blades that have net like appearance. White powdery spores on upper leaf surfaces, underside of leaves turn yellow to brown. Leaf rust Puccinia hordei Small circular orange pustules on upper leaf surface. Stem rust Puccinia graminis Large red-brown pustules. Rupture of leaf and stem surface. BGSR (Barley grass stripe rust) Puccinia striiformis BYDV Barley yellow dwarf (Barley yellow virus dwarf virus) Wirrega blotch Ringspot Drechslera wirreganensis Drechslera campanulata Halo spot Pseudoseptoria stomaticola GRAIN Covered smut Ustilago segetum var. hordei Yellow powdery pustules in stripes on the leaves Yellow stripes between leaf veins, some leaves red. Sterile heads and dwarfing plants. Brown blotches often with hole in centre. Small brown rimmed spots on leaves. Small white-brown lesions. Dark, compacted heads, grain replaced by smut balls. Loose smut Ustilago tritici Dark brown powdery spores replace grain. ROOT/CROWN Crown rot Pythium root rot (Damping off) Common root rot Fusarium pseudograminearum, F. culmorum Whiteheads or deadheads most obvious after flowering, pink discolouration under leaf sheaths. Pythium spp. Stunted seedlings, reduced tillering, pale stunted or stubby roots with light brown tips. Bipolaris sorokiniana Brown discolouration of roots, sub-crown internode and crown. Plant stunting, brown spots on leaves and reduced tillers. Years with frequent rain, and early sown crops. Infection from stubble especially in wet autumn conditions. Spores can be produced for over 2 years on stubble. Moist conditions, temperatures in the C range. Favoured by high humidity and temperature of C. Worse in high fertility paddocks and early sown crops. Moist conditions with temperatures in the range C. Infection requires temperatures in the C range and moist conditions. Can develop throughout the growing season. Virus is transmitted by aphids. Minor occurrence. Common and widespread in southern Australia. Cool, moist conditions. Spores germinate in infected grain when temperatures are between C. Moist conditions at flowering and when temperatures are between C. Most common on heavy or poorly drained soils Favoured by moist, humid conditions with temperatures between C. Favoured by wet conditions. Increased risk where high rainfall occurs after sowing. Scattered through crop. Residues of barley and barley grass. Can be seedborne. Spores spread by rainsplash. Barley and barley grass stubble, also airborne spores from infected crops. Survives on infected barley and barley grass residues. Wind borne spores. Volunteer barley, barley grass and crop residue. Airborne spores. Living plant hosts including barley, barley grass and Star of Bethlehem. Living plant hosts including volunteer cereals (wheat, barley, triticale and rye). Barley grass and susceptible barley varieties. Hosts include all cereals and many grasses. Range of grass weeds and cereal stubble. Wide range of cereals and grass weeds. Barley seed in crop residue infected with fungus. Residues of barley and grasses. Rainsplash. Infected seed. Infected seed Survives in infected stubble residue for up to 2 years. Hosts include wheat, barley, triticale and some grasses. Spores survive in soil or plant debris for up to 5 years. Wheat, barley, triticale and rye. Resistant varieties, clean seed, manage barley and barley grass debris. Seed and foliar fungicides Control barley grass and manage barley stubble. Avoid very susceptible varieties. Foliar fungicides. Resistant varieties, crop rotation and stubble management. Resistant varieties. Seed and foliar fungicides. Use resistant varieties and control volunteer barley and barley grass over summer/autumn Use resistant varieties and control volunteer wheat, triticale and barley over summer/autumn. Avoid susceptible varieties Resistant varieties. Chemical control of aphids may be suitable for high value crops. Crop rotation. Avoid growing susceptible varieties, control grass weeds Crop rotation and weed control. Disease is not of economic importance. Use disease free seed, resistant varieties, seed treatments. Use disease free seed and seed treatments. Avoid susceptible varieties. Crop rotation, stubble removal, cultivation. Avoid deep sowing into cold wet soils, especially when direct drilling. Ensure good nutrient levels. Crop rotation. 28 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2013

34 Barley Table 4: (continued) Barley disease guide. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Inoculum source Control Cereal cyst Heterodera avenae Yellow, stunted plants. Light soils and well Present in most soils Resistant varieties, break nematode (CCN) Knotted roots. structured clays where cereals are commonly in the southern region. from susceptible cereals and grasses, particularly Root lesion nematode Take-all Pratylenchus thornei & Pratylenchus neglectus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) Reduced tillering, ill thrift; lesions on roots, lack of branching of root system. Stunted or yellowing plants, whiteheads at heading. grown. Favoured by cereals in rotation with chickpea, medic and vetch. Fungus thrives under warm, damp conditions. Survives as dormant nematodes in the soil. Fungus survives over summer in crowns and roots of wheat, barley and grass plants. wild oat. Crop rotation using resistant crops and resistant varieties. Crop rotations, at least one year free of hosts (cereals and grasses, especially barley grass). Fungicide applied to seed or fertiliser. This table has been developed from information in the publications Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Root and Crown Diseases (Grains Research and Development Corporation, SARDI) and Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Leaf and Stem Diseases (Grains Research and Development Corporation, SARDI) Table 5: Long term predicted barley yield expressed as a percentage of Gairdner. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. Mallee North Central North East South West Wimmera Gairdner (t/ha) Malting barley Bass 101 (35) 104 (14) 104 (6) 101 (10) 105 (21) Baudin 100 (43) 97 (23) 98 (8) (29) Buloke 105 (55) 104 (23) 105 (8) (29) Charger (11) 115 (4) 109 (10) 109 (4) Commander 108 (55) 110 (23) 111 (8) 105 (15) 110 (29) Fairview (12) 105 (5) 108 (12) 107 (17) Flagship 100 (55) 97 (23) 94 (8) - 98 (29) Franklin (8) - Gairdner 100 (52) 100 (23) 100 (8) 100 (15) 100 (29) Granger 102 (27) 111 (8) 109 (3) 104 (10) 105 (16) Henley 101 (20) 109 (14) 110 (5) 105 (10) 105 (20) Navigator (14) 107 (4) 105 (7) 106 (16) Schooner 94 (55) 89 (23) 90 (8) - 93 (29) Scope 103 (33) 104 (14) 105 (5) (20) Sloop SA 99 (46) Sloop VIC 97 (43) (13) Vlamingh 102 (35) 105 (14) 100 (4) 100 (15) 103 (17) Westminster (15) 103 (5) 105 (12) 98 (19) Feed barley Barque 103 (55) Capstan (19) 109 (6) 111 (12) 115 (21) Fathom 113 (27) 110 (11) 110 (4) (16) Finniss - 91 (18) 87 (6) 92 (10) 93 (21) Fleet 111 (55) 109 (18) 110 (6) (25) Hannan 108 (21) 107 (8) 99 (3) (9) Hindmarsh 113 (48) 111 (20) 108 (7) (25) Keel 110 (54) 101 (18) 103 (5) (21) Lockyer 113 (6) 117 (6) 109 (3) 110 (3) 116 (9) Maritime 101 (51) (15) 102 (24) Oxford 103 (33) 114 (14) 111 (5) 118 (10) 107 (22) Roe 105 (28) 100 (8) (13) Shepherd 97 (19) 101 (10) (14) Urambie (7) - Yarra 106 (35) 106 (14) 105 (5) (17) Barley under malt evaluation Compass 118 (13) 119 (5) (5) 123 (8) Flinders 100 (27) 104 (11) 103 (4) 100 (10) 103 (16) LaTrobe 114 (20) 114 (8) 111 (3) (12) Macquarie (12) 104 (7) 105 (11) 101 (23) Skipper 110 (26) 107 (11) 107 (4) (16) SY Rattler 98 (13) 104 (14) 107 (5) 98 (10) 102 (19) Wimmera (16) 105 (5) 107 (12) 106 (22) Victorian Winter Crop Summary

35 Barley Table 6: Yield - Mallee 2013 barley trials expressed as a percentage of the yield of Gairdner. Fungicides used at Murrayville only. Hopetoun Manangatang Murrayville Rainbow Ultima Walpeup Sowing Date 22/5/13 8/5/13 17/5/13 17/5/13 6/6/13 21/5/13 Gairdner (t/ha) Malting barley Bass Buloke Commander Flagship Gairdner Granger Schooner Scope Sloop SA Feed barley Barque Fathom Fleet Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Barley under malt evaluation Compass Flinders La Trobe Skipper SY Rattler Wimmera Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2013

36 Barley Table 7: Yield - North Central, North East and Wimmera 2013 barley trials expressed as a percentage of the yield of Gairdner. Fungicides used on all trials. North Central North East Wimmera Charlton (C) Colbinabbin Wunghnu Horsham Kaniva Minyip Sowing Date 28/5/13 29/5/13 3/5/13 17/6/13 14/5/13 11/6/13 Gairdner (t/ha) Malting barley Bass Baudin Buloke Charger Commander Fairview Flagship Gairdner Granger Henley Navigator Schooner Scope Westminster Feed barley Fathom Fleet Hindmarsh Maritime Oxford Barley under malt evaluation Compass Flinders La Trobe Macquarie Skipper SY Rattler Wimmera Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) C = Caution interpreting data, Charlton affected by brome grass. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

37 Barley Table 8: Protein level (%) and plump grain - North Central and Wimmera 2013 barley trials. Plump grain expressed as a percentage above a 2.5 mm sieve. Protein (%) Plump grain (%) North Central Wimmera North Central Wimmera Colbinabbin Horsham Kaniva Minyip Colbinabbin Horsham Kaniva Minyip Malting barley Bass Baudin Buloke Charger Commander Fairview Flagship Gairdner Granger Henley Navigator Schooner Scope Westminster Feed barley Fathom Fleet Hindmarsh Maritime Oxford Barley under malt evaluation Compass Flinders La Trobe Macquarie Skipper SY Rattler Wimmera Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2013

38 Barley Table 9: Yield, protein level (%) and plump grain - South West 2013 long season barley trials. Yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Gairdner, plump grain expressed as a percentage above a 2.5 mm sieve. Fungicides used on all trials. Yield (%) Protein (%) Plump grain (%) Hamilton Streatham (C) Teesdale Hamilton Streatham Teesdale Hamilton Streatham Teesdale Sowing Date 9/5/13 9/5/13 10/5/13 Gairdner (t/ha) Malting barley Bass Baudin Buloke Charger Commander Fairview Flagship Gairdner Granger Henley Schooner Scope Vlamingh Westminster Feed barley Fathom Hindmarsh Maritime Oxford Urambie Barley under malt evaluation Compass Flinders Macquarie Skipper SY Rattler Wimmera Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) C = Caution interpreting data, Streatham site damaged by crows and high weed pressure. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Frank Henry Mark McLean Grant Hollaway David Moody Stewart Coventry Kenton Porker Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham InterGrain, Perth University of Adelaide South Australian Research and Development Institute Victorian Winter Crop Summary

39 OAT

40 Oat REVIEW OF 2013 OAT DEPI Crop Disease App for Android and iphone Season Oats performed well in most areas with the cool spring and reasonable rainfall producing both good yields and excellent quality with most being suitable for milling. Oats are more frost tolerant than wheat and avoided the severe frosts in October. Disease Rust pressure was low in 2013 due to dry seasonal conditions during summer, which limited the green bridge necessary for rust survival, followed by dry conditions during late spring. Diseases such as bacterial blight and red leather leaf did not cause major problems. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2014 New varieties Two new potential milling varieties have been added in Bannister is a dwarf variety previously available in WA, and Dunnart is a variety with CCN resistance. Williams, a new potential milling variety with early maturity has been released for the 2014 season in WA and will be available in the eastern states in Disease It is important that growers understand the resistance/susceptibility of their varieties to the diseases of importance in their region and plan management strategies accordingly. Quality Variety selection should be based upon agronomic traits, potential grain quality and marketing or end use options. Oats are grown for human consumption or animal feed as a grain or hay. Grain quality traits for the milling industry include high groat percent, high β-glucan, low screenings, and high hectolitre weight. Grain quality traits for improved animal feed include low hull lignin, high groat percentage, and high oil content, resulting in high grain digestibility. Important hay quality traits are high digestibility, high water soluble carbohydrates, low fibre and high protein. The option of oats for hay is increasing in popularity where growers have identified it as profitable, as a tool to manage herbicide resistance and to spread risk. Variety performance for hay yield and quality is available in the Oat Newsletter at Royalties Where applicable, growers selling oat seed or export hay will pay an End Point Royalty (EPR). Growers producing domestic hay from PBR varieties will pay a seed royalty of $2/tonne, but will not pay an EPR. The AEXCO oat EPR for export hay is $2/tonne (ex GST). MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS denotes Plant Breeders Rights apply. End Point Royalty (EPR) for grain and hay and seed royalty for season quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Milling oat BANNISTER A dwarf potential milling variety with wide adaption. Compared to Mitika it is about 13cm taller and flowers 3-4 days later. Similar to Mitika for groat percentage. R to leaf rust and S to bacterial blight. Very susceptible and intolerant to CCN. Bred by the National Oat Breeding Program (WAOAT2354). Released in WA in 2012, it will be available in eastern Australia for 2014 via Seednet. EPR $2.30. Milling oat DUNNART A dwarf potential milling variety with mid maturity. It is cm taller than Mitika, Possum and Wombat. Dunnart has improved plant colour compared to Mitika and Wombat. It is MR to leaf rust, R and MT to CCN, and MR to barley yellow dwarf virus. Bred by SARDI (SV ), released 2012 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $2. Milling oat MITIKA An early maturing dwarf variety with some resistance to common rusts. Suited to high rainfall areas, it has around 73 percent groat yield and provides excellent feed value. It is not suited to areas where CCN is a problem. Released 2005 and marketed by Heritage Seeds. EPR $2. Milling oat POSSUM A dwarf variety to replace Echidna for milling in medium to high rainfall regions with improved grain quality. It is MSS to stem rust, S to leaf rust. VS and intolerant to CCN. Late sowing may result in yield penalty. Bred by SARDI, released 2002 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $1.70. Milling Oat WOMBAT A dwarf mid season variety that flowers about six days later than Mitika. It is the first dwarf milling variety with CCN resistance and tolerance. Intended to replace Mitika and Possum where CCN and stem nematode are limiting yield, but may have higher screenings. Bred by SARDI (SV ), released 2011 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $2. Milling oat YALLARA Medium to tall similar to Euro, which it is intended to replace. S to stem rust and MS to leaf rust and septoria. Resistant but intolerant to CCN. Suited to drier areas. Bred by SARDI, released in 2009 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $2. Feed oat ECHIDNA A widely adapted, high yielding, semi dwarf variety for milling and feed. Echidna is outclassed by Possum and Mitika for milling quality. Moderately tolerant to stem nematode but susceptible to rusts and CCN. Released 1984 by SARDI. AG1160 Cereal disease guide 34 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

41 Oat Feed oat POTOROO A widely adapted early feed grain semi-dwarf variety. Suited to low rainfall areas where CCN is a problem. Potential to use for hay production in high rainfall areas where lodging in tall varieties is a problem. Susceptible to rusts but resistant and tolerant to CCN. Released 1991 by SARDI. Feed/hay oat QUOLL High yielding semi-dwarf variety suitable for feed grain with potential to use for hay production in high rainfall areas where lodging is a problem in taller varieties. MSS to stem rust and MRMS to leaf rust. Susceptible and intolerant to CCN. Released Hay/feed oat MULGARA A mid season tall oat targeted as a replacement for Wintaroo but with better resistance to rust, bacterial blight and lodging. Has excellent hay colour with quality similar to Wintaroo. Bred by SARDI, released 2009 and marketed by AEXCO. EPR $2 or seed royalty $30. Hay/feed oat TAMMAR Late season tall hay oat variety for medium and high rainfall zones which provides a slightly later cutting time than Tungoo and Kangaroo. S to stem rust, MRMS to leaf rust, and MR & MT to CCN. Bred by SARDI, released 2010 and marketed by AEXCO. EPR $2 or seed royalty $30. Hay/grazing/feed oat BRUSHER Early to mid season tall oat, well suited to low rainfall areas. MSS to stem and leaf rust. Resistant but moderately intolerant to CCN. Bred by SARDI, released 2002 and marketed by AEXCO. EPR $2 or seed royalty $30. Hay/grazing/feed oat WINTAROO Tall, mid-season variety for all rainfall zones. Susceptible to leaf and stem rust. Resistant and moderately tolerant to CCN. Bred by SARDI, released 2001 and marketed by AEXCO. EPR $2 or seed royalty $30. Hay oat FORESTER A medium height late hay variety is adapted to high rainfall and irrigated cropping regions. It has excellent lodging and shattering resistance. S to stem rust, MRMS to leaf rust. It has excellent hay qualities, but is MS & MI to CCN. Bred by SARDI (SV ), released 2011 and marketed by AGF Seeds. EPR $2 or seed royalty $75. Hay oat - GLIDER A late maturity variety suited to high rainfall regions. S to stem rust depending on the pathotype, MSS to leaf rust. MS and intolerant to CCN. Bred by SARDI and released Hay oat KANGAROO A mid to late season moderately tall oat, a later flowering time makes it less suited to low rainfall environments. MSS to rusts. Resistant and moderately tolerant to CCN. Released Bred by SARDI, marketed by AEXCO. EPR $2 or seed royalty $30. Hay oat - TUNGOO A medium to tall variety. MSS to stem rust and MS to leaf rust. Resistant and moderately tolerant to CCN and stem nematode. Hay yield similar to Kangaroo but grain yield poor. Released Bred by SARDI, marketed by AEXCO. EPR $2 or seed royalty $30. Table 1: Oat variety agronomic guide and disease reactions. Oat disease reactions provided by Pamela Zwer, SARDI. End Height Maturity Hectolitre Stem Leaf CCN BYDV Septoria Bacterial Red use weight Rust Rust Res Tol blight Leather Leaf Milling Oats Bannister M TD M H S R VS I MS S- S MS Dunnart M TD M H S MR R MT MR MRMS S MS Mitika M D E H S MSS VS I MSS S MR S Possum M D EM H MSS S VS I S MS S MSS Williams M MT E H S R S I MRMS MRMS R MS Wombat M D EM H MSS MS R T MR MS MRMS MS Yallara M MT EM H S MS R I MS MS MRMS MS Feed Oats Echidna M/F D EM M S S S I MS S S MS Potoroo F TD E L S S R T MS S S VS Quoll F TD EM ML MSS MRMS S I MS MR MS MS Hay/Grazing/Feed Brusher H/G/F T EM M MSS MSS R MI MS MS MRMS MS Forester H MT VL L S MRMS MS MI S MR MSS MR Glider H MT L ML S MSS MS I S MR R R Kangaroo H MT ML M MSS MSS R MT S MRMS MRMS MS Mulgara H T EM M MS MRMS R MT MS MS MR MS Tammar H MT LM L S MRMS MR MT MS MR MR MS Tungoo H MT ML L MSS MS R MT MRMS MR MR R Wintaroo H/G T EM M S S R MT MRMS MRMS MRMS MS End use: M = milling, F = feed grain, G = grazing, H = hay Plant height: D = dwarf, TD = tall dwarf, T = tall, ST = short tall, MT = moderate tall Maturity: E = early, EM = early mid, M = mid season, ML = mid late season, LM = late mid season, L = late, VL=very late Hectolitre weight: H = heavy, M = medium, L = light R = Resistant RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant MR = Moderately resistant MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = Moderately susceptible MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible VS = Very susceptible Disease tolerance: T = tolerant, MT = moderately tolerant, MI = moderately intolerant, I = intolerant Victorian Winter Crop Summary

42 Oat Table 2: Oat time of sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. MALLEE April May June July Milling: Bannister, Dunnart, Echidna, Mitka, Yallara, Wombat > X X X X X X < < Feed: Potoroo, Quoll > X X X X X X < < Hay: Kangaroo, Mulgara, Wintaroo, Forester > X X X X X X < < Grazing: Wintaroo > X X X X X X < < WIMMERA April May June July Milling: Bannister, Dunnart, Echidna, Mitika, Possum, Yallara, > > X X X X X < < < Wombat Feed: Mulgara, Potoroo, Quoll > > X X X X X < < < Hay: Brusher, Glider, Kangaroo, Mulgara, Wintaroo, Forester > > X X X X X X X < < < Grazing: Wintaroo > > X X X X X X X < < < NORTH CENTRAL April May June July Milling: Bannister, Dunnart, Echidna, Mitika, Possum, Yallara, > > X X X X X < < < Wombat Feed: Potoroo, Mulgara, Quoll > > X X X X X < < < Hay: Glider, Kangaroo, Mulgara, Wintaroo, Forester > X X X X X X X X < < < NORTH EAST April May June July Milling: Bannister, Dunnart, Echidna, Possum, Yallara, Wombat > > X X X X < < Feed: Mulgara, Quoll, Tammar > > X X X X < < Hay: Glider, Mulgara, Tammar, Tungo, Wintaroo, Forester > X X X X X < Grazing: Tungoo > X X X < < SOUTH WEST April May June July Milling: Bannister, Dunnart, Echidna, Kojonup, Mitika, Yallara, > X X X X X X X X < < < Wombat Possum > X X X X X X X < Feed: Potoroo, Quoll, Tammar > X X X X X X X X < < < Hay: Glider, Tammar, Tungoo, Forester > X X X X X X X X X < < < Varietal choice determines time to grazing or cutting for hay >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable 36 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

43 Oat Table 3: Oat disease guide. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Hosts Control FOLIAR Leaf rust Stem rust Septoria blotch BYDV Halo blight Stripe blight Powdery mildew Red leather leaf GRAIN Smut Puccinia coronata f.sp.avenae Puccinia graminis f.sp.avenae Phaeosphaeria avenaria Barley yellow dwarf virus Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens Pseudomonas syringae pv striafaciens Blumeria graminis f.sp avenae Spermospora avenae Ustilage segetum var. hordei. and Ustilage avenae ROOT / CROWN Cereal cyst Heterodera nematode avenae (CCN) Stem nematode Root lesion nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci Pratylenchus thornei & Pratylenchus neglectus. Small circular orange pustules on upper leaf surface. Large red-brown pustules, rupture in leaf surface. Dark brown purple spots on leaves, sheaths & stems. Head and grain may become infected. Leaf tip and margins turn red with intervienal chlorosis, mottling and stunting. Light green, yellow or brown halo spot on leaves and sheaths. Leaves may wither and die. Spots on leaves lengthen to form brown stripes on leaves & sheaths. Leaves may wither & die. White powdery spores on upper leaf surfaces. Underside of leaves turn yellow to brown. Long reddish lesions with buff centres. Leaves may look and feel leathery. Grain replaced with dark brown-black powdery spores. Yellow or pale green patches in crop. Stunted, weak plants with knotted root systems. Swollen base of plant, stunted & numerous tillers. Reduced tillering, ill thrift; lack of branching of root system, lesions on roots. More severe during moist conditions with temperatures between C. Infection requires warm (15-30 C) moist conditions. Prefers cool rainy weather, especially coastal districts. Transmitted by aphids. Moist weather provides ideal conditions. Moist weather provides ideal conditions. Favoured by high humidity and temperatures between C. High rainfall provides ideal conditions. Moist conditions at flowering and temperatures between C. Can survive in soil between susceptible cereal crops for up to 2 years. Encouraged by moist conditions & can reproduce 4-5 times per season. Favoured by wheat in rotation with wheat chickpea, medic and vetch. Volunteer oats and wild oats. Volunteer oats and wild oats. Spores spread in autumn by raindrop splashes from oat residues. Hosts include all cereals and grasses, including pastures. Bacteria on seed and crop debris are spread by rain splash, direct leaf contact, or aphids. Bacteria on seed and crop debris are spread by rainsplash, direct leaf contact, or aphids. Volunteer oats, oat stubble, windborne spores. Stubble and rain splash. Air borne spores lodge in hulls, glumes or seed coats. Cereals and some grasses, especially wild oats. Wide host range including peas, beans, wild oats and many weeds. Nematode spread in infected hay. Survives as dormant nematodes in the soil. Resistant varieties. Control volunteer and wild oats over the summer. Resistant varieties. Control volunteer and wild oats over summer. Resistant varieties. Crop rotation, bury or graze infected stubble. Avoid early sowing in high rainfall areas. Resistant varieties. Chemical control of insects may be suitable for high value crops. Avoid susceptible varieties, use clean seed in clean paddocks. Destroy infected oat stubble. Avoid susceptible varieties, use clean seed in clean paddocks, destroy infected oat stubble. Avoid very susceptible varieties. Avoid susceptible varieties and rotate crops. Remove infected oat stubble. Clean seed and use seed treatment. Avoid susceptible varieties. Resistant or tolerant varieties, crop rotation, weed control. Crop rotation and weed control. Avoid susceptible varieties. Crop rotation using resistant crops. This table has been developed from information in the publications Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Root and Crown Diseases (Grains Research and Development Corporation, SARDI) and Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Leaf and Stem Diseases (Grains Research and Development Corporation, SARDI). Table 4: Long term predicted oat yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Mitika. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. North Central North East South West Mitika (t/ha) Bannister 103 (6) 123 (10) 112 (4) Carrolup (3) - Dunnart 104 (12) 107 (15) 102 (8) Echidna 99 (5) 116 (5) 107 (7) Euro 92 (9) 109 (10) 103 (7) Kojonup 96 (4) 110 (7) 102 (4) Mitika 100 (12) 100 (15) 100 (8) Mortlock 90 (4) 87 (5) - Numbat 50 (6) 85 (6) - Possum 95 (12) 104 (15) 101 (8) Potoroo 97 (5) 115 (7) 104 (6) Quoll 110 (10) 111 (10) 105 (8) Williams 96 (6) 128 (10) 118 (4) Wombat 97 (10) 113 (13) 105 (6) Yallara 92 (12) 101 (15) 100 (8) Victorian Winter Crop Summary

44 Oat Table 5: Yield - Victorian NVT and breeder (B) oat trials expressed as a percentage of the yield of Mitika. Fungicides used at Diggora and Yarrawonga. North Central North East Diggora (C) Eastville Dookie Rutherglen (B) Yarrawonga Sowing Date 29/5/13 10/5/13 14/5/13 26/4/13 18/5/13 Mitika (t/ha) Bannister Carrolup Dunnart Echidna Kojonup Mitika Numbat Possum Potoroo Quoll Wandering Williams Wombat Yallara Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) B =Breeding trial, C = caution interpreting data at Diggora, high variability Table 6: North Central and North East 2013 oat trials. Protein (%) of oat varieties. North Central North East Diggora Eastville Dookie Yarrawonga Bannister Dunnart Echidna Mitika Numbat Possum Quoll Williams Wombat Yallara Table 7: North Central and North East 2013 oat trials. Screenings (% of grain below a 2mm sieve) and test weight (kg/hectolitre). Screenings (%) Test weight (kg/hectalitre) North Central North East North Central North East Diggora Eastville Dookie Yarrawonga Diggora Eastville Dookie Yarrawonga Bannister Dunnart Echidna Mitika Numbat Possum Quoll Williams Wombat Yallara ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Frank Henry Grant Hollaway Pamela Zwer Sue Hoppo Peter McCormack Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham South Australian Research and Development Institute South Australian Research and Development Institute South Australian Research and Development Institute 38 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

45 TRITICALE

46 Triticale, a cross between wheat and cereal rye, has a niche on farms across Victoria due to several attributes. It has a reputation for tolerance to harsh soil conditions such as acid and alkaline soils and soils of low trace element fertility. It is a tall crop bred for strong straw strength which can be useful in rocky paddocks or circumstances where crops have been known to lodge. REVIEW OF 2013 Season The area sown to triticale has declined substantially in recent years as growers favour wheat or barley. TRITICALE Triticale BOGONG An early to mid season fully awned variety. Higher yielding than Tahara with good resistance to stem and leaf rust but MRMS to stripe rust and susceptible to CCN. Bred by University of New England, registered Marketed by Seednet. CANOBOLAS Early to mid-season awned variety with stiff straw, shorter than Tahara. A widely adapted spring variety with acid soil tolerance. Canobolas has resistance to stem and leaf rust and MRMS to stripe rust. Bred by the University of New England, registered Marketed by Seednet. In general a late start to the season and average winter rainfall was followed by a dry period in early spring. Crops in the Mallee finished early and yields were reduced. Crops elsewhere were not exposed to heat stress during flowering and grain fill enabling good yields, with the exception of those damaged by frost in the north. Disease As triticales have adequate resistance to a range of diseases, there were no reports of disease issues in this crop. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2014 New varieties There are no new varieties for Fusion is a new mid-season variety for It is CCNresistant and is reputed to yield well even under dry conditions or a quick finish to the season. Disease When selecting varieties up to date rust resistance ratings should be consulted as previous ratings may have changed due to new rust strains becoming established. The important diseases to consider are stripe rust and CCN. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. AG0497 Growing triticale AG1160 Cereal disease guide DEPI Crop Disease App for Android and iphone VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS denotes Plant Breeders Rights apply End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. BERKSHIRE A mid-season awned variety with good straw strength. Good resistance to leaf and stem rust and MRMS to stripe rust. Has been purpose bred for feed quality traits for pigs by the University of Sydney and Pork CRC, registered Marketed by Waratah Seed Co. CHOPPER An early maturing, awned semi dwarf variety which resists lodging in high yielding environments. Has good grain quality and performs best in short growing seasons or late sowing situations. MRMS to stripe rust. Bred by AGT, released in 2010 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3. FUSION A mid-season variety (similar to Tahara), fully awned grain only triticale. A moderately tall variety that yields well in dry or sudden finishes. CCN resistance, good resistance to stem and leaf rust and RMR to stripe rust. Tested as TSA0291, released in 2012 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3. GOANNA An early to mid-season, fully awned grain only triticale. CCN resistance, good resistance to stem and MR to leaf and stripe rust. Released in 2011 by Cooper & Elleway. HAWKEYE A mid-season maturing, fully awned, spring variety with broad adaptation. This variety produces large grain with low screenings, and has resistance to CCN, good resistance to stem and leaf rust and MR to stripe rust. Released 2007 and marketed by AGT. EPR $2.50. JAYWICK A medium maturing, fully awned spring variety which has displayed good yields in tough finishing seasons. Also produces large grain with low screenings. Resistant to CCN, good resistance to leaf and stripe rust and MRMS to stem rust. Released 2007 and marketed by AGT. EPR $2.50. TAHARA A variety that has been widely grown for many years because of its reliability across a range of environments, but now outclassed by newer options. It may lodge in high yielding situations, and has resistance to CCN, RMR to stem rust, R to leaf rust and MRMS to stripe rust. Suited to most districts with rainfall up to 550mm. Released 1987 by the forerunner of the Victorian DEPI. TICKIT A widely adapted variety with straw that is shorter and stronger than Tahara and with similar maturity and grain quality. MRMS^ to stripe rust and resistant to CCN. An older variety generally outclassed by newer options. Registered 1999, seed freely available. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

47 Triticale YOWIE A medium to tall mid-season grain variety that is fully awned and white-chaffed. Good resistance to all rusts and full resistance to CCN. Released in 2010, seed available from Cooper & Elleway. DUAL-PURPOSE TRITICALES These varieties can be grazed early and then allowed to produce grain or cut for hay. ENDEAVOUR Long season variety with similar maturity to Breakwell. Semi-awnless with excellent dry matter production and grain recovery after grazing. Resistant to all rusts. Registered 2008 and marketed by Waratah Seed Co. RUFUS A mid-season maturing variety, with a tall growth habit and reduced awns which is favoured for hay production. Is CCN resistant and MRMS to stripe rust. Grain yields in higher rainfall regions have been superior to Tahara but may also cause lodging. Released in 2005 by University of New England. TOBRUK With a strong winter habit Tobruk is a dual purpose or long season grain only variety with excellent grain yield. Resistant to stem and leaf rust and MR to stripe rust. Earlier flowering than Breakwell and Endeavour. Released 2007 and marketed by Waratah Seed Co. TUCKERBOX Tuckerbox is a late-medium season, tall, high tillering variety with reduced awn head type, which may be grown for forage or grain. Good resistance to all rusts and CCN. Released in 2009 and marketed by Yankalilla Seeds. YUKURI A reduced awn type of medium to late season maturity, it has good resistance to all rusts but is susceptible to CCN. Yukuri is a fodder type option which produces good quality hay and silage. As a grain crop it is best suited to environments with 450mm plus rainfall. Registered 2005, marketed by Seed Distributors. Table 1: Triticale time of sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. MALLEE April May June July Berkshire, Chopper, Fusion, Hawkeye, Jaywick, Rufus, Tahara, Tickit, Goanna, Yowie > > X X X X X < < WIMMERA April May June July Berkshire, Fusion, Hawkeye, Jaywick, Rufus, Tahara, Tickit, Goanna, Yowie > > X X X X X X < Chopper > > X X X X X X < NORTH CENTRAL April May June July Berkshire, Credit, Fusion, Hawkeye, Jaywick, Rufus, Tahara, Tickit, Goanna, > > X X X X < < Yowie Chopper > > X X X < < NORTH EAST April May June July Jackie X X X X X X < Abacus > X X X < < Berkshire, Credit, Fusion, Hawkeye, Jaywick, Tahara, Tickit, Goanna, Yowie > X X X < Chopper > X X X < SOUTH WEST April May June July Endeavour, Jackie, Yukuri > X X X X X X < < Abacus, Prime 322 > > X X X X X X < < Berkshire, Credit, Fusion, Kosciuszko, Tahara, Tickit, Tobruk > > X X X X X < < >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable 40 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

48 Triticale Table 2: Triticale variety agronomic guide and disease reaction. Variety Maturity Height Head Stem Stripe rust Leaf rust Yellow Septoria CCN Pratylenchus Pratylenchus colour rust leaf spot tritici resistance neglectus resistance thornei resistance Berkshire E-M T W R MRMS RMR MR MR Bogong E-M M-T W RMR MRMS RMR MR R S - - Canobolas E-M M-T W RMR MRMS RMR MRMS RMR Chopper E S-M W MR MRMS R MR R R - - Endeavour L W R RMR R MR RMR R - - Fusion M M-T W R RMR R MRMS R R - - Goanna E-M T W R MR MR MR R R - - Hawkeye M M-T W RMR MR R MR R R - - Jaywick M M-T W MRMS RMR^ R MR R R MRMS - Rufus M T W RMR MRMS R MR MR R RMR RMR Tahara M T W RMR MRMS R MR RMR R RMR R Tickit M M W RMR MRMS^ MR MR MR R MR MR Tobruk M-L - W R MSS R MR MR Tuckerbox M T W MR MR R MR RMR R Yowie M M-T W R MR R MR R R - - Yukuri M-L - W R MR R MR MR S - - Maturity: E = early, M = mid season, L = late, VL = very late Height: M = medium, T = tall Colour: W = white, Br = brown Disease: R = Resistant, RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant, MR = Moderately resistant, MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible, MS = Moderately susceptible, MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible, S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible, VS = Very susceptible ^ These lines may be impure lines and therefore mixed with more susceptible plants. Table 3: Long term predicted triticale yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Jaywick (main season) or Tobruk (long season). The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. Mallee North East South West South West Main Season Main Season Main Season Long Season Jaywick (t/ha) Tobruk (t/ha) 3.58 Abacus - 75 (2) 78 (3) 93 (10) Berkshire 102 (10) 103 (14) 102 (11) - Bogong 106 (13) 105 (14) 104 (13) - Breakwell (6) Canobolas 102 (13) 103 (14) 103 (13) - Chopper 105 (11) 99 (12) 94 (11) - Crackerjack (4) 99 (3) 122 (4) Credit - 82 (3) 76 (4) 90 (8) El Alamein (9) Endeavour (14) Everest - 95 (3) 92 (2) - Fusion 110 (8) 109 (8) 108 (7) - Goanna 103 (6) 96 (6) 92 (5) - Hawkeye 103 (14) 103 (16) 102 (15) 133 (10) Jackie (4) Jaywick 100 (14) 100 (16) 100 (15) - Kosciuszko 87 (3) 79 (4) 72 (6) 80 (4) Prime (3) 92 (2) - Rufus 103 (11) 96 (12) 91 (11) - Speedee 94 (6) 83 (4) - - Tahara 102 (14) 94 (16) 89 (15) 111 (6) Tickit 103 (8) 95 (3) 91 (4) - Tobruk 65 (2) 85 (8) 97 (8) 123 (14) Treat (3) 101 (2) - Tuckerbox 98 (2) 86 (10) 79 (9) 100 (8) Yowie 98 (8) 95 (8) 94 (7) 120 (6) Yukuri (9) 102 (10) Victorian Winter Crop Summary

49 Triticale Table 4: Yield triticale trials expressed as a percentage of the yield of Jaywick (main season). No long season trial results are available for Fungicides used at Rutherglen only. Mallee North East Ultima Walpeup Rutherglen Yarrawonga (C) Sowing Date 6/6/13 21/5/13 26/4/13 18/5/13 Jaywick (t/ha) Berkshire Bogong Canobolas Chopper Fusion Goanna Hawkeye Jaywick Rufus Tahara Tuckerbox Yowie Yukuri Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) C = caution interpreting data at Yarrawonga, high variability Table 5: Protein level (%), screenings and test weight (kg/hectolitre) in Victorian 2013 triticale trials at Yarrawonga. Screenings expressed as a percentage of grain below a 2 mm sieve. Protein (%) Screenings (%) Test weight (kg/hectolitre) Berkshire Bogong Canobolas Chopper Fusion Goanna Hawkeye Jaywick Rufus Tahara Tuckerbox Yowie ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Frank Henry Grant Hollaway Rob Wheeler Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham South Australian Research and Development Institute 42 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

50 CANOLA

51 REVIEW OF 2013 Season The late start to the 2013 season meant the area sown to canola declined to about two thirds of the area sown in Crops in the Mallee suffered from a lack of moisture and a sharp finish with yields well below average. A number of canola crops, particularly across the north central to north east, were affected by frosts in mid-spring. Few were baled for hay as in many cases crops were too advanced. Those in the Wimmera and South West fared well with close to average yields. Canola crops in Gippsland suffered from waterlogging and slugs moreso than other areas so yields were reduced. Relatively mild conditions in spring made for good oil content across most areas. Disease Sclerotinia In 2013 sclerotinia was observed in all canola producing areas, however it was more severe in north eastern Victoria than in the southern growing regions where cooler conditions were not conducive to sclerotinia development. Mild winter temperatures allowed canola to flower 3-4 weeks earlier than usual in northern Victoria, some as early as mid-july. This coincided with good rainfall throughout late July and August providing the ideal humidity environment for apothecia development and the release of ascospores. White leaf spot White leaf spot was very severe in Normally affecting only the oldest leaves continued wet conditions allowed it to move up the canopy. It does not normally cause yield loss but in 2013 it is likely that some crop yields were reduced. Observations showed that foliar applications of fungicides at the 4-6 leaf stage, which were applied for blackleg control, may have also reduced white leaf spot severity. Alternaria Alternaria was severe in a few regions in When there is late rainfall during podding the fungus can cause lesions on the pods. Some yield loss results is caused when seeds shrivel and die, but the bulk of the the yield loss comes from premature pod shattering. Blackleg In 2013 there were generally low levels of blackleg across Victoria. This is likely due to the dry start to the season delaying the onset of spore production. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2013 New varieties The new listings for 2014 are: Conventional - Nuseed Diamond, SF Brazzil, SF Sensation Clearfield - Hyola 577CL, Pioneer 44Y87(CL), Pioneer 45Y88(CL) Triazine tolerant - Atomic, ATR Bonito, ATR Wahoo, Hyola 450TT, Hyola 650TT Triazine tolerant high stability - Monola 314TT CANOLA Canola Roundup Ready - Hyola 400RR, Hyola 500RR, IH30 RR, Pioneer 44Y24(RR) A new category for varieties with tolerance to more than one herbicide has been created with Roundup Ready tolerance being added to Triazine tolerant varieties. It is expected that a number of these will become available in coming years. Roundup Ready & Triazine tolerant - Fusion HT-RR, Hyola 525RT Varieties removed this year are: Conventional - CB Agamax, CB Tango, CB Taurus, Hyola 433, Hyola 930 Conventional high stability - Victory V3001, Victory 3003 Clearfield - Pioneer 45Y82(CL) Clearfield Juncea - Xceed X121 CL Triazine tolerant - Bonanza TT, CB Henty, CB Jardee, CB Nitro, CB Telfer, Hyola 444TT, Jackpot TT Triazine tolerant high stability - Monola 506TT Roundup Ready - CB Frontier, CB Status, Pioneer 45Y21(RR), Pioneer 46Y20(RR), VT525G, VT535G Roundup Ready high stability - Victory V5002RR Disease To manage canola diseases it is important to separate current crops from last year s stubble. Ideally choose a location more than 500m away. Sclerotinia Select seed that is graded and free of sclerotinia for 2014 and avoid paddocks that have had moderate to high levels of sclerotinia in the last three years. If infection is observed in 2014 it is important to apply fungicide at the 20-30% flowering stage. Alternaria Do not retain seed from crops that had alternaria infected pods in Alternaria can cause seedling blight. Blackleg To improve blackleg management, cultivars that have a blackleg resistance of MR or greater have been placed in resistance groups (A to G). The blackleg fungus is more likely to overcome resistance if cultivars of the same resistance group are sown in close proximity for three years or more. Rotating resistance groups will help avoid resistance breakdown and reduce disease severity. In 2014 there is increased risk of Group D blackleg severity for growers in the North East who have grown Group D cultivars over the past 2 years. Individual region blackleg monitoring summaries can be found on the Marcroft Grains Pathology Facebook page. The GRDC Blackleg Management Guide is a good reference. To reduce blackleg severity, 1. Choose a cultivar with a high blackleg resistance rating. 2. Separate the current crop from last year s canola stubble. 3. Use a seed dressing fungicide. 4. Change blackleg resistance groups if you have sown the same cultivar for three or more years Victorian Winter Crop Summary

52 Canola and you have observed increasing blackleg severity in your cultivar over time. At the time of publication, updated blackleg ratings for 2014 were not available. The 2013 ratings are cited in this guide. It is recommended that all ratings are checked against the list updated in March 2014 in the Blackleg Management Guide on the GRDC website. Retaining seed Growers should never retain hybrid seed, as the F2 seed will not produce a crop with the same characteristics as the F1 hybrid seed. Sowing retained seed of open pollinated varieties is not recommended following a poor season. Poor spring weather may produce poor quality seed. If considering retaining seed from open-pollinated varieties, growers should be aware of the costs associated with germination testing, grading, storage and potential weed problems. Sowing Subsoil moisture is important in the medium and low rainfall areas, with some advisors advocating a requirement for a minimum of mm plant available water (PAW) before sowing. Every 10 mm PAW can translate to approximately 150 kg/ha in yield. However, timely sowing of canola is important as it is more affected by delayed sowing than cereals. HOLL varieties Specialty high stability oil varieties, also referred to as HOLL (high-oleic/low-linolenic acid oil) varieties, have found their place in the frying oil market as a healthier and more sustainable alternative to palm oil. Dual purpose canola Long season dual purpose winter canola for grazing and grain production is gaining popularity in the high rainfall zone. These dual purpose varieties are sown in late spring or early summer and grazed until autumn. Likewise drought tolerant juncea canola varieties have allowed the expansion of canola into the north. Mice While mice were not a significant issue in 2013 good harvests and windy conditions will mean more spilled grain, creating the potential for mouse populations to increase rapidly. Monitoring for the presence of mice is key for canola sown into cereal stubble. Relatively low mice populations can have a significant impact on crop establishment and baiting should be considered if mice are present pre-sowing. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. AG0750 Growing canola AG1352 Blackleg of canola AG1354 Canola diseases DEPI Crop Disease App for Android and iphone The Australian Oilseeds Federation update blackleg ratings in March. BOOK: Canola best practice guide for south-eastern Australia FACTSHEET: Blackleg Management Guide VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS denotes Plant Breeders Rights apply End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Blackleg ratings are for 2013, and the legend for the annotations are VS = Very Susceptible, S = Susceptible, MS = Moderately susceptible, MR = Moderately Resistant, R = Resistant. CONVENTIONAL VARIETIES Conventional AV-GARNET Mid maturing variety of medium height. Nuseed indicate very high oil content. Blackleg rating MR. Bred by Vic DPI. NVT tested Nuseed. Conventional AV-ZIRCON Mid maturity variety of medium height. Good early vigour. Blackleg rating MR. NVT tested Nuseed. Hybrid Conventional HYOLA 50 Mid to mid-early maturing hybrid. Suits medium to high rainfall areas, manageable height and good standability. High yield potential and excellent seedling vigour. Blackleg rating R. Bred by Canola Breeders International and Pacific Seeds. NVT tested Marketed by Pacific Seeds. NEW Hybrid Conventional NUSEED DIAMOND Early to mid maturing hybrid of medium height suited to medium rainfall zones. Blackleg rating R-MR (P). NVT tested as NHC1203C. Released Bred and marketed by Nuseed. NEW Conventional SF Brazzil Late maturing dual purpose variety for the high rainfall zone. Tall height. Blackleg rating MR (P). Limited seed for Seed Force. NEW Conventional SF Sensation Very late maturing dual purpose variety for the high rainfall zone. Blackleg rating MR (P). Limited seed for Seed Force. CONVENTIONAL HIGH STABILITY VARIETIES Hybrid High Stability Oil VICTORY V3002 Early to mid maturing conventional specialty hybrid, slightly later than V3001. Cargill indicate good yield potential and high oil content. Blackleg rating R-MR. Bred by Cargill and DPI Victoria. NVT tested Grown under premium contract production with Cargill/AWB. CLEARFIELD VARIETIES Hybrid Clearfield ARCHER Mid maturing hybrid, slightly longer than 46Y83, suited to mid to longer growing seasons. Heritage Seeds indicate Archer will have very high yield potential with high to very high oil content. Blackleg rating MR-MS. NVT tested as SMHC105. Released 2012 and marketed by Heritage Seeds. 44 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

53 Canola Hybrid Clearfield CARBINE Early-mid maturing hybrid similar to 45Y82. Heritage Seeds indicate will have very high yield potential with high to very high oil content. Blackleg rating of MS (P). NVT tested as SMHC111. Released 2012 and marketed by Heritage Seeds. Hybrid Clearfield HYOLA 474CL A mid to early hybrid. Wide adaptation across medium to high rainfall zones, including irrigation. Pacific Seeds indicate medium height and excellent standability, very good vigour and excellent flowering uniformity. Blackleg rating R. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Clearfield HYOLA 575CL Mid to mid-early hybrid. Adapted for medium to very high rainfall zones. Medium to tall with good vigour and excellent flowering uniformity. Blackleg rating R. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. NEW Hybrid Clearfield HYOLA 577CL Mid maturing hybrid. Adapted for medium to high rainfall zones. Anticipated blackleg rating of R-MR (company rating). Medium-tall height. NVT tested 2013 as K Released Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Clearfield HYOLA 971CL Long season winter dual purpose hybrid. Adapted to high rainfall zones (>550 mm). Pacific Seeds indicate tall with excellent early biomass and excellent flowering uniformity. Blackleg rating of MR (P). Released Bred by Bayer Germany and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Clearfield PIONEER 43C80(CL) Early maturing variety which Pioneer Hi-Bred indicate has good early vigour, high yield potential and moderate oil content. Suited to low rainfall areas and proven adaption in the Mallee. Blackleg rating MR-MS. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. Hybrid Clearfield PIONEER 43Y85(CL) Early maturing hybrid. Earliest Clearfield hybrid so far, extending adaptation to low and medium rainfall zones. Excellent early vigour, short plant height and excellent standability. Blackleg rating MR. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. Clearfield PIONEER 44C79(CL) Early to early-mid maturing variety. Good early vigour and high oil content. Blackleg rating MS. Proven adaption in the Mallee. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. Hybrid Clearfield PIONEER 44Y84(CL) Early to early-mid season maturing variety. Pioneer Hi-Bred indicate 44Y84(CL) s hybrid vigour suits minimum tillage systems. High oil content. Blackleg rating MS. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. NEW Hybrid Clearfield PIONEER 44Y87(CL) Early to mid maturing hybrid for medium rainfall zones and irrigation. Blackleg rating of MR (P). Excellent early vigour. Short to medium height. NVT tested as 09N121I. Released Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. of MS (P). NVT tested as 07N4061. Released Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. NEW Hybrid Clearfield PIONEER 45Y88(CL) A mid maturing hybrid for high rainfall zones and irrigation. Blackleg rating of MR (P). Medium height and excellent harvestability. NVT tested as 09N146I. Released Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. CLEARFIELD JUNCEA CANOLA VARIETIES Clearfield Juncea Canola XCEED VT OASIS CL Low rainfall juncea canola variety. Early maturing variety with excellent vigour and yield potential. High oil content and good protein. Blackleg rating R. Excellent pod shatter resistance allows for direct heading. NVT tested Bred by Vic DPI/Viterra and marketed by Seednet under production contract. EPR $5. TRIAZINE TOLERANT VARIETIES NEW Hybrid Triazine Tolerant - ATOMIC Next Generation HT variety. Mid maturing TT hybrid suited to medium to high rainfall zones. Excellent early vigour and medium crop height. Moderate oil content. Blackleg rating MS (P). NVT tested as CHYB-1368HT. NPZ Australia Pty Ltd, 2014 marketing to be determined. NEW Triazine Tolerant ATR-BONITO Early to early-mid maturing variety for low to medium rainfall zones. Blackleg rating MR (P). Short to medium height. Alternative to Crusher or Hyola 559TT. NVT tested as NT0183. Released Bred and marketed by Nuseed. EPR $5. Triazine Tolerant ATR-GEM Early to mid maturity. Good vigour and short to medium height. Blackleg rating MR. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Nuseed. Triazine Tolerant ATR-SNAPPER Early to early mid maturing variety targeted at the later end of that window. Nuseed indicate good vigour with even maturity and a medium plant height. Blackleg rating MS-S. NVT tested Bred by Canola Alliance. Marketed by Nuseed. Triazine Tolerant ATR-STINGRAY An early maturing variety. Nuseed indicate good vigour with uniform, short to medium height and a compact pod set. Blackleg rating MR. NVT tested Bred by AgSeed Research and DPI Victoria. Marketed by Nuseed. NEW Triazine Tolerant ATR-WAHOO Mid maturing variety for medium to high rainfall zones and irrigation. Blackleg rating MR (P). Medium height. Alternative to Crusher or Thumper. NVT tested as NT0184. Released Bred and marketed by Nuseed. EPR $5 Triazine Tolerant CRUSHER TT Mid season maturing variety. Suited to medium to high rainfall zones and irrigation. Good seedling vigour, medium to tall height and good flowering uniformity. Blackleg rating MR-MS. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Clearfield PIONEER 45Y86(CL) Mid to mid-early maturing hybrid. Pioneer Hi-Bred indicate excellent early vigour, high yield and very high oil content. Adapted to medium and high rainfall zones. Blackleg rating Victorian Winter Crop Summary

54 Canola NEW Hybrid Triazine Tolerant HYOLA 450TT Early to mid maturing hybrid. Suited to low to medium-high rainfall zones. Excellent flowering, medium height and height uniformity. Blackleg rating of R-MR (P). NVT tested 2013 as T Released Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Triazine Tolerant HYOLA 555TT Mid to mid-early maturing hybrid. Suited to low to mediumhigh rainfall zones including irrigation. Good seedling vigour, medium height and excellent flowering uniformity. Blackleg rating R-MR. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Triazine Tolerant HYOLA 559TT Mid maturing hybrid. Suited to low to high rainfall zones including irrigation. Good seedling vigour, medium height and excellent flowering uniformity. High oil content. Blackleg rating of R-MR (P). NVT tested as T Released Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. NEW Hybrid Triazine Tolerant HYOLA 650TT Mid to late hybrid. Suited to low to high rainfall zones including irrigation. Good seedling vigour, medium to tall height and excellent flowering uniformity. High oil content. Anticipated blackleg rating of R (company rating). NVT tested 2013 as T Released Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Triazine Tolerant HYOLA 656TT Mid to late hybrid. Suited to high rainfall zones and irrigation. Good seedling vigour, medium to tall height and excellent flowering uniformity. Blackleg rating of R (P). NVT tested as T Released Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Triazine Tolerant PIONEER STURT TT Early maturing variety. Suited to low to medium rainfall areas. Good early vigour with short to medium plant height. Suited to direct heading. Moderate oil content. Blackleg resistance rating MS-S. NVT tested as CBWA- 106TT. Released Bred by Canola Breeders and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. EPR $5. Triazine Tolerant THUMPER TT A mid to late season variety. Suited to medium to very high rainfall zones and irrigation. Medium height with excellent flowering uniformity. Blackleg rating R. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. TRIAZINE TOLERANT HIGH STABILITY VARIETIES NEW High Stability Oil - MONOLA 314TT Early to mid maturity. Medium height. Anticipated blackleg rating MR (company rating). NVT tested 2013 as NL0769. Released Bred and marketed by Nuseed. High Stability oil - MONOLA 413TT Early-mid maturity. Medium height. Blackleg rating of R-MR (P). NVT tested as NL0606TT. Released Nuseed. High Stability oil MONOLA 605TT Early to mid maturity. Medium height. Blackleg rating R-MR. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Nuseed. ROUNDUP READY VARIETIES Hybrid Roundup Ready - NUSEED GT-41 Early maturing variety. Nuseed indicate high yielding with very good early vigour and very high oil content. Blackleg rating R-MR (P). NVT tested as HC1088. Released Bred and marketed by Nuseed. Hybrid Roundup Ready - NUSEED GT-50 Mid maturing variety. Nuseed indicate high yielding with very good early vigour and high oil content. Blackleg rating R. NVT tested as HC1050. Released Bred and marketed by Nuseed. Roundup Ready GT COBRA Early to mid maturity. Medium to tall height. Blackleg rating R-MR. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Nuseed. Roundup Ready GT VIPER Early maturity. Short height. Blackleg rating MR. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Nuseed. NEW Hybrid Roundup Ready - HYOLA 400RR Early to mid maturing hybrid. Medium height, excellent shatter tolerance and uniformity with high oil content. Blackleg rating of R (P). NVT tested 2013 as M Released Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Roundup Ready - HYOLA 404RR Early to early-mid season hybrid. Suited to medium low to high rainfall zones including irrigation. Medium height, excellent early vigour, flowering uniformity and oil content. Blackleg rating R. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. NEW Hybrid Roundup Ready - HYOLA 500RR Mid maturing hybrid. Medium-tall height, high yields, good standability and oil content. Blackleg rating R (P). NVT tested 2013 as M Released Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Roundup Ready - HYOLA 505RR Mid to mid-early season hybrid. Suited to medium to high rainfall zones including irrigation. Medium to tall height with excellent seedling vigour and flowering uniformity. Blackleg rating R. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. NEW Hybrid Roundup Ready IH30 RR Early maturity. Suited to low to medium rainfall zones. Blackleg resistance rating MR (P). NVT tested as AN11R5181. Released Bred and marketed by Bayer. Hybrid Roundup Ready - IH50 RR Mid maturing variety. Suited to medium to high rainfall zones. Excellent early vigour and flowering uniformity. Blackleg rating R-MR. NVT tested as AN10R5001. Released Bred and marketed by Bayer. Hybrid Roundup Ready - Pioneer 43Y23(RR) Early maturing hybrid. Wide adaptation, but best suited to Mallee and Wimmera districts. Excellent vigour, high yield potential for maturity and moderate-high oil content. Blackleg rating MR (P). NVT tested Released Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. NEW Hybrid Roundup Ready - PIONEER 44Y24(RR) Early to mid maturing variety for medium to high rainfall zones. Blackleg rating of MR (P). Medium height and high yield. NVT tested as 10N523R. Released Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. 46 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

55 Canola Hybrid Roundup Ready - PIONEER 45Y22(RR) Mid maturing variety suited to medium to high rainfall areas. Medium to tall height with exceptional standing ability in high yielding environments. Pioneer Hi-Bred indicate excellent early vigour and very high yields. Blackleg rating of MR-MS. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia. ROUNDUP READY HIGH STABILITY VARIETIES Roundup Ready High Stability Oil - MONOLA 513GT Mid maturing open pollinated monola. Blackleg rating of MR (P). Medium height. NVT tested as NP0549. Released Nuseed. Hybrid Roundup Ready High Stability Oil VICTORY V5002RR Mid maturing specialty hybrid canola. Good early vigour and yield potential with high oil content. Blackleg rating MR. NVT tested Bred by Cargill and Vic DPI. Grown under premium contract production with Cargill/AWB. DUAL-HERBICIDE TOLERANT VARIETIES NEW Hybrid Roundup Triazine tolerant - Fusion HT-RR A mid maturing hybrid. Anticipated blackleg rating of MR-MS (P). Tall & vigorous with excellent options for weed control. NVT tested NPZ Australia Pty Ltd, 2014 marketing to be determined. NEW Hybrid Roundup Triazine tolerant - HYOLA 525RT A mid maturing hybrid. Anticipated blackleg rating of R-MR (company rating). Medium height. High oil, excellent shatter tolerance and standability, NVT tested 2013 as M Released Pacific Seeds. Table 1: Canola disease guide summary. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Inoculum source Blackleg Leptosphaeria Canola stubble. maculans Sclerotinia stem rot Damping off Alternaria leaf spot and black spot Sclerotinia spp. Rhizoctonia spp., Pythium spp. and Fusarium spp. Alternaria brassicae Leaf lesions, which may develop into canker on stem at or near ground level, plant death. White fluffy growth on the stem, causing plant parts above this point to die. Affected area greyish white, sclerotia form on and inside the stems. Pre-emergence rot and seedlings fail to emerge. Post emergent plants collapse at ground level with leaves turning orange/purple. Dark target like round spots which initially appear on leaves. Can spread to stems and pods and cause pod shattering. Spores from canola stubble are released in autumn to infect leaves of the new crop. Favoured by damp humid spring weather during flowering. In soils that have not been cultivated post opening rains. During cold wet periods. Infection spreads with wet humid weather during spring. Survives as sclerotia in the soil. Hyphal growth in the soil. Canola stubble. Control Resistant cultivars. Avoid sowing next to last year s canola stubble. Fungicides can be used. Fungicides Seed dressings. Cultivation after the break of the season. Use clean seed. Use seed dressings if seed is infected. Table 2: Canola varieties being marketed in Victoria in Blackleg ratings from the 2013 GRDC Blackleg Management Guide. The Australian Oilseeds Federation, publish updated ratings in March P= Provisional blackleg ratings (insufficient data to meet rating protocols) est = estimate by marketing company (yet to be rated by the Australian Oilseeds Federation) Variety Maturity Year of release Blackleg resistance rating bare seed Blackleg resistance rating + Jockey Blackleg resistance group Open pollinated or hybrid Marketer Conventional varieties AV-Garnet mid 2007 MR A,B,C,E open Nuseed AV-Zircon mid 2011 MR A open Nuseed Hyola 50 early-mid 2007 R R D hybrid Pacific Seeds Nuseed Diamond early-mid 2013 R-MR (P) hybrid Nuseed SF Brazzil late 2013 MR (P) open Seed Force SF Sensation very late 2013 MR (P) open Seed Force Conventional high stability Victory V3002 early-mid 2011 R-MR R C, B hybrid Cargill/AWB Herbicide tolerant Clearfield varieties Archer mid 2012 MR-MS R-MR hybrid Heritage Seeds Carbine early-mid 2012 MS (P) R-MR (P) hybrid Heritage Seeds Hyola 474CL mid-early 2011 R R B hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 575CL mid-early 2010 R R B hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 577CL mid 2013 R-MR (est) hybrid Pacific Seeds Victorian Winter Crop Summary

56 Canola Variety Maturity Year of release Blackleg resistance rating bare seed Blackleg resistance rating + Jockey Blackleg resistance group Open pollinated or hybrid Marketer Hyola 971CL late 2012 MR (P) R-MR (P) C hybrid Pacific Seeds Pioneer early 2008 MR-MS MR open Pioneer Hi-Bred 43C80(CL) Pioneer early 2011 MR R-MR A, B hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred 43Y85(CL) Pioneer early 2008 MS MR open Pioneer Hi-Bred 44C79(CL) Pioneer earlyearly 2010 MS MR hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred 44Y84(CL) mid Pioneer early-mid 2013 MR (P) R-MR (est) hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred 44Y87(CL) Pioneer midmid 2012 MS (P) MR (P) hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred 45Y86(CL) early Pioneer 45Y88(CL) mid 2013 MR (P) R (est) hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred Clearfield juncea canola varieties XCEED VT OASIS CL early 2008 R R D, G open Seednet Triazine tolerant varieties Atomic mid 2012 MS (P) MR (P) hybrid 2014 marketing to be determined ATR-Bonito earlyearly mid 2013 MR (P) open Nuseed ATR-Gem early-mid 2011 MR A, B, D open Nuseed ATR-Snapper early-early 2011 MS-S open Nuseed mid ATR-Stingray early 2011 MR C open Nuseed ATR-Wahoo mid 2013 MR (P) open Nuseed Crusher TT mid 2010 MR-MS MR open Pacific Seeds Hyola 450TT early-mid 2013 R-MR (P) R (P) D hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 555TT mid-early 2010 R-MR R E hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 559TT mid 2012 R-MR (P) R-MR (P) D hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 650TT mid-late 2013 R (est) hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 656TT mid-late 2012 R (P) R (P) D hybrid Pacific Seeds Pioneer Sturt TT early 2012 MS-S MR-MS open Pioneer Hi-Bred Thumper TT mid-late 2011 R R E open Pacific Seeds Triazine tolerant high stability varieties Monola 314TT early-mid 2013 MR (est) open Nuseed Monola 413TT early-mid 2012 R-MR (P) R (P) D open Nuseed Monola 605TT early-mid 2011 R-MR D open Nuseed Roundup Ready varieties GT-41 early 2012 R-MR (P) R-MR (P) B open Nuseed GT-50 early-mid 2012 R R B open Nuseed GT Cobra early-mid 2011 R-MR A open Nuseed GT Viper early 2011 MR B open Nuseed IH30 RR early 2013 MR (P) R-MR (P) A, B hybrid Bayer IH50 RR mid 2012 R-MR R A, B hybrid Bayer Hyola 400RR early-mid 2013 R (P) R (P) D, E hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 404RR early-mid 2010 R R D hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 500RR mid 2013 R (P) R (P) D, E hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 505RR mid-early 2010 R R D hybrid Pacific Seeds Pioneer 43Y23 early 2012 MR (P) R (P) B hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred (RR) Pioneer 44Y24 mid-early 2013 MR (P) R (est) hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred (RR) Pioneer 45Y22 (RR) mid 2011 MR-MS R-MR hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred Roundup Ready high stability varieties Monola 513GT mid 2012 MR (P) R-MR (P) B, C, D open Nuseed Victory V5002RR mid 2011 MR R A, B hybrid Cargill/AWB Roundup Ready and Triazine Tolerant CB Fusion HT RR mid 2013 MR-MS (P) MR (P) hybrid 2014 marketing to be determined Hyola 525RT mid 2013 R-MR (est) hybrid Pacific Seeds 48 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

57 Canola Table 3: Canola time of sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. Note, early season varieties are not recommended to be sown in the Wimmera, North Central and North East but in a late sowing when soils are very wet they may be an option. MALLEE April May June July Early Season X X X X < < * WIMMERA April May June July Early Season < < < * * * * * Early-Mid Season > > X X X < < < * * Mid Season > X X X < < < < NORTH CENTRAL April May June July Early Season < < < * * * * * Early-Mid Season > > X X X < < < * * Mid Season > X X X < < < < NORTH EAST April May June July Early Season < < < * * * * * Early-Mid Season > > X X X < < < * * Mid Season > X X X < < < < SOUTH WEST April May June July Early Season > > > X X X X X < Early-Mid Season > > > > X X X < Mid Season > X X X X X X X X < < < Mid-Late Season > X X X X X X X < < < < NORTHERN IRRIGATION April May June July Early Season X X X X < * * Early-Mid Season > X X < < * Mid Season > X X < < * >earlier than ideal (or a later maturing variety is preferred), X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable, * only an acceptable option if very good subsoil moisture is available at sowing. Table 4: Mallee canola (early season). Long term predicted yield expressed as a percentage of the variety listed in the heading. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. N.B. These trials were not structured to allow comparisons between different chemistry types. Conventional IMI tolerant Triazine tolerant Roundup Ready Hyola 50 (t/ha) 1.01 Hyola 474CL (t/ha) 1.04 Hyola 444TT (t/ha) 0.91 GT Cobra (t/ha) 1.17 AV Garnet 104 (3) Archer 98 (6) ATR Bonito 113 (6) CB Eclipse RR 95 (6) CB Agamax 101 (2) Carbine 102 (9) ATR Cobbler 100 (10) CB Status RR 98 (6) Hyola (3) Hyola 474CL 100 (9) ATR Gem 108 (6) GT Cobra 100 (9) Hyola (3) Hyola 575CL 104 (7) ATR Snapper 108 (9) GT Scorpion 80 (3) SARDI515M 79 (2) Pioneer 43C80 (CL) 88 (7) ATR Stingray 107 (12) GT Taipan 84 (3) Tarcoola 79 (3) Pioneer 43Y85 (CL) 96 (9) Bonanza TT 87 (6) GT Viper 87 (9) Pioneer 44C79 (CL) 81 (4) CB Junee HT 115 (7) Hyola 400RR 107 (3) Pioneer 44Y84 (CL) 103 (10) CB Mallee HT 93 (6) Hyola 404RR 117 (9) Pioneer 44Y87 (CL) 101 (6) CB Nitro HT 115 (3) Hyola 505RR 103 (3) Pioneer 45Y82 (CL) 103 (3) CB Tanami 93 (4) IH30 RR 108 (6) Pioneer 45Y88 (CL) 90 (3) CB Telfer 95 (13) IH50 RR 102 (3) SaharaCL 70 (2) Crusher TT 111 (3) Monola 513GT 96 (6) Xceed VT Oasis CL 81 (11) Fighter TT 105 (3) Nuseed GT (5) Hyola 444TT 100 (3) Pioneer 43Y23 (RR) 116 (9) Hyola 450TT 121 (3) Pioneer 44Y24 (RR) 111 (6) Hyola 555TT 118 (6) Pioneer 45Y21 (RR) 100 (3) Hyola 559TT 120 (6) Victory V5001RR 99 (3) Jackpot TT 101 (3) Victory V5002RR 98 (6) Monola 314TT 101 (2) VT 525 G 78 (6) Monola 413TT 102 (6) Pioneer Sturt TT 112 (9) Tawriffic TT 97 (7) Victorian Winter Crop Summary

58 Canola Table 5: Conventional canola (mid season). Long term predicted yield expressed as a percentage of Hyola 50. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. N.B. These trials were not structured to allow comparisons between different chemistry types. North Central North East South West Wimmera Hyola 50 (t/ha) AV Garnet 98 (5) 98 (5) 98 (6) 96 (3) AV Zircon 94 (3) 94 (3) 94 (3) 93 (2) CB Agamax 96 (4) 96 (4) 90 (2) 93 (3) CB Tango C 92 (3) 92 (3) - 89 (2) Hyola (3) 98 (3) 99 (4) 97 (2) Hyola (5) 100 (5) 100 (6) 100 (3) Hyola (2) - Monola 130CC (2) - Nuseed Diamond 103 (2) 103 (2) - - Victory V (4) 93 (4) 88 (3) 90 (3) Victory V (3) 100 (3) - 98 (2) Victory V (2) 90 (2) 93 (2) 90 (2) Table 6: IMI Tolerant canola (mid season). Long term predicted yield expressed as a percentage of Hyola 474CL. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. N.B. These trials were not structured to allow comparisons between different chemistry types. North Central North East South West Wimmera Hyola 474CL (t/ha) Archer 104 (4) 105 (4) 101 (6) 103 (2) Carbine 106 (6) 106 (6) 96 (6) 101 (4) Hyola 474CL 100 (6) 100 (6) 100 (6) 100 (5) Hyola 571CL 99 (4) 97 (5) 101 (5) 98 (4) Hyola 575CL 101 (8) 100 (8) 103 (7) 101 (7) Hyola 577CL 101 (2) 99 (2) 103 (3) - Hyola 676CL 101 (2) 99 (2) (2) Pioneer 43Y85 (CL) 98 (2) 96 (2) - 94 (2) Pioneer 44C79 (CL) 81 (2) 80 (3) 69 (4) 76 (2) Pioneer 44Y84 (CL) 106 (10) 107 (11) 95 (11) 101 (9) Pioneer 44Y87 (CL) 107 (2) 107 (2) (2) Pioneer 45Y77 93 (2) 94 (3) 86 (4) 91 (2) Pioneer 45Y82 (CL) 105 (8) 105 (9) 96 (8) 100 (8) Pioneer 45Y86 (CL) 108 (7) 109 (8) 102 (7) 105 (6) Pioneer 45Y88 (CL) 108 (4) 107 (4) 106 (4) 106 (3) Pioneer 46Y78 97 (2) 98 (5) 94 (5) 96 (3) Pioneer 46Y83 (CL) 104 (4) 106 (7) 98 (7) 102 (5) 50 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

59 Canola Table 7: Triazine Tolerant canola (mid season). Long term predicted yield expressed as a percentage of Hyola 444TT. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. N.B. These trials were not structured to allow comparisons between different chemistry types. North Central North East South West Wimmera Hyola 444TT (t/ha) ATR Bonito 114 (4) 112 (4) 115 (5) 113 (2) ATR Cobbler 97 (7) 99 (9) 86 (10) 93 (8) ATR Gem 109 (6) 107 (5) 113 (7) 109 (4) ATR Marlin 92 (2) 94 (3) 87 (5) 91 (2) ATR Snapper 105 (6) 107 (6) 95 (5) 102 (6) ATR Stingray 108 (8) 107 (8) 107 (8) 106 (6) ATR Wahoo 109 (4) 106 (4) 113 (5) 108 (2) ATR (2) 101 (3) 95 (5) 98 (2) Bonanza TT 92 (4) 90 (4) - 90 (4) BravoTT 92 (2) 95 (3) 85 (6) 91 (2) CB Argyle 86 (3) 85 (5) 80 (6) 83 (4) CB Atomic HT 114 (4) 116 (4) 110 (3) 113 (2) CB Henty HT (6) 107 (5) - CB Jardee HT 103 (9) 107 (11) 98 (13) 103 (8) CB Junee HT 104 (4) 107 (5) 94 (4) 101 (6) CB Mallee HT 98 (4) 98 (4) 93 (2) 96 (5) CB Nitro HT 110 (3) 115 (4) - - CB Scaddan 93 (6) 96 (7) 87 (8) 93 (6) CB Tanami 86 (4) 88 (5) 74 (5) 82 (4) CB Telfer 92 (10) 97 (5) 74 (5) 87 (8) CB Tumby HT 99 (3) 102 (5) 94 (6) 98 (4) Crusher TT 113 (7) 112 (8) 115 (8) 113 (6) Fighter TT 93 (2) 93 (2) - 95 (2) Hurricane TT 94 (2) 95 (3) 86 (5) 92 (2) Hyola 444TT 100 (3) 100 (4) 100 (3) 100 (4) Hyola 450TT 109 (2) 111 (2) 113 (3) - Hyola 525RT 107 (2) 106 (2) 109 (3) - Hyola 555TT 112 (8) 113 (8) 116 (8) 114 (6) Hyola 559TT 114 (5) 116 (4) 116 (6) 116 (2) Hyola 650TT (2) - Hyola 656TT 112 (4) 112 (4) 117 (5) 114 (2) Hyola 751TT 104 (4) 106 (4) 115 (5) 110 (5) Jackpot TT 106 (2) 105 (2) 112 (2) 108 (2) Lightning TT 86 (2) 86 (3) 85 (5) 86 (2) Monola 314TT 99 (2) 101 (2) 91 (2) - Monola 413TT 100 (4) 100 (4) 93 (5) 97 (2) Monola 506TT 93 (3) 94 (3) 89 (4) 92 (4) Monola 603TT 92 (2) 94 (2) - 92 (2) Monola 605TT 95 (5) 95 (5) 93 (6) 94 (4) Monola 704TT 94 (2) 98 (2) - 93 (2) Monola 707TT 88 (2) 86 (2) 84 (2) - Monola 76TT 96 (6) 98 (7) 90 (8) 95 (6) Monola 77TT 96 (6) 99 (7) 90 (8) 95 (6) Pioneer Sturt TT 106 (6) 106 (4) (4) Rottnest TTC 96 (2) 97 (3) 89 (5) 94 (2) Tawriffic TT 97 (6) 99 (7) 93 (8) 96 (6) Thumper TT 101 (6) 97 (8) 111 (8) 103 (6) Victorian Winter Crop Summary

60 Canola Table 8: Roundup Ready canola (mid season). Long term predicted yield expressed as a percentage of GT Cobra. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. N.B. These trials were not structured to allow comparisons between different chemistry types. North Central North East South West Wimmera GT Cobra (t/ha) CB Eclipse RR 96 (4) 99 (5) - 95 (4) CB Frontier RR 99 (6) 100 (6) 105 (5) 103 (5) CB Status RR 89 (4) 95 (2) - 86 (3) GT Cobra 100 (6) 100 (6) 100 (5) 100 (5) GT Cougar 95 (2) 92 (3) 102 (4) 97 (3) GT Mustang 94 (2) 91 (3) 103 (4) 96 (3) GT Scorpion 90 (2) 88 (2) 88 (4) 88 (3) GT Taipan 91 (2) 88 (2) 91 (2) 89 (2) GT Viper 93 (6) 94 (6) 87 (5) 91 (5) GT (2) - Hyola 400RR 107 (2) 108 (2) - - Hyola 404RR 108 (6) 110 (6) 108 (5) 109 (5) Hyola 500RR 110 (2) 112 (2) 114 (2) - Hyola 502RR (2) - Hyola 505RR 101 (5) 103 (5) 106 (5) 105 (5) Hyola 601RR (2) - IH30 RR 105 (4) (3) IH50 RR 100 (6) 102 (6) 102 (3) 103 (5) Monola 513GT 99 (4) 99 (4) 98 (3) 99 (3) Nuseed GT (4) 106 (4) (3) Nuseed GT (5) 110 (6) 114 (4) 112 (4) Pioneer 43Y23 (RR) 111 (4) 115 (4) 112 (3) 114 (3) Pioneer 44Y24 (RR) 109 (6) 109 (6) 112 (5) 110 (5) Pioneer 45Y22 (RR) 103 (6) 103 (7) 112 (7) 107 (6) Pioneer 46Y20 (RR) 95 (2) 99 (3) 97 (4) 99 (3) Victory V5001RR 98 (2) 98 (3) 99 (2) 98 (3) Victory V5002RR 103 (6) 105 (5) 106 (2) 106 (5) VT 525 G 85 (2) (2) Table 9: Early season canola at Ultima, Mallee, Yield expressed as a percentage of the site mean yield. Sowing date 4/6/2013. IMI tolerant Triazine tolerant (C) Roundup Ready Yield (%) Yield (%) Yield (%) Archer 111 ATR Bonito 96 CB Status RR 88 Carbine 118 ATR Gem 122 GT Cobra 92 Hyola 474CL 129 ATR Stingray 112 GT Viper 45 Pioneer 43Y85 (CL) 97 CB Nitro HT 157 Hyola 400RR 115 Pioneer 44Y84 (CL) 124 CB Telfer 48 Hyola 404RR 138 Pioneer 44Y87 (CL) 118 Crusher TT 131 IH30 RR 109 Xceed VT Oasis CL - Hyola 450TT 155 Monola 513GT 78 Hyola 559TT 154 Pioneer 43Y23 (RR) 133 Monola 413TT 77 Pioneer 44Y24 (RR) 117 Pioneer Sturt TT 120 VT 525 G 70 Site Mean (t/ha) 0.57 Site Mean (t/ha) 0.46 Site Mean (t/ha) 0.64 CV (%) 8 CV (%) 10 CV (%) 7 LSD (%) 14 LSD (%) 18 LSD (%) 13 C = Caution interpreting data, the triazine tolerant trial had poor establishment and high variability 52 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

61 Canola Table 10: Conventional canola (mid season) Yield expressed as a percentage of the site mean yield and oil content (%). Yield (%) Oil content (%) North Central North East South West North Central North East South West Diggora Wunghnu Streatham Diggora Wunghnu Streatham Sowing Date 23/5/13 3/5/13 19/5/13 AV Garnet AV Zircon CB Agamax CB Tango C Hyola Nuseed Diamond Victory V Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) Table 11: IMI tolerant canola (mid season) Yield expressed as a percentage of the site mean yield. North Central North East South West Wimmera Charlton Diggora Wunghnu Yarrawonga Streatham Teesdale Kaniva Sowing Date 27/5/13 23/5/13 3/5/13 6/5/13 19/5/13 9/5/13 6/5/13 Archer Carbine Hyola 474CL Hyola 575CL Hyola 577CL Pioneer 44Y84 (CL) Pioneer 45Y86 (CL) Pioneer 45Y88 (CL) Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) Table 12: IMI tolerant canola (mid season) Oil content (%). North Central North East South West Wimmera Charlton Diggora Wunghnu Yarrawonga Streatham Teesdale Kaniva Archer Carbine Hyola 474CL Hyola 575CL Hyola 577CL Pioneer 44Y84 (CL) Pioneer 45Y86 (CL) Pioneer 45Y88 (CL) Victorian Winter Crop Summary

62 Canola Table 13: Triazine tolerant canola (mid season) Yield expressed as a percentage of the site mean yield. North Central North East South West Charlton Diggora Wunghnu Yarrawonga Streatham Teesdale Sowing Date 27/5/13 23/5/13 3/5/13 6/5/13 19/5/13 9/5/13 ATR Bonito ATR Gem ATR Stingray ATR Wahoo CB Atomic HT CB Henty HT CB Jardee HT CB Nitro HT CB Telfer Crusher TT Hyola 450TT Hyola 525RT Hyola 555TT Hyola 559TT Hyola 650TT Hyola 656TT Monola 314TT Monola 413TT Monola 605TT Pioneer Sturt TT Thumper TT Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) Table 14: Triazine tolerant canola (mid season) Oil content (%). North Central North East South West Charlton Diggora Wunghnu Yarrawonga Streatham Teesdale ATR Bonito ATR Gem ATR Stingray ATR Wahoo CB Atomic HT CB Henty HT CB Jardee HT CB Nitro HT CB Telfer Crusher TT Hyola 450TT Hyola 525RT Hyola 555TT Hyola 559TT Hyola 650TT Hyola 656TT Monola 314TT Monola 413TT Monola 605TT Pioneer Sturt TT Thumper TT Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

63 Canola Table 15: Roundup Ready canola (mid season) Yield expressed as a percentage of the site mean yield. North Central North East South West Wimmera Charlton Diggora Wunghnu Yarrawonga Streatham Kaniva Sowing Date 27/5/13 23/5/13 3/5/13 6/5/13 19/5/13 6/5/13 CB Frontier RR CB Status RR GT GT GT Cobra GT Viper Hyola 400RR Hyola 404RR Hyola 500RR Hyola 505RR IH30 RR IH50 RR Monola 513GT Pioneer 43Y23 (RR) Pioneer 44Y24 (RR) Pioneer 45Y22 (RR) Victory V5002RR VT 525 G Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) Table 16: Roundup Ready canola (mid season) Oil content (%). North Central North East South West Wimmera Charlton Diggora Wunghnu Yarrawonga Streatham Kaniva CB Frontier RR CB Status RR GT Cobra GT Viper Hyola 400RR Hyola 404RR Hyola 500RR Hyola 505RR IH30 RR IH50 RR Monola 513GT Nuseed GT Nuseed GT Pioneer 43Y23 (RR) Pioneer 44Y24 (RR) Pioneer 45Y22 (RR) Victory V5002RR VT 525 G ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Steve Marcroft Marcroft Grains Pathology Victorian Winter Crop Summary

64 FIELD PEA

65 Field Pea REVIEW OF 2013 Season Field peas responded well to the generally mild season. Yields approached average, which was excellent considering the lack of subsoil moisture leading into the season. Peas are well suited to a later sowing date and 2013 was a late start to the season for many due to the dry summer and autumn. This dry late start meant that opportunities for weed control prior to sowing were limited. Weeds remained a challenge throughout the season with regular winter rainfall delaying post-emergent weed control in many areas. These conditions allowed PBA Hayman to demonstrate itself as a valuable forage or hay crop for integrated weed management. There was severe frost damage across the northern parts of the state, particularly in the North East and North Central. Yields were reasonable except for those affected by frost, which were either cut for hay or green manured. However, the earlier finish in the Mallee limited the potential of any crops not affected by frost. FIELD PEA infected seed and extend crop rotations from infected paddocks. When the disease occurs growers should minimise in crop traffic. Sowing into heavy cereal stubble appears to increase the disease severity and should be avoided in frost prone regions. Quality The majority of field pea grain is exported for human consumption (i.e. between 70-90%) and the rest is sold for stockfeed. All pea varieties produce grain suitable for stockfeed purposes, but segregation is needed for selling to specific human consumption markets. Over 95 per cent of Australian production is from dun types (i.e. grain has a coloured seed coat) of which more than 90 per cent is now Kaspa type (e.g. Kaspa, PBA Gunyah, PBA Twilight). Kaspa type grain is preferred for snack food in southern India over other pea grain types and attracts a price premium. To avoid limiting the marketing of Kaspa type grain for export, growers should avoid sowing seed contaminated with Parafield or other dun types. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. Disease and insects Ascochyta (black spot) was noted earlier than usual in the growing season throughout many cropping regions, but generally did not progress to become a yield limiting factor. It was most severe where short term waterlogging occurred in the south west regions. Similarly there were isolated cases of bacterial blight and powdery mildew, primarily in southern regions, which may have caused some yield loss. Insect damage was reported across the state resulting in some damage from pea weevil, heliothis and/or etiella. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2014 New varieties PBA Wharton (OZP0805) is a high yielding semi-dwarf with good disease resistance. PBA Coogee (OZP1103) is a new dual purpose grain and forage pea suited to longer growing seasons. Over the next 4-5 years a series of new pea lines with higher resistance to virus and powdery mildew and with improved tolerance to soil boron toxicity and salinity are planned for release. Field pea grain prices are currently providing good value. This has led to a resurgence of interest in field pea as a useful rotational crop to assist with weed and disease management and to improve soil fertility. Disease Growers should consider the use of fungicides to control powdery mildew when applying insecticides at early pod stage, particularly if mildew is present. Growers in bacterial blight prone regions should update to the more resistant varieties PBA Oura and PBA Percy. PBA Percy has higher tolerance to this disease than PBA Oura, but both are significantly lower risk than other varieties. In addition, growers should try to avoid sowing AG1347 Pulse disease guide DEPI Crop Disease App for Android and iphone Pulse Australia information on growing pulses including: Field pea disease management strategy VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS denotes Plant Breeders Rights apply. End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Semi-dwarf dun seeded KASPA A late flowering, semi-dwarf field pea which produces spherical dun type grain. Kaspa is the bench mark for field peas with its broad adaption and high yield potential. Kaspa is better suited to longer growing season environments. Kaspa is moderately resistant to downy mildew (Parafield strain). Kaspa will need to be managed for blackspot, bacterial blight, PSbMV and powdery mildew in disease prone areas. Kaspa has fair lodging resistance at maturity and pods are resistant to shattering. Released Seednet. EPR $2. Semi-dwarf dun seeded PBA COOGEE A new dual purpose pea that can be left for grain production or cut early for forage in case of drought or frost. A mid-late flowering and late maturing conventional trailing dun pea similar to Parafield, but with increased early growth, more branching and longer vines. A long season variety with high plant biomass by early to mid spring. It is resistant to powdery mildew and PSbMV, but will need to be managed for blackspot, bacterial blight and downy mildew. It has high tolerance to soil boron and salinity. Released 2013 (OZP1103). Good availability for Seednet. EPR $ Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2013

66 Field Pea Semi-dwarf dun seeded PBA GUNYAH An early flowering, semi-dwarf field pea which produces Kaspa type grain. PBA Gunyah is broadly adapted and has high yield potential. PBA Gunyah is better suited to shorter growing season environments. Resistant to downy mildew (Parafield strain). PBA Gunyah will need to be managed for blackspot, bacterial blight, PSbMV and powdery mildew in disease prone areas. PBA Gunyah has fair lodging resistance at maturity and pods are resistant to shattering. Released Seednet. EPR $2.50. Semi-dwarf dun seeded PBA OURA An early to mid flowering, semi-dwarf, erect growing field pea which produces Australian dun type grain. PBA Oura has high yield potential and is broadly adapted. PBA Oura is MRMS to bacterial blight and is being released for regions prone to this disease. PBA Oura has good resistance to downy mildew. PBA Oura will need to be managed for blackspot, PSbMV and powdery mildew. PBA Oura has fair lodging resistance at maturity and has moderate non-sugar-pod resistance to shattering. Released 2011 (OZP0703). Seednet. EPR $2.60. Semi-dwarf white seeded - PBA PEARL An early to mid flowering, semi-dwarf field pea. PBA Pearl has high yield potential and is broadly adapted. It produces small white grain that can be marketed for human consumption or for stockfeed. PBA Pearl has good resistance to bean leaf roll virus and downy mildew. PBA Pearl is MS to bacterial blight. It will need to be managed for blackspot, PSbMV and powdery mildew in disease prone areas. PBA Pearl has good lodging resistance at maturity and has moderate non-sugar-pod resistance to shattering. Developed by PBA (OZP0819). Released 2012, limited quantities in Seednet. EPR $2.70. Semi-dwarf dun seeded PBA TWILIGHT An early flowering, semi-dwarf field pea which produces Kaspa type grain. PBA Twilight is broadly adapted and has high yield potential. Better suited to short growing season environments. PBA Twilight is resistant to downy mildew (Parafield strain). It will need to be managed for blackspot, PSbMV and powdery mildew in disease prone areas. Avoid renowned bacterial blight areas. PBA Twilight has fair lodging resistance at maturity and pods are resistant to shattering. Released Seednet. EPR $2.50. Semi-dwarf dun seeded PBA WHARTON An early-mid flowering, semi-dwarf field pea which produces Kaspa type grain. PBA Wharton is widely adapted across short to medium growing season environments and is a suitable variety for crop topping when sowing is delayed. PBA Wharton is resistant to powdery mildew and PSbMV. It will need to be managed for downy mildew (Parafield strain), blackspot and bacterial blight. PBA Wharton has improved tolerance to boron and sugar-pod resistance to shattering. Released 2013 (OZP0805). Limited availability for Seednet. EPR $2.60. good lodging resistance. Pods are susceptible to shattering. Released Can be freely marketed. No longer protected by PBR. Tall field pea MORGAN A tall, late flowering, semi-leafless pea, which produces small Australian dun type grain. Morgan has lower grain yield potential than other varieties, but was released for the lower rainfall regions of Central and Western NSW as a dual purpose pea that could be used for forage in drought years. Morgan is moderately resistant to downy mildew (Parafield strain). Morgan will need to be managed for blackspot, bacterial blight, PSbMV, powdery mildew and downy mildew (Kaspa strain) in disease prone areas. Pods are susceptible to pod shattering. Grain size is small and less suitable for human consumption markets. Released Hart Bros Seeds. Tall field pea PARAFIELD A tall, mid to late season flowering pea, which produces large Australian dun type grain. Parafield has lower yield potential compared to recent variety releases. PBA Percy is now a superior option for growers wanting to grow a conventional dun field pea. Parafield will need to be managed for all diseases in disease prone areas. Parafield has poor lodging resistance and will require specialised pea pickup fronts for harvesting. Has moderate non-sugarpod resistance to shattering. Released Can be freely marketed. No longer protected by PBR. Tall field pea - PBA HAYMAN A new type of field pea bred for forage use such as hay or silage production or for manuring. This variety grows vigorously and produces large quantities of dry matter over spring. Total dry matter produced is significantly greater than regular field pea varieties (20% more than Morgan) and comparable to vetch. PBA Hayman produces leafy plants with a high number of basal branches that grow vigorously. Plants have very long vines (can be over 3m) that remain semi-erect to maturity. PBA Hayman flowers very late in the growing season and is resistant to powdery mildew. It produces small pods and very small seed that will reduce the cost of sowing. The grain is soft seeded and therefore suitable for cropping rotations with other broad leaf crops. Grain yield potential can vary but is generally between 30 to 80% of a normal field pea crop and is suitable for stockfeed. Developed by PBA (OZP0902). Released Seednet. Seed Royalty. Tall field pea PBA PERCY A very early flowering and maturing conventional pea (similar to Parafield) which produces Australian dun type grain. PBA Percy has high yield potential and is broadly adapted. PBA Percy is moderately resistant to bacterial blight and is being released for regions prone to this disease. PBA Percy will need to be managed for blackspot, PSbMV, downy mildew and powdery mildew. Percy is susceptible to lodging at maturity. Released Seednet. EPR $2.60. Semi-dwarf blue seeded EXCELL An early to mid season flowering, semi-dwarf pea which produces medium sized, spherical, smooth blue seed suitable for premium human consumption markets. Excell has lower grain yield potential compared to new variety releases and is best suited to medium rainfall environments of Victoria and southern NSW. Excell is moderately resistant to downy mildew (Parafield strain). Excell will need to be managed for blackspot, bacterial blight, PSbMV and powdery mildew in disease prone areas. Excell has Victorian Winter Crop Summary

67 Field Pea Tall field pea STURT A tall, early to mid season flowering pea, which produces medium to small, spherical, smooth white seed. Sturt is broadly adapted, but is best suited to low rainfall environments and has higher tolerance to frost at podding. Sturt is less susceptible to bacterial blight, but this disease will still need to be managed to avoid serious losses. Sturt will need to be managed for blackspot, PSbMV, BLRV, powdery mildew and downy mildew in disease prone areas. Sturt has poor lodging resistance and will require specialised pea pickup fronts for harvesting. Pods are susceptible to shattering. Released Premier Seeds. POTENTIAL NEW VARIETIES from Pulse Breeding Australia. OZP1101 A late flowering (comparable to Kaspa) semi-dwarf field pea. OZP1101 has high yield potential and produces Kaspa type grain. This variety possesses superior bacterial blight resistance to other Kaspa type releases and will be marketed toward areas that are particularly prone to this disease. OZP0903 A semi leafless, early flowering, Australian dun type pea intended as a potential replacement for PBA Oura. OZP0903 has similar yield to PBA Oura, but with superior grain quality and sugar pod shattering resistance. Table 1: Field pea time of sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. MALLEE May June July August PBA Coogee, PBA Hayman > X X X X < < < Kaspa, Parafield, PBA Gunyah, PBA Oura, PBA Percy, PBA Twilight, PBA Wharton, Sturt, Excell > X X X X < < WIMMERA PBA Hayman > X X X X < < < Kaspa, Parafield, PBA Coogee, PBA Gunyah, PBA Oura, PBA Percy, PBA Twilight, PBA Wharton Sturt. > X X X X < < < NORTH CENTRAL PBA Coogee, PBA Hayman > X X X X < < Kaspa, Parafield, PBA Gunyah, PBA Oura, PBA Percy, PBA Twilight, PBA Wharton, Sturt. > X X X X < < NORTH EAST PBA Hayman > X X X X < < Kaspa, Parafield, PBA Coogee PBA Gunyah, PBA Oura, PBA Percy, PBA Twilight, PBA Wharton, Sturt. > X X X X < < SOUTH WEST May June July August September Kaspa, Excell, PBA Coogee PBA Gunyah, PBA Hayman,PBA Oura, PBA Percy, PBA Twilight, PBA Wharton > > * * * * * * X X X X X < < >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable, * if conditions allow (e.g. raised beds, dry season, non-waterlogging paddocks). Table 2: The most suitable field pea varieties for Victorian cropping regions for 2013 for grain production (Ticked). Southern Wimmera Northern Wimmera Southern Mallee Northern Mallee South West Yellow/White or Blue pea grain type Excell PBA Hayman PBA Pearl Sturt Kaspa grain type Kaspa PBA Gunyah PBA Twilight PBA Wharton Australian Dun grain type Morgan Parafield PBA Coogee PBA Oura PBA Percy 58 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2013

68 Field Pea Table 3: Agronomic characteristics of field pea varieties. Variety Plant habit Plant vigour, Early season Flowering time Maturity time Plant lodging resistan ce at maturity Pod shatteri ng at maturity Boron toleran ce Salinity tolerance Yellow or Blue pea grain type Excell SD-SL high Early-mid late good S: NSP S S PBA Multibranched moderate very late very late poor MR: MS MS Hayman NSP PBA Pearl SD-SL moderate early-mid early good MR: MS MS NSP Sturt C high early-mid mid poor MR: NSP S MS Kaspa grain type Kaspa SD-SL high late mid fair-good R: SP S S OZP1101 SD-SL high late early-mid good R; SP S S PBA Gunyah PBA Twilight PBA Wharton Australian dun grain type Morgan Tall-SL high late late poor-fair MR: NSP SD-SL high early-mid early fair-good R: SP S S-MS SD-SL high early early fair-good R: SP S S SD-SL high early-mid early fair-good R: SP MT MS Parafield C high mid mid poor MR: S MS NSP OZP0903 SD-SL high early early mid fair-good R:SP S S PBA C very high mid-late mid poor MR: T MT Coogee NSP PBA Oura SD-SL moderate early-mid early fair-good MR: MS S NSP PBA Percy C high early early poor MR: NSP S MR SD=Semi-dwarf, C=Conventional, SL= Semi-leafless, S=susceptible, MS=moderately susceptible, MR=moderately resistant, R=resistant, SP=Sugar pod type pod, NSP=Non sugar pod type, I=Intolerant, MI=moderately intolerant Table 4: Disease resistance characteristics of field pea varieties. Variety Blackspot (Ascochyta ) Bacterial blight (Field rating) Downy mildew (Kaspa strain) Downy mildew (Parafield strain) Powdery mildew S PSbMV virus S BLRV virus (Field rating) Yellow pea grain type PBA Hayman MS MRp Sp MSp R PBA Pearl MS MS MRMS R S S R Sturt MS MS S MS S S MS Kaspa grain type Kaspa MS S S MR S S S OZP1101 MS MR MS MR S S S PBA Gunyah MS S S R S S S PBA Twilight MS S S R S S S PBA Wharton MS S S S R R R Australian Dun grain type Morgan MS MS S MR S S Sp OZP0903 MS MSp MR * S S S Parafield MS MS S S S S S PBA Coogee MS MSp Sp Sp R R PBA Oura MS MRMS MRMS RMR S S MRMSp PBA Percy MS MR S S S S S PSbMV = Pea seed borne mosaic virus, BLRV = Bean leaf roll virus p = These ratings are provisional - treat with caution. R = resistant RMR = resistant to moderately resistant MR = moderately resistant MRMS = moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = moderately susceptible MSS = moderately susceptible to susceptible S = susceptible SVS = susceptible to very susceptible VS = very susceptible Victorian Winter Crop Summary

69 Field Pea Table 5: Field pea disease guide. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Hosts Control Ascochyta blight (Blackspot) Peas and most legumes. Bacterial blight Downy mildew Powdery mildew Septoria leaf blotch Mycosphaerell a pinodes. Phoma pinodella, Ascochyta pisi. Pseudomonas syringae pv, pisi, P.syringae pv syringae.. Perenospora viciae. Erysiphe polygoni. Septoria pisi. VIRUS DISEASES PSbMV Pea seedborne mosaic virus BWYV Beet western yellows virus Most obvious on stems and lower leaves. Purplish-black discolouration of lower stem. Dark brown spotting of pods and leaves. Blackening of stem base and upper tap root. Water-soaked spots on leaflets and stipules. Yellowish brown fan-shaped lesion on stipules. Brown blotches on upper leaf surface. Underside of leaves covered by masses of fluffy mouse-grey spores. Leaves covered by a film of powdery white spores. Infected plants have a bluewhite colour. Straw coloured blotches on leaves, stems and tendrils. Pin-head size black spots within lesions. Downward curling of leaves, mosaic, stunting. Yellowing and stunting Common in all pea growing regions; most crops are affected to some extent. Favoured by wet conditions. Most damage in early sown crops. Sporadic in wetter regions. Most severe in early sown crops already damaged by frost or heavy rain. Sporadic in all regions. Damage most severe in wetter districts. Can occur in most regions towards the end of the season. Most common in late-sown crops. Present in most pea growing regions. Damage most severe on short, semileafless cultivars. Present in all pea growing regions. Prevalent in all pea production areas. Peas. Peas. Peas. Peas. Host range is limited to Fabaceae Wide host range. Most pulses, brassicas and many weed species Crop rotation. Later sowing. Fungicidal seed dressings. Disease free seed. Crop rotation. Late sowing. Disease free seed. Resistant varieties. Fungicidal seed dressings. Resistant varieties. Avoid late sowing. Foliar fungicide application at flowering is an economic option for disease prone areas. Destroy crop residue. Most varieties are moderately susceptible. Crop rotation. This virus is highly seed borne in peas. Virus free seed is recommended Managing aphids and weeds, resistant varieties. Table 6: Long term predicted field pea yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Kaspa. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. Mallee Wimmera Kaspa (t/ha) Bundi 96 (16) 100 (8) Excell 72 (6) - Helena 101 (3) - Kaspa 100 (38) 100 (19) Morgan 96 (4) - Parafield 93 (35) 98 (17) PBA Coogee 96 (14) 98 (6) PBA Gunyah 101 (37) 104 (19) PBA Oura 100 (38) 107 (19) PBA Pearl 104 (30) 111 (15) PBA Percy 101 (24) 112 (12) PBA Twilight 100 (38) 103 (19) PBA Wharton 101 (30) 107 (15) Sturt 101 (29) 111 (14) SW Celine 91 (5) 95 (3) Yarrum 100 (23) 100 (9) 60 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

70 Field Pea Table 7: Yield of field pea expressed as a percentage of the yield of Kaspa in 2013 NVT and DEPI (B) trials. Mallee Wimmera Beulah (B) Birchip Rainbow Ultima Horsham (B) Kaniva (C) Tarranyurk Sowing Date 23/5/13 16/5/13 17/5/13 30/5/13 17/6/13 18/6/13 17/6/13 Kaspa (t/ha) Kaspa Parafield PBA Gunyah PBA Oura PBA Pearl PBA Percy PBA Twilight PBA Wharton Sturt Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) B = Breeding trials, C = Caution interpreting data at Kaniva, possible uneven seed distribution Table 8: Grain weight (g/100 seeds) in 2013 field pea trials. Mallee Wimmera Birchip Rainbow Ultima Kaniva Tarranyurk Kaspa PBA Gunyah PBA Oura PBA Pearl PBA Percy PBA Twilight PBA Wharton ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Peter Kennedy Jason Brand Frank Henry Mary Raynes Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham Pulse Australia Victorian Winter Crop Summary

71 LENTIL

72 Lentil REVIEW OF 2013 Season A late and dry start to the season meant that weed control was a significant problem for lentils as with many pulses. The dry conditions also increased the possibility of herbicide residues reducing early vigour. The herbicide tolerant PBA Herald XT provided a good option to assist with both weed control and the potential for residues. Above average winter rainfall and relatively mild growing conditions enabled lentils to perform agronomically well across most growing regions in However, a mid October frost caused damage to a number of crops grown in the southern Mallee, and northern and eastern Wimmera regions. Yields and grain quality were excellent, exceeding 4 t/ha in some of the traditional lentil growing regions of the central Wimmera. PBA Flash and the newly released PBA Bolt were among the top yielding varieties. The good yields combined with rising commodity prices meant that, in many regions, lentils were one of the most profitable crops for growers in There was a high incidence of header fires when harvesting lentil crops this year. This is a salient reminder of the need for a rigorous cleaning routine during harvest. Disease and insects Despite a wet winter and somewhat cool spring, diseases in lentil crops were generally not a major issue in Ascochyta was observed during row closure and pod fill, however did not significantly damage crops, except for some seed staining of untreated PBA Flash crops. Limited occurrence of Botrytis grey mould (BGM) had no impact on crops. There were no reports of sclerotinia in Victorian crops. Crops treated with a fungicide application pre and post canopy closure produced near perfect blemish free grain. LENTIL Variety choice, delayed time of sowing and wider row spacing can assist in minimising BGM. To develop a suitable virus management strategy it is important to test seed for cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) if symptoms were observed in the seed crop. Aphids multiply rapidly in lentil crops. Seed treatment, an early insecticide application and continued monitoring and action may be needed to avoid rapid aphid build up and virus spread both within the crop and to nearby chickpea crops. Thin crop stands are more attractive to aphids. Control of Heliothis and Etiella to prevent damage to grain remains important. Marketing Variety purity is critical in lentils with a restriction of 1 per cent maximum contamination by different varieties. This is of particular concern when growing varieties with different seed coat colour and/or different cotyledon colour. Be aware of the potential for contamination from volunteer or escaped lentils in paddocks when changing to new varieties with different seed coat colours i.e. PBA Flash to PBA Bolt. Some lentil varieties also have normal genetic variation in coat colour. A change to lentil standards has now enabled a 1 per cent maximum contrasting seed coat colours to be added to assist in the delivery and marketing of varieties like PBA Blitz, PBA Herald-XT and PBA Hurricane XT that have low levels of genetic variation in their seed coat colours. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. Growing lentil AG1347 Pulse disease guide DEPI Crop Disease App for Android and iphone As with most pulses insects numbers were marginally high this season however etiella and heliothis only damaged crops that did not receive treatment during pod fill. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2014 New varieties There is exceptionally high interest and uptake of the new herbicide tolerant PBA Hurricane XT, a small red lentil. It offers significant yield advantage over PBA Herald XT, the first herbicide tolerant lentil. Two new green lentils (CIPAL1104 and CIPAL1207) and a large seeded red lentil (CIPAL1203) may be released in time for the 2014 season. Contact PB Seeds for more information. Disease Ascochyta blight can manifest rapidly and depending on the variety sown, should be factored into management plans for Pulse Australia information on growing pulses including: Lentil disease management strategy VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS denotes Plant Breeder Rights apply End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Red lentil ALDINGA Aldinga has medium-large seed with good milling characteristics. Aldinga is MRMS to foliar infection by ascochyta blight but MS to seed infection. It is also MS to botrytis grey mould and lodges more than other varieties. It has been a preferred variety for some farmers using no till systems. Released AFCA. No market restrictions. Where there is high risk of BGM growers using susceptible varieties need to apply fungicides before canopy closure. 62 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

73 Lentil Red lentil NIPPER Nipper is similar to Northfield in many characteristics, including relatively short height and seed shape, but it has a grey seed coat. Nipper is MRMS to foliar ascochyta blight and R to seed ascochyta and botrytis grey mould. It is also R to the exotic disease Fusarium wilt, has improved salinity tolerance and generally lodges less than other varieties. Nipper is well established in markets, and has attracted a premium price in some years. Released Seednet. EPR $5. Red lentil NUGGET Nugget is a mid season variety with a medium size seed and a grey seed coat. It has been the benchmark for lentil production and marketing but is gradually being superseded. It is MRMS to foliar ascochyta blight but MS to seed ascochyta blight. Nugget is MRMS to botrytis grey mould. Released Heritage Seeds. EPR $5. Red lentil PBA ACE PBA Ace is a medium sized red lentil with grey seed. A mid-season lentil that has been the highest yielding across all areas, though it can be lower yielding in dry years or high temperatures. PBA Ace is best suited to longer season areas replacing Nugget and PBA Jumbo. It has excellent ascochyta resistance and is MRMS to botrytis grey mould. It is intolerant to salinity and boron. High milling quality. Released 2012 (CIPAL0803). PB Seeds. EPR $5. Red lentil - PBA BLITZ PBA Blitz is a medium sized red lentil with a grey seed coat that is early flowering and is suited to short growing seasons and environments. It has improved early vigour and an erect growth habit which is suited to no-till and interrow sowing. PBA Blitz is MR to foliar and seed ascochyta blight and MR to botrytis grey mould. PBA Blitz is rated as intolerant of soil boron and salinity. It has demonstrated similar but generally improved milling characteristics compared to Nugget. Released PB Seeds. EPR $5. Red lentil PBA BOLT PBA Bolt is a medium sized red lentil with grey seed. Adapted to the Mallee and northern Wimmera. While similar to PBA Flash with early-mid maturity and salinity tolerance, it is better in the southern Mallee as it is MR to foliar ascochyta blight and R to seed ascochyta blight. Its susceptibility to botrytis grey mould makes it less suited to medium-high rainfall areas in wetter years and with early sowing. Like PBA Flash, PBA Bolt is a good variety for timely crop topping to control weeds. An erect habit and good lodging resistance make it easier to harvest in dry conditions. Released 2012 (CIPAL0801). PB Seeds. EPR $5. Red lentil - PBA BOUNTY PBA Bounty is a high yielding small seeded red lentil that is broadly adapted and suited to most lentil growing environments. PBA Bounty is MRMS to foliar ascochyta blight, MR to seed ascochyta blight and MS to botrytis grey mould. It has improved tolerance to salinity compared to Nugget. PBA Bounty has a prostrate plant growth habit early in the season compared with all other varieties. PBA Bounty produces a round seed that is slightly larger (10%) than Nipper, but still likely to be sold into similar markets for splitting or the production of footballs (whole seed with the seed coat removed). Released PB Seeds. EPR $5. Red lentil PBA FLASH PBA Flash is an early maturing, high yielding red lentil with a medium seed size and is suited to all current lentil growing areas but particularly shorter season growing areas. It has improved tolerance to boron and salinity compared to Nugget, which along with its height and erectness, has contributed to its popularity in the Mallee. Like PBA Bolt, PBA Flash is a good variety for timely crop topping to control weeds. It is MS to foliar ascochyta blight and MR to seed ascochyta blight. It is MRMS to botrytis grey mould. PBA Flash has improved standing ability at maturity relative to other lentil varieties which may make it more prone to pod drop in windy environments, timely harvest is required. It is well suited to medium red lentil grain markets, similar to Nugget, particularly for splitting. Released PB Seeds. EPR $5. Red lentil PBA HERALD XT PBA Herald XT is a small red seeded lentil best adapted to longer growing seasons with medium to higher rainfall. It is the first lentil with improved tolerance to imazethapyr with an interim permit for pre or post-emergent application in It has improved tolerance to the herbicide flumetsulam plus reduced sensitivity to some sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicide residues. It is important to note that growers must adhere to product label rates, plant back periods and all label directions for use. PBA Herald XT is targeted as a replacement for Nipper in medium to higher rainfall areas, but will be out-yielded by the new PBA Hurricane XT. PBA Herald XT is R to foliar and seed ascochyta and botrytis grey mould. Disease resistance will assist in achieving high grain quality. Released PB Seeds. EPR $5. Red lentil PBA HURRICANE XT PBA Hurricane XT is a small red seeded lentil with mid flowering and maturity. Like PBA Herald XT it has tolerance to imazethapyr with an interim permit for pre or postemergent application in It has improved tolerance to the herbicide flumetsulam plus reduced sensitivity to some sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicide residues. It is important to note that growers must adhere to product label rates, plant back periods and all label directions for use. PBA Hurricane XT is the highest yielding small red lentil available in Australia and has improved yields over PBA Herald XT, Nipper and Nugget, but lower than PBA Ace. It is MR to foliar ascochyta and MRMS to botrytis grey mould. Released 2013 (CIPAL1101). PB Seeds. EPR $5. Red lentil PBA JUMBO PBA Jumbo is a high yielding large seeded red lentil with a grey seed coat. It is mid flowering and has a maturity similar to Nugget. It is targeted as a replacement for Aldinga and is well suited to no-till inter-row sowing into standing stubble. It is MRMS to foliar ascochyta blight and R to seed ascochyta, but MS to botrytis grey mould, which may require timely management. Tolerance to soil boron is similar to PBA Flash. PBA Jumbo is suited to medium to high rainfall regions where it produces uniform larger seed size well suited to premium large red split markets. Released PB Seeds. EPR $5. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

74 Lentil Green lentil - BOOMER Boomer is a large seeded green lentil that is tall, bulky and vigorous but can lodge when growing conditions are favourable. Sowing early can increase lodging and result in smaller seed. Boomer is MR to foliar ascochyta blight but MS to seed ascochyta blight. It is MRMS to botrytis grey mould. Early harvest is important to prevent shattering and produce good coloured seed. Released Seednet. EPR $5. POTENTIAL NEW VARIETIES from Pulse Breeding Australia. Red lentil CIPAL1203 A high yielding, large seeded red lentil. CIPAL1203 is a vigorous mid season variety, that is able to maximise yield in favourable growing seasons (such as 2013). It will likely fit in the same market segment as PBA Jumbo, but comes with a superior agronomic package, being more resistant to both lodging and shattering, as well as R to both foliar ascochyta blight and botrytis grey mould. Available for sowing PB Seeds. EPR $5. Green lentil CIPAL1104 A new variety that fits into the medium-sized green lentil market. This variety represents a new market opportunity for Australian growers. With yields similar to PBA Ace, CIPAL1104 will be the highest yielding green lentil available. Well-suited to all regions where lentils are currently grown. CIPAL1104 is moderately resistant to both foliar ascochyta blight and botrytis grey mould. Available for sowing PB Seeds. EPR $5. Green lentil CIPAL1207 A large seeded green lentil with an average seed diameter of 5.8 mm (approximately 7 g/100 seeds). CIPAL1207 surpasses Boomer for seed size and yield across multiyear trials. It is also more resistant to shattering than Boomer, but is susceptible to lodging at maturity and MS for botrytis grey mould. Available for sowing PB Seeds. EPR $5. Table 1: Lentil time of sowing guide. Take variety flowering & maturity status into account when choosing a sowing date. In the Wimmera, the highest yields are from sowing in early May to mid June. However early sowing increases the risk of yield and quality losses from botrytis grey mould and ascochyta blight. Early sowing also increases the likelihood of crop lodging. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from experimental data and observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. MALLEE/Northern WIMMERA April May June July Aldinga, Boomer, Nugget, PBA Ace, PBA Bolt, PBA Bounty, PBA Blitz, PBA Flash, PBA > X X X < Jumbo WIMMERA April May June July Aldinga, Boomer, Nipper, Nugget, PBA Ace, PBA Bolt, PBA Bounty, PBA Blitz, PBA Flash, PBA Herald XT, PBA Hurricane XT, PBA Jumbo,Tiara >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable > X X X X X < Table 2: Lentil variety agronomic guide (may vary with sowing time and location). Variety Grain Seed Seed size Flowering Maturity Lodging Shattering Salinity Boron type coat (%)* time Small seed Nipper red grey mid/late mid MR MR MT I PBA Bounty red grey 90 mid/late mid MS R MI I PBA Herald XT red grey 75 mid/late mid/late MRMS MR I I PBA Hurricane XT red grey 85 mid mid MR R I I Medium seed Nugget red grey 100 mid mid/late MS R I I PBA Ace red grey 100 mid mid MRMS MRMS I I PBA Blitz red grey early early MR MR I I PBA Bolt red grey 100 early/mid early/mid R R MI MI PBA Flash red green early/mid early/mid MR MR MI MI Large seed Aldinga red green 120 mid mid MS MRMS MI I CIPAL1203 red grey 120 mid mid MRMS R I MI PBA Jumbo red grey 120 mid mid MS MR I MI Green lentil Boomer yellow green 150 mid mid/late S S I MI CIPAL1104 yellow green 130 mid mid/late MS MR MI I CIPAL1207 yellow green 170 mid mid/late S MRMS I MI R = resistant, MR=moderately resistant, MS=moderately susceptible, S=susceptible, VS=very susceptible, I=intolerant, MT= moderately tolerant, MI= moderately intolerant. * ratings relative to Nugget. Can flower and mature relatively earlier if sown early. 64 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

75 Lentil Table 3: Disease rating for current lentil varieties. Disease ratings from Pulse Breeding Australia. No variety with a Resistant rating is immune to disease, and fungicide application may be required under severe disease pressure. Variety Ascochyta blight Ascochyta blight Botrytis grey mould (BGM) Foliar Seed/pod Small seed Nipper MRMS R R PBA Bounty MRMS MR MS PBA Herald XT R R R PBA Hurricane XT MR - MRMS Medium seed Nugget MRMS MS MRMS PBA Ace R R MRMS PBA Blitz MR MR MR PBA Bolt MR R S PBA Flash MS MR MRMS Large seed Aldinga MRMS MS MS CIPAL1203 R - R PBA Jumbo MRMS R MS Green lentil Boomer MR MS MRMS CIPAL1104 MR - MR CIPAL1207 MR - MS R = Resistant RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant MR = Moderately resistant MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = Moderately susceptible MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible VS = Very susceptible Table 4: Lentil disease guide. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Hosts Control Ascochyta blight Ascochyta lentis Botrytis grey mould Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis fabae VIRUS DISEASES AMV Alfalfa mosaic virus CMV BWYV Cucumber mosaic virus Beet western yellows virus Leaves: small round whitish grey lesions with brown margins. Lesions contain small black fruiting bodies of the fungus. Lesions can also form on stems causing premature death. Pod infection can ultimately result in dark discolourations on seed. Leaves: white round lesions/spots without black fruiting bodies as in ascochyta blight. Stems: Pale brown grey lesions form on stems that are covered with fluffy grey mould. Botrytis grey mould can cause branches to die and cause discoloured and shrivelled seed. In severe cases large brown patches can form in the crop. Tip necrosis. Young leaves are pale green, small, twisted and distorted. A faint mosaic pattern may appear. Yellowing, stunting. Young leaves are pale green, small, twisted and distorted. A faint mosaic pattern may appear. Yellowing, stunting. Produces the most severe symptoms of the all the viruses. Patches of crop resemble root disease or herbicide residue damage. Common in all lentil growing regions in southern Australia. All varieties except Northfield and Nipper are at risk of seed infection by ascochyta blight. Damage is most likely in wet seasons. Most likely to occur in dense, lodged crops when there is frequent rain late in spring. Prevalent in lentil production regions with high aphid numbers Common in all lentil growing areas with high aphid numbers Present in all lentil production areas with high aphid numbers. Lentils seed, stubble and self sown plants. Most legumes including chickpeas, faba bean and vetch. Wide host range including most pulses, some horticultural plants and weeds Wide host range including most pulses, some horticultural plants and weeds Wide host range including most pulses, some horticultural plants and weeds Fungicidal seed dressings. Resistant varieties. Foliar fungicides. Crop rotation. Avoid early sowing. Fungicidal seed dressings. Low plant density. Avoid early sowing. Foliar fungicides. Crop rotation. Resistant varieties. Virus free seed, management of weeds, resistant varieties. Virus free seed, management of weeds, resistant varieties. Managing weeds and aphids, resistant varieties. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

76 Lentil Table 5: Long term predicted lentil yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Nugget. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. Mallee Wimmera Nugget (t/ha) Aldinga 101 (10) 97 (13) Boomer 102 (19) 102 (23) Cassab - 92 (4) Cumra 93 (5) 91 (7) Digger 94 (10) 93 (15) Matilda - 95 (4) Nipper 87 (25) 95 (25) Northfield 92 (14) 93 (19) Nugget 100 (25) 100 (25) PBA Ace 124 (23) 116 (21) PBA Blitz 96 (25) 102 (25) PBA Bolt 119 (23) 114 (21) PBA Bounty 103 (19) 99 (23) PBA Flash 103 (25) 109 (25) PBA Herald XT 93 (23) 96 (19) PBA Hurricane XT 111 (16) 110 (11) PBA Jumbo 102 (25) 105 (25) Table 6: Yield of lentil expressed as a percentage of the yield of Nugget in 2013 NVT and Vic DEPI (B) trials. Mallee Wimmera Beulah Birchip Rainbow Ultima (C) Horsham (B) Kaniva Minyip (B) Tarranyurk (B,C) Sowing Date 21/5/13 16/5/13 17/5/13 30/5/13 5/6/13 18/6/13 27/5/13 17/6/13 Nugget (t/ha) Aldinga Boomer Nipper Northfield Nugget PBA Ace PBA Blitz PBA Bolt PBA Bounty PBA Flash PBA Herald XT PBA Hurricane XT PBA Jumbo Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) B = Breeding trials, C = caution interpreting data: Beulah had poor emergence and vigour, Ultima had high variability. Table 7: Grain weight (g/100 seeds) in 2013 lentil trials. Mallee Wimmera Birchip Rainbow Ultima Kaniva Tarranyurk Nipper Nugget PBA Ace PBA Blitz PBA Bolt PBA Flash PBA Herald XT PBA Hurricane XT PBA Jumbo ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Jason Brand Matthew Rodda Mirella Butsch Frank Henry Mary Raynes Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham Pulse Australia 66 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

77 FABA BEAN

78 There are varying sizes of faba bean seeds and colour that are identified by different names. Small-seeded types (Vicia faba var. minor) may be called faba bean or tickbean and are commonly used for human consumption and animal feed. Medium and large size seed types (V. faba var. major) may be called broad bean and are used more commonly as a dry broad bean or as a green bean. Faba beans grown in Australia are predominately exported for the human consumption export market to the Middle East. These markets demand high visual quality standards to meet market specifications in a relatively small world export market. Australia competes with the European Union, particularly the United Kingdom and France, for a share of the 300,000 tonne Middle East market. Middle Eastern countries use faba bean for human consumption as part of the staple diet. It is referred to as foul which is equivalent to bread as a staple in Australian diets. REVIEW OF 2013 Season In 2013 faba bean crops performed well with a few exceptions. Cooler conditions allowed crops to flower for a long period of time and yields in western Victoria were excellent. In some cases earlier flowers failed to produce pods. This is possibly due to the cooler spring temperatures having a range of effects including reduced numbers of bees for pollination and poor sunlight penetration into the lower branches. The total area sown to faba bean is continuing to see a resurgence, with improved understanding of agronomy and disease management along with excellent commodity prices. In recent years growers using wide row no-till cropping have found faba beans profitable as the lower pods are able to fill properly. Disease Some chocolate spot and cercospora was observed but was well managed with prudent use of fungicides in spite of some wet weather and neither progressed into a serious outbreak. Faba bean quality was particularly dependent on timely management of insect and disease pests. Ascochyta and rust were not prevalent in LOOKING FORWARD TO 2014 New varieties No new varieties were added to the 2014 guide. However, there are new varieties on the horizon for 2015 (AF and AF ) that offer yield improvements of 5-10% in most regions. Fiesta and Farah are the most commonly grown varieties in Victoria. PBA Rana, released in 2011 produces the largest seed and is well suited to the Egyptian market. It is resistant to both foliar and seed ascochyta. PBA Rana is aimed at the high rainfall long season in the South West. Pod set Sowing early does not necessarily result in greater pod set, but wider row spacings may help sunlight to penetrate the canopy and increase podding. Sow in areas away from FABA BEAN canola paddocks to avoid bees being diverted to the stronger odour of the canola. Faba Bean Disease To maintain access to the high quality human consumption food market in the Middle East, Australian faba beans require seed to be free from blemishes primarily caused by disease, insect and environment. Correct variety choice and strategic fungicide implementation is required to ensure good yields, good seed quality and colour. If 2014 provides good sowing conditions and adequate rain during the grain fill period, it is highly recommended that growers spray bean crops for disease control. The 6-8 week and 15 week growth stages are the important timing to minimise ascochyta blight, cercospora leaf spot and chocolate spot in order to harvest disease free seed. Prompt harvest when the crop is initially ripe is also important to retain grain quality. Anecdotally, Aquadulce and PBA Kareema rated better for chocolate spot resistance compared to Nura and Farah. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. AG0083 Growing faba bean AG1347 Pulse disease guide DEPI Crop Disease App for Android and iphone Pulse Australia has detailed information on growing pulses. VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS denotes Plant Breeder Rights apply End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Broad bean - AQUADULCE Tall late flowering broad bean with some tolerance to waterlogging as well as iron and manganese deficiencies. Best suited to high rainfall districts (>450mm). MS to ascochyta blight, chocolate spot and rust. Released Broad bean - PBA KAREEMA PBA Kareema is a direct replacement for Aquadulce. PBA Kareema requires a long growing season similar to Aquadulce and rainfall greater than 450mm. It is RMR to ascochyta blight and MRMS to chocolate spot. PBA Kareema is only recommended for the south west region of Victoria. Released PGG Wrightson Seeds. EPR $4. Faba bean - FARAH Farah is similar to Fiesta but has good ascochyta blight resistance (both leaf and pod), which reduces grain staining from ascochyta at harvest. Farah yield is similar to Fiesta across southern Australia and performs best in medium rainfall environments. Released Heritage Seeds. EPR $3. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

79 Faba Bean Faba bean - FIESTA VF A medium sized bean, Fiesta has shown high yields and wide adaptation throughout southern Australia. It has good seedling vigour and is of medium height. Fiesta is MRMS to ascochyta blight foliage, MS to seed ascochyta and S to chocolate spot. Released Faba bean - NURA Nura is shorter than Fiesta and Farah and less likely to lodge, however the bottom pods are closer to the ground. RMR to ascochyta blight, MS to chocolate spot and MR to rust. Nura needs to be sown early as it flowers about seven days later than Fiesta, but it matures at a similar time. Released Seednet. EPR $3. Faba bean - PBA RANA Relatively late flowering and maturing variety suited to higher rainfall, long season regions. Seed is larger than current varieties and is considered high quality by the major Egyptian market. Resistant to both foliar and seed ascochyta blight with improved resistance to chocolate spot compared to Fiesta and Farah. Developed by PBA (as 974*(611*974)/15-1). Released Seednet. EPR $3.50. Table 1: Faba bean time of sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. MALLEE April May June July Farah, Fiesta > X X X < WIMMERA Aquadulce, Farah, Fiesta, Nura. > X X X X X X X X < < NORTH CENTRAL Aquadulce, Farah, Fiesta, Nura > X X X X X X X < < NORTH EAST Aquadulce, Farah, Fiesta, Nura > X X X < SOUTH WEST Aquadulce, PBA Kareema, Farah, Fiesta, PBA Rana > > X X X X X X X < >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable Table 2: Faba bean variety agronomic and disease guide. Variety Seed size Seed colour Flowering time Maturity Lodging Ascochyta blight -Foliage Ascochyta blight -Seed Chocolate spot Aquadulce large light buff late mid-late MS MS MS MS MS PBA large light brown late mid-late MS RMR RMR MRMS MR Kareema Farah medium light brown early-mid early-mid MS RMR RMR S S -brown Fiesta VF medium light brown early-mid early-mid MS MRMS MS S S -brown Nura small-med light buff mid early-mid MR RMR RMR MS MR PBA Rana med-large light brown mid mid MR R R S MS Disease ratings from Pulse Breeding Australia. R = Resistant RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant MR = Moderately resistant MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = Moderately susceptible MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible VS = Very susceptible Rust 68 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

80 Faba bean Table 3: Faba bean disease guide summary. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Hosts Control Ascochyta Ascochyta Faba bean, blight fabae Vetch. Chocolate spot Cercospora leaf spot Rust Sclerotinia stem rot Stem nematode Botrytis fabae Botrytis cinerea Cercospora zonata Uromyces viciae-fabae Sclerotinia trifoliorum var. fabae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Ditylenchus dipsaci VIRUS DISEASES SCSV Subterranean clover stunt virus BLRV PSbMV Bean leaf roll virus Pea seedborne mosaic virus Large, light tan to grey lesions on leaves. Small black fruiting bodies develop within lesions. Centres of lesions may fall out, leaving holes in leaves. Sunken lesions on stem similar in colour to leaf lesions. Brown-black discolouration of grain. Passive phase: small chocolate covered spots scattered over leaves. Aggressive phase: tissue around spots turn dark grey and black. Leaves die and blacken. Irregular black lesions, with a distinct margin on the leaf. Easily confused with Ascochyta or Chocolate spot but distinguished by the concentric pattern within lesions. Numerous small, orange-brown rust pustules, surrounded by a light yellow halo on the leaves of infected plants. Infection usually begins close to ground level and slimy wet rot extends into stem and down into the roots. Plants easily pulled from soil and have blackened base covered with cottony, white fungus growth. Usually isolated plants that suddenly wilt and collapse. Sclerotia on surface and within stem turn from white to black. Patches of malformed and stunted plants with curling leaves and water-soaked spots. Stem may die back, turning reddish-brown colour. Stunting, tip yellowing, small and thick leaves. Interveinal yellowing, leaf rolling, stunting, leathery leaves. Can be symptomless or systemic dark and lightgreen leaf mottle, leaf margins upright leaf blade reduced in size. Seeds have brown rings or line patterns on surface. Common in all faba bean growing areas in southern Australia. Most severe in wet seasons. Spores spread by wind and rain. Infected seed. Occurs in all areas where beans are grown. Disease usually becomes established in late winter and becomes more severe as day temperatures increase during spring. Spores spread by wind and rain. Can destroy unprotected crops in wet seasons. Occurs in all areas where beans are grown. Most prevalent in northern Australia. Crops usually affected late in the season. Rapid development of disease in wet, cool conditions. Foliar form of disease spread by airborne spores. Fungus survives in the soil for many years. Most severe in wet seasons. Nematode can survive many years in seed, straw or soil. Prevalent in all bean growing areas, symptoms appear early on faba bean. Occurs in all bean growing areas. Occurs in all bean growing areas. Faba bean. Faba bean, vetch. Faba bean, vetch. Wide host range. Faba bean, pea, oat, wild oat. Infected seed straw or soil. Sub clover, faba bean, lupin, lentil, chickpea, lucerne, soybean. The host range is limited to Fabaceae. Host range is limited to Fabaceae Foliar fungicides. Resistant varieties. Crop rotation. Control volunteer plants. Clean seed. Foliar fungicides. Resistant varieties. Crop rotation. Control volunteer plants. Foliar fungicides. Foliar fungicides. Crop rotation. Control volunteer plants. Crop rotation. Lower seeding rates, wider row spacing and good weed control. Seed test. Crop rotation. Managing aphids and weeds. Managing aphids. Virus free seed is recommended. Managing aphids. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

81 Faba bean Table 4: Long term predicted faba bean yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Farah. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. North Central North East South West Wimmera Farah (t/ha) Aquadulce (3) - Cairo (6) Doza (4) - 94 (12) Farah 100 (6) 100 (7) 100 (4) 100 (23) Fiesta VF 101 (6) 100 (7) 101 (4) 100 (22) Fiord 93 (4) 97 (3) - 99 (12) Manafest (8) Nura 94 (6) 98 (7) 98 (4) 97 (25) PBA Kareema (3) - PBA Rana 95 (3) 96 (6) 98 (4) 93 (21) Table 5: Yield of faba bean expressed as a percentage of the yield of Farah in 2013 NVT and breeding trials (B). North Central North East South West Wimmera Kerang (B) Dookie Lake Bolac (B,C) Kalkee (B,C) Kaniva Kaniva (B) Wonwonda h Wonwondah (B) Sowing Date 1/3/13 8/5/13 2/5/13 9/5/13 13/5/13 15/5/13 8/5/13 8/5/13 Farah (t/ha) Aquadulce Farah Fiesta VF Nura PBA Kareema PBA Rana PBA Warda Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) B= Breeding trial, C = caution interpreting data, high variability. Table 6: 100 grain weight (g/100 seeds) of faba bean in 2013 trials. North East Wimmera Dookie Kaniva Wonwondah Farah Fiesta VF Nura PBA Rana PBA Warda ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Jason Brand Frank Henry Jeffrey Paull Mary Raynes Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham University of Adelaide Pulse Australia 70 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

82 LUPIN

83 There are two species of lupin used in broadacre crop production, the more commonly grown narrow leaf lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) and the large seeded and broad leafed albus types (Lupinus albus). Narrow leaf types are generally used as a high protein stock feed either for sale or supplementary feeding on farm. The albus types may fit into human food and aquaculture markets as well as high protein stock feed markets. They are the less preferred lupin in stock feed manufacturing. They are also more susceptible to dry conditions or waterlogging than narrow leaf lupins. REVIEW OF 2013 Season As with other broadleaf crops, dry sowing conditions caused some variable emergence and establishment suffered. Lack of spring rainfall limited yield potential and windy conditions damaged stems making it difficult to harvest grain. Generally older varieties were more vulnerable to wind damage. Yields in the Mallee were reduced with the dry start to spring. Disease There were limited reports of fungal diseases in However the fungal disease phomopsis was present, particularly on susceptible varieties in the North East. Even in resistant varieties phomopsis can cause the stock disease lupinosis when animals graze lupin stubbles. Growers are reminded to check stubbles before grazing with sheep. Look for the characteristic leopard spotting (pycnidia) on stubble. Likewise, viruses (CMV) were not widespread but were present in some crops. Surveys confirm that Victoria remains free of anthracnose. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2014 New varieties There are no new varieties in the eastern states for However, PBA Barlock was released in WA and is intended to be released in Victoria and South Australia in 2015 Disease Most narrow leaf varieties are susceptible to brown leaf spot, fungicide seed dressingsand agronomic management are required to reduce impact of this disease. Virus diseases remain a potential issue for Seed testing is recommended to confirm freedom from CMV and other viruses, and resistant varieties are recommended. Avoid sowing lupins adjacent to legume crops or pasture (eg. lucerne) to reduce virus risk. Monitoring and managing aphids may also assist to manage viruses. Majority of current varieties have resistance to phomopsis, slowing development of the fungus and reducing toxin production. However, when significant rainfall occurs on maturing plants or after harvest disease development can still occur and care must be taken in grazing lupin stubbles. Anthracnose is present in WA and SA commercial lupin crops and it is important that seed is obtained from LUPIN Lupin reputable sources to prevent accidental introduction into Victoria. Standard hygiene practice should apply when dealing with equipment, material or people from infected states. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. Growing lupin AG1347 Pulse disease guide DEPI Crop Disease App for Android and iphone Pulse Australia has detailed information on growing pulses. VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS denotes Plant Breeder Rights apply End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Narrow leaf lupin JENABILLUP Tall mid flowering narrow leaf lupin with early vigour. A high yielding variety more suited to the medium to higher rainfall areas. It has an longer flowering window compared to Mandelup, making it less suitable to crop topping. MR to lodging. MR to aphid colonisation, R to pod phomopsis, MRMS to brown leaf spot and MS to stem phomopsis and anthracnose. Released Seednet. EPR $2.30. Narrow leaf lupin JINDALEE Tall, mid flowering and late maturing variety suited to early sowing in high rainfall, long season areas. Does not handle a dry finish, and because of its vernalisation requirement can flower too late in warmer areas. R to phomopsis, MR to brown leaf spot and S to anthracnose. Medium speckled seed size with medium seed alkaloid levels. Released Seednet. EPR $1.25. Narrow leaf lupin MANDELUP A tall, early flowering and maturing variety with high yield suited to medium to low rainfall zones. Suitable for crop topping. Mandelup may lodge in high rainfall zones. R to phomopsis and aphids, MR to anthracnose. Pod shatter with delayed harvest and poorer establishment have been issues with Mandelup. Released Seednet. EPR $2.30. Narrow leaf lupin PBA GUNYIDI Released as a replacement of Mandelup, PBA Gunyidi is a slightly later flowering and maturing variety than Mandelup. PBA Gunyidi has proven widely adapted to a range of environments, and is considered an alternative to Mandelup, but with greater resistance to pod shattering. It is not as tall as Mandelup, and generally considered comparable to it for yield. R to phomopsis, MS to brown leaf spot and RMR to anthracnose. It is only available in limited supply in eastern Australia and likely to be adopted only by those who are dissatisfied with Mandelup. Developed by PBA (WALAN2289). Released Seednet. EPR $2.50. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

84 Lupin Narrow leaf lupin QUILINOCK High yielding narrow leaf lupin but SVS to anthracnose. It is early flowering for low to medium rainfall areas. Quilinock is MR to stem phomopsis. Released Limited quantities grown in eastern states due to anthracnose susceptibility. EPR $0.95. Narrow leaf lupin WONGA Anthracnose R with medium height and lodging resistance. It is MS to brown leaf spot and R to phomopsis. Best suited to medium rainfall districts, particularly when resistance to anthracnose is required. Released Albus lupin KIEV MUTANT Once the most widely grown albus variety, but now superceded. It is of moderate height, grows vigorously, flowers early but matures late compared with narrow leaf lupins. Requires rainfall higher than 450mm to yield well. Does not handle waterlogged conditions. Alkaloid testing of seed is required. Albus lupin LUXOR A newer release to replace Kiev Mutant, but with resistance to Pleiochaeta root rot. Slightly taller than Kiev Mutant and suitable for lower to medium rainfall regions and high rainfall regions where Pleiochaeta root rot is a problem. Luxor is 100 per cent sweet and should not be grown within 2 km of other albus varieties to avoid bitter contamination. Released Viterra. EPR $2.80. Albus lupin ROSSETTA A release selected for improved yield and Pleiochaeta root rot resistance compared to Kiev Mutant. It is late flowering, making it suitable for medium and higher rainfall regions although has compared well with other albus varieties in the Mallee. It is tall and 100 per cent sweet, so should not be grown near other albus varieties. Released Viterra. EPR $2.80 Bitter, large seeded albus lupin -LUPINI bean Varieties are Lago Azzurro, Mount Beauty and Murphy. They must be grown in complete isolation from sweet albus varieties due to the high alkaloid content of the seed and the potential to cross or contaminate sweet albus varieties. Production is for a niche market. POTENTIAL NEW VARIETY FOR 2015 Narrow leaf lupin PBA BARLOCK PBA Barlock is slightly later flowering and maturing than Mandelup with a greater yield potential and more resistance to pod shatter. MR to stem phomopsis and R to anthracnose and aphids. Better metribuzin tolerance than Wonga. Released in WA in 2013 (WALAN2325) and aniticipate seed available in eastern states for Seednet. EPR $2.50 Table 1: Optimal lupin sowing times for rainfall zones and soil types. Rainfall zone Average mm per year Below 350 mm Optimum sowing time Sands Shallow sand over clay, sandy loams, loams mid April to early late April to early May May mm early to mid May mid May Above 450 mm mid May late May Table 2: Lupin variety agronomic and disease guide. Flowering Height Lodging Pod Drought Aphid time shattering tolerance resist Brown leaf spot Pleiochaeta root rot CMV seed transmit Anthracnose Phomopsis Stem Pod Narrow leaf Jenabillup M T MR MS MR MR MRMS R MR MS MS R Jindalee M-L M R MR MS MR R MS S R R Mandelup VE T MS MS MR R MS R MR MR R R PBA E M MR R R MS RMR R MR Barlock PBA VE M MS R MR R MS R RMR RMR R R Gunyidi Quilinock E S MS MR MR MS MRMS R MR SVS MR MS Wonga E-M M MR R MS MR MS R R R R R Albus lupin Kiev Mutant E M R MS S MR VS R VS MR S Luxor E-M M-T R MS S MR R R VS MR S Rosetta M-L T R MS S MR MR R VS MR S Flowering time; VE=very early, E=early, M=mid, L=late Height; S=short, M=medium, T=tall Lodging and disease reactions; R = Resistant RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant MR = Moderately resistant MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = Moderately susceptible MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible VS = Very susceptible 72 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

85 Lupin Table 3: Lupin sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. MALLEE April May June July Narrow leaf Jenabillup, Mandelup, PBA Gunyidi, Quilinock, Wonga > X X X X < < Albus lupin Kiev Mutant, Luxor, Rosetta > X X X X < < WIMMERA April May June July Narrow leaf Jenabillup, Mandelup, PBA Gunyidi, Quilinock, Wonga > > X X X X < < Albus lupin Kiev Mutant, Luxor, Rosetta > > X X X X < < NORTH CENTRAL April May June July Narrow leaf Jenabillup, Jindalee, Mandelup, PBA Gunyidi, Quilinock, Wonga > > X X X X < < Albus lupin Kiev Mutant, Luxor, Rosetta > > X X X X < < NORTH EAST April May June July Narrow leaf Jenabillup, Jindalee, PBA Gunyidi, Quilinock, Wonga > X X X X < < Albus lupin Kiev Mutant, Luxor, Rosetta > X X X X < < SOUTH WEST April May June July Narrow leaf Jenabillup, Jindalee, PBA Gunyidi, Quilinock, Wonga > X X X X < < Albus lupin Kiev Mutant, Luxor, Rosetta > X X X X X < >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable Table 4: Long term predicted lupin yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Mandelup. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. Mallee North Central Mandelup (t/ha) Coromup 94 (6) 94 (5) Jenabillup 95 (10) 97 (5) Mandelup 100 (10) 100 (5) PBA Barlock 96 (8) 93 (4) PBA Gunyidi 96 (10) 97 (4) Quilinock 91 (6) - Wonga 87 (10) 81 (5) Table 5: Yield of lupin expressed as a percentage of the yield of Mandelup and 100 grain weight (g/100 seeds) in 2013 trials. Yield Grain weight Mallee North Central North Central Hopetoun Diggora Diggora Sowing Date 22/5/13 29/5/13 Mandelup (t/ha) Coromup Jenabillup Mandelup PBA Barlock PBA Gunyidi Quilinock Wonga Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) 5 4 LSD (%) 9 7 Victorian Winter Crop Summary

86 Lupin Table 6: Lupin disease guide. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Inoculum source Control FUNGAL DISEASES Brown leaf spot Pleiochaeta setosa Pleiochaeta root rot Rhizoctonia Anthracnose Pleiochaeta setosa Rhizoctonia spp. Colletotrichum lupini VIRUS DISEASES CMV Cucumber mosaic virus BYMV Bean yellow mosaic virus ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dark spots on leaves and pods, often web like on leaves, infected leaves drop off, lesions may girdle stem. Browning and rotting of tap and lateral roots, seedling plant death. Bare patches in crop, spear tipped root ends or hypocotyl rot and stain. Dark brown lesions containing pink/orange spore masses on stems, pods and occassionally leaves. Lesions cause bending and twisting of stems and pods and occur in crook of bend. Leaves are pale, bunched, and down curled with faint mosaic. Brown necrotic streaks as plant dies back from growing point of stem, shepherd crook of stem, pods blackened and flat, leaves yellow, plants wilt and die. Very common but losses usually minor in dry areas, yield loss can be significant in cool damp areas. Serious reduction in lupin plant density and vigour. Can be severe in isolated patches, reduces stand density, favoured by minimum tillage, wet soils and mild conditions. Severe infections can result in severing of stems or total pod abortion resulting in complete crop failure. Early widespread infection severely reduces yield. Minor infections prevent use of harvested grain as seed. Can be severe in higher rainfall areas, usually transmitted from pasture. Spores survive in soil and lupin trash. Rain splash and wind blown rain spread the disease. Spores in soil infecting roots usually at seedling stage, spread also by rain splash. Soil borne infection with wide host range, survives as fungal fragments in soil and plant debris. Seed borne infection. Spread in crop by rain splash and wind. Seed borne infection in narrow leaf lupin, aphid vectored in crop. Aphid vectored, many hosts (including pasture legumes), seed borne in L. albus. Fungicide seed dressings, crop rotation, variety selection, early sowing, sow into cereal stubble. Minimum 4 year rotation between lupins, sowing 4-5 cm deep to avoid spore layer, fungicide seed dressings. Tillage prior and during sowing below seed depth, rotation has no effect. Clean seed and machinery, resistant varieties, fungicide seed dressings. Sow clean seed, use a seed test, high sowing rates and cereal barriers around crops reduce aphid transmission. High plant density, cereal barrier, control weed and volunteer lupins, avoid sowing adjacent to legume pastures. Ivan Mock Mary Raynes Geoff Thomas Dodgshun Medlin Pulse Australia Department of Agriculture and Food, Perth 74 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

87 CHICKPEA

88 REVIEW OF 2013 Season Chickpeas emerged well despite the dry start to the season. However, a lack of subsoil moisture, cool conditions in spring and frosts in some regions during October, meant that in many regions yields were below average. It is important to note that chickpeas will generally only set pods when average daily temperatures are above 15 C. Below this temperature pod abortion will occur. Yields varied across Victoria. Early sown Mallee chickpea crops lacked the subsoil moisture to cope with dry windy conditions in September, and those escaping the October frosts yielded between 1.0 t/ha to 2.5 t/ha. Central and west Wimmera regions recorded the higher chickpea yields from 2.0 to 3.5 t/ha. Central and north east Victoria chickpea crops never recovered from the harsh October frost. Disease and insects Ascochyta blight was observed in several chickpea crops in Victoria in 2013, due to the conducive winter conditions. Generally the disease was well managed through appropriate fungicide applications and varietal resistance. No major losses of yield or grain quality were observed, however it is important to note that all current varieties are susceptible to ascochyta blight infection on pods and this has the potential to damage seed quality. Beet western yellows virus affected a small number of crops. CHICKPEA Chickpea Variety selection should be based on expected ascochyta blight pressure, yield and marketing opportunities, as disease management is critical to success. It is very important to know the ascochyta blight resistance rating for a chosen variety and understand the disease management package associated with growing that variety. While a number of varieties have improved foliar resistance to ascochyta blight, all chickpea varieties are susceptible to ascochyta pod infection. Varieties with good aschochyta resistance will still require a foliar fungicide application at podding to minimise the risk of seed infection and maximise quality. Moderately resistant varieties, such as Almaz, require 2-4 strategic fungicide applications to prevent yield loss. Herbicides and their residues can increase susceptibility to disease. Growers need to consult with cropping advisors to maintain an awareness of the products and rates registered for use on chickpeas and the plant back time for chemicals used previously. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. Growing chickpea AG1347 Pulse disease guide DEPI Crop Disease App for Android and iphone There were reports of some heliothis damage from the high insect populations late in the season. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2014 New varieties PBA Monarch is an early flowering medium seeded kabuli chickpea, and the first kabuli release from PBA. PBA Monarch is the highest yielding medium sized kabuli chickpea variety. In shorter season chickpea environments, such as the Victorian Mallee, PBA Monarch has yielded similarly to Genesis 090. PBA Maiden is a large seeded desi chickpea suitable for medium to low rainfall environments and has similar adaptation to PBA Slasher. The angular seed is larger than any current southern desi varieties (28% larger than PBA Slasher) and is suitable for whole seed markets. Both new varieties are expected to be widely available in 2014 from Seednet. Disease It remains important that seed used for sowing in 2014 is treated with a fungicide seed dressing to minimise botrytis grey mould and ascochyta blight. Following the higher incidence of aschochyta blight in 2013 it is important to source seed from a paddock where ascochyta was not detected or was well managed. Select a paddock more than 500 metres away from last year s chickpea crop. A fungicide seed dressing will be essential to minimise ascochyta blight and botrytis grey mould. Pulse Australia has detailed information on growing pulses including: Chickpea disease management strategy VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS denotes plant breeders rights apply. End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Desi type AMBAR Limited evaluation has occurred outside Western Australia. Early data indicates good resistance to ascochyta blight and likely to require one fungicide application during podding. Ambar is an early flowering and maturing variety suitable for short season environments. Seed is smaller than Howzat and PBA Slasher but has a uniform grain size and tan-brown colour that assists marketing. Released 2012 (WACPE2136). Heritage Seeds. EPR $4. Desi type GENESIS TM 509 Has good ascochyta resistance and is likely to require only one fungicide application during podding. Seed is less preferred than Howzat and PBA Slasher. Genesis 509 yields lower than PBA Slasher. It has shown broad adaptation and is suited to both the Wimmera and Mallee regions. Released Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. EPR $5. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

89 Chickpea Desi type HOWZAT Susceptible to ascochyta blight and strategic application of fungicides is required. Initially prostrate rather than erect, but standing ability improves towards maturity. Mid flowering with tan grain of medium size. Howzat is less susceptible to botrytis grey mould than most current varieties. The variety has excellent adaptation to most chickpea growing regions. Released Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. Desi type NEELAM Limited evaluation has occurred outside Western Australia. Early data indicates good resistance to ascochyta blight. Mid flowering and mid maturing variety. Seed is smaller than Howzat and PBA Slasher. Released 2012 (WACPE2155). Heritage Seeds. EPR $4. Desi type PBA MAIDEN MR to ascochyta blight and when grown in Victoria will require at least one fungicide application during the vegetative phase (8-10 weeks after sowing) and an additional spray at podding. Large angular seed size, yellow-tan in colour, is suitable for the whole seed market. PBA Maiden has early-mid flowering and mid maturity. It is susceptible to botrytis grey mould. Growers are advised to investigate delivery and marketing options prior to growing this variety due to its unique and favourable seed characteristics. Released 2013 (CIPAL0717). Good availability for Seednet. EPR $4. Desi type PBA SLASHER Good resistance to foliar infection by ascochyta and is likely to require only one fungicide application during podding. Seed is medium size tan-brown which has excellent milling quality, suitable for both split and whole seed markets. PBA Slasher has mid flowering and maturity. It is susceptible to botrytis grey mould, similar to Genesis TM varieties. Released Seednet. EPR $4. Desi type PBA STRIKER MR to ascochyta blight and when grown in Victoria will require at least one fungicide application during the vegetative phase (8-10 weeks after sowing), and an additional spray at podding. Excellent adaptation to short season environments due to early flowering and maturity. Medium seed size with excellent milling quality. Released 2012 (CICA0603). Seednet. EPR $4. Kabuli type ALMAZ MS to ascochyta blight. Seed size is similar to PBA Monarch (8-9 mm) but smaller than Genesis Kalkee. Yield is lower than PBA Monarch. Almaz will require at least 3 fungicide applications to be successfully grown in Victorian growing conditions. Best adapted to the traditional kabuli growing areas. Released Seednet. EPR $6.50. Kabuli type GENESIS TM 079 Good resistance to ascochyta blight, Genesis 079 is likely to only require one fungicide application during podding. It is a high yielding small seeded type (6-7mm) with relatively high yields in short season environments. Genesis 079 is the earliest flowering and maturing kabuli variety available. Released Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. EPR $5. Kabuli type GENESIS TM 090 Genesis 090 has good ascochyta blight resistance and is likely to require only one fungicide application during podding. It has shown wide adaptation and excellent yield stability, including in drier environments. Genesis 090 has a small seed (7-8 mm), approximately 1 mm smaller than that of Almaz and PBA Monarch. It has the potential to be grown as a good alternative to desi chickpeas or as a higher yielding but lower value alternative (smaller seed) to kabuli s such as Almaz, PBA Monarch and Genesis Kalkee. Released Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. EPR $5. Kabuli type GENESIS TM 114 MS to ascochyta blight and when grown in Victoria is likely to require strategic fungicide applications (2-4 sprays) throughout the growing season. Seed size is larger than Kaniva (8-9 mm) and has been higher yielding than Almaz and Nafice. Genesis 114 has an erect plant habit and excellent lodging resistance. Released Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. EPR $5. Kabuli type GENESIS TM KALKEE MS to ascochyta blight and when grown in Victoria is likely to require strategic fungicide applications (2-4 sprays) throughout the growing season. Seed size is larger than Kaniva and Almaz (predominantly 9 mm). Kalkee has an erect plant habit. Released Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. EPR $5. Kabuli type PBA MONARCH MS to ascochyta blight and when grown in Victoria is likely to require strategic fungicide applications (2-4 sprays) throughout the growing season. Particularly suited to shorter season environments. Medium seed size (8-9 mm) is larger than Genesis 090 and similar to Almaz. Highest yielding medium sized kabuli. A semi-spreading plant similar to PBA Slasher with some susceptibility to lodging particularly when biomass is high. Released Good availability for Seednet. EPR $ Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

90 Chickpea Table 1: Chickpea time of sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. MALLEE April May June July Desi Howzat, Tyson > > X X < < Ambar, Genesis 509, Neelam, PBA Maiden, > X X X X < < PBA Slasher, PBA Striker Kabuli Genesis 079, Genesis 090 > > X X X X < < Almaz, Genesis 114, PBA Monarch X < < WIMMERA April May June July Desi Howzat, Tyson > > X X X < Ambar, Genesis 509, Neelam, PBA Maiden, > X X X X < PBA Slasher, PBA Striker Kabuli Genesis 079, Genesis 090 > > X X X X X < < Almaz, Genesis 114, Genesis Kalkee, > > X X X < PBA Monarch > > X X < NORTH CENTRAL April May June July Desi Howzat, Tyson > X X X X < < Ambar, Genesis 509, Neelam, PBA Maiden, > X X X X X X < < PBA Slasher, PBA Striker Kabuli Genesis 079, Genesis 090 > > X X X X X < < Almaz, Genesis Kalkee, Genesis 114, PBA > X X X X < < Monarch >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable Table 2: Chickpea variety agronomic and disease guide. Variety Ave 100 seed wt (g) Seed size group Early growth Flowering Maturity Height Lodging resitance Botrytis grey mould Ascochyta blight Foliage /Stem Ascochyta blight Pod DESI Ambar* 16 small mod early early mid MR S R* S Genesis small mod mid earlymid mid MR MS R S Howzat 20 medium poormod mid mid mid MS MS S S Neelam* 17 medium mod mid mid midtall MR S R* S PBA Maiden 24 med-large mod mid mid shortmid MS S MR S PBA Slasher 18 medium poormomid mid mid short- MS S R S PBA Striker 22 medium good early early shortmid MS S MR S KABULI Almaz 38 medium mod mid-late late midtall MR S MS S Genesis small good early early short MR S R S Genesis small good mid midlate mid MR S R S Genesis medium good mid-late late tall R S MS S Genesis 45 large good late late tall R S MS S Kalkee PBA Monarch 40 medium poormod early early mid MS S MS S Disease ratings from Pulse Breeding Australia. * There is limited agronomic and disease data collected in Victoria for Ambar and Neelam. R = Resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, VS = very susceptible, p = provisional Victorian Winter Crop Summary

91 Chickpea Table 3: Chickpea disease guide summary. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Hosts Control Ascochyta blight Ascochyta Chickpea. rabiei. Pale brown lesions on leaves, stems and pods. Lesions may have a grey centre containing small black fruiting bodies. Infected stems wither and break. Grey mould Botrytis cinerea. Poor emergence and death of young plants. Soft rot at the base of the stem. Grey mould growth on leaves, stems and pods. Lodging of plants in dense crops. Discolouration of seed with grey mould. Sclerotinia Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Scattered dead plants within a crop. Cottony white fungal growth on the lower stems of dead plants. Soft rot and white mould on stems and pods. Damping-off Pythium spp. Poor crop establishment under wet conditions. Seed rotting in the ground. Sudden death of young seedlings. Phytophthora Phoma blight Root lesion nematode VIRUS DISEASES AMV CMV BWYV Phytophthora megasperma. Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella. Pratylenchus thornei and Pratylenchus neglectus. Alfalfa mosaic virus Cucumber mosaic virus Beet western yellows virus Plants suddenly wither and die, particularly after waterlogging. Dark brown to black discolouration of the tap root. Blackening of the stem near ground level. Dark, tan coloured lesions on leaves, stems and pods. Ill-thrift, lack of branching of root system, small dark stripes on roots. Tip necrosis. The leaves and stems of Desi varieties become red/brown. The leaves and stems of Kabuli varieties turn yellow. Yellowing, stunting, offshoots. The leaves and stems of Desi varieties become red/brown. The leaves and stems of Kabuli varieties turn yellow. Yellowing, stunting, offshoots. The internal tissues of the main stem at the base turn brown. Occurs in all regions. Affects both kabuli and desi types. Most severe in spring. Occurs in all regions. Affects both kabuli and desi types. Most severe in wet seasons. Dense crops are more likely to be affected. Occurs in all chickpea growing regions. Most severe in wet seasons where chickpea is planted in fields recently cropped to chickpea. Problem in all regions, particularly in soils that become very wet just after sowing. More severe on kabuli than desi chickpea. Most serious disease in northern Australia. May be a problem in poorly drained soils in southern Australia under wet conditions. Common in most chickpea growing regions. Most severe in wet seasons. Favoured by wheat in rotation with chickpea, medic and vetch. Occurs in all chickpea growing areas. Seasons and districts with major aphid flights. Prevalent in chickpea growing regions. Seasons and districts with major aphid flights. Occurs in all chickpea growing areas. Seasons and districts with major aphid flights. Chickpea, most pulses, including lentil and faba bean. Most pulses, oilseeds and broadleaf weeds. Chickpea, most pulses. Chickpea, lucerne. Most legumes. Wheat, chickpea, medic, vetch, narbon bean. Wide host range including most pulses, some horticultural plants and weeds Very wide host range, including most pulses, pastures, horticultural crops and weeds Very wide host range, including most pulses, brassicas and weeds Fungicide seed dressing, foliar fungicides, rotation, avoid susceptible varieties, avoid early sowing. Fungicide seed dressings, lower plant densities, avoid early sowing. Crop rotation. (Seed dressings of no benefit.) Fungicide seed dressings, avoid poorly drained soils. Resistant varieties. Crop rotation. Crop rotation (predictive soil test available). Virus-free seed Resistant varieties Virus-free seed Resistant varieties Managing aphids and weeds, resistant varieties 78 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

92 Chickpea Table 4: Long term predicted Victorian yield data for expressed as a percentage of the yield of PBA Slasher (Desi) or Genesis 090 (Kabuli). The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. Desi Kabuli Mallee Wimmera Mallee Wimmera PBA Slasher (t/ha) Genesis 090 (t/ha) Ambar 99 (12) 98 (9) Flipper 80 (4) 88 (3) Almaz 90 (15) 87 (16) Genesis (34) 95 (33) Genesis (34) 97 (33) Genesis (33) 99 (33) Genesis (33) 100 (33) Genesis (11) 89 (12) Genesis (15) 91 (16) Genesis (6) Genesis (8) Howzat 91 (9) 84 (10) Genesis Kalkee 92 (15) 94 (16) Neelam 103 (12) 105 (9) PBA Monarch 101 (15) 96 (16) PBA Boundary 94 (6) 95 (9) PBA Hattrick 91 (11) 92 (12) PBA Maiden 98 (20) 96 (17) PBA Slasher 100 (20) 100 (17) PBA Striker 102 (20) 98 (17) Sonali 90 (5) 83 (5) Table 5: Yield. Desi chickpea, Expressed as a percentage of the yield of PBA Slasher. Mallee Wimmera Birchip Curyo (B, C) Rainbow Ultima Horsham (B, C) Kaniva (C) Minyip (B) Tarranyurk Sowing Date 16/5/13 3/5/13 17/5/13 30/5/13 5/6/13 18/6/13 9/6/13 17/6/13 PBA Slasher (t/ha) Ambar Genesis Genesis Genesis Genesis Howzat Neelam PBA Boundary PBA HatTrick PBA Maiden PBA Slasher PBA Striker Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) B = Breeding trials, C = Caution interpreting data: Horsham high ascochyta pressure meant poor performance by susceptible varieties, Kaniva possible uneven sowing. Table 6: Yield. Kabuli chickpea, Expressed as a percentage of the yield of Genesis 090. Mallee Wimmera Birchip Rainbow Ultima Horsham (B, C) Kaniva (C) Minyip (B) Tarranyurk Sowing Date 16/5/13 17/5/13 30/5/13 5/6/13 18/6/13 9/6/13 17/6/13 Genesis 090 (t/ha) Almaz Genesis Genesis Genesis Genesis Genesis Kalkee PBA Monarch Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) B = Breeding trials, C = Caution interpreting data: Horsham high ascochyta pressure meant poor performance by susceptible varieties, Kaniva possible uneven sowing. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

93 Chickpea Table 7: Grain weight (g/100 seeds) in 2013 chickpea trials. Desi Kabuli Mallee Wimmera Mallee Wimmera Birchip Rainbow Ultima Kaniva Tarranyuryurk Tarran- Birchip Rainbow Ultima Kaniva Almaz Ambar Genesis Genesis Genesis Genesis Kalkee Neelam PBA Maiden PBA Monarch PBA Slasher PBA Striker Table 8: Ascochyta blight management trial* of chickpea varieties grown in an in a high intensity year showing grain yields (t/ha) and gross margins (GM, $/ha). Yield or gross margin are underlined where they are reduced (statistically significant) compared to the yield or gross margin for the fortnightly application. The suggested management option for varieties grown under high disease pressure is shaded. Fungicide regime 1 No. sprays Genesis 090 Genesis 509 Almaz Howzat Kaniva t/ha GM 2 t/ha GM 2 t/ha GM 2 t/ha GM 2 t/ha GM 2 Fortnight $1, $ $ $ $550 Strategic $1, $ $ $ $240 Podding $1, $ $ $ $195 Podding-Dithane $ $ $ $ $192 Nil $ $ $ $ $180 *Ascochyta blight stubble spread over trial site to maximise disease pressure. Resistant varieties grown side by side with susceptible varieties. 1. Fungicide regime: 1.5L/ha was used for all treatments except 1L/ha. All fungicides applied at a water rate of 100L/ha. 2. Gross Margin ($/ha): Based on production costs of $180/ha + $15/ha/application where chlorothalonil applied (1.5L/ha) and $12/ha/application where dithane applied (1L/ha). Seed prices: Desi = $350, Kabuli 9mm = $850, 8mm = $750, 7mm = $550, 6mm = $330, Screen = $200). All Kabuli varieties were screened to calculate seed size distribution. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Jason Brand Frank Henry Kristy Hobson Mary Raynes Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham Department of Primary Industries NSW Pulse Australia The Kalkee disease management and gross margin trial (Table 8) was conducted by Jason Brand. All other yield data is from the National Variety Trials and Pulse Breeding Australia. 80 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

94 your variety form guide We ve done the track Work for you Bellata 2397 Coolah 2843 Merriwa 2329 Mullaley 2379 North Star 2408 SoMertoN 2340 SpriNg ridge 2343 tamworth 2340 wellington 2820 wongarbon 2831 Bullarah 2400 CooNaMBle 2829 gilgandra 2827 goonumbla 2870 NyNgaN 2825 parkes 2870 trangie 2823 tulloona 2400 walgett 2832 ariah park 2665 Boorowa 2586 BroCkleSBy 2642 CaNowiNdra 2804 CootaMuNdra 2590 Cowra 2794 Cudal 2864 CuMNoCk 2867 galong 2585 gerogery 2642 grenfell 2810 harden 2587 henty 2658 QuaNdialla 2721 temora 2666 wagga wagga 2650 BalraNald 2715 BeCkoM 2665 Boree Creek 2652 ColeaMBally 2707 CoNdoBoliN 2877 lockhart 2656 MayruNg 2710 Merriwagga 2652 oaklands 2646 willbriggie 2680 Biloela 4715 Capella 4723 duaringa 4712 kilcummin 4721 SpriNgSure 4722 BrookStead 4364 JoNdaryaN 4401 kingsthorpe 4400 MaCaliSter 4406 BuNguNya 4494 dulacca 4425 lundavra 4390 MeaNdarra 4422 MuNgiNdi 2406 NiNdigully 4497 westmar 4422 CoCkaleeChie 5631 CuMMiNS 5631 greenpatch 5607 Mt hope 5607 rudall 5642 ungarra 5607 wanilla 5607 wharminda 5603 yeelanna 5632 CryStal Brook 5523 laura 5480 MiNtaro 5415 riverton 5412 SalterS SpriNgS 5401 SpaldiNg 5454 tarlee 5411 turretfield 5411 Cooke plains 5261 geranium 5301 lameroo 5302 NaNgari 5333 palmer 5237 paruna 5311 pinnaroo 5304 waikerie 5330 wanbi 5310 wunkar 5311 BordertowN 5268 CoNMurra 5272 frances 5262 keith 5267 Moyhall 5271 MuNdulla 5270 Sherwood 5267 wolseley 5269 darke peak 5642 elliston 5670 kimba 5641 lock 5633 MiNNipa 5654 MitChellville 5602 NuNJikoMpita 5680 penong 5690 piednippie 5680 Streaky Bay 5680 tooligie 5607 warramboo 5650 arthurton 5572 BreNtwood 5575 Bute 5560 MaitlaNd 5573 MiNlatoN 5575 paskeville 5552 port CliNtoN 5570 urania 5573 warooka 5577 willamulka 5554 wokurna 5520 CreSSy 7302 BirChip 3483 hopetoun 3396 MaNaNgataNg 3546 MerriNee 3496 Murrayville 3512 QuaMBatook 3540 rainbow 3424 ultima 3544 walpeup 3507 BalliaNg 3340 CharltoN 3525 ColBiNaBBiN 3559 diggora 3561 eastville 3463 MitiaMo 3573 dookie 3646 rutherglen 3685 wunghnu 3635 yarrawonga 3730 hamilton 3300 StreathaM 3351 teesdale 3328 BriM 3391 CoraCk 3480 horsham 3400 kaniva 3419 MiNyip 3392 tarranyurk 3414 wonwondah 3401 BadgiNgarra 6521 CarNaMah 6517 eradu 6532 MiNgeNew 6522 Morawa 6623 NaBawa 6532 ogilvie 6535 walkaway 6528 BadgiNgarra 6521 Beverley 6304 BiNNu 6532 BuNtiNe 6613 CaliNgiri 6569 Coorow 6515 CorrigiN 6375 CuNderdiN 6407 eneabba 6518 eradu 6532 goomalling 6460 katanning 6317 kulin 6365 MiliNg 6575 MiNgeNew 6522 NareMBeeN 6369 pingelly 6308 wagin 6315 wickepin 6370 wongan hills 6603 wongan hills r.s arthur river 6315 Coorow 6515 frankland 6396 gnowangerup 6335 kendenup 6323 kojonup 6395 Mt. Barker 6324 Mullewa 6630 NarrogiN 6312 NyaBiNg 6341 pingrup 6343 toodyay 6566 williams 6391 york 6302 arthur river 6315 BeNCuBBiN 6477 Cadoux 6466 dalwallinu 6609 katanning 6317 kellerberrin 6410 MerrediN 6415 MooriNe rock 6425 MukiNBudiN 6479 Mullewa 6630 pingelly 6308 pithara 6608 wyalkatchem 6485 yuna 6532 grass patch 6446 holt rock 6355 hyden 6359 JerraMuNgup 6337 lake grace 6353 Mt. MaddeN 6356 SalMoN gums 6445 SCaddaN 6447 wittenoom hills 6447 wongan hills 6603 esperance 6450 gibson 6448 MuNgliNup 6450 Newdegate 6355 hyden 6359 MerrediN 6415 esperance 6450