Victorian Winter Crop Summary

Transcription

1 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

2 Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources 2015 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian Coat of Arms, the Victorian Government logo and the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources logo. To view a copy of this licence, visit Print managed by Finsbury Green, February 2015 ISSN Accessibility If you would like to receive this publication in an alternative format, please telephone DEPI Customer Service Centre on , customer.service@depi.vic.gov.au, or contact the National Relay Service on , This document is also available on the internet at Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.

3 VICTORIAN WINTER CROP SUMMARY 2015 Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources Editor Katherine Hollaway Horsham

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5 CONTENTS Introduction 5 Wheat 7 Barley 25 Oat 35 Triticale 40 Canola 44 Field Pea 56 Lentil 62 Faba Bean 68 Lupin 72 Chickpea 76 This guide can be downloaded to your computer or tablet at Remember to update it each March.

6 Figure 1: 2014 Victorian rainfall deciles for summer (January to March). Source: Bureau of Meteorology. Figure 2: 2014 Victorian rainfall deciles for the growing season (April to November). Source: Bureau of Meteorology. 4 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

7 THE SEASON Season 2014 Victoria experienced a warm and dry summer depleting the supply of stored soil moisture (Figure 1). Some summer storms brought rain to the northern Mallee in February and from Swan Hill to the North East in March. April produced one of the best season breaks in many years with parts of northern Victoria at decile 10 rainfall. This gave the opportunity for pre-emergent weed control and encouraged growers to sow early or on time. There was some patchy rain through the early winter with the south mostly average and the Mallee generally missing out. However, August was dry across Victoria and rain in September mainly fell in the north east, north central and northern Mallee. The dry conditions resulted in several severe frosts in August and September, with some areas recording four severe frosts in the first week of August. These particularly affected early sown crops causing stem frost in cereals and damaging pods and flowers on pulses. Fortunately in areas with adequate spring moisture many cereal crops were able to overcome the early damage and produce acceptable yields. The majority of Victoria s grain growing regions experienced decile 1 rainfall for the three months from August to October. Spring daytime temperatures were the second warmest on record and October s daytime temperatures were 3-5 C warmer than average across most cropping regions. Overall the increased temperatures of spring combined with a relatively dry season (Figure 2) had a detrimental affect on crops in Western Victoria. Insect populations increased with the relatively warm weather persisting into early June. High aphid numbers led to the outbreak of Beet western yellows virus in canola. Cooler conditions and frosts in the later part of winter significantly reduced these insect populations. Likewise fungal diseases were favoured by the warm and moist conditions earlier in the season, but the dry conditions from August meant these diseases did not have the opportunity to develop into serious problems. Harvest was ahead of schedule in much of the state with good yields in the east and deteriorating on a sliding scale towards the west then improving slightly near the South Australian border. The best yields were from the North East and Gippsland. The North Central yields tended to be better in the east and declining in the west. The Mallee was generally reliant on moisture from the summer storms with the Millewa yielding well for this reason. Wimmera and Mallee yields varied from very poor to below average depending on soil type and rainfall. The South West varied from below average to approaching average with late season rain delaying harvest in some areas. Looking forward to 2015 Summer rain will mean that summer weed control is important to preserve soil moisture and prevent disease. A combination of the trend to early sown crops and a warm start to last season made crops more vulnerable to damage from severe frosts in August and September While there is a natural desire to get everything in the ground INTRODUCTION while the weather is warm and the soil moist, spreading sowing time is a useful technique to spread risk. Likewise growers are encouraged to use varieties with a range of maturities. Frost susceptibility rankings The Australian National Frost Program compared varietal tolerance for floral sterility in field trials from 2012 to Susceptibility rankings for 72 wheat and 48 barley varieties will be published on the NVT website in March These will enable growers to manage the frost risk of new varieties based on how known varieties of similar rating are currently managed. The ratings are not due to difference in phenology/flowering time, and refer to the relative susceptibility of varieties both flowering at the same time. They do not take into account the frost risk associated with when a particular variety will flower given a certain sowing date. Selecting an appropriate maturity for a particular sowing time is still the best option in limiting damage resulting from frost. Hence the reproductive frost rating needs to be considered in relation to the relative time of sowing and flowering time prediction. No wheat varieties are frost tolerant. Under severe frost (for example -8 C) or multiple minor frosts (several nights of -2 to -4 C) all varieties tested to date are equally susceptible, resulting in up to 100 percent sterility in flowering heads. Continue to select varieties based on the best yield, maturity, agronomic and disease performance from various sources such as regional agronomy trials and NVT. Once a variety has been adopted use the preliminary reproductive frost susceptibility ratings to fine tune the frost risk management based on how you currently manage known varieties with a similar rating. For example Wyalkatchem, which is very susceptible to frost, and Yitpi, which is less susceptible to frost are managed differently in terms of sowing date and position in landscape and the associated frost risk to maximise production while minimising frost risk. Ensuring that flowering occurs within the optimum flowering window to minimise frost, heat and terminal drought continues to be critical and the reproductive frost ratings need to be used within this context. New Australian Field Crop Disease Guide app The National Variety Trials have launched the Australian Field Crop Disease Guide app. This national app is based on, and intended to replace, the Victorian Crop Disease app. It allows users to select their state to access local varieties, ratings and descriptions. The new app is available online at Victorian Winter Crop Summary

8 THE WINTER CROP SUMMARY This publication summarises information on current varieties of the major winter crops grown in Victoria. Sources of additional information are listed in each chapter. Local advisers are also a key resource for information relevant to individual localities. This publication aims to prompt growers to ask themselves, Am I growing the best variety for my situation? Use it as a guide for discussion with consultants, advisers and marketing agents. Thank you to the Grains Research and Development Corporation for their support in making this guide available for Victoria. More information Additional information on the National Variety Trials (NVT) is available from NVTOnline at The Winter Crop Summary can be downloaded to your computer or tablet at Winter-Crop-Summary. National Variety Trials (NVT) The majority of variety trials presented in this book are sourced from the NVT program. NVT also provide data from some breeding trials to add to the information available. In Victoria, NVTs are fully funded by the GRDC and in 2014 were contracted to two Service Providers: Agrisearch Services Pty Ltd and South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI). NVTs provide independent information on varieties for growers. The aim of each NVT is to document a ranking of new and widely adopted varieties in terms of grain yield and to provide grain quality information relevant to delivery standards. NVTs are also used by pathologists to determine disease resistance ratings used in the Winter Crop Summary. Conducted to a set of predetermined protocols, NVTs are sown and managed as close as possible to local best practice such as sowing time, fertiliser application, weed management and pest and disease control, including fungicide application. NVTs are not designed to grow varieties to their maximum yield potential. It is acknowledged that an ongoing project of this type would not be possible without the cooperation of farmers prepared to contribute sites and who often assist with the management of trials on their property. Plant Breeding Rights (PBR) Varieties subject to Plant Breeding Rights at the time of printing are annotated with the symbol. It should be noted that Unauthorised commercial propagation or any sale, conditioning, export, import or stocking of propagation material of these varieties is an infringement under the Plant Breeders Right Act 1994 and that any breaching of PBR law is punishable by a maximum $ fine for each offence. End Point Royalties (EPR s) EPR s payable for are quoted from varietycentral.com.au and are quoted ex-gst. Compliance with EPR systems is vital to assure the future of the Australian grains industry through the funding of new varieties and long term productivity gains. 6 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

9 REVIEW OF 2014 Season The early break and excellent conditions from April through to July gave wheat a good start to the season. However conditions started to dry out in the north during July and remained dry throughout Victoria into October. There were several severe frosts during the first week of August that caused stem frost in wheat. In most cases wheat was able to recover, however some badly affected crops were cut for hay. Yields were average or better in the North East except for the odd waterlogged paddocks. Yields decline towards the west of the state with very poor results around Beulah, Birchip, Donald and Charlton. Parts of the Mallee performed well due to summer rains as did the West Wimmera. Other areas varied from below to well below average depending on location and soil type with dry conditions and frosts taking their toll. Yields were mostly average in the South West as crops were able to use the later spring rain. Disease Yellow leaf spot was common in many Mallee and northern Wimmera crops during 2014 when susceptible varieties were sown into infected stubble. Septoria tritici blotch (STB) has continued to increase in importance in the high rainfall regions with many varieties now rated as susceptible or worse. The importance of this disease is compounded by the presence of strains with reduced sensitivity to many common fungicides. The fungicides of concern include triadimfon, triadimenol, tebuconazole, propiconazole, and epoxiconazole (which is not registered for STB control). Crown rot, which caused widespread white heads in northern Victoria, was the most important root disease during WHEAT Wheat living plants and the volunteers provide increased opportunity for rust carry over. Growers must therefore have a plan to manage rusts in susceptible varieties, as rust can quickly build up if suitable conditions occur. To control rust growers should remove volunteer cereals by late-march, avoid growing rust susceptible varieties, use fungicides on seed or fertiliser prior to sowing, and watch crops with a view to timely fungicide sprays if needed. Yellow leaf spot is best controlled by avoiding sowing susceptible varieties into paddocks with infected stubble present. The pressure from yellow leaf spot will be greatly reduced if susceptible (S) and very susceptible varieties (VS) are replaced with those rated moderately susceptible (MS) or better. Complete resistance is not needed to achieve sustainable control of this disease. To slow the development of more serious mutations of Septoria tritici blotch (STB) it is important to mix and/or alternate different azole fungicides. Not all azole fungicides are affected equally by mutations of the STB fungus. Growers must always follow directions for use contained on the individual product label and ensure maximum residue limits are adhered to. STB can be reduced by avoiding susceptible and very susceptible cultivars (see Table 2) and avoiding paddocks with infected wheat stubble. Should a foliar fungicide be needed it should be applied early in disease development. If infection is established during the autumn, an application at growth stage may be required, with another application at GS39. Bunts and smuts must be controlled every year. Seed treatments provide cheap and effective control of bunt and smut diseases. Seed should be treated every year with a fungicide. Without treatment bunt and smut can increase rapidly, resulting in unsaleable grain. Good product coverage of seed is essential for control. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2015 New varieties Condo, Cosmick, Kiora and LRPB Viking are the new bread varieties in the guide this year. DBA-Aurora is a new durum wheat. SF Adagio and SF Ovalo have been added to the range of dual purpose feed wheats. Disease A new strain of leaf rust was detected at multiple locations in Victoria during Therefore many cultivars are now more susceptible than before with several cultivars (including Axe, Beaufort, Corack, Derrimut, Mace, AQP Revenue, and Wallup) two or more rating levels more susceptible. Since there is only one season of data for the new strain the ratings are marked as provisional this year. It is likely that this new leaf rust will become dominant in Victoria during the coming years meaning growers need to be more vigilant with leaf rust control. Please consult the disease resistance ratings in Table 2 for changes to ratings for leaf rust and other diseases. Following widespread rain during summer there will be increased opportunity for rust carry over on volunteer cereals (the green bridge ). Rust can only survive on green Note that fertiliser treatments do not control bunt and smuts, so additional seed treatments are required. Clean seed should be sourced if a seed lot is infected. To identify the potential risk from root disease, a PreDicta B soil test (contact your local agronomist) can be used prior to sowing. Test results can identify potential root disease issues before they affect crop yield. Most cereal root and crown diseases (take-all, crown rot, cereal cyst and root lesion nematode) can be controlled with a one or two year break from susceptible hosts. It is important that break crops are kept free of grass weeds to be effective. Frost The preliminary rating of wheat varieties for susceptibility to reproductive frost will be available in March on the NVTwebsite. More information is in the Introduction to the Victorian Winter Crop Summary on page 3. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

10 Wheat Australian Field Crop Disease Guide app AG0508 Growing wheat AG1160 Cereal disease guide VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS Information about each variety is presented as overview statements, then as comparison tables of yield, crop growth and disease reaction characteristics. Abbreviations used are: denotes that Plant Breeder Rights apply CCN Cereal Cyst Nematode BYDV Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus RLN Root Lesion Nematode APH Australian Prime Hard (min protein 13%) AH Australian Hard (min protein 11.5%) APW Australian Premium White (min protein 10%) ASW Australian Standard White ADR Australian Premium Durum ASWN Australian Standard Noodle (Protein %) APNW Australian Premium Noodle (Protein %) ASFT Australian Soft (Protein 9.5%) FEED Australian Feed * denotes default classification End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Bread wheat AXE AH quality (Southern Zone). Semi-dwarf awned wheat with early maturity. Stem rust MS, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust Sp, CCN S and yellow leaf spot S. MSS to Pratylenchus neglectus. Good yield under terminal drought stress, large grains and SVS to pre-harvest sprouting. Released 2007 and marketed by AGT. EPR $2.50. Bread wheat BOLAC AH quality (Southern Zone). Fully awned, mid to late season maturity suited to high rainfall zones. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust S, CCN S and yellow leaf spot S. Bolac is a high yielding milling wheat for south-west Victoria. Bolac has small grain size and is best suited to an early sowing. Released 2006 and marketed by Viterra. EPR $2.10. Bread wheat CHARA AH quality (Southern Zone). White grained and suited to medium to high rainfall zones. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust MSS, leaf rust Sp, CCN R and yellow leaf spot MSS. Performs well on the moderately acid soils of central and north-eastern Victoria and southern NSW and irrigation where high yields are possible. Good straw strength. Has a reputation for water logging tolerance. Registered 1999 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $1. Bread wheat CONDO AH quality in southern zone. A very early maturing variety. Excellent yield potential in North Central, North Eastern Vic and Southern NSW. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MSS, leaf rust MRMSp. MR to CCN and MSS to yellow leaf spot. MT to aluminium, large grain size, low screenings and intermediate for sprouting tolerance. Released 2014, tested as VX1634, Marketed by AGT. EPR $3.25 Bread wheat CORACK APW quality (Southern Zone). An early to mid-maturing variety with good straw strength. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MS, leaf rust SVSp, CCN RMR and yellow leaf spot MR. High yield potential, good wheat on wheat option with large grain and low screenings. Susceptible to black point. Released Marketed by AGT. EPR $3. Bread wheat CORRELL AH quality (Southern Zone). Fully awned with mid season maturity. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust Sp, CCN MR and yellow leaf spot SVS. Tolerant of boron toxicity, SVS to pre-harvest sprouting and low test weights. Released 2007 and marketed by AGT. EPR $2. Bread wheat COSMICK AH quality (Southern Zone). Fully awned with early to mid season maturity. Stem rust MS, stripe rust MSS, leaf rust Sp, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Good wheat on wheat option where CCN is managed. Excellent yield, moderate grain size, similar to Yitpi and good test weight. Released 2014, tested as IGW3423 and marketed by Intergrain. EPR $3.85. Bread wheat DERRIMUT AH quality (Southern Zone). Semi-dwarf early to mid season variety widely adapted in Victoria. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MSS, leaf rust MSp, CCN R and yellow leaf spot S. Moderately tolerant of boron toxicity and moderate grain size. Released 2007 and marketed by Nuseed. EPR $2.95. Bread wheat EGA GREGORY APW* quality (Southern Zone). Early to mid season variety with medium to slow maturity suited to north eastern Victoria. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MR, CCN S and yellow leaf spot S. Low screenings, MSS to black point. Released 2004 and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $2.10. Bread wheat EGA WEDGETAIL APW* quality (Southern Zone). A mid to long season dualpurpose winter wheat. Developed for early sowing, suited to medium-high rainfall areas. Has a similar maturity to Rosella. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust MS, leaf rust MS, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MSS. Tolerant of acid soils and suitable for early winter grazing. Registered 2002 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $1.45. Bread wheat ELMORE CL PLUS AH quality (Southern Zone). Mid maturing variety with similar adaptation to Janz best suited to moderate to high yielding areas. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust RMR, CCN S and yellow leaf spot S. A two gene Clearfield variety tolerant to label rates of Intervix herbicide. Released Developed and marketed by AGT. EPR $3.55. Bread wheat EMU ROCK AH quality (Southern Zone). An awned semi-dwarf early season variety that is high yielding in medium to low rainfall environments. Produces large grain with good test weight, has a low susceptibility to screenings. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust S, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Offers partial crown rot resistance (MS). Released Bred and marketed by InterGrain. EPR $ Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

11 Wheat Bread wheat ESTOC APW quality (Southern Zone). A mid to late season variety slightly earlier flowering than Yitpi. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MS, leaf rust MRMS, CCN MR and yellow leaf spot MSS. Has a long coleoptile and flexibility in sowing time similar to Yitpi. Has outperformed Yitpi in dry seasons. Tolerant of boron and pre-harvest sprouting, with high test weights. Released 2010 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3. Bread wheat FORREST APW quality (Southern Zone). Awned semi-dwarf long season variety suited to the high rainfall zones for early April to early May sowing. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust MSSp, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Possesses resistance/tolerance to Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus. Released Bred by Advantage Wheats and marketed by Seednet. EPR $3.50. Bread wheat GLADIUS AH quality (Southern Zone). Fully awned semi-dwarf mid season variety. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust MS, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MS. Gladius has performed well in a range of environments and seasons and was specifically bred to assist managing in-season drought risks. SVS to pre-harvest sprouting. Released 2007 and marketed by AGT. EPR $2.50. Bread wheat GRENADE CL PLUS AH quality (Southern Zone). Fully awned early-mid season variety. Two gene tolerance to label rates of Intervix herbicide and a sister line to Justica CL Plus. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust Sp, CCN MR and yellow leaf spot MS. Tolerant to boron and acid soils. Released 2012 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3.80. Bread Wheat JUSTICA CL PLUS APW quality (Southern Zone). Fully awned semi-dwarf with mid season maturity. Two gene tolerance to label rates of Intervix herbicide. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust Sp, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot S. Moderately tolerant to boron. Released 2010 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3.55. Bread wheat KELLALAC APW quality (Southern Zone). A late maturity spring wheat, adapted to longer season environments, but intolerant of aluminium. Stem rust MSS, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust S, CCN MR and yellow leaf spot S. Released Bread wheat KIORA AH quality (Southern Zone). Mid to late season maturity with high yield potential suited to medium to high rainfall areas. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust MRMSp, CCN MS, yellow leaf spot MSS and black point MSp. Released 2014, tested as VX2485 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3.25. Bread Wheat KORD CL PLUS AH quality (Southern Zone). Fully awned semi-dwarf with mid season maturity. Two gene tolerance to label rates of Intervix herbicide. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust MS, CCN MR and yellow leaf spot MSS. Based on Gladius with very similar adaptation. SVS to pre-harvest sprouting. Released 2011 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3.55. Bread Wheat LIVINGSTON AH quality (Southern Zone). An early maturing, fully awned variety of semi-dwarf height and medium straw strength suited to North Central and North East Victoria. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust MSp, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MS. Intolerant of aluminium. Released 2007 and marketed by AGT. EPR $2.50. Bread wheat LRPB COBRA AH quality (Southern Zone). High yielding early-mid season variety suited to both acid and alkaline soils. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MSS, leaf rust MR, CCN MRMS and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Compact plant height, moderately resistant to lodging, but SVS to pre-harvest sprouting. Able to capitalise on above average rainfall. Released 2012 and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $3.50. Bread wheat LRPB DART AH quality (Southern Zone). Very early maturing suited to acid soils in north central and north east Victoria. Short to medium plant height will assist in short finishing seasons. Long coleoptile. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust SVSp, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MS. Released 2012 and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $4. Bread wheat LRPB GAUNTLET APW quality (Southern Zone). A mid to late season variety suited to acid soils in North Central and North East Victoria. Short to medium plant height with good early vigour. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust MS, CCN MRMS and yellow leaf spot MS. Released 2012 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $3. Bread wheat LRPB LANCER APW* quality (Southern Zone). Mid-long season variety for early planting. Semi-dwarf with awns suited to medium to high rainfall areas. Stem rust R, stripe rust MR, leaf rust RMR, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MS. Compact plant height and moderate lodging resistance. Released 2013, tested as LPB and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $4.25. Bread wheat LRPB LINCOLN AH quality (Southern Zone). Mid season variety, semidwarf with awns suited to medium to high rainfall areas. Stem rust MR, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust MSSp, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MSS. Good straw strength, but SVS to preharvest sprouting. Best suited to North Central and North East Victoria. Released 2007 and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $2.50. Bread wheat LRPB MERLIN AH quality (Southern Zone). An early to mid season variety suited to North Central and North East Victoria. Large grain. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MS, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot S. Released 2012 and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $3.80. Bread wheat LRPB PHANTOM AH quality (Southern Zone). A mid to late season variety tolerant of boron and acid soil tolerance. Stem rust MS, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MSSp, CCN MRMS, yellow leaf spot SVS and black point MRMS. Released 2012 and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $3.80. Bread wheat LRPB SCOUT AH quality (Southern Zone). An awned white chaff variety with mid season maturity and has wide adaptation across Victoria. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MS, leaf rust MRMS, CCN R and yellow leaf spot SVS. Susceptible to black point. Adapted to alkaline soils. Released Marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $2.80. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

12 Wheat Bread wheat LRPB SPITFIRE AH quality (Southern Zone). Early to mid season maturity with white chaff and medium plant height suited to North Central and North East Victoria. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust Sp, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MSS. Moderately susceptible to lodging and S to black point. Poor threshability. Released 2010 and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $3.50. Bread wheat LRPB TROJAN APW quality (Southern Zone). Mid-long season variety. Semi-dwarf with awns suited to medium to high rainfall areas. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MRMSp, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MSS. Moderate resistance to lodging and moderate tolerance to boron and aluminium. Released 2013, tested as LPB and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $4. Bread wheat LRPB VIKING Quality to be confirmed (Southern Zone) but APH in NSW. An awned semi-dwarf mid to long season variety suited to medium to high rainfall areas. Stem rust MR, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust SVSp, CCN Rp and yellow leaf spot MSS. Similar plant type and early growth habit to Chara, but a similar height to EGA Gregory at maturity. Released 2014, tested as LPB and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $4.25. Bread wheat MACE AH quality (Southern Zone). An awned variety of medium height. Stem rust MR, stripe rust SVS, leaf rust MSSp, CCN MRMS and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Tolerant of boron. Growers of Mace must implement a comprehensive fungicide strategy to control stripe rust. Released 2008, marketed by AGT. EPR $3. Bread wheat MAGENTA APW quality (Southern Zone). An awned semi-dwarf mid to long season variety. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MS, leaf rust MS and CCN S and yellow leaf spot MR. Has a long coleoptile with good early vigour and tillering capacity. Moderate grain size. Released 2007 and marketed by InterGrain. EPR $3. Bread wheat MERINDA AH quality (Southern Zone). An awned semi-dwarf main season variety with white chaff suited to north eastern Victoria. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust R, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MSS. High straw strength. Released 2007 and marketed by AGT. EPR $2.50. Bread wheat SENTINEL 3R ASW quality (Southern Zone). Mid to long season variety of medium height suited to medium to high rainfall zones. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust R, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MS. Acid soil tolerant. Released 2006 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $1.80. Bread wheat SHIELD AH quality (Southern Zone). A white fully awned early-mid season variety. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust R, CCN MR and yellow leaf spot MSS. Short to medium plant height with a short coleoptile. Moderate tolerance to acid soils. Released 2012 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3.25. Bread wheat SUNTOP AH quality (Southern Zone). A white fully awned variety with high yields that is suited to North Central and North East Victoria. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust MRMSp, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MSS. Medium plant height. Good tolerance to acid soils, but SVS to pre-harvest sprouting. Released 2012 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3.25. Bread wheat WALLUP AH quality (Southern Zone). Mid season maturity fully awned white variety suited to medium rainfall environments. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust SVSp, CCN MR, yellow leaf spot MSS and black point MRMS. Good straw strength. Released Marketed by AGT. EPR $3. Bread wheat YITPI AH quality (Southern Zone). White fully awned semi-dwarf which has dominated production in low rainfall areas of Victoria due to its high flexibility of sowing time, adaptation to stress and good physical grain quality. Stem rust S, stripe rust MRMS, leaf rust Sp, CCN MR and yellow leaf spot SVS. Boron tolerant, large grain and low screenings, Yitpi suits low medium rainfall areas. Registered 2000 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $1. Bread wheat YOUNG AH quality (Southern Zone). An early to mid maturing variety suited to medium to low rainfall zones. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MS, leaf rust MS, CCN R and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Tolerant of acid soils but has small grain size. An option for wheat on wheat and tight wheat rotations. Registered 2005 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $1.70. Biscuit wheat BARHAM ASF1 quality (Southern Zone). Awnless mid season variety suited to medium to high rainfall zones or irrigation. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust S, leaf rust MRMS, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MSS. A replacement for Bowie suited to sweet biscuit manufacture. Registered 2006 and marketed by Seednet. Biscuit wheat LRPB GAZELLE ASF1 quality (Southern Zone). High yielding mid-late season variety suited to medium-high rainfall zones and irrigation. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MR, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MSS. Released 2012 and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $4.00. Biscuit wheat LRPB IMPALA ASF1 quality (Southern Zone). High yielding early-mid season variety suited to medium rainfall zones in Victoria. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust SVSp, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MSS. Released 2012 and marketed by Pacific Seeds. EPR $3.50. Biscuit wheat YENDA ASF1 quality (Southern Zone). Awned mid to late season variety suited to medium to high rainfall zones or irrigation. Stem rust R, stripe rust S, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Very high straw strength. Released 2006 by AGT and marketed by Seednet. EPR $2. Durum CAPAROI ADR quality (Southern Zone). Mid season semi-dwarf type developed for durum zones interstate. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MRMS and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Strong seedling vigour, strong straw and lodging and shedding resistance. Released 2008 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $ Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

13 Wheat Durum DBA Aurora ADR quality (Southern Zone). A mid season, very high yielding variety. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust RMR and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Good grain size, with good early vigour and weed competiveness. Bred by Durum Breeding Australia (as UAD ), released 2014 and marketed by SA Durum Growers Association. EPR $3. Durum EGA BELLAROI ADR quality (Southern Zone). A mid maturing variety, earlier than Yitpi suited to 400mm+ rainfall zones. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MRMS and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Resistant to lodging. Produces good semolina colour and highly regarded for pasta quality. Registered 2002 and marketed by Heritage Seeds. EPR $2.50. Durum HYPERNO ADR quality (Southern Zone). An awned mid season white chaffed variety adapted to medium rainfall zones. Stem rust R, stripe rust MR, leaf rust RMR, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Performs well in high yielding environments but is intolerant of boron. Released 2008 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3. Durum JANDAROI ADR quality (Southern Zone). Semi-dwarf with strong straw adapted to most durum growing regions. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MR, and yellow leaf spot MS. Quick maturity suited to late season planting and adapted to alkaline not acid soils. Released 2007 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $2.50. Durum SAINTLY ADR quality (Southern Zone). An early maturing awnless variety suited to short season environments. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MRMS, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Performs well in short finishing seasons, but intolerant of boron. Released 2008 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3. Durum TJILKURI ADR quality (Southern Zone). A mid season fully-awned variety. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust RMR and yellow leaf spot MS. Tolerant to Boron. Released 2010 and marketed by SA Durum Growers Association. EPR $3. Durum WID802 ADR quality (Southern Zone). A mid season variety. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust RMR, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MS. High yielding, but may have low protein if nitrogen is limiting. Likely to produce high screenings in short finishes. Released 2012 and marketed by SA Durum Growers Association. EPR $3. Durum YAWA ADR quality (Southern Zone). A mid season variety. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust MR, CCN MS and yellow leaf spot MRMS. High yielding, but may have low protein if nitrogen is limiting. Likely to produce high screenings in short finishes. Released 2012 and marketed by SA Durum Growers Association. EPR $3. tolerance. Released 2008 and marketed by GrainSearch. EPR $3. Feed/Dual purpose MANNING FEED quality (Southern Zone). A dual purpose white grain with high yield potential suited to longer growing season zones and irrigation. Stem rust MR, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust RMR, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Resistant to BYDV. Bred by CSIRO/GRDC (as CS ), released 2013 and marketed by GrainSearch. EPR $3.50. Feed/Dual purpose NAPAROO FEED quality (Southern Zone). A white grained awnless long season winter wheat suited to hay production or grazing. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MR, leaf rust S and yellow leaf spot MS. Released Marketed by AGT. EPR $2.50. Feed PRESTON FEED quality (Southern Zone) with white grain. An awned semi-dwarf mid to late season variety with high yield potential suited to the high rainfall zone. Stem rust SVS, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust SVSp, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MSS. Longer flowering period may protect against frost damage. Released 2009 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $2.20. Feed/Dual purpose SF ADAGIO FEED quality (Southern Zone). An awned red winter wheat. It is a mid to long season variety for high rainfall zones and irrigation. Adagio is suitable for dual purpose applications when early sowing is possible. Stem rust SVS, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust MSp and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Released 2014, marketed by AGF Seeds. EPR $3.60. Feed/Dual purpose SF OVALO FEED quality (Southern Zone). Awnless red winter wheat. It is a long season variety for high rainfall zones and irrigation. Ovalo is suitable for dual purpose applications when early sowing is possible. Stem rust S, stripe rust R, leaf rust MSp and yellow leaf spot MR. Bred by RAGT, released 2014 and marketed by Seedforce. EPR $4. Feed/Dual purpose SF SCENARIO FEED quality (Southern Zone). Awnless red winter wheat. It is a long season variety with similar maturity to Frelon and a direct replacement for Frelon and Amarok. Stem rust MSS, stripe rust MR, leaf rust Sp and yellow leaf spot MS. Bred by RAGT, released 2013 and marketed by AGF Seeds. EPR $3.60. Feed/Dual purpose SQP REVENUE FEED quality (Southern Zone). A red grained winter wheat suited to longer growing season zones and irrigation. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust R, leaf rust Sp, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MS. Has good early vigour and stands well with good head retention. Bred by AusGrainz and CSIRO (as CSIRO ), released 2009 and marketed by GrainSearch. EPR $3.50. Feed BEAUFORT FEED quality (Southern Zone). An awnless red grained mid to long season variety suited to high rainfall zones of southern Australia. Stem rust SVS, stripe rust RMR, leaf rust MSp, CCN S and yellow leaf spot MRMS. Strong straw suited to early to mid season sowing with aluminium Victorian Winter Crop Summary

14 Wheat Table 1: Wheat variety agronomic guide. Maximum Quality Vic Low <400 mm Rainfall Med mm High >500 mm Screenings Maturity Height Coleop length Lodging Sprouting Head type Soil tolerance Colour Awn Boron Acid Bread wheat Axe AH MR E M-S MS MR SVS W A I I Bolac AH S M-L M M MR S W A I I Chara AH MR M-L M MS MR S W A MI MI Condo AH R E MT M MS S W A I MT Corack APW R E-M S MS MR S W A I T Correll AH MR M M ML MS SVS W A MT MT Cosmick AH MRMS E-M M L MRMS W A Derrimut AH MS E-M MS MS MRMS S W A MT EGA Gregory APW* M-L MT MS S W A MT EGA Wedgetail APW* MR ML (+W) M MS MR S W A I MT Elmore CL Plus AH MS M M M MRMS S W A I I Emu Rock AH R E S M R S W A Estoc APW M-L M ML MR MRMS W A MT MT Forrest APW MR L M S-M S W A Gladius AH MR M M M MRMS SVS W A MT MT Grenade CL Plus AH MR EM MT ML S W A MT MT Justica CL Plus APW MR M M M R S W A MT MT Kellalac APW MS L M M S W A MI I Kiora AH MS M-L M M MR S W A MI MI Kord CL Plus AH M M SVS W A MT MT Livingston AH MRMS E-M M MS S W A I I LRPB Cobra AH MRMS E-M S MR SVS W A I MT LRPB Dart AH MRMS E SM L S W A I MT LRPB Gauntlet APW MRMS M-L SM M S W A I MT LRPB Lancer APW* MR M-L S M MR S W A I MI-I LRPB Lincoln AH MR M M MS MS SVS W A I MT LRPB Merlin AH MR E-M M MS W A I LRPB Phantom AH MR M-L MT S W A MT MT LRPB Scout AH MR M M ML MRMS MS W A MI MT LRPB Spitfire AH MR E-M M L MS S W A I MT LRPB Trojan APW MR ML M M MR MSS W A MT MT-MI LRPB Viking ML MT MS MS S W A I MT-MI Mace AH MR E M MS MR S W A MT MT Magenta APW MS M-L M L MRMS S W A I MT Merinda AH M M MRMS W A Sentinel 3R ASW MRMS ML M S MRMS S W A MT Shield AH MR EM SM S S W A I MT Suntop AH MRMS M M M MR SVS W A I MT Wallup AH MR M M M MR S W A I I Yitpi AH MR M MT ML MS MS W A MT MT Young AH MS E-M M M MSS S W A I MT Biscuit wheat Barham ASF1 MR M M ML MS S W AL I I LRPB Gazelle ASF1 MRMS M-L M MR S W A I MT LRPB Impala ASF1 MR E-M ML MS MSS W A I MT Yenda ASF1 MR M-L SM S RMR S W A MT MT Durum Caparoi ADR M S-M S-M MR M I DBA Aurora ADR R M M MR MR W A EGA Bellaroi ADR R M S-M S R M W A I I Hyperno ADR M M MR MR W A I Jandaroi ADR E M S-M MR MR I Saintly ADR E S W A I Tjilkuri ADR MS M M S W/B A T WID802 ADR MS E-M MR Yawa ADR MS E-M MR Feed wheat Beaufort Feed ML M MR-MS MR R AL MT Manning Feed L (+W) W AL Naparoo Feed L (+W) W A Preston Feed L S MR A SF Adagio Feed M-L (+W) R A SF Scenario Feed L (+W) R AL SQP Revenue Feed L (+W) S R AL Maturity: E = early, M = mid, L = late (+W) = Winter wheat Height; S = short, M = medium, T = tall Coleoptile length; S = short, M = medium, L = long Soil tolerance; I = intolerant, T = tolerant Head Colour; W = white, B = black, R = red Head type; A = awned, AL = awnless Screening, lodging & sprouting resistance - see key used in Table 2 12 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

15 Wheat Table 2: Wheat variety disease rating guide. Rust Yellow Septoria CCN Pratylenchus CrownCommon Black Flag tritici Res P. P. thornei Rot Root rot Tip (black Smut neglectus resistance point) resistance Stem Stripe Leaf Leaf Spot Bread wheat Axe MS RMR Sp S SVS S MSS MSS S MSS S S Bolac MRMS RMR S S MSS S MSS MRMS S MSS MSS RMR Chara MRMS MSS Sp MSS MSS R SVS MRMS S S MS MS Condo RMR MSS MRMSp MSS SVS MR S MRMS S MSS MRp S Corack MR MS SVSp MR SVS RMR MSS MRMS S MS MSS S Correll MRMS MRMS Sp SVS MSS MR MSS MSS S MS MS R Cosmick MS MSS Sp MRMS S MS MS MS S MSS - SVSp Derrimut MR MSS MSp S S R MSS MSS MSS S MSS RMR EGA Gregory MR MR MR S MSS S MSS MS S MSS MSS MSS EGA Wedgetail MRMS MS MS MSS MSS S S S S - MS MRMS Elmore CL Plus MR MRMS RMR S MSS S SVS MSS S MSS MS S Emu Rock MRMS MRMS S MRMS SVS S S S MS MSS MS MS Estoc MR MS MRMS MSS S MR VS MSS MSS MRMS MS MRMS Forrest RMR RMR MSSp MRMS MS S S SVS SVS MS MR MR Gladius MR MRMS MS MS S MS MSS S S MS MS RMR Grenade CL MR MRMS Sp S S MR MSS S S MRMS MS RMR Plus Justica CL Plus MR MRMS Sp S S MS S MSS S MS S R Kellalac MSS MRMS S S MS MR S S R Kiora RMR RMR MRMSp MSS S MS MSS MRMS S MS MSp MRMS Kord CL Plus MR MRMS MS MSS S MR S MS S MRMS MRMS MR Livingston MRMS MRMS MSp MS S MS S MS S S MRMS R LRPB Cobra RMR MSS MR MRMS MSS MRMS MSS MSS S MSS MSS S LRPB Dart MR MR SVSp MS SVS S MSS MS MSS MS MRMSp MSS LRPB Gauntlet RMR MRMS MS MS MS MRMS MSS MR MSS MSS MS MS LRPB Lancer R MR RMR MS MSS S MSS MS MSS S MRMSp MSp LRPB Lincoln MR RMR MSSp MSS S S MSS SVS SVS MS MR RMR LRPB Merlin MR MR MS S S MS MSS MSS MSS MSS S MRMS LRPB Phantom MS MR MSSp SVS SVS MRMS S S MSS MSS MRMS MRMS LRPB Scout MR MS MRMS SVS SVS R S MSS S S S MR LRPB Spitfire MR MR Sp MSS S S S MS MS MS S MSS LRPB Trojan MRMS MR MRMSp MSS MSS MS MSS MS MS MS MRMS SVS LRPB Viking MR RMR SVSp MSS S Rp S MRMS MRp - Mace MR SVS MSSp MRMS S MRMS MS MRMS S MS MS S Magenta RMR MS MS MR S S MSS SVS MSS S S S Merinda RMR MRMS R MSS MSS S S MSS MSS Sentinel 3R RMR RMR R MS MRMS S S MSS MSS S MSS MSS Shield RMR MR R MSS MSS MR MSS MSS S MRMS MS S Suntop MR MRMS MRMSp MSS MSS S MSS MR MSS MS MRMS R Wallup MRMS MRMS SVSp MSS S MR MS MRMS S MS MRMS SVS Yitpi S MRMS Sp SVS MSS MR MSS MSS S MS MS MR Young RMR MS MRMS MS MS R SVS MSS S MSS MR MS Biscuit wheat Barham MRMS S MRMS MSS MSS MS MR MSS S MSS MRMS MRMS LRPB Gazelle MR MR MR MSS MSS S S S - MSS MSS S LRPB Impala MR MR SVSp MSS SVS S S S S S MRMS SVS Yenda R S - MRMS - S MR S S MSS S MR Durum wheat Caparoi MR MR MRMS MRMS R - MSS MR VS MS MSS R DBA Aurora RMR RMR RMR MRMS MSp Sp MRMS RMR VS MRMS MS R EGA Bellaroi MR MR MRMS MRMS MRMSp - MS MR VS Hyperno R MR RMR MS MRMS MS MS RMR SVS MS MS R Jandaroi RMR MR MR MS MRMS MS MS MRMS VS - MSSp R Saintly MR MR MRMS MRMS S MS MS RMR VS MS MS R Tjilkuri MR MR RMR MS MS MS MRMS MR VS MS MSS R WID802 RMR MR RMR MS MS MS MSS MS VS MS MSS R Yawa RMR MR MR MRMS MR MS MS RMR VS MRMS MRMS R # Varieties marked may be more susceptible if alternative strains are present. p = ratings are provisional - treat with caution. R = Resistant RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant MR = Moderately resistant MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = Moderately susceptible MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible VS = Very susceptible. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

16 Wheat Table 2 continued: Wheat variety disease rating guide. Rust Yellow Septoria CCN Pratylenchus CrownCommon Black Flag tritici Res P. P. thornei Rot Root rot Tip (black Smut neglectus resistance point) resistance Stem Stripe Leaf Leaf Spot Feed wheat Beaufort SVS RMR MSp MRMS S S MS MS S MSS MRMS RMR Manning MR RMR RMR MRMS MR S MSS S VS SVS - Rp Naparoo RMR MR S MS MS - SVS SVS S S - VS Preston SVS RMR SVSp MSS S S MSS MSS S MS MRMS S SF Adagio SVS RMR MSp MRMS MR - MS MS SVS MSp - MS SF Ovalo S R MSp MR MRMS - MS MS SVS MS - - SF Scenario MSS MR Sp MS MR - MSS MS SVS MSp - - SQP Revenue RMR R Sp MS MS S MSS MSS S SVS MSS S # Varieties marked may be more susceptible if alternative strains are present. p = ratings are provisional - treat with caution. R = Resistant RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant MR = Moderately resistant MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = Moderately susceptible MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible VS = Very susceptible. Table 3: Wheat time of sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of departmental agronomists and plant breeders. MALLEE April May June July Estoc, LRPB Phantom, LRPB Trojan, Yitpi > X X X X X < Barham, Clearfield Jnz, Correll, Cosmick, Derrimut, Elmore CL Plus, Espada, Gladius, Grenade CL Plus, Janz, Justica CL Plus, Kord CL Plus, Livingston, LRPB Catalina, LRPB Lincoln, LRPB Scout, LRPB Spitfire, > X X X X X < < Mace, Merinda, Peake, Shield, Suntop Axe, Condo, Emu Rock, LRPB Dart, Ventura, Wyalkatchem, Young > > X X X X X < < WIMMERA April May June July Bolac, Kiora > X X X < Estoc, LRPB Gazelle, LRPB Phantom, LRPB Trojan, Yitpi, Durum varieties > X X X X < Barham, Bellaroi, Chara, Cosmick, Clearfield Jnz, Correll, Derrimut, Elmore CL Plus, Espada, Frame, Gladius, Grenade CL Plus, Janz, Justica CL Plus, Kord CL Plus, Livingston, LRPB Catalina, LRPB Cobra, LRPB Impala, LRPB Lincoln, LRPB Merlin, LRPB Scout, LRPB Spitfire, Mace, Magenta, Merinda, Peake, Shield, Suntop, Wallup, Wyalkatchem > X X X X < < < < < Axe, Condo, Emu Rock, LRPB Dart, Young > X X X X < < < < < NORTH CENTRAL April May June July Bolac, Kiora, Yenda > X X X < Chara, Cosmick, Estoc, LRPB Gauntlet, LRPB Phantom, LRPB Trojan, > LRPB Viking, Magenta, Yitpi X X X X X < < Barham, Clearfield Jnz, Correll, Derrimut, Elmore CL Plus, Gladius, Grenade CL Plus, Janz, Justica CL Plus, Kord CL Plus, Livingston, LRPB Cobra, LRPB Impala, LRPB Lincoln, LRPB Merlin, LRPB Scout, LRPB Spitfire, Mace, Peake, Shield, Suntop, Ventura, Wallup, Wyalkatchem > X X X X < < Axe, Condo, Emu Rock, LRPB Dart, Young > X X X X X X < NORTH EAST April May June July MacKellar, Manning (Mar-Apr), SQP Revenue X X X < EGA Wedgetail, Forrest, > X X X X X X < Bolac, Kiora, Yenda > X X X < Chara, EGA Gregory, Estoc, LRPB Gauntlet, LRPB Lancer, LRPB Phantom, LRPB Trojan, LRPB Viking, Magenta, Sentinel 3R, Yitpi > X X X X < < Barham, Clearfield Jnz, Cosmick, Elmore CL Plus, Grenade CL Plus, Janz, Justica CL Plus, LRPB Cobra, LRPB Impala, LRPB Lincoln, LRPB Merlin, LRPB Scout, LRPB Spitfire, Mace, Shield, Suntop, Ventura, Wyalkatchem, > X X X X < Condo, Emu Rock, LRPB Dart, Young > X X X X < SOUTH WEST April May June July Frelon, MacKellar, Manning (Mar-Apr), Naparoo, SQP Revenue X X X X X X X < < EGA Wedgetail, Forrest, Kellalac > X X X X X X X < Beaufort, Bolac, Kiora, Preston, Yenda > X X X X < Chara, Derrimut, LRPB Phantom, LRPB Trojan, Sentinel 3R, > > X X X X < < >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable 14 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

17 Wheat Table 4: Victorian wheat varieties - Domestic Flours Millers Assessment. Interpretation provided by David Hogan, Quality Operations Manager for Laucke Flour Mills. HARD WHEAT End product category Variety Preferred Max class Plant Artisan Comment grade grade bakery breads Axe AH AH 1 1 Very poor water absorption, strong dough characteristics and long mix time. Bolac AH AH 2 2 Marginal AH - strong dough characteristics. Chara AH AH 1 2 Optimum value as separate segregation due to excess mix requirement. Condo AH AH 1 2 Marginal strong dough & mix time. Possible specialist application. Corack APW APW 2 1 Acceptable APW quality. Suit domestic mills. Correll AH AH 3 1 Acceptable AH quality. Cosmick AH AH 3 2 Acceptable AH for Domestic market. Derrimut AH AH 3 1 Appears acceptable as AH quality to suit plant bakery. EGA Gregory APW* APW* 2 1 Limited data, but indicate suitable for domestic APW. EGA Wedgetail APW* APW* 1 2 Over strong APW. Long mix requirement. Appears to suit specialist segregation. Elmore CL Plus AH AH 3 1 Good water absorption & acceptable bake performance. Acceptable AH quality. Emu rock AH AH 3 2 Acceptable AH. Marginal long mix requirement. Estoc APW APW 2 1 Marginal APW quality. Some interest from domestic mills. Forrest APW APW 2 1 Acceptable APW quality for Domestic market. Gladius AH AH 1 2 Very strong dough properties with excessive mix time. Grenade CL AH AH 2 2 Marginal strong. Limited domestic interest. Plus Justica CL Plus APW APW 1 3 Strong dough. Appears to suit specialist segregation. Kellalac APW APW 2 Acceptable APW quality - has weak dough & poor bake. Kiora AH AH 2 2 Marginally strong dough. Some interest from Domestic market. Kord CL Plus AH AH 3 1 Appears suitable for domestic mills. Livingston AH AH 3 2 Acceptable as AH quality to suit plant bakery. LRPB Cobra AH AH 3 1 Appears acceptable. Some concerns over low viscosity and high yellow pigment. LRPB Dart AH AH 2 1 Good dough & bakery performance, but low FN. Limited interest. LRPB Gauntlet APW APW 3 1 Appears acceptable. Good dough & bakery results. LRPB Lancer APW* APW* 2 1 Acceptable APW. Good water absorption & bake volume, but marginal long mix time. LRPB Lincoln AH AH 2 1 Appears to have limited suitability as domestic AH. LRPB Merlin AH AH 2 2 Strong dough, long mix. Possibly specialist applications. LRPB Phantom AH AH 3 1 Appears to suit domestic mills. LRPB Scout AH AH 2 1 Suitable AH, marginal long mix time. LRPB Spitfire AH AH 2 2 Long mix requirement and short extension, appears limited suitability for domestic mills. LRPB Trojan APW APW 2 1 Some interest from domestic mills. Marginal water absorption, long mix time but good bake volume. LRPB Viking 2 Limited data available. Early indication is that it has excessive strength & mix time. Mace AH AH 3 1 Suitable as domestic AH. Magenta APW APW 2 1 Marginally acceptable for plant bakeries. Merinda AH AH 3 3 Has strong and extensible dough properties. Sentinel 3R ASW ASW 1 1 Appears to have limited suitability for domestic mills. Shield AH AH 3 1 Marginal strong. Expect some domestic interest. Suntop AH AH 2 2 Strong AH. Good water absorption, but marginally long mix time. Wallup AH AH 1 2 Long mix requirement. Appears to suit specialist segregation. Limited interest from domestic millers. Yitpi AH AH 3 2 Acceptable AH quality. Young AH AH 2 2 Acceptable AH quality - has strong dough & long mix time. SOFT OR NOODLE WHEAT End product category Variety Preferred Max Class Biscuit Cake Hot plate Comment grade grade goods Barham Soft SF Acceptable Biscuit quality LRPB Gazelle Soft SF Acceptable Biscuit quality LRPB Impala Soft SF Acceptable Biscuit quality Yenda Soft SF Acceptable Biscuit quality On the quality scale, a rating of 3 is preferred for a particular varietal end-use, 3 preferred, 2 suitable, 1 not suitable Victorian Winter Crop Summary

18 Wheat Table 5: Wheat disease guide. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Inoculum source Control FOLIAR Leaf rust Stem rust Stripe rust Septoria nodorum blotch (Glume blotch) Septoria tritici blotch Yellow spot BYDV GRAIN Bunt Puccinia triticinia Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Stagonospora nodorum Zymoseptoria tritici Pyrenophora tritici-repentis Barley yellow dwarf virus Tilletia laevis T. tritici Small orange-brown powdery pustules on leaf. Red-brown, powdery, oblong pustules with tattered torn edges on leaf and stem. Yellow powdery pustules often in stripes on leaves. Leaf lesions with minute black spots, leaf death. Can infect the head. Leaf lesions with minute black spots, leaf death. Leaf lesions often with yellow border, leaf death. Yellowing, dwarfing of infected plants, interveinal chlorosis, reduced seed set. Seed contains a black, foul smelling mass of spores. Affected grain is not accepted at silos. Stunted plants with black, powdery streaks in leaves. Flag smut Urocystis agropyri Loose smut Ustilago tritici Black powdery heads on diseased plants. ROOT/CROWN Common Bipolaris root rot sorokiniana Crown rot Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) Rhizoctonia bare patch Root lesion nematode Take-all Fusarium pseudogram inearum, F. culmorum Heterodera avenae Rhizoctonia solani (AG 8) Pratylenchus thornei and Pratylenchus neglectus Gaeumannomyc es graminis var. tritici Browning of the roots, subcrown internode and the stem base. Brown spots on leaves. White heads and pinched grain. Browning of stem bases, crown and sometimes roots. White heads and pinched grain. Yellow, stunted plants with knotted roots, often in patches. Patches of stunted plants with yellow-red erect leaves. Spear tipped roots. Reduced tillering, ill thrift; a lack of root branching and lesions on roots. Blackening of roots, stem bases and crown. Plant stunting with white heads and pinched grain. Develops in spring. Favoured by mild (15 C 22 C) moist weather. Can develop from mid spring into summer. Favoured by warm (15 30 C) humid conditions. Can develop throughout the growing season. Favoured by cool (8 15 C), moist weather. More common in early sown crops and in wet springs More common in early sown crops and in wet springs. More severe in close rotations, when wheat is sown into wheat stubble. Most common in perennial grass pastures and in early sown crops. Potentially region wide. Most likely in crops sown early in warm soils. Region wide. Scattered through crop. More severe following a wet winter and dry spring, especially on heavy soils which are poorly drained Light soils and well structured clays where cereals are common. Associated with reduced tillage and poor weed control in autumn. Discouraged by soils with high organic matter. Favoured by wheat in rotation with chickpea, medic and vetch. Favoured by a wet spring with a dry finish. Airborne spores from living wheat plants. Airborne spores from living plants (wheat, barley, durum and triticale). Airborne spores from living wheat and barley grass plants. Initially airborne spores released from stubble, and then spread by rain splashed spores within crop. Initially airborne spores released from stubble, and then spread by rain splashed spores within crop. Ascospores from stubble infect plants. Then secondary spread is by airborne spores in spring. A virus transmitted by aphids from infected grasses and cereals. Spores on seed coat infect seedling before it emerges. Soil and seedborne spores. Infected seed is the predominant source. Soil borne on grass and cereal residues. Also as spores in the soil. Soil borne on grass and cereal residues. Present in most soils in the southern region of Australia. Fungus carries over in organic matter in the soil. Wide host range. Survive as dormant nematodes in the soil. Soil borne on grass hosts and cereal residues. Resistant varieties, control volunteer summer-autumn wheat. Seed dressings and foliar fungicides. Resistant varieties, control volunteer summer-autumn wheat and barley. Foliar fungicides. Resistant varieties, fungicides (seed, fertiliser and foliar), control volunteer summerautumn wheat. Resistant varieties, foliar fungicides, seed treatments, stubble removal. Resistant varieties, foliar fungicides, seed treatments, stubble removal. Stubble removal, crop rotation, foliar fungicides, resistant varieties. Resistant varieties, seed treatments and/or insecticide treatments to control aphids Seed applied fungicide. Resistant varieties, seedapplied fungicide. Seed-applied fungicide. Crop rotation, one year free from hosts. Crop rotation. Avoid highly susceptible varieties, especially durum wheat. Resistant varieties, two year break from susceptible cereals and grasses, in particular wild oats. Pre-cropping weed control, chemical fallow, cultivation, modified sowing equipment. Group B herbicides may increase severity on some soil types. Read the label. Crop rotation using resistant crops and resistant varieties. Crop rotation, at least one year free of hosts (cereals and grasses, especially barley grass). Fungicide applied to seed or fertiliser. This table has been developed from information in the publications Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Root and Crown Diseases (Grains Research and Development Corporation, SARDI) and Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Leaf and Stem Diseases (Grains Research and Development Corporation, SARDI). 16 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

19 Wheat Table 6: Main season. Long term predicted wheat yield expressed as a percentage of Yitpi. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. Mallee North Central North East Wimmera Yitpi (t/ha) AGT Katana 101 (29) (7) Axe 95 (37) 98 (11) 96 (13) 102 (16) Barham - 98 (11) 99 (13) 99 (16) Bolac (4) 101 (9) 96 (5) Catalina 94 (30) 99 (9) - 99 (15) Chara - 99 (9) 99 (12) 101 (7) Clearfield Jnz 91 (14) 95 (6) 95 (8) 98 (11) Clearfield Stl 97 (22) 98 (6) 100 (8) 98 (11) Cobra 100 (21) 105 (7) 109 (9) 108 (10) Condo 94 (14) 107 (7) 106 (9) 101 (9) Corack 105 (37) 103 (11) 105 (14) 112 (16) Correll 101 (37) 104 (11) 104 (13) 101 (16) Cosmick 109 (15) 103 (5) 106 (5) 113 (5) Dart 93 (14) 99 (9) 97 (11) 101 (10) Derrimut 97 (37) 97 (11) 97 (14) 105 (16) EGA Gregory (10) 105 (13) - Elmore CL PLus 99 (21) 102 (9) 103 (11) 101 (14) Emu Rock 102 (37) 99 (11) 99 (13) 107 (16) Espada 103 (22) 105 (8) 106 (11) 104 (11) Estoc 102 (37) 101 (11) 101 (13) 104 (16) Forrest (3) - Frame 93 (22) 93 (6) 92 (6) 93 (11) Gascoigne (7) 103 (11) 97 (10) Gauntlet 94 (6) 100 (9) 99 (11) 98 (9) Gazelle (9) 100 (11) 99 (11) GBA Ruby (6) 99 (6) - Gladius 99 (37) 99 (11) 98 (14) 102 (16) Grenade CL Plus 97 (29) 97 (9) 96 (11) 100 (14) Harper 104 (37) 101 (11) 101 (13) 102 (16) Hydra 112 (8) 105 (3) 110 (3) 114 (4) Impala (11) 106 (13) 103 (16) Janz - 98 (3) - 97 (7) Justica CL Plus 99 (37) 99 (11) 99 (13) 101 (16) Kennedy - 94 (4) 95 (4) - Kord CL Plus 99 (31) 100 (9) 99 (10) 101 (11) Lancer (6) 95 (5) Lincoln 96 (22) 99 (11) 99 (13) 101 (15) Livingston - 99 (6) 97 (9) 97 (4) Mace 106 (21) 102 (5) 104 (6) 110 (10) Magenta 104 (29) 100 (11) 102 (14) 103 (16) Merlin 89 (6) 99 (10) 97 (13) 96 (9) Orion (9) 103 (11) 98 (15) Peake 96 (16) 98 (4) 98 (6) 103 (7) Phantom 100 (37) 104 (11) 105 (14) 104 (16) QAL (8) 103 (8) - Sabel CL Plus 101 (16) 98 (4) 99 (5) 102 (6) Scout 103 (37) 106 (11) 108 (14) 109 (16) Sentinel (6) 100 (8) - Shield 102 (29) 97 (3) 97 (4) 104 (14) Spitfire 89 (6) 98 (10) 96 (14) 95 (9) SQP Revenue (5) 101 (6) Sunguard - 99 (4) 98 (5) 101 (6) Sunmate (4) 104 (6) - Suntop (10) 107 (14) - Trojan 110 (29) 105 (7) 109 (9) 112 (10) Ventura - 98 (6) 100 (6) - Viking (3) - Waagan Wallup 97 (14) 101 (11) 101 (14) 105 (16) Wyalkatchem 101 (37) 100 (3) (16) Yitpi 100 (31) 100 (9) 100 (10) 100 (11) Young 94 (14) 98 (4) 99 (6) 102 (7) Victorian Winter Crop Summary

20 Wheat Table 7: Long season. Long term predicted wheat yield expressed as a percentage of Bolac. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. North East South West Bolac (t/ha) Adagio (6) Barham - 92 (6) Beaufort 109 (3) 111 (15) Bolac 100 (3) 100 (15) Bowie - 85 (4) Chara 97 (3) 97 (15) Derrimut - 97 (6) EGA Bounty - 89 (6) EGA Gregory 101 (3) 96 (9) EGA Wedgetail 96 (3) 95 (15) Elmore CL Plus - 98 (9) Endure - 90 (3) Espada - 93 (6) Estoc 96 (3) 94 (12) Forrest - 99 (12) Frelon (3) Gascoigne - 90 (9) Gazelle 103 (3) 100 (15) Kellalac 92 (3) 95 (15) Kiora (9) Lancer 92 (3) 92 (6) Lincoln - 97 (6) Mackellar (6) Manning (9) Mansfield 88 (3) 92 (12) Naparoo - 88 (12) Orion 102 (3) 100 (6) Phantom - 98 (9) Preston 108 (3) 111 (15) QAL (3) 104 (13) Scenario (6) Scout (12) Sentinel 101 (3) 98 (12) SQP Revenue 107 (3) 110 (15) Sunguard - 91 (6) Trojan (6) Viking (6) Yenda - 99 (3) Table 8: Suggested minimum levels of wheat disease resistance for the southern region. Rust Yellow leaf spot Septoria tritici Annual rainfall Stem Stripe Leaf Low < 350 mm MSS MS MS MSS S Medium mm MS MRMS MS MSS MS High * > 500 mm MR MR MR MSS MS * unless a suitable program of disease control by fungicide applications can be planned and carried out. 18 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

21 Wheat Table 9: Yield - Mallee 2014 wheat trials expressed as a percentage of the yield of LRPB Scout. Fungicides used at Merrinee only. Birchip Hopetoun Manangatang Merrinee Murrayville Quambatook Ultima Walpeup (F) (F) (F) (F) (F) (F) Sowing Date 12/5/14 16/5/14 6/5/14 7/5/14 9/5/14 14/5/14 8/5/14 5/5/14 LRPB Scout (t/ha) AGT Katana Axe Corack Correll Cosmick Derrimut Elmore CL PLus Emu Rock Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus LRPB Cobra LRPB Phantom LRPB Scout LRPB Trojan Mace Magenta Shield Wyalkatchem Yitpi Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) F = Multiple frosts, caution interpreting data. Table 10: Protein level (%) - Mallee 2014 wheat trials. Birchip Hopetoun Manangatang Merrinee Murrayville Quambatook Ultima Walpeup AGT Katana Axe Corack Correll Cosmick Derrimut Elmore CL PLus Emu Rock Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus LRPB Cobra LRPB Phantom LRPB Scout LRPB Trojan Mace Magenta Shield Wyalkatchem Yitpi Victorian Winter Crop Summary

22 Wheat Table 11: Screenings - Mallee 2014 wheat trials expressed as % of grain below a 2 mm sieve. Birchip Hopetoun Manangatang Merrinee Murrayville Quambatook Ultima Walpeup AGT Katana Axe Corack Correll Cosmick Derrimut Elmore CL PLus Emu Rock Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus LRPB Cobra LRPB Phantom LRPB Scout LRPB Trojan Mace Magenta Shield Wyalkatchem Yitpi Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

23 Wheat Table 12: Yield - North Central, North East and Wimmera (main season) 2014 wheat trials expressed as a percentage of the yield of LRPB Scout. Fungicides used on all trials except Kaniva. North Central North Central North East North East North East Wimmera Diggora (F) Mitiamo Dookie (F) Numurkah Wunghnu (F) Kaniva (F) Sowing Date 23/5/14 12/5/14 13/5/14 14/5/14 13/5/14 5/5/14 LRPB Scout (t/ha) Adagio Axe Barham Beaufort Bolac Chara LRPB Cobra Condo Corack Correll Cosmick LRPB Dart Derrimut EGA Gregory EGA Wedgetail Elmore CL PLus Emu Rock Estoc Gascoigne LRPB Gauntlet Gazelle Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Impala Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus LRPB Lancer LRPB Lincoln Livingston Mace Magenta LRPB Merlin LRPB Phantom QAL Scenario LRPB Scout Sentinel Shield LRPB Spitfire Suntop LRPB Trojan LRPB Viking Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) F = Multiple frosts at Diggora, Dookie and Kaniva and a single frost at Wungnu, caution interpreting data Victorian Winter Crop Summary

24 Wheat Table 13: Protein level (%) and screenings - North East and Wimmera (main season) 2014 wheat trials. Screenings expressed as % of grain below a 2 mm sieve. Protein (%) Screenings (%) North East North East Wimmera Numurkah Kaniva Numurkah Kaniva Adagio Axe Barham Beaufort Bolac Chara Condo Corack Correll Cosmick Derrimut EGA Gregory EGA Wedgetail Elmore CL PLus Emu Rock Estoc Gascoigne Gazelle Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Impala Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus Livingston LRPB Cobra LRPB Lancer LRPB Phantom LRPB Scout LRPB Spitfire LRPB Trojan LRPB Viking Mace Magenta Scenario Sentinel Shield Suntop Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

25 Wheat Table 14: Yield, protein level (%) and screenings - South West (early season) 2014 wheat trials. Yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Bolac. Screenings expressed as a percentage of grain below a 2 mm sieve. Fungicides used on all trials. Yield (%) Protein (%) Screenings (%) Hamilton (F) Streatham Teesdale Hamilton Streatham Teesdale Hamilton Streatham Teesdale Sowing 7/5/14 20/5/14 15/5/14 Date Bolac (t/ha) Adagio Beaufort Bolac Chara EGA Gregory EGA Wedgetail Elmore CL PLus Forrest Gascoigne Gazelle Kellalac Kiora Manning Phantom Preston QAL Scenario Scout SQP Revenue Trojan Viking Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) F = Multiple frosts, caution interpreting data. Table 15: Yield, protein level (%) and screenings - South West (long season) 2014 wheat trials. Yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Bolac. Screenings expressed as a percentage of grain below a 2 mm sieve. Fungicides used on all trials. Yield (%) Protein (%) Screenings (%) Hamilton (F) Streatham Hamilton Streatham Hamilton Streatham Sowing Date 18/4/14 14/4/14 Bolac (t/ha) Bolac Brennan EGA Wedgetail Einstein Forrest Gazelle Lancer Mackellar Manning Naparoo Rudd SQP Revenue Sunzell Tennant Trojan Viking Wylah Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) 4 4 LSD (%) 7 7 F = Multiple frosts, caution interpreting data. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

26 Wheat Table 16: Durum wheat - Kaniva, Wimmera. Yield for 2014 and long term yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Caparoi. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. Protein (%) and screenings percentage of grain below a 2 mm sieve. No fungicide used. Kaniva (C) - sowing date 16/5/14 Yield (% of Caparoi) Protein (%) Screenings (%) Long term predicted yield Caparoi (t/ha) Caparoi (4) DBA-Aurora (3) EGA Bellaroi (4) Hyperno (4) Saintly (3) Tjilkuri (4) WID (4) Yawa (4) Site Mean (t/ha) 2.41 CV (%) 10 LSD (t/ha) 16 C = caution interpreting data due to frosts. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Frank Henry Grant Hollaway David Hogan Russell Eastwood Daryl Mares Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Hamilton Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham Laucke Flour Mills AGT University of Adelaide 24 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

27 REVIEW OF 2014 Season Barley crops generally took advantage of the early start to the season, growing well during late autumn and early winter. However, a lack of subsoil moisture in many areas combined with dry conditions and frosts reduced the yield potential considerably. The Wimmera and Mallee generally had below average yields with some areas of the Mallee suffering severe drought stress. The North East performed better as did parts the South West where later maturing crops were able to take advantage of some late spring rain. Early maturing varieties such as Hindmarsh, La Trobe and Compass yielded better while varieties like Buloke, Scope and Gairdner were more vulnerable to producing smaller grain size in the tight finish. Overall the proportion of crop making malt was well down on usual particularly because of poor grain size. Protein was also up for many crops. Disease Stubble-borne diseases were favoured by an early break to the season, followed by reasonable rainfall through to early winter. Spot form of net blotch (SFNB) was common throughout the barley growing regions during the winter due to cultivation of susceptible varieties into infected stubble. Symptoms were most severe in the Mallee where temperatures were highest. However, dry conditions during mid to late winter and spring restricted SFNB development later in the season in the majority of barley growing regions. Scald and net form of net blotch (NFNB) development were generally not favoured by the dry conditions and as a result were not observed in many areas. Barley leaf rust and powdery mildew were not an issue and rarely observed due to the very dry summer, which reduced the green bridge and inoculum. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2015 New varieties No new varieties have been added in Malt evaluation In 2014 the variety Wimmera received classification as malt. Newly accredited malting varieties still need to gain market acceptance and growers are advised to consult with their marketer regarding the availability of segregation and pricing. Barley Australia lists malting varieties that are preferred by its member marketing companies. These varieties are highlighted in the variety listings as Malting barley (Preferred variety). The level of demand for domestic and export markets in Victoria is shown in Table 2. The outcome of malt evaluation for Flinders, LaTrobe and Skipper will be updated on after March. BARLEY Barley Disease No significant changes in virulence of barley diseases were observed during Some small changes in the ratings of varieties have occurred, which are listed in Table 3. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. Australian Field Crop Disease Guide app AG1160 Cereal disease guide Information includes: List of preferred malting barley varieties Update status of malting barley evaluation each March VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS Varieties have been listed according to quality classification grade and in alphabetical order and not in order of preference. Abbreviations used are: denotes that Plant Breeder Rights apply CCN Cereal Cyst Nematode BYDV Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus RLN Root Lesion Nematode NFNB Net Form of Net Blotch SFNB Spot Form of Net Blotch End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Malting barley (Preferred variety) - BAUDIN A mid season maturing variety, Baudin is an alternative malting variety to Gairdner in mm rainfall districts, but should not be grown in areas with greater than 500 mm, due to leaf disease susceptibility. Scald SVS, SFNB MSS, NFNB MRMS#, powdery mildew VS and leaf rust VS. Compared to Gairdner, Baudin has superior grain plumpness in years with dry and hot spring conditions. The variety is a shorter plant type than Gairdner and less likely to lodge. Now outclassed by newer varieties due to disease susceptibility, Baudin s delivery options are limited. Released Seed available from Seednet. EPR $3 malt, $1 feed. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

28 Barley Malting barley (Preferred variety) - BULOKE An early to mid season maturing variety best adapted to regions of southern Australia with mm annual rainfall. Moderately tall with moderately weak straw strength, similar to Gairdner, and can be prone to significant head loss under unfavourable conditions postmaturation. Buloke has a similar level of tolerance to preharvest sprouting to Gairdner. Average grain plumpness is similar or slightly inferior to Baudin but superior to Gairdner. Scald MS, SFNB S, NFNB MR, powdery mildew MR and leaf rust SVS. Whilst Buloke yields well in Mallee environments, it should only be grown in CCN prone environments if the majority of other crops/varieties in the rotation are CCN resistant. In Victoria, Buloke is considered mid-season maturity earlier than Gairdner, but later than Hindmarsh. Buloke has export malt quality similar to Baudin. Released Seed available from Seednet. EPR $2. Malting barley (Preferred variety) - COMMANDER A mid maturing variety best suited to mm rainfall districts, particularly the Wimmera Mallee. It is broadly adapted and will outyield other varieties under favourable spring conditions. Commander is inherently lower in grain protein content like Buloke and Scope. It has moderately weak straw and can lodge under either high yield environments or if unfavourable conditions occur between grain filling and harvest. Grain size is superior to many other malting barley varieties but it is prone to low test weights in some seasons. Scald S, SFNB & NFNB MSS, powdery mildew MRMS and leaf rust S. Commander is acceptable for domestic, Chinese, and SE Asian brewing markets. Growers should consult their grain marketers regarding markets and availability of segregation for this variety. Released Seed available from Seednet. EPR $3.80. Malting barley - FAIRVIEW A moderately late maturing variety best suited to mm rainfall districts. Yields are similar to Gairdner and Commander in these districts. The grain plumpness of Fairview is superior to Gairdner. Limited seed is only available under contract through GrainSearch, Geelong. Released Fairview has an export malt quality profile and is marketed via closed loop supply chain through Malteurop. EPR $3. Malting barley (Preferred variety) - GAIRDNER A moderately late maturing variety best suited to mm rainfall regions. In lower rainfall districts Gairdner can yield well in seasons with favourable spring finishes, however not necessarily within malting specifications. Scald SVS, SFNB S, NFNB MRMS, powdery mildew S and leaf rust S. Gairdner is known for high screenings in a dry spring, with the levels of grain plumpness for Gairdner generally being inferior to all other malting varieties. Gairdner has moderately good head retention, slightly inferior to Baudin. Gairdner is accepted by both domestic and export brewing markets. Released Seed available from Heritage Seeds. No EPR. Malting barley - GRANGER A mid to late maturing variety with strong straw, and good kernel plumpness and low screenings. Scald S, SFNB SVS, NFNB MS, powdery mildew MR and leaf rust MR#. Accredited as malting barley in 2013, export markets are yet to be established and growers are advised to consult with their grain marketer about segregation and pricing. Released Tested as SMBA Licenced by Limagrain and seed available from Heritage Seeds. EPR $2.95. Malting barley (Preferred variety) NAVIGATOR A mid to late maturing variety similar to Gairdner but offering higher yield potential, significantly improved physical grain quality and an excellent disease resistance profile with the exception of being very susceptible to leaf rust. Scald MRMS, SFNB MRMS, NFNB MR#, powdery mildew R and leaf rust VS. Navigator is an accredited malting variety primarily suited for use by the domestic brewing industry. Due to the current small market size for Navigator as a malting variety, growers should seek advice from their grain marketer regarding availability of segregation and pricing prior to sowing this variety and will be best suited to growers with freight advantage to local malthouses. Released Seed available from Seednet. EPR $3.80 Malting barley (Preferred variety) - SCOPE CL A tall, early to mid season maturing barley with moderate to high yield potential across a range of medium rainfall environments. Its disease resistance profile is very similar to Buloke with the main concern being susceptibility to some leaf rust strains. Scald MSS, SFNB MSS, NFNB MR, powdery mildew R# and leaf rust SVS. Scope shares the lodging, headloss, grain size and protein characteristics of Buloke. Scope is the only barley variety registered for the use of an appropriate Clearfield herbicide. Accredited as malting barley in 2013, export markets are yet to be established so growers are advised to consult with their grain marketer about segregation and pricing. Although developed from a Buloke mutation, Barley Australia have not authorised co-binning with Buloke. It is considered a different variety to Buloke and legally needs to be declared as such. In the longer term, Scope is expected to be accepted into those markets currently accepting Buloke. Released Seed is available from Seednet exclusively through re-sellers that have a current Clearfield accreditation. EPR $3.50. Malting barley (Preferred variety) - WESTMINSTER A mid to late maturity variety with medium to tall and stiff straw and improved head retention. Scald R#, SFNB S, NFNB MSS, powdery mildew R and leaf rust MRMS. Accredited as malting barley in 2013, export markets are yet to be established and growers are advised to consult with their grain marketer about segregation and pricing. It was bred by Limagrain, released 2009, and is marketed through Grainsearch. EPR $3. Malting barley - WIMMERA Wimmera is a mid to late maturing variety with similar plant architecture to Gairdner and significantly higher yield potential and improved scald and leaf rust resistance. Scald MSS, SFNB S, NFNB MSS, powdery mildew S and leaf rust MR#. In long-term NVT trials, Wimmera has a 10% average yield advantage over Gairdner in all areas other than the Mallee. Wimmera has lower screenings and higher retention than Gairdner, with equivalent test weight. Wimmera is an accredited malting variety suited to a range of domestic and export markets, Released Wimmera is currently undergoing further market development. 26 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

29 Barley Feed barley - CAPSTAN Capstan is a high yielding feed variety recommended for 400mm plus rainfall regions. Capstan has short stiff straw with excellent head retention and would be suitable for growers targeting very high potential yields. It has very high screenings in lower rainfall districts. Scald S, SFNB MS, NFNB MSS, powdery mildew MR and leaf rust MRMS. Released Seed available from Seednet. No EPR. Feed barley - FATHOM An early maturing variety with broad adaption and consistently high yields. It has very low screenings, similar to Maritime and a higher test weight than Fleet. Fathom has a long coleoptile and early vigour giving weed competitiveness and tolerance to deep planting and sandy soils. Fathom is well suited to wider row spacings and is an alternative to Hindmarsh particularly where more reliable establishment and improved early vigour are sought. Fathom is moderately tall with head loss and lodging resistance. Scald MR#, SFNB MR, NFNB MS, powdery mildew MRMS and leaf rust MSS. Released Seed available from Seednet. EPR $2. Feed barley - FLEET Best suited to mm rainfall regions as an alternative to Hindmarsh and Keel. Fleet has superior adaptation to deep sandy soils compared to Hindmarsh and Keel due to a relatively long coleoptile that makes Fleet more tolerant of deeper sowing. Scald MSS, SFNB MR, NFNB MRMS#, powdery mildew MR and leaf rust MSS. Some pathotypes of NFNB now show increased virulence on Fleet. Fleet has improved physical grain quality compared to Keel but has lower test weight than Hindmarsh. Fleet is highly prone to lodging but has good head retention. Released Seed available from Seednet. EPR $1.50. Feed / Food barley - HINDMARSH An early maturing semi-dwarf feed variety with exceptional yield potential, especially in drier years. It is recommended for the mm rainfall regions. Hindmarsh was the highest yielding barley variety in the Mallee and Wimmera in NVT long term trials for Hindmarsh has a relatively short coleoptile and deep sowing should be avoided to maximise crop establishment and yield potential. Scald SVS, SFNB SVS, NFNB MR, powdery mildew MRMS# and leaf rust MSS. Hindmarsh is free threshing and has good resistance to head loss. Hindmarsh has excellent grain plumpness and also has the highest test weight of any feed variety. Released by the forerunner of DEDJTR in Seed available from Seednet. EPR $1.50. Feed barley - KEEL A high yielding, very early maturing, feed variety recommended for the mm rainfall regions. Due to Keel s very early maturity, it can be prone to frost damage if sown too early. It performs best on heavy soil types with low fertility. Keel is not suitable for sandy soils, where Fleet or Fathom are preferred. Keel produces plump grain similar to Fleet and Fathom, along with low screenings; however, similar to Fleet, Keel has low test weight. Keel is a shorter plant type compared to Fleet and Fathom, has good head retention and is free-threshing. Scald MS, SFNB MR, NFNB MR#, powdery mildew MS and leaf rust VS. Released Seed available from Seednet. No EPR. Feed barley - OXFORD A feed variety best suited to medium to high rainfall regions ( mm) and should not be planted after mid-june. Scald MSS#, SFNB S, NFNB MS, powdery mildew R and leaf rust MR. Oxford was bred by Limagrain, released 2009 and seed is available from Heritage Seeds. EPR $2.50. VARIETIES CURRENTLY UNDERGOING MALT EVALUATION Barley under evaluation - COMPASS Compass is an early to mid maturing variety, agronomically similar to Commander, It is very high yielding and broadly adapted, with excellent grain size and test weight. Compass has been released as a feed variety for 2015, and is also undergoing malting evaluation with a decision expected in March The malting quality profile will be suited to domestic and export malting and brewing markets currently utilising Gairdner and Commander. Scald MS#, SFNB MSS, NFNB MR#, powdery mildew MR#. Bred by the University of Adelaide and tested as WI4593. Seed available from Seednet. EPR $3.80. Barley under evaluation - FLINDERS A moderately late maturing variety. Moderately short with stiff, strong straw and good head retention. It has high levels of grain plumpness and good test weights. Scald S, SFNB & NFNB S, powdery mildew RMR and leaf rust MS. While not as high yielding as the earlier maturing LaTrobe or Compass, Flinders offers a replacement for Baudin and Gairdner with a longer season option and will be available pending final malt accreditation. Developed by InterGrain. Released 2012, it is currently undergoing malting evaluation with a decision expected in March Seed available from Syngenta. EPR $3.80. Barley under evaluation - LATROBE An early maturing variety for the low to medium rainfall environments. A semi-dwarf with a short coleoptile, good lodging resistance and good head retention. Good sprouting tolerance, but reduced weed competitiveness. It has high levels of grain plumpness and good test weights. Scald VS, SFNB S, NFNB MR, powdery mildew MRMS# and leaf rust MSS. Developed by InterGrain (as IGB1101). It is currently undergoing malting evaluation with a decision expected in March Seed available from Syngenta. EPR $4. Barley under evaluation - SKIPPER An early to mid maturing malting quality variety similar in maturity and plant type to Hindmarsh. Skipper is best adapted to mid and low rainfall environments. Relative to many other malting varieties, Skipper has high levels of grain plumpness and low levels of screenings being similar to Commander, but poor straw stength compared to other malt varieties. Scald S, SFNB MRMS, NFNB MR, powdery mildew MR and leaf rust SVS. Released 2011, it is currently undergoing malting evaluation with a decision expected in March EPR to be determined. Barley under evaluation - SY RATTLER SY Rattler is a late maturing variety recommended for the high rainfall, mm regions. SY Rattler is undergoing the early stages of malt and brewing evaluation. Bred by Syngenta. Released in 2012, it is currently undergoing malting evaluation with a decision expected in March Seed available from Grainsearch. EPR $3. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

30 Barley Table 1: Barley time of sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. MALLEE April May June July Baudin, Gairdner, Wimmera > X X X X X < < Commander, Compass, Fathom, Fleet, Keel > X X X X X X < < < Buloke, Hindmarsh, LaTrobe, Scope, Skipper > > X X X X X < < WIMMERA April May June July Flinders, Gairdner, GrangeR, Navigator, Oxford, Wimmera > X X X X X < < Keel > > X X X X X X X < < Baudin, Fleet > > X X X X X X < < Fathom, Hindmarsh, LaTrobe, Skipper > X X X X X X X < < Buloke, Commander, Compass, Scope > X X X X X < < NORTH CENTRAL April May June July Flinders, Gairdner, GrangeR, Navigator, Wimmera > > X X X X X X < < Fleet > > > X X X X X < < Buloke, Commander, Compass, Scope > > X X X X < < Fathom, Hindmarsh, LaTrobe, Skipper > X X X X X X X X X < < Keel > > X X X X X X < < NORTH EAST April May June July Flinders, Gairdner, GrangeR, Navigator, Oxford, Wimmera > X X X X X X < < Baudin > > X X X X X < < Keel > > X X X X X X X < < Buloke, Commander, Compass, Scope > > X X X X < < Fathom, Hindmarsh, LaTrobe, Skipper > X X X X X X X < < Fleet > > X X X X X < < SOUTH WEST April May June July Baudin, Capstan, Gairdner, GrangeR, Navigator, Oxford, Westminster, Wimmera > > X X X X X < < < Commander, Compass, Fathom, Fleet, Hindmarsh, LaTrobe > > X X X X < < >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable Table 2: Barley variety demand* for preferred malting varieties and agronomic guide. Domestic demand Export demand Height Maturity Head loss Plump grain rating Lodging Malting barley Baudin high S M MR 7 R Buloke medium MT ME MS 6 M Commander high low M ME M 8 M Fairview MS ML MR R Gairdner high high M ML MR 5 R GrangeR M ML MR R Navigator low S-MS ML MR 7 R Scope CL low MT ME MS 6 M Westminster high medium MT ML R R Wimmera M ML MR 7 R Feed barley Capstan VS ML R 5 R Fathom MT VE MR 8 MR Fleet M ME MR 8 M Hindmarsh S-MS VE MR 6-7 R-MR Keel M VE M 6 MS Oxford S-MS L R 7 R Barley under malt evaluation Compass M ME M 8 M Flinders MS ML R 7 R LaTrobe S-MS E MR 6-7 R-MR Skipper M EM MR 8 MS SY Rattler M M - - MR *Demand in Victoria (2014) is determined by marketing companies who are members of Barley Australia. Height; T = tall, MT = moderately tall, M = medium, MS = moderately short, S = short Maturity; VE = very early, E = early, ME = moderately early, M = mid season, L = late Head loss and lodging; R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible Plump grain: relative scale: 1=small or unreliable grain size; 9=large or reliable grain size 28 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2013

31 Barley Table 3: Barley variety disease reactions. Leaf scald Spot form Net Blotch Net form Net Blotch Powdery mildew Leaf rust BYDV CCN Res Root lesion nematode P. neglectus resistance P. thornei resistance Barley grass stripe rust Malting barley Baudin SVS MSS MRMS# VS VS MR S MR - R Buloke MS S MR MR SVS MRMS S MRMS MRMS R Commander S MSS MSS MRMS# S MRMS R MRMS MRMS R Fairview SVS S S RMR MRp MR R Gairdner SVS S MRMS S S S S MRMS MS R GrangeR S SVS MS MR MR# MRMS R MR MR R Navigator MRMS MRMS MR# R VS S R MRMS MRMS R Scope CL MSS MSS MR R# SVS MR S MRMS MRMS R Westminster R# S MSS R MRMS MRMS - MRMS MRMSp R Wimmera MSS S MSS S MR# MRMS S MRMS MRMS MR Feed barley Capstan S MS MSS MR MRMS S R - - MRMS Fathom MR# MR MS MRMS MSS MRMS R MRMS MRMS R Fleet MSS MR MRMS# MR MSS MRMS R MRMS MRMS R Hindmarsh SVS SVS MR MRMS# MSS S R MRMS MRMS R Keel MS MR MR# MS VS S R - - MS Oxford MSS# S MS R MR MS S MR MRMS R Barley under malt evaluation Compass MS# MSS MR# MR# VS MR R MR MR R Flinders S S S RMR MS MRMS S MRMS MR R LaTrobe VS S MR MRMS# MSS S R MR MR R Skipper S MRMS MR MR SVS MR R MRMS MRMS R SY Rattler MS# SVS MR# R MRMS S - RMR MRMS R # Varieties marked may be more susceptible if alternative strains are present. p = These ratings are provisional - treat with caution. R = Resistant RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant MR = Moderately resistant MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = Moderately susceptible MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible VS = Very susceptible Table 4: Barley disease guide. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Inoculum source Control FOLIAR Scald Net blotch spot form Net blotch net form Powdery mildew Rhynchosporium secalis Pyrenophora teres f. maculata Pyrenophora teres f. teres Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei Water soaked areas on leaves. Lesions appear grey/green then bleached with brown margins. Dark brown spots to 10 mm, with yellow margins. Small brown spots that develop into dark brown streaks on leaf blades that have net like appearance. White powdery spores on upper leaf surfaces, underside of leaves turn yellow to brown. Leaf rust Puccinia hordei Small circular orange pustules on upper leaf surface. Stem rust Puccinia graminis Large red-brown pustules. Rupture of leaf and stem surface. BGSR (Barley grass stripe rust) Puccinia striiformis Yellow powdery pustules in stripes on the leaves Years with frequent rain, and early sown crops. Infection from stubble especially in wet autumn conditions. Spores can be produced for over 2 years on stubble. Moist conditions, temperatures in the C range. Favoured by high humidity and temperature of C. Worse in high fertility paddocks and early sown crops. Moist conditions with temperatures in the range C. Infection requires temperatures in the C range and moist conditions. Can develop throughout the growing season. Residues of barley and barley grass. Can be seedborne. Spores spread by rainsplash. Barley and barley grass stubble, also airborne spores from infected crops. Survives on infected barley and barley grass residues. Wind borne spores. Volunteer barley, barley grass and crop residue. Airborne spores. Living plant hosts including barley, barley grass and Star of Bethlehem. Living plant hosts including volunteer cereals (wheat, barley, triticale and rye). Barley grass and susceptible barley varieties. Resistant varieties, clean seed, manage barley and barley grass debris. Seed and foliar fungicides Control barley grass and manage barley stubble. Avoid very susceptible varieties. Foliar fungicides. Resistant varieties, crop rotation and stubble management. Resistant varieties. Seed and foliar fungicides. Use resistant varieties and control volunteer barley and barley grass over summer/autumn Use resistant varieties and control volunteer wheat, triticale and barley over summer/autumn. Avoid susceptible varieties BYDV Barley yellow dwarf (Barley yellow virus dwarf virus) Yellow stripes between leaf veins, some leaves red. Sterile heads and dwarfing plants. Virus is transmitted by aphids. Hosts include all cereals and many grasses. Resistant varieties. Chemical control of aphids may be suitable for high value crops. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

32 Barley Table 4: (continued) Barley disease guide. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Inoculum source Control Wirrega Drechslera Brown blotches often Minor occurrence. Range of grass weeds Crop rotation. Avoid blotch wirreganensis with hole in centre. and cereal stubble. growing susceptible varieties, control grass Ringspot Drechslera campanulata Halo spot Pseudoseptoria stomaticola GRAIN Covered smut Ustilago segetum var. hordei Small brown rimmed spots on leaves. Small white-brown lesions. Dark, compacted heads, grain replaced by smut balls. Loose smut Ustilago tritici Dark brown powdery spores replace grain. ROOT/CROWN Crown rot Pythium root rot (Damping off) Common root rot Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) Root lesion nematode Take-all Fusarium pseudograminearum, F. culmorum Whiteheads or deadheads most obvious after flowering, pink discolouration under leaf sheaths. Pythium spp. Stunted seedlings, reduced tillering, pale stunted or stubby roots with light brown tips. Bipolaris sorokiniana Brown discolouration of roots, sub-crown internode and crown. Plant stunting, brown spots on leaves and reduced tillers. Heterodera avenae Yellow, stunted plants. Knotted roots. Pratylenchus thornei & Pratylenchus neglectus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) Reduced tillering, ill thrift; lesions on roots, lack of branching of root system. Stunted or yellowing plants, whiteheads at heading. Common and widespread in southern Australia. Cool, moist conditions. Spores germinate in infected grain when temperatures are between C. Moist conditions at flowering and when temperatures are between C. Most common on heavy or poorly drained soils Favoured by moist, humid conditions with temperatures between C. Favoured by wet conditions. Increased risk where high rainfall occurs after sowing. Scattered through crop. Light soils and well structured clays where cereals are commonly grown. Favoured by cereals in rotation with chickpea, medic and vetch. Fungus thrives under warm, damp conditions. Wide range of cereals and grass weeds. Barley seed in crop residue infected with fungus. Residues of barley and grasses. Rainsplash. Infected seed. Infected seed Survives in infected stubble residue for up to 2 years. Hosts include wheat, barley, triticale and some grasses. Spores survive in soil or plant debris for up to 5 years. Wheat, barley, triticale and rye. Present in most soils in the southern region. Survives as dormant nematodes in the soil. Fungus survives over summer in crowns and roots of wheat, barley and grass plants. weeds Crop rotation and weed control. Disease is not of economic importance. Use disease free seed, resistant varieties, seed treatments. Use disease free seed and seed treatments. Avoid susceptible varieties. Crop rotation, stubble removal, cultivation. Avoid deep sowing into cold wet soils, especially when direct drilling. Ensure good nutrient levels. Crop rotation. Resistant varieties, break from susceptible cereals and grasses, particularly wild oat. Crop rotation using resistant crops and resistant varieties. Crop rotations, at least one year free of hosts (cereals and grasses, especially barley grass). Fungicide applied to seed or fertiliser. This table has been developed from information in the publications Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Root and Crown Diseases (Grains Research and Development Corporation, SARDI) and Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Leaf and Stem Diseases (Grains Research and Development Corporation, SARDI). 30 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2013

33 Barley Table 5: Long term predicted barley yield expressed as a percentage of Gairdner. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. Mallee North Central North East South West Wimmera Gairdner (t/ha) Malting barley Alestar (6) 109 (3) 108 (10) 104 (12) Barleymax - 46 (3) (4) Bass 106 (39) 103 (12) 102 (7) 102 (17) 108 (25) Baudin 101 (40) 98 (21) 98 (9) 96 (5) 101 (33) Buloke 106 (59) 102 (21) 104 (9) (33) Charger (10) 115 (5) 110 (13) 109 (8) Commander 109 (59) 109 (21) 110 (9) 107 (25) 110 (33) Dhow - 96 (3) (4) Fairview 102 (6) 105 (10) 105 (6) 107 (19) 105 (21) Fitzroy (9) 107 (4) 108 (3) 112 (9) Flagship 99 (52) 93 (21) 95 (9) 92 (5) 98 (33) Franklin - 90 (6) 92 (4) 94 (15) 87 (6) Gairdner 100 (56) 100 (21) 100 (9) 100 (25) 100 (33) Granger 103 (33) 105 (7) 107 (4) 107 (13) 105 (20) Henley 103 (17) 106 (11) 109 (5) 107 (10) 105 (20) Maltstar 100 (7) 107 (6) 110 (3) 110 (10) 103 (16) Navigator (12) 107 (5) 102 (14) 105 (20) Schooner 96 (59) 88 (21) 90 (9) 85 (3) 93 (33) Scope 104 (37) 101 (13) 104 (6) (24) Sloop 102 (8) (4) Sloop SA 100 (43) (9) Sloop VIC 98 (40) (13) Vlamingh 102 (32) 101 (11) 102 (4) 100 (25) 104 (17) Westminster - 99 (14) 102 (6) 104 (19) 96 (23) Wimmera 101 (10) 103 (14) 104 (5) 105 (19) 104 (26) Feed barley Barque 104 (52) (9) Capstan (16) 107 (6) 109 (22) 115 (21) Fathom 117 (33) 109 (10) 109 (5) (20) Finniss 93 (6) 88 (15) 85 (6) 89 (14) 94 (21) Fleet 113 (59) 108 (15) 109 (6) 104 (3) 112 (29) Galleon 91 (7) Grout 99 (22) 94 (3) (9) Hannan 109 (19) 104 (7) 101 (3) (9) Hindmarsh 116 (52) 106 (18) 108 (8) (29) Keel 114 (58) 103 (15) 103 (5) (21) Lockyer 115 (4) 113 (5) 110 (3) 111 (10) 118 (9) Mackay 93 (12) (5) Maritime 102 (48) (24) 101 (24) Oxford 101 (37) 109 (13) 109 (6) 115 (13) 106 (26) Roe 107 (26) 100 (7) - 94 (3) 106 (13) Shepherd 97 (16) 99 (8) (14) Tulla (3) - Urambie (10) - Yarra 107 (32) 104 (11) 101 (5) 103 (3) 108 (17) Barley under malt evaluation Compass 123 (20) 116 (6) 116 (3) 108 (8) 123 (12) Flinders 101 (33) 101 (10) 102 (5) 101 (13) 103 (20) LaTrobe 116 (27) 109 (9) 110 (4) (16) Macquarie (9) 102 (8) 104 (18) 99 (27) Skipper 114 (30) 106 (10) 106 (5) 99 (3) 113 (20) SY Rattler 100 (20) 101 (13) 106 (6) 100 (16) 101 (23) Victorian Winter Crop Summary

34 Barley Table 6: Yield - Mallee 2014 barley trials expressed as a percentage of the yield of Gairdner. Fungicides used at Murrayville only. Birchip Hopetoun Manangatang (F) Murrayville Rainbow Ultima Walpeup (F) Sowing Date 12/5/14 22/5/14 6/5/14 9/5/14 17/5/14 8/5/14 5/5/14 Gairdner (t/ha) Malting barley Bass Buloke Commander Gairdner Granger Schooner Scope Feed barley Fathom Fleet Hindmarsh Keel Oxford Barley under malt evaluation Compass Flinders LaTrobe SY Rattler Skipper Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) F = Multiple frosts. Table 7: Yield - North Central, North East and Wimmera 2014 barley trials expressed as a percentage of the yield of Gairdner. Fungicides used on all trials except Kaniva. North Central North East Wimmera Charlton Colbinabbin (C) Wunghnu Brim (C, F) Horsham (F) Kaniva Sowing Date 1/5/14 10/6/14 13/5/14 24/4/14 19/5/14 5/5/14 Gairdner (t/ha) Malting barley Alestar Bass Baudin Buloke Charger Commander Fairview Flagship Gairdner Granger Macquarie Maltstar Navigator Schooner Scope Westminster Wimmera Feed barley Fathom Fleet Hindmarsh Keel Oxford Barley under malt evaluation Compass Flinders LaTrobe SY Rattler Skipper Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) C = Caution interpreting data; Colbinabbin highly variable but no frost, Brim highly variable with frosts. F = Multiple frosts. 32 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2013

35 Barley Table 9: Plump grain expressed as a percentage above a 2.5 mm sieve - Mallee, North Central and Wimmera 2014 barley trials. Mallee North Central Wimmera Birchip Table 8: Protein level (%) - Mallee, North Central and Wimmera 2014 barley trials. Mallee North Central Wimmera Birchip Hopetoun Manangatang Murrayville Rainbow Ultima Walpeup Charlton Brim Horsham Kaniva Malting barley Alestar Bass Baudin Buloke Charger Commander Fairview Flagship Gairdner Granger Maltstar Navigator Schooner Scope Westminster Wimmera Feed barley Fathom Fleet Hindmarsh Keel Oxford Barley under malt evaluation Compass Flinders LaTrobe Macquarie Skipper SY Rattler Hopetoun Manangatang Murray-ville Rainbow Ultima Walpeup Charlton Brim Horsham Kaniva Malting barley Alestar Bass Baudin Buloke Charger Commander Fairview Flagship Gairdner Granger Maltstar Navigator Schooner Scope Westminster Wimmera Feed barley Fathom Fleet Hindmarsh Keel Oxford Barley under malt evaluation Compass Flinders LaTrobe Macquarie Skipper SY Rattler Victorian Winter Crop Summary

36 Barley Table 10: Yield, protein level (%) and plump grain - South West 2014 long season barley trials. Yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Gairdner, plump grain expressed as a percentage above a 2.5 mm sieve. Fungicides used on all trials. Yield (%) Protein (%) Plump grain (%) Crop Type Hamilton Streatham Teesdale Hamilton Streatham Teesdale Hamilton Streatham Teesdale (C) Sowing Date 7/5/14 16/5/14 15/5/14 Gairdner (t/ha) Malting barley Alestar Bass Charger Commander Fairview Gairdner Granger Maltstar Navigator Vlamingh Westminster Wimmera Feed barley Capstan Maritime Oxford Urambie Barley under malt evaluation Compass Flinders SY Rattler Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) C = Caution interpreting data; frost at Hamilton. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Frank Henry Mark McLean Grant Hollaway David Moody Stewart Coventry Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Hamilton Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham InterGrain, Perth University of Adelaide 34 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2013

37 REVIEW OF 2014 Season Mild temperatures and good rainfall at the start of the season allowed oats to grow well for the first half of the season producing good quantities of biomass. Many growers took advantage of the high biomass to cut for hay rather than take a chance on grain production. OAT Oat Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. Australian Field Crop Disease Guide app AG1160 Cereal disease guide VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS denotes Plant Breeders Rights apply. End Point Royalty (EPR) for grain and hay and seed royalty for season quoted $/tonne ex-gst. As observed with other crops, oats performed better in the east and to a certain extent the South West. Yields in the west compromised by dry conditions and some frost damage. Disease Dry conditions meant the incidence of rust and red leather leaf were low in Barley yellow dwarf virus was common in the high rainfall zone. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2015 New varieties Williams, a new milling variety with early maturity was released last season in WA and is available in the eastern states for the 2015 season. Williams and Bannister now set the benchmark for grain yield. Disease It is important that growers understand the resistance/susceptibility of their varieties to the diseases of importance in their region and plan management strategies accordingly. Managing the green bridge will be important after summer rain events. Quality Variety selection should be based upon agronomic traits, potential grain quality and marketing or end use options. Oats are grown for human consumption or animal feed as a grain or hay. Grain quality traits for the milling industry include high groat percent, high β-glucan, low screenings, and high hectolitre weight. Grain quality traits for improved animal feed include low hull lignin, high groat percentage, and high oil content, resulting in high grain digestibility. Important hay quality traits are high digestibility, high water soluble carbohydrates, low fibre and high protein. The option of oats for hay is increasing in popularity where growers have identified it as profitable, as a tool to manage herbicide resistance and to spread risk. Variety performance for hay yield and quality is available in the Oat Newsletter at Royalties Where applicable, growers selling oat seed or export hay will pay an End Point Royalty (EPR). Growers producing domestic hay from PBR varieties will pay a seed royalty of $2/tonne, but will not pay an EPR. The AEXCO oat EPR for export hay is $2/tonne (ex GST). MORE INFORMATION Milling oat BANNISTER A dwarf milling variety with wide adaption. Compared to Mitika it is about 13cm taller and flowers 3-4 days later. Similar to Mitika for groat percentage. R to leaf rust. Very susceptible and intolerant to CCN. Bred by the National Oat Breeding Program (WAOAT2354). Released in eastern Australia in 2013 via Seednet. EPR $2.30. Milling oat DUNNART A dwarf potential milling variety with mid maturity. It is cm taller than Mitika, Possum and Wombat. Dunnart has improved plant colour compared to Mitika and Wombat. It is MR to leaf rust, R and MT to CCN, and MR to barley yellow dwarf virus. Bred by SARDI (SV ), released 2012 and marketed by Seednet. Milling oat MITIKA An early maturing dwarf variety with some resistance to common rusts. Suited to high rainfall areas, it has around 73 percent groat yield and provides excellent feed value. It is not suited to areas where CCN is a problem. Released 2005 and marketed by Heritage Seeds. EPR $2. Milling oat POSSUM A dwarf variety to replace Echidna for milling in medium to high rainfall regions with improved grain quality. It is MSS to stem rust, S to leaf rust. VS and intolerant to CCN. Late sowing may result in yield penalty. Bred by SARDI, released 2002 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $1.70. Milling Oat WILLIAMS A medium to tall milling oat suited to medium to high rainfall zones. It is 15cm taller than Mitika, 5cm taller than Bannister and 15cm shorter than Yallara. A higher yielding variety, similar to Bannister but with slightly inferior grain quality. Produces high screenings when grown in low rainfall areas. S to stem rust, but R to leaf rust and S & I to CCN. MRMS to septoria. Bred by the National Oat Breeding Program (WA2332). Released in WA in 2013, it is available for eastern Australia for Marketed by Heritage Seeds. EPR $2.30. Milling Oat WOMBAT A dwarf mid season variety that flowers about six days later than Mitika. It is the first dwarf milling variety with CCN resistance and tolerance. Intended to replace Mitika and Possum where CCN and stem nematode are limiting yield, but may have higher screenings. Bred by SARDI (SV ), released 2011 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $2. Milling oat YALLARA Medium to tall similar to Euro, which it is intended to replace. S to stem rust and MS to leaf rust and septoria. Resistant but intolerant to CCN. Suited to drier areas. Bred by SARDI, released in 2009 and marketed by Seednet. EPR $2. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

38 Oat Feed oat ECHIDNA A widely adapted, high yielding, semi dwarf variety for milling and feed. Echidna is outclassed by Possum and Mitika for milling quality. Moderately tolerant to stem nematode but susceptible to rusts and CCN. Released 1984 by SARDI. Feed oat POTOROO A widely adapted early feed grain semi-dwarf variety. Suited to low rainfall areas where CCN is a problem. Potential to use for hay production in high rainfall areas where lodging in tall varieties is a problem. Susceptible to rusts but resistant and tolerant to CCN. Released 1991 by SARDI. Feed/hay oat QUOLL High yielding semi-dwarf variety suitable for feed grain with potential to use for hay production in high rainfall areas where lodging is a problem in taller varieties. MSS to stem rust and MRMS to leaf rust. Susceptible and intolerant to CCN. Released Hay/feed oat MULGARA A mid season tall oat targeted as a replacement for Wintaroo but with better resistance to leaf rust and lodging. Has excellent hay colour with quality similar to Wintaroo. Bred by SARDI, released 2009 and marketed by AEXCO. EPR $2 or seed royalty $30. Hay/feed oat TAMMAR Late season tall hay oat variety for medium and high rainfall zones which provides a slightly later cutting time than Tungoo and Kangaroo. S to stem rust, MRMS to leaf rust, and MR & MT to CCN. Bred by SARDI, released 2010 and marketed by AEXCO. EPR $2 or seed royalty $30. Hay/grazing/feed oat BRUSHER Early to mid season tall oat, well suited to low rainfall areas. MSS to stem and leaf rust. Resistant but moderately intolerant to CCN. Bred by SARDI, released 2002 and marketed by AEXCO. EPR $2 or seed royalty $30. Hay/grazing/feed oat WINTAROO Tall, mid-season variety for all rainfall zones. Susceptible to leaf and stem rust. Resistant and moderately tolerant to CCN. Bred by SARDI, released 2001 and marketed by AEXCO. EPR $2 or seed royalty $30. Hay oat FORESTER A medium height late hay variety is adapted to high rainfall and irrigated cropping regions. It has excellent lodging and shattering resistance. S to stem rust, MRMS to leaf rust. It has excellent hay qualities, but is MS & MI to CCN. Bred by SARDI (SV ), released 2011 and marketed by AGF Seeds. EPR $2 or seed royalty $75. Hay oat - GLIDER A late maturity variety suited to high rainfall regions. S to stem rust depending on the pathotype, MSS to leaf rust. MS and intolerant to CCN. Bred by SARDI and released Hay oat KANGAROO A mid to late season moderately tall oat, a later flowering time makes it less suited to low rainfall environments. MSS to rusts. Resistant and moderately tolerant to CCN. Released Bred by SARDI, marketed by AEXCO. EPR $2 or seed royalty $30. Hay oat - TUNGOO A medium to tall variety. MSS to stem rust and MS to leaf rust. Resistant and moderately tolerant to CCN and stem nematode. Hay yield similar to Kangaroo but grain yield poor. Released Bred by SARDI, marketed by AEXCO. EPR $2 or seed royalty $30. Table 1: Oat disease guide. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Hosts Control FOLIAR Leaf rust Stem rust Septoria blotch BYDV Halo blight Stripe blight Powdery mildew Red leather leaf Puccinia coronata f.sp.avenae Puccinia graminis f.sp.avenae Phaeosphaeria avenaria Barley yellow dwarf virus Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens Pseudomonas syringae pv striafaciens Blumeria graminis f.sp avenae Spermospora avenae Small circular orange pustules on upper leaf surface. Large red-brown pustules, rupture in leaf surface. Dark brown purple spots on leaves, sheaths & stems. Head and grain may become infected. Leaf tip and margins turn red with intervienal chlorosis, mottling and stunting. Light green, yellow or brown halo spot on leaves and sheaths. Leaves may wither and die. Spots on leaves lengthen to form brown stripes on leaves & sheaths. Leaves may wither & die. White powdery spores on upper leaf surfaces. Underside of leaves turn yellow to brown. Long reddish lesions with buff centres. Leaves may look and feel leathery. More severe during moist conditions with temperatures between C. Infection requires warm (15-30 C) moist conditions. Prefers cool rainy weather, especially coastal districts. Transmitted by aphids. Moist weather provides ideal conditions. Moist weather provides ideal conditions. Favoured by high humidity and temperatures between C. High rainfall provides ideal conditions. Volunteer oats and wild oats. Volunteer oats and wild oats. Spores spread in autumn by raindrop splashes from oat residues. Hosts include all cereals and grasses, including pastures. Bacteria on seed and crop debris are spread by rain splash, direct leaf contact, or aphids. Bacteria on seed and crop debris are spread by rainsplash, direct leaf contact, or aphids. Volunteer oats, oat stubble, windborne spores. Stubble and rain splash. Resistant varieties. Control volunteer and wild oats over the summer. Resistant varieties. Control volunteer and wild oats over summer. Resistant varieties. Crop rotation, bury or graze infected stubble. Avoid early sowing in high rainfall areas. Resistant varieties. Chemical control of insects may be suitable for high value crops. Avoid susceptible varieties, use clean seed in clean paddocks. Destroy infected oat stubble. Avoid susceptible varieties, use clean seed in clean paddocks, destroy infected oat stubble. Avoid very susceptible varieties. Avoid susceptible varieties and rotate crops. Remove infected oat stubble. 36 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

39 Oat Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Hosts Control GRAIN Smut Ustilage segetum var. hordei. and Ustilage avenae ROOT / CROWN Cereal cyst Heterodera nematode avenae (CCN) Stem nematode Root lesion nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci Pratylenchus thornei & Pratylenchus neglectus. Grain replaced with dark brown-black powdery spores. Yellow or pale green patches in crop. Stunted, weak plants with knotted root systems. Swollen base of plant, stunted & numerous tillers. Reduced tillering, ill thrift; lack of branching of root system, lesions on roots. Moist conditions at flowering and temperatures between C. Can survive in soil between susceptible cereal crops for up to 2 years. Encouraged by moist conditions & can reproduce 4-5 times per season. Favoured by wheat in rotation with wheat chickpea, medic and vetch. Air borne spores lodge in hulls, glumes or seed coats. Cereals and some grasses, especially wild oats. Wide host range including peas, beans, wild oats and many weeds. Nematode spread in infected hay. Survives as dormant nematodes in the soil. Clean seed and use seed treatment. Avoid susceptible varieties. Resistant or tolerant varieties, crop rotation, weed control. Crop rotation and weed control. Avoid susceptible varieties. Crop rotation using resistant crops. This table has been developed from information in the publications Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Root and Crown Diseases (Grains Research and Development Corporation, SARDI) and Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Leaf and Stem Diseases (Grains Research and Development Corporation, SARDI). Table 2: Oat time of sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. MALLEE April May June July Milling: Bannister, Dunnart, Echidna, Mitka, Yallara, Wombat > X X X X X X < < Feed: Potoroo, Quoll > X X X X X X < < Hay: Kangaroo, Mulgara, Wintaroo, Forester > X X X X X X < < Grazing: Wintaroo > X X X X X X < < WIMMERA April May June July Milling: Bannister, Dunnart, Echidna, Mitika, Possum, Yallara, > > X X X X X < < < Wombat Feed: Mulgara, Potoroo, Quoll > > X X X X X < < < Hay: Brusher, Glider, Kangaroo, Mulgara, Wintaroo, Forester > > X X X X X X X < < < Grazing: Wintaroo > > X X X X X X X < < < NORTH CENTRAL April May June July Milling: Bannister, Dunnart, Echidna, Mitika, Possum, Yallara, > > X X X X X < < < Wombat Feed: Potoroo, Mulgara, Quoll > > X X X X X < < < Hay: Glider, Kangaroo, Mulgara, Wintaroo, Forester > X X X X X X X X < < < NORTH EAST April May June July Milling: Bannister, Dunnart, Echidna, Possum, Yallara, Wombat > > X X X X < < Feed: Mulgara, Quoll, Tammar > > X X X X < < Hay: Glider, Mulgara, Tammar, Tungo, Wintaroo, Forester > X X X X X < Grazing: Tungoo > X X X < < SOUTH WEST April May June July Milling: Bannister, Dunnart, Echidna, Kojonup, Mitika, Yallara, > X X X X X X X X < < < Wombat Possum > X X X X X X X < Feed: Potoroo, Quoll, Tammar > X X X X X X X X < < < Hay: Glider, Tammar, Tungoo, Forester > X X X X X X X X X < < < Varietal choice determines time to grazing or cutting for hay >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable Victorian Winter Crop Summary

40 Oat Table 3: Oat variety agronomic guide and disease reactions. Oat disease reactions provided by Pamela Zwer, SARDI. End Height Maturity Hectolitre Stem Leaf CCN BYDV Septoria Bacterial Red use weight Rust Rust Res Tol blight Leather Leaf Milling Oats Bannister M TD M H S R VS I MS S - MS Dunnart M TD M H S MR R MT MR MRMS - MS Mitika M D E H S MSS VS I MSS S - S Possum M D EM H MSS S VS I S MS S MSS Williams M MT E H S R S I MRMS MRMS - MS Wombat M D EM H MSS MS R T MR MS - MS Yallara M MT EM H S MS R I MS MS - MS Feed Oats Echidna M/F D EM M S S S I MS S S MS Potoroo F TD E L S S R T MS S S VS Quoll F TD EM ML MSS MRMS S I MS - MS MS Hay/Grazing/Feed Brusher H/G/F T EM M MSS MSS R MI MS MS MRMS MS Forester H MT VL L S MRMS MS MI S MR - RMR Glider H MT L ML S MSS MS I S MR - R Kangaroo H MT ML M MSS MSS R MT S MRMS - MS Mulgara H T EM M S MRMS R MT MS MS - MS Tammar H MT LM L S MRMS MR MT MS MR - MS Tungoo H MT ML L MSS MS R MT MRMS MR - R Wintaroo H/G T EM M S S R MT MRMS MRMS MRMS MS End use: M = milling, F = feed grain, G = grazing, H = hay Plant height: D = dwarf, TD = tall dwarf, T = tall, ST = short tall, MT = moderate tall Maturity: E = early, EM = early mid, M = mid season, ML = mid late season, LM = late mid season, L = late, VL=very late Hectolitre weight: H = heavy, M = medium, L = light R = Resistant RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant MR = Moderately resistant MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = Moderately susceptible MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible VS = Very susceptible Disease tolerance: T = tolerant, MT = moderately tolerant, MI = moderately intolerant, I = intolerant Table 4: Long term predicted oat yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Mitika. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. North Central North East South West Mitika (t/ha) Bannister 110 (7) 124 (10) 115 (4) Dunnart 106 (9) 111 (11) 106 (4) Echidna 95 (4) 95 (4) 102 (3) Euro 88 (4) 106 (5) - Mitika 100 (9) 100 (11) 100 (4) Numbat 53 (6) 77 (5) - Possum 97 (9) 104 (11) 101 (4) Quoll (7) - Williams 116 (7) 131 (10) 111 (4) Wombat 100 (9) 118 (11) 105 (4) Yallara 92 (9) 101 (11) 88 (4) Table 5: Yield - Victorian 2014 NVT oat trials expressed as a percentage of the yield of Mitika. Fungicides used in the North East and South West. North Central North East South West Diggora Eastville Dookie Yarrawonga (C) Hamilton (F) Streatham Sowing Date 12/5/14 18/5/14 13/5/14 16/5/14 7/5/14 16/5/14 Mitika (t/ha) Bannister Dunnart Echidna Mitika Possum Williams Wombat Yallara Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) C = caution interpreting data: high variability at Yarrawonga. F = Multiple frosts. 38 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

41 Oat Table 6: North Central, North East and South West 2014 oat trials. Protein (%) of oat varieties. North Central North East South West Diggora Eastville Dookie Yarrawonga Hamilton Streatham Oat Oat Oat Oat Oat Oat Bannister Dunnart Echidna Mitika Possum Williams Wombat Yallara Table 7: North Central, North East and South West 2014 oat trials. Screenings (% of grain below a 2mm sieve) and test weight (kg/hectolitre). Screenings (%) Test weight (kg/hectalitre) North Central North East South West North Central North East South West Diggora East -ville Dookie Yarrawonga Hamilton Streatham Diggora Eastville Dookie Yarrawonga Hamilton Streatham Bannister Dunnart Echidna Mitika Possum Williams Wombat Yallara ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Frank Henry Grant Hollaway Pamela Zwer Sue Hoppo Peter McCormack Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Hamilton Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham South Australian Research and Development Institute South Australian Research and Development Institute South Australian Research and Development Institute Victorian Winter Crop Summary

42 Triticale Triticale, a cross between wheat and cereal rye, has a niche on farms across Victoria due to several attributes. It has a reputation for tolerance to harsh soil conditions such as acid and alkaline soils and soils of low trace element fertility. It is a tall crop bred for strong straw strength which can be useful in rocky paddocks or circumstances where crops have been known to lodge. REVIEW OF 2014 Season The area sown to triticale has declined substantially in recent years as growers favour wheat or barley. Despite the good start to the season some yields were reduced by the lack of moisture for the later part of the season in the west of the state. Despite reduced yields in Mallee NVT trials quality was maintained with minimal screenings. Disease Triticales are noted for their resistance to a range of diseases and there were no reports of disease issues in this crop. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2015 New varieties KM10 is a new variety for It is a fast growing variety ideal for situations where forage is required early in the season. It tends to smaller grain and is ideally suited to short season environments. Bison is a high yielding early to mid season triticale from AGT that will be available to growers in Fusion is currently the highest yielding triticale. Disease When selecting varieties up to date rust resistance ratings should be consulted as previous ratings may have changed due to new rust strains becoming established. The important diseases to consider are stripe rust and CCN. TRITICALE VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS denotes Plant Breeders Rights apply End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. BERKSHIRE A mid-season awned variety with good straw strength. Stem rust R, stripe rust MRMS# and leaf rust RMR. Has been purpose bred for feed quality traits for pigs by the University of Sydney and Pork CRC, registered Marketed by Waratah Seed Co. BISON An early to mid season reduced awn variety. A high yielding variety. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust R# and leaf rust RMR. Bred by AGT (as TSA0451) and registered Marketed by AGT with seed available for BOGONG An early to mid season fully awned variety. Higher yielding than Tahara. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MRMS#, leaf rust RMR and susceptible to CCN. Bred by University of New England, registered Marketed by Seednet. CANOBOLAS Early to mid-season awned variety with stiff straw, shorter than Tahara. A widely adapted spring variety with acid soil tolerance. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MRMS# and leaf rust RMR. Bred by the University of New England, registered Marketed by Seednet. CHOPPER An early maturing, awned semi dwarf variety which resists lodging in high yielding environments. Has good grain quality and performs best in short growing seasons or late sowing situations. MRMS# to stripe rust. Bred by AGT, released in 2010 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3. FUSION A mid-season variety (similar to Tahara), fully awned grain only triticale. A moderately tall variety that yields well in dry or sudden finishes. Stem rust R, stripe rust RMR#, leaf rust R and resistant to CCN. Tested as TSA0291, released in 2012 and marketed by AGT. EPR $3. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. Australian Field Crop Disease Guide app AG0497 Growing triticale AG1160 Cereal disease guide GOANNA An early to mid-season, fully awned grain only triticale. Stem rust R, stripe rust MR#, leaf rust RMR and resistant to CCN. Released in 2011 by Cooper & Elleway. HAWKEYE A mid-season maturing, fully awned, spring variety with broad adaptation. This variety produces large grain with low screenings. Stem rust R, stripe rust MR#, leaf rust R and resistant to CCN. Released 2007 and marketed by AGT. EPR $2.50. JAYWICK A medium maturing, fully awned spring variety which has displayed good yields in tough finishing seasons. Also produces large grain with low screenings. Stem rust MRMS, stripe rust RMR#, leaf rust R and resistant to CCN. Released 2007 and marketed by AGT. EPR $ Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

43 Triticale KM10 A fast growing early to mid season variety with good early production of forage. Tends to smaller grain and is ideally suited to short season environments. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust R#, leaf rust MRMS but susceptible to CCN. Released in 2014 by Cooper & Elleway. TAHARA A variety that has been widely grown for many years because of its reliability across a range of environments, but now outclassed by newer options. It may lodge in high yielding situations. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MRMS#, leaf rust R and resistant to CCN. Suited to most districts with rainfall up to 550mm. Released 1987 by the forerunner of the Victorian DEPI. YOWIE A medium to tall mid-season grain variety that is fully awned and white-chaffed. Stem rust R, stripe rust MR#, leaf rust R and resistant to CCN. Released in 2010, seed available from Cooper & Elleway. DUAL-PURPOSE TRITICALES These varieties can be grazed early and then allowed to produce grain or cut for hay. ENDEAVOUR Long season variety with similar maturity to Breakwell. Semi-awnless with excellent dry matter production and grain recovery after grazing. Stem rust R, stripe rust RMR#, leaf rust R. Registered 2008 and marketed by Waratah Seed Co. RUFUS A mid-season maturing variety, with a tall growth habit and reduced awns which is favoured for hay production. Stem rust RMR, stripe rust MRMS#, leaf rust R and resistant to CCN. Grain yields in higher rainfall regions have been superior to Tahara but may also cause lodging. Released in 2005 by University of New England. Seed available from Cooper & Elleway. TOBRUK With a strong winter habit Tobruk is a dual purpose or long season grain only variety with excellent grain yield. Stem rust R, stripe rust MSS, leaf rust R. Earlier flowering than Breakwell and Endeavour. Released 2007 and marketed by Waratah Seed Co. TUCKERBOX Tuckerbox is a late-medium season, tall, high tillering variety with reduced awn head type, which may be grown for forage or grain. Stem rust MR, stripe rust MR#, leaf rust R and resistant to CCN. Released in 2009 and marketed by Yankalilla Seeds. YUKURI A reduced awn type of medium to late season maturity. Stem rust R, stripe rust MR#, leaf rust R but susceptible to CCN. Yukuri is a fodder type option which produces good quality hay and silage. As a grain crop it is best suited to environments with 450mm plus rainfall. Registered 2005, limited seed now available. Table 1: Triticale time of sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. MALLEE April May June July Berkshire, Bison, Chopper, Fusion, Hawkeye, Jaywick, KM10, Rufus, Tahara, Goanna, Yowie > > X X X X X < < WIMMERA April May June July Berkshire, Bison, Fusion, Hawkeye, Jaywick, Rufus, Tahara, Goanna, Yowie > > X X X X X X < Chopper, KM10 > > X X X X X X < NORTH CENTRAL April May June July Berkshire, Bison, Credit, Fusion, Hawkeye, Jaywick, Rufus, Tahara, Goanna, Yowie > > X X X X < < Chopper, KM10 > > X X X < < NORTH EAST April May June July Jackie X X X X X X < Abacus > X X X < < Berkshire, Bison, Credit, Fusion, Hawkeye, Jaywick, Tahara, Goanna, Yowie > X X X < Chopper > X X X < SOUTH WEST April May June July Endeavour, Jackie, Yukuri > X X X X X X < < Abacus, Prime 322 > > X X X X X X < < Berkshire, Bison, Credit, Fusion, Kosciuszko, Tahara, Tobruk > > X X X X X < < >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable Victorian Winter Crop Summary

44 Triticale Table 2: Triticale variety agronomic guide and disease reaction. Variety Maturity Height Head Stem Stripe rust Leaf rust Yellow Septoria CCN Pratylenchus Pratylenchus colour rust leaf spot tritici resistance neglectus resistance thornei resistance Berkshire E-M T W R MRMS# RMR MR R - MR MS Bison RMR R# RMR MR RMR - R MR Bogong E-M M-T W RMR MRMS# RMR MR R S MR S Canobolas E-M M-T W RMR MRMS# RMR MR R - MR MSS Chopper E S-M W MRMS MRMS# R MR R R MRMS MSS Endeavour L W R RMR# R MR RMR Fusion M M-T W R RMR# R MRMS R R RMR MSS Goanna E-M T W R MR# RMR MR R R MRMS SVS Hawkeye M M-T W R MR# R MR R R MR MS Jaywick M M-T W MRMS RMR# R MR R R - - KM10 RMR R# MRMS MRMS R S - - Rufus M T W RMR MRMS# R MR MR R - - Tahara M T W RMR MRMS# R MR R R MR S Tobruk M-L - W R MSS R MR MR Tuckerbox M T W MR MR# R MR R - - S Yowie M M-T W R MR# R MR R R MR MSS Yukuri M-L - W R MR# R MR MR S - - Maturity: E = early, M = mid season, L = late, VL = very late Height: M = medium, T = tall Colour: W = white, Br = brown Disease: R = Resistant, RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant, MR = Moderately resistant, MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible, MS = Moderately susceptible, MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible, S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible, VS = Very susceptible # Varieties marked may be more susceptible if alternative strains are present. Table 3: Long term predicted triticale yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Jaywick (main season). The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. Mallee North East South West Jaywick (t/ha) Abacus (8) Berkshire 102 (10) 101 (13) 98 (11) Bison 109 (4) 110 (4) - Bogong 106 (12) 102 (13) 91 (11) Canobolas 102 (12) 101 (13) 96 (11) Chopper 103 (12) 98 (13) 91 (11) Crackerjack (3) 81 (7) Credit (4) El Alamein (9) Endeavour (9) Fusion 110 (10) 111 (10) 104 (7) Goanna 101 (8) 96 (8) 89 (5) Hawkeye 103 (12) 103 (13) 101 (20) Jaywick 100 (12) 100 (13) 100 (11) Rufus 100 (12) 95 (13) 87 (11) Speedee 77 (3) - Tahara 100 (12) 93 (13) 85 (13) Tickit 100 (5) - - Tobruk - 87 (3) 88 (15) Tuckerbox - 85 (11) 80 (16) Yowie 97 (10) 93 (10) 92 (12) Yukuri - 80 () 84 (18) 42 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

45 Triticale Table 4: Yield and Protein level (%) triticale trials. Yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Jaywick (main season). Fungicides used in the North East and South West. Yield Protein Mallee North East South West Mallee North East South West Ultima (F) Walpeup Rutherglen Yarrawonga Streatham Ultima Walpeup Rutherglen Yarrawonga Streatham Sowing Date 8/5/14 5/5/14 16/5/14 14/5/14 16/5/14 Jaywick (t/ha) Berkshire Bison Bogong Canobolas Chopper Fusion Goanna Hawkeye Jaywick KM Rufus Tahara Tuckerbox Yowie Yukuri Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) F = Multiple frosts Table 5: Screenings and test weight (kg/hectolitre) in Victorian 2014 triticale trials. Screenings expressed as a percentage of grain below a 2 mm sieve. Screenings (%) Test weight Mallee North East South West Mallee North East South West Ultima Walpeup Ruthergleglewonga Yarrawonga Streatham Ultima Walpeup Ruther- Yarra- Streatham Berkshire Bison Bogong Canobolas Chopper Fusion Goanna Hawkeye Jaywick KM Rufus Tahara Tuckerbox Yowie Yukuri ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Frank Henry Grant Hollaway Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Hamilton Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham Victorian Winter Crop Summary

46 Canola REVIEW OF 2014 Season The excellent start to the 2014 growing season meant canola was able to be planted on time and there was some increase in sowing particularly in the South West. There was good early establishment under mild wet conditions. The outbreak of the Beet western yellows virus and the loss of some crops at the rosette stage in South Australia caused widespread fear of the potential impact on yields in Victoria. However, the dry conditions from August proved to be the greater evil. Plants remained moisture stressed for the remainder of the season and there was some flower damage by frosts in August-September. Yields were better in the North East and deteriorated to the west being below average in the North Central and South West and very much below average in the Wimmera and Mallee. Oil content followed the same trend. Disease and pest issues in 2014 Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) The spread of BWYV by the Green Peach Aphid (GPA) was unprecedented and some South Australian crops that were infected at the rosette stage were abandoned. In SA the wetter summer encouraged summer weeds and the warm autumn created the perfect environment for aphids. The virus was also confirmed in Victoria during the warm autumn and early winter but infection occurred somewhat later possibly due to a drier summer in many areas. Aphid spread may also have been delayed by the more widespread use of seed dressings in Victoria. Cold and wet conditions over winter reduced aphid numbers and they did not increase sufficiently to cause them to fly in spring. Some reduction in canola yield was expected, however for most growers the extended dry finish to the season had a greater impact. Sclerotinia In 2014 sclerotinia was not observed in high frequency in Victoria. Individual plants with infection were observed but did not cause any yield loss. Low infection rates were due to the dry spring. White leaf spot White leaf spot was present in 2014 but did not become severe as it did in Dry conditions in August stopped the spread of the initial infection. At the Hamilton NVT site in 2014 infection was severe and had potential to cause yield loss if wet cool conditions had prevailed. Yield loss is caused by loss of leaf area. Alternaria Alternaria was not observed in Victoria in Alternaria is only prevalent when rainfall occurs post podding. Yield loss results from infected pods shattering prematurely and retained seed from infected pods causing seedling death. Blackleg There were generally low levels of blackleg across Victoria due to the dry conditions blackleg severity data is CANOLA available for most NVT canola sites on the NVT online website and the extensionaus website. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2015 New varieties The new listings for 2015 are: Clearfield - Hyola 970CL, Pioneer 44Y89(CL) Triazine tolerant - Pioneer Atomic TT Triazine tolerant high stability - Monola 515TT Roundup Ready - Hyola 600RR, DG550RR, IH51RR, IH52RR, Pioneer 44Y26(RR), Pioneer 45Y25(RR) Roundup Ready & Triazine tolerant - Hyola 725RT Varieties removed this year are: Clearfield - Carbine, Hyola 971CL, Pioneer 43C80(CL) Triazine tolerant - ATR-Snapper, Hyola 656TT, Hyola 555TT, Crusher TT, Thumper TT Triazine tolerant high stability - Monola 413TT Roundup Ready - GT Cobra, GT Viper, Pioneer 45Y22(RR) Roundup Ready & Triazine tolerant - Fusion HT-RR Disease and pest management Beet western yellows virus and Green peach aphid Aphid management is the only way to reduce the risk of virus transmission. BWYV has a much greater impact when infection occurs at the seedling to rosette stage so minimising aphids during emergence and in the early weeks is vital. Manage weeds prior to sowing to reduce the number of aphids and sow into standing stubble as aphids are attracted to bare earth. Use a seed dressing to provide protection for the first 4-5 weeks. Green peach aphid resistance to different chemical groups is now widespread and growers are encouraged to monitor aphids carefully and implement a resistance management strategy (see more information from GRDC and cesar). Slugs Slugs can be a major problem in the high rainfall zone where stubble is retained. Canola is one of the more susceptible crops to slugs particularly at the seedling stage. Summer rain and weed growth mean it is important to implement an integrated management plan. Mice The spring 2014 survey has shown an increase in mice numbers in Victoria particularly in the Mallee. Monitoring for the presence of mice is key for canola sown into cereal stubble. Relatively low mice populations can have a significant impact on crop establishment and baiting should be considered if mice are present pre-sowing. Retaining seed Research in South Australia has shown that newly purchased commercial hybrid seed yields between 7-17% better than sowing retained hybrid seed. Oil content is also significantly better for newly purchased seed. Sowing retained seed of open pollinated varieties is not recommended following a poor season. Poor spring weather may produce poor quality seed. If considering retaining seed from open-pollinated varieties, growers should be aware of the costs associated with germination 44 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

47 Canola testing, grading, storage and potential weed and disease problems. Dual purpose canola Southern Farming Systems trials have shown that long season dual purpose winter canola for grazing and grain production have performed well in the high rainfall zone. In autumn established plants were more able to weather attacks from slugs and waterlogging. While in the dry spring the more robust root system was better able to access subsoil moisture. These dual purpose varieties are sown in late spring or early summer and grazed until autumn. Consult the new GRDC factsheet: Spring sown winter canola. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. Australian Field Crop Disease Guide app AG0750 Growing canola AG1352 Blackleg of canola AG1354 Canola diseases The Australian Oilseeds Federation update blackleg ratings in March. BOOK: Canola best practice guide for south-eastern Australia FACTSHEET: Blackleg Management Guide FACTSHEET: Resistance management strategy for the green peach aphid in Australian grains Tips & Tactics: Reducing aphid and virus risk in 2015 extensionaus.com.au Blackleg monitoring summaries cesaraustralia.com Insecticide resistance in GPA across southern Australia VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS denotes Plant Breeders Rights apply End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Blackleg ratings are for 2013, and the legend for the annotations are VS = Very Susceptible, S = Susceptible, MS = Moderately susceptible, MR = Moderately Resistant, R = Resistant. CONVENTIONAL VARIETIES Conventional AV-GARNET Mid maturing variety of medium height. Nuseed indicate very high oil content. Blackleg rating MR. Bred by Vic DPI. NVT tested Nuseed. Conventional AV-ZIRCON Mid maturity variety of medium height. Good early vigour. Blackleg rating MR. NVT tested Nuseed. Hybrid Conventional HYOLA 50 Mid to mid-early maturing hybrid. Suits medium to high rainfall areas, medium height and good standability. High yield potential and excellent seedling vigour. Blackleg rating R. Bred by Canola Breeders International and Pacific Seeds. NVT tested Marketed by Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Conventional NUSEED DIAMOND Early to mid maturing hybrid of medium height suited to medium rainfall zones. Blackleg rating R-MR. NVT tested as NHC1203C. Released Bred and marketed by Nuseed. Conventional SF Brazzil Late maturing dual purpose variety for the high rainfall zone. Tall height. Blackleg rating R-MR. NVT tested Seed Force. Hybrid Conventional SF Sensation Very late maturing dual purpose variety for the high rainfall zone. Blackleg rating R-MR (P). NVT tested Seed Force. CONVENTIONAL HIGH STABILITY VARIETIES Hybrid High Stability Oil VICTORY V3002 Early to mid maturing conventional specialty hybrid, slightly later than V3001. Cargill indicate good yield potential and high oil content. Blackleg rating R-MR. Bred by Cargill and Vic DPI. NVT tested Grown under premium contract production with Cargill/AWB. CLEARFIELD VARIETIES Hybrid Clearfield ARCHER Mid maturing hybrid, slightly longer than 46Y83, suited to mid to longer growing seasons. Heritage Seeds indicate Archer will have very high yield potential with high to very high oil content. Blackleg rating MR-MS. NVT tested as SMHC105. Released 2012 and marketed by Heritage Seeds. Hybrid Clearfield EDIMAX CL* *Currently undergoing Clearfield accreditation. Long season winter dual purpose hybrid. Adapted to high rainfall zones (>550 mm). Blackleg rating of R-MR. NVT tested Released AGF Seeds. Hybrid Clearfield HYOLA 474CL A mid to early hybrid. Wide adaptation across medium-low to high rainfall zones, including irrigation. Pacific Seeds indicate medium height and excellent standability, very good vigour and excellent flowering uniformity. Blackleg rating R. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Clearfield HYOLA 575CL Mid to mid-early hybrid. Adapted for medium to very high rainfall zones. Medium to tall with good vigour and excellent flowering uniformity. Blackleg rating R. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Clearfield HYOLA 577CL Mid maturing hybrid. Adapted for high rainfall zones. Blackleg rating of R. Medium-tall height. NVT tested 2014 as K Released Pacific Seeds. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

48 Canola NEW Hybrid Clearfield - HYOLA 970CL Long season winter dual purpose hybrid. Adapted to high to very high rainfall zones (>550 mm). Blackleg rating of R. Pacific Seeds indicate tall with excellent early biomass and excellent flowering uniformity. High yield and oil. Released Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Clearfield PIONEER 43Y85(CL) Early maturing hybrid. Earliest Clearfield hybrid so far, extending adaptation to low and medium rainfall zones. Excellent early vigour, short plant height and excellent standability. Blackleg rating MR. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. Clearfield PIONEER 44C79(CL) Early to early-mid maturing variety. Good early vigour and high oil content. Blackleg rating MR-MS. Proven adaption in the Mallee. NVT tested , Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. Hybrid Clearfield PIONEER 44Y84(CL) Early to early-mid season maturing variety. Pioneer Hi-Bred indicate 44Y84(CL) s hybrid vigour suits minimum tillage systems. High oil content. Blackleg rating MS. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. Hybrid Clearfield PIONEER 44Y87(CL) Early to mid maturing hybrid for medium rainfall zones and irrigation. Blackleg rating of MR. Excellent early vigour. Short to medium height. NVT tested as 09N121I. Released Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. NEW Hybrid Clearfield - PIONEER 44Y89(CL) Early to mid maturing variety. Blackleg rating of R-MR (company rating). Suited to low to medium rainfall zones. Short in height with excellent standability and harvest ease. NVT tested as PHI Released Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. Hybrid Clearfield PIONEER 45Y86(CL) Mid to mid-early maturing hybrid. Pioneer Hi-Bred indicate excellent early vigour, high yield and very high oil content. Adapted to medium and high rainfall zones. Blackleg rating of MR-MS (P). NVT tested as 07N4061. Released Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. Hybrid Clearfield PIONEER 45Y88(CL) A mid maturing hybrid for high rainfall zones and irrigation. Blackleg rating of R-MR (P). Medium height and excellent harvestability. NVT tested as 09N146I. Released Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. CLEARFIELD JUNCEA CANOLA VARIETIES Clearfield Juncea Canola XCEED OASIS CL Low rainfall juncea canola variety. Early maturing variety with excellent vigour and yield potential. High oil content and good protein. Blackleg rating R. Excellent pod shatter resistance allows for direct heading. NVT tested Bred by Vic DPI/Viterra and marketed by Seednet under production contract. EPR $5. TRIAZINE TOLERANT VARIETIES Triazine Tolerant ATR-BONITO Early to early-mid maturing variety for low to medium rainfall zones. Blackleg rating MR. Short to medium height. Alternative to Crusher or Hyola 559TT. NVT tested as NT0183. Released Bred and marketed by Nuseed. EPR $5. Triazine Tolerant ATR-GEM Early to mid maturity. Good vigour and short to medium height. Blackleg rating MR. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Nuseed. Triazine Tolerant ATR-STINGRAY An early maturing variety. Nuseed indicate good vigour with uniform, short to medium height and a compact pod set. Blackleg rating MR. NVT tested Bred by AgSeed Research and Vic DPI. Marketed by Nuseed. Triazine Tolerant ATR-WAHOO Mid maturing variety for medium to high rainfall zones and irrigation. Blackleg rating MR. Medium height. Alternative to Crusher or Thumper. NVT tested as NT0184. Released Bred and marketed by Nuseed. EPR $5 Hybrid Triazine Tolerant HYOLA 450TT Early to mid maturing hybrid. Suited to low to medium-high rainfall zones. Excellent flowering, medium height and height uniformity. Blackleg rating of R. NVT tested as T Released Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Triazine Tolerant HYOLA 559TT Mid maturing hybrid. Suited to low to high rainfall zones including irrigation. Good seedling vigour, medium height and excellent flowering uniformity. High oil content. Blackleg rating of R. NVT tested as T Released Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Triazine Tolerant HYOLA 650TT Mid to late hybrid. Suited to high to very high rainfall zones including irrigation. Good seedling vigour, medium to tall height and excellent flowering uniformity. High oil content. Blackleg rating of R. NVT tested as T Released Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Triazine Tolerant - PIONEER ATOMIC TT Next Generation HT variety. Mid maturing TT hybrid suited to medium to high rainfall zones. Excellent early vigour and medium crop height. Moderate oil content. Blackleg rating MS. NVT tested as CHYB-1368HT. Bred by NPZA, marketed by Pioneer HiBred. Triazine Tolerant PIONEER STURT TT Early maturing variety. Suited to low to medium rainfall areas. Good early vigour with short to medium plant height. Suited to direct heading. Moderate oil content. Blackleg resistance rating MS. NVT tested as CBWA- 106TT. Released Bred by Canola Breeders and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. EPR $5. TRIAZINE TOLERANT HIGH STABILITY VARIETIES High Stability Oil - MONOLA 314TT Early to mid maturity. Medium height. Blackleg rating MR. NVT tested as NL0769. Released Bred and marketed by Nuseed. High Stability oil MONOLA 515TT Mid maturity. Blackleg rating available in March NVT tested 2014 as NL0809. Bred and marketed by Nuseed. High Stability oil MONOLA 605TT Early to mid maturity. Medium height. Blackleg rating R. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Nuseed. 46 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

49 Canola ROUNDUP READY VARIETIES NEW Hybrid Roundup Ready - DG 550RR Mid maturing hybrid. Suited to medium to high rainfall zones. High oil content and medium plant height. Blackleg rating of R-MR. NVT tested as VT-WZ To be released Marketed by Seednet. Hybrid Roundup Ready - NUSEED GT-41 Early maturing variety. Nuseed indicate high yielding with very good early vigour and very high oil content. Blackleg rating R-MR. NVT tested as HC1088. Released Bred and marketed by Nuseed. Hybrid Roundup Ready - NUSEED GT-50 Mid maturing variety. Nuseed indicate high yielding with very good early vigour and high oil content. Blackleg rating R-MR. NVT tested as HC1050. Released Bred and marketed by Nuseed. Hybrid Roundup Ready - HYOLA 400RR Early maturing hybrid. Medium height, excellent shatter tolerance and uniformity with high oil content. Blackleg rating of R. NVT tested as M Released Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Roundup Ready - HYOLA 404RR Early to early-mid season hybrid. Widely adapted to medium low to high rainfall zones including irrigation. Medium height, excellent early vigour, flowering uniformity and oil content. Blackleg rating R-MR. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Roundup Ready - HYOLA 500RR Mid maturing hybrid. Medium-tall height, high yields, good standability and high oil content. Blackleg rating R. NVT tested as M Released Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Roundup Ready - HYOLA 505RR Mid to mid-early season hybrid. Suited to medium to high rainfall zones including irrigation. Medium to tall height with excellent seedling vigour and flowering uniformity. Blackleg rating R. NVT tested Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. NEW Hybrid Roundup Ready - HYOLA 600RR Mid to late hybrid. Suited to high to very high rainfall zones including irrigation. Medium tall height with excellent seedling vigour and flowering uniformity. Extremely high oil. Excellent shatter tolerance and standability. Anticipated blackleg rating R-MR (company rating). NVT tested Released Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Hybrid Roundup Ready IH30 RR Early maturity. Suited to low to medium rainfall zones. Blackleg resistance rating R-MR. NVT tested as AN11R5181. Released Bred and marketed by Bayer. Hybrid Roundup Ready - IH50 RR Mid maturing variety. Suited to medium to high rainfall zones. Excellent early vigour and flowering uniformity. Blackleg rating R-MR. NVT tested as AN10R5001. Released Bred and marketed by Bayer. NEW Hybrid Roundup Ready IH51 RR Mid maturing variety. Suited to medium to high rainfall zones. PodGuard technology makes it suitable for direct heading. Anticipated blackleg rating of MR (company rating). NVT tested 2014 as AN13R9003. Bred and marketed by Bayer. NEW Hybrid Roundup Ready IH52 RR Mid maturing variety. Suited to medium to high rainfall zones. Blackleg rating of R-MR. NVT tested as AN11R5201. Bred and marketed by Bayer. Hybrid Roundup Ready - Pioneer 43Y23(RR) Early maturing hybrid. Wide adaptation, but best suited to Mallee and Wimmera districts. Excellent vigour, high yield potential for maturity and moderate-high oil content. Blackleg rating R-MR. NVT tested Released Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. Hybrid Roundup Ready - PIONEER 44Y24(RR) Early to mid maturing variety for medium to high rainfall zones. Blackleg rating of R-MR. Medium height and high yield. Consistent over a wide range of environments. NVT tested as 10N523R. Released Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. NEW Hybrid Roundup Ready - PIONEER 44Y26(RR) Early to mid maturing variety. Blackleg rating of R-MR. Suited to medium rainfall zones. NVT tested as PHR Released Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. NEW Hybrid Roundup Ready - PIONEER 45Y25(RR) Mid maturing variety. Suited to medium to high rainfall zones and irrigation. Anticipated blackleg rating of R-MR. Short plant height with high oil content. NVT tested as PHR Released Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. ROUNDUP READY HIGH STABILITY VARIETIES Roundup Ready High Stability Oil - MONOLA 513GT Mid maturing open pollinated monola. Blackleg rating of R- MR. Medium height. NVT tested as NP0549. Released Nuseed. Hybrid Roundup Ready High Stability Oil VICTORY V5002RR Mid maturing specialty hybrid canola. Good early vigour and yield potential with high oil content. Blackleg rating MR. NVT tested Bred by Cargill and Vic DPI. Grown under premium contract production with Cargill/AWB. DUAL-HERBICIDE TOLERANT VARIETIES Hybrid Roundup Triazine tolerant - HYOLA 525RT A mid maturing hybrid. Blackleg rating of R-MR. Medium height. High oil, excellent shatter tolerance and standability, NVT tested as M Released Pacific Seeds. NEW Hybrid Roundup Triazine tolerant - HYOLA 725RT Mid to late maturing hybrid. Suited to high to very high rainfall zones including irrigation. High biomass variety with medium tall height, excellent seedling vigour and flowering uniformity. Extremely high oil. Excellent shatter tolerance and standability. Anticipated blackleg rating R-MR (company rating). NVT tested Released Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

50 Canola Table 1: Canola disease guide summary. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Inoculum source Control Blackleg Leptosphaeria Canola stubble. maculans Sclerotinia stem rot Damping off Alternaria leaf spot and black spot Sclerotinia spp. Rhizoctonia spp., Pythium spp. and Fusarium spp. Alternaria brassicae Leaf lesions, which may develop into canker on stem at or near ground level, plant death. White fluffy growth on the stem, causing plant parts above this point to die. Affected area greyish white, sclerotia form on and inside the stems. Pre-emergence rot and seedlings fail to emerge. Post emergent plants collapse at ground level with leaves turning orange/purple. Dark target like round spots which initially appear on leaves. Can spread to stems and pods and cause pod shattering. Spores from canola stubble are released in autumn to infect leaves of the new crop. Favoured by damp humid spring weather during flowering. In soils that have not been cultivated post opening rains. During cold wet periods. Infection spreads with wet humid weather during spring. Survives as sclerotia in the soil. Hyphal growth in the soil. Canola stubble. Resistant cultivars. Avoid sowing next to last year s canola stubble. Fungicides can be used. Fungicides Seed dressings. Cultivation after the break of the season. Use clean seed. Use seed dressings if seed is infected. Table 2: Canola time of sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. Note, early season varieties are not recommended to be sown in the Wimmera, North Central and North East but in a late sowing when soils are very wet they may be an option. MALLEE April May June July Early Season X X X X < < * WIMMERA April May June July Early Season < < < * * * * * Early-Mid Season > > X X X < < < * * Mid Season > X X X < < < < NORTH CENTRAL April May June July Early Season < < < * * * * * Early-Mid Season > > X X X < < < * * Mid Season > X X X < < < < NORTH EAST April May June July Early Season < < < * * * * * Early-Mid Season > > X X X < < < * * Mid Season > X X X < < < < SOUTH WEST April May June July Early Season > > > X X X X X < Early-Mid Season > > > > X X X < Mid Season > X X X X X X X X < < < Mid-Late Season > X X X X X X X < < < < NORTHERN IRRIGATION April May June July Early Season X X X X < * * Early-Mid Season > X X < < * Mid Season > X X < < * >earlier than ideal (or a later maturing variety is preferred), X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable, * only an acceptable option if very good subsoil moisture is available at sowing. 48 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

51 Canola Table 3: Canola varieties being marketed in Victoria in Blackleg ratings from the 2014 GRDC Blackleg Management Guide (revised September 2014). The Australian Oilseeds Federation, publish updated ratings in March est = estimate by marketing company (yet to be rated by the Australian Oilseeds Federation) Variety Maturity Year of release Blackleg resistance rating bare seed Blackleg resistance rating + Jockey Blackleg resistance group Open pollinated or hybrid Marketer Conventional varieties AV-Garnet mid 2007 MR A open Nuseed AV-Zircon mid 2011 MR open Nuseed Hyola 50 early-mid 2007 R A, D hybrid Pacific Seeds Nuseed Diamond early-mid 2013 R-MR R-MR A, B, F hybrid Nuseed SF Brazzil late 2013 R-MR B, C open Seed Force SF Sensation very late 2013 R-MR hybrid Seed Force Conventional high stability Victory V3002 early-mid 2011 R-MR R A, B, F hybrid Cargill/AWB Herbicide tolerant Clearfield varieties Archer mid 2012 MR-MS R-MR A hybrid Heritage Seeds Edimax CL* Late 2014 R-MR C hybrid AGF Seeds Hyola 474CL mid-early 2011 R B, F hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 575CL mid 2010 R B, F hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 577CL mid 2013 R R hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 970CL late 2014 R hybrid Pacific Seeds Pioneer early 2011 MR R-MR A hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred 43Y85(CL) Pioneer early 2008 MR-MS C open Pioneer Hi-Bred 44C79(CL) Pioneer earlyearly 2010 MS MR A hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred 44Y84(CL) mid Pioneer early-mid 2013 MR R-MR A hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred 44Y87(CL) Pioneer early-mid 2014 R-MR B, C hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred 44Y89(CL) Pioneer midmid 2012 MR-MS R-MR AB hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred 45Y86(CL) early Pioneer 45Y88(CL) mid 2013 R-MR R-MR A hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred Clearfield juncea canola varieties XCEED OASIS CL early 2008 R G open Seednet Triazine tolerant varieties Pioneer Atomic mid 2012 MS MR A, B hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred TT ATR-Bonito earlyearly 2013 MR R-MR A open Nuseed mid ATR-Gem early-mid 2011 MR R-MR A open Nuseed ATR-Stingray early 2011 MR R C open Nuseed ATR-Wahoo mid 2013 MR R-MR A open Nuseed Hyola 450TT early-mid 2013 R R A, B, D hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 559TT mid 2012 R R A, B, D hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 650TT mid-late 2013 R R A, B, E hybrid Pacific Seeds Pioneer Sturt TT early 2012 MS MR open Pioneer Hi-Bred Triazine tolerant high stability varieties Monola 314TT early-mid 2013 MR R-MR open Nuseed Monola 515TT mid 2015 open Nuseed Monola 605TT early-mid 2011 R open Nuseed Roundup Ready varieties DG 550RR mid 2014 R-MR R A, B hybrid Seednet GT-41 early 2012 R-MR R-MR A, B, F hybrid Nuseed GT-50 early-mid 2012 R-MR A, B, F hybrid Nuseed Hyola 400RR early-mid 2013 R A, B, D hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 404RR early-mid 2010 R-MR R A, B, D hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 500RR mid 2013 R A, B, D hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 505RR mid-early 2010 R R D hybrid Pacific Seeds Hyola 600RR mid-late 2014 R-MR (est) R (est) hybrid Pacific Seeds IH30 RR early 2013 R-MR R A, B hybrid Bayer IH50 RR mid 2012 R-MR R A hybrid Bayer IH51 RR mid 2014 hybrid Bayer Victorian Winter Crop Summary

52 Variety Maturity Year of release Blackleg resistance rating bare seed Blackleg resistance rating + Jockey Blackleg resistance group Open pollinated or hybrid Marketer IH52 RR mid 2014 R-MR R A, B hybrid Bayer Pioneer 43Y23 early 2012 R-MR R B hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred (RR) Pioneer 44Y24 mid-early 2013 R-MR R C hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred (RR) Pioneer 44Y26 early-mid 2014 R-MR A, B, S hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred (RR) Pioneer 45Y25 (RR) mid 2014 R-MR B, C hybrid Pioneer Hi-Bred Roundup Ready high stability varieties Monola 513GT mid 2012 MR R-MR open Nuseed Victory V5002RR mid 2011 MR R A, B hybrid Cargill/AWB Roundup Ready and Triazine Tolerant Hyola 525RT mid 2013 R-MR R A, B, D hybrid Hyola 725RT mid-late 2014 R-MR (est) hybrid Pacific Seeds Pacific Seeds Table 4: Mallee canola (early season). Long term predicted yield expressed as a percentage of the mean yield. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. N.B. These trials were not structured to allow comparisons between different chemistry types. Conventional IMI tolerant Triazine tolerant Roundup Ready Mean yield (t/ha) 0.95 Mean yield (t/ha) 0.99 Mean yield (t/ha) 0.95 Mean yield (t/ha) 0.99 AV Garnet 112 (2) Archer 98 (5) ATR Bonito 101 (8) CB Eclipse RR 99 (5) CB Agamax 90 (2) Carbine 105 (8) ATR Cobbler 95 (7) CB Status RR 102 (5) Hyola (2) Hyola 474CL 102 (11) ATR Gem 98 (5) GT Cobra 106 (8) Hyola (2) Hyola 575CL 103 (9) ATR Snapper 101 (7) GT Scorpion 86 (3) SARDI515M 108 (2) Pioneer 43C80 (CL) 88 (5) ATR Stingray 102 (13) GT Taipan 90 (3) Tarcoola 91 (2) Pioneer 43Y85 (CL) 99 (11) Bonanza TT 83 (6) GT Viper 92 (8) Pioneer 44C79 (CL) 83 (3) CB Junee HT 103 (6) Hyola 400RR 115 (7) Pioneer 44Y84 (CL) 107 (8) CB Mallee HT 88 (5) Hyola 404RR 121 (11) Pioneer 44Y87 (CL) 105 (8) CB Nitro HT 111 (3) Hyola 505RR 108 (3) Pioneer 44Y89 (CL) 114 (5) CB Tanami 86 (2) IH30 RR 122 (8) Pioneer 45Y82 (CL) 112 (2) Crusher TT 105 (3) IH50 RR 106 (3) Pioneer 45Y88 (CL) 89 (2) Fighter TT 99 (2) Monola 513GT 96 (5) Xceed OASIS CL 81 (7) Hyola 444TT 89 (3) Nuseed GT (7) Hyola 450TT 98 (6) Pioneer 43Y23 (RR) 121 (11) Hyola 555TT 104 (5) Pioneer 44Y24 (RR) 119 (8) Hyola 559TT 107 (8) Pioneer 44Y26 (RR) 113 (5) Jackpot TT 92 (2) Pioneer 45Y21 (RR) 103 (3) Monola 314TT 92 (3) Victory V5001RR 104 (3) Monola 413TT 88 (5) Victory V5002RR 104 (5) Pioneer Atomic TT 111 (3) VT 525 G 85 (5) Pioneer Sturt TT 102 (8) Tawriffic TT 88 (5) Telfer 94 (10) Table 5: Conventional canola (mid season). Long term predicted yield expressed as a percentage of the mean yield. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. N.B. These trials were not structured to allow comparisons between different chemistry types. North Central North East South West Wimmera Mean yield (t/ha) AV Garnet 104 (5) 105 (4) 111 (4) 106 (4) AV Zircon 102 (4) 104 (3) 102 (3) 101 (3) CB Agamax 104 (4) 103 (3) 99 (2) 104 (3) CB Tango C 100 (3) 98 (2) - 99 (2) Hyola (2) (2) 107 (2) Hyola (5) 110 (4) 111 (4) 109 (4) Hyola 635CC 105 (2) Nuseed Diamond 113 (3) 109 (3) (2) Victory V (3) (3) Victory V (4) 106 (2) (3) Victory V (2) (2) 98 (2) 50 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

53 Canola Table 6: IMI Tolerant canola (mid season). Long term predicted yield expressed as a percentage of the mean yield. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. N.B. These trials were not structured to allow comparisons between different chemistry types. North Central North East South West Wimmera Mean yield (t/ha) Archer 103 (5) 107 (6) 108 (6) 105 (4) Carbine 102 (6) 99 (5) 97 (5) 101 (4) Hyola 474CL 99 (7) 100 (7) 101 (5) 100 (7) Hyola 571CL (2) (2) Hyola 575CL 100 (8) 102 (9) 105 (7) 101 (9) Hyola 577CL 100 (3) 102 (4) 107 (4) 102 (3) Hyola 676CL (2) (2) Pioneer 43Y85 (CL) - 93 (2) - 93 (2) Pioneer 44Y84 (CL) 102 (7) 101 (7) 98 (6) 101 (7) Pioneer 44Y87 (CL) 104 (3) 104 (4) 105 (2) 104 (4) Pioneer 44Y89 (CL) 103 (2) 102 (2) (2) Pioneer 45Y82 (CL) 102 (5) 99 (5) 98 (3) 101 (6) Pioneer 45Y86 (CL) 105 (8) 106 (9) 105 (7) 106 (8) Pioneer 45Y88 (CL) 105 (5) 106 (6) 110 (5) 107 (5) Pioneer 46Y78-97 (2) - - Pioneer 46Y83 (CL) 100 (2) 104 (3) 101 (2) 101 (3) Table 7: Triazine Tolerant canola (mid season). Long term predicted yield expressed as a percentage of the mean yield. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. N.B. These trials were not structured to allow comparisons between different chemistry types. North Central North East South West Wimmera Mean yield (t/ha) ATR Bonito 104 (5) 101 (6) 104 (6) 104 (4) ATR Cobbler 87 (4) 82 (5) 71 (4) 82 (6) ATR Gem 100 (7) 99 (7) 101 (7) 100 (6) ATR Snapper 95 (5) 90 (5) 82 (4) 92 (6) ATR Stingray 97 (8) 93 (7) 93 (7) 96 (8) ATR Wahoo 101 (5) 101 (6) 106 (6) 101 (2) Bonanza TT 83 (4) 80 (3) - 79 (4) CB Argyle - 73 (2) - 69 (2) CB Henty HT (5) 104 (4) - CB Jardee HT 96 (7) 96 (7) 89 (7) 94 (6) CB Junee HT 95 (4) 91 (4) 82 (3) 92 (6) CB Mallee HT 87 (3) 86 (3) - 83 (4) CB Nitro HT 99 (3) 97 (4) - 98 (0) CB Scaddan 85 (3) 86 (3) 76 (2) 82 (4) CB Tanami - 74 (2) - 71 (2) CB Tumby HT - 90 (2) - 86 (2) Crusher TT 104 (6) 103 (7) 107 (7) 105 (6) Fighter TT - 88 (2) - 84 (2) Hyola 444TT 92 (2) 91 (3) 90 (2) 91 (4) Hyola 450TT 99 (3) 99 (4) 99 (3) 100 (3) Hyola 525RT 100 (3) 98 (4) 100 (4) 101 (2) Hyola 555TT 103 (7) 103 (7) 106 (7) 104 (6) Hyola 559TT 105 (6) 104 (6) 106 (7) 106 (4) Hyola 650TT 104 (2) 105 (3) 113 (3) 106 (2) Hyola 656TT 102 (4) 103 (4) 106 (5) 104 (2) Hyola 751TT 101 (3) 103 (2) 110 (2) 103 (4) Jackpot TT 98 (2) 100 (2) 104 (2) 98 (2) Monola 314TT 93 (3) 90 (4) 81 (2) 89 (2) Monola 413TT 92 (4) 88 (4) 82 (5) 89 (2) Monola 506TT 85 (3) 85 (3) 80 (3) 82 (4) Monola 515TT - 91 (2) - 88 (2) Monola 603TT - 85 (2) - 80 (2) Monola 605TT 86 (5) 85 (4) 82 (5) 83 (4) Monola 704TT - 86 (2) - 82 (2) Monola 707TT 79 (2) Monola 76TT 86 (3) 87 (3) 78 (2) 83 (4) Monola 77TT 86 (3) 88 (3) 81 (2) 83 (4) Pioneer Atomic TT 105 (5) 103 (6) 100 (3) 105 (4) Pioneer Sturt TT 95 (6) 90 (4) - 94 (4) Tawriffic TT 89 (3) 89 (3) 82 (2) 86 (4) Telfer 86 (7) 81 (2) - 82 (6) Thumper TT 92 (5) 92 (7) 101 (7) 92 (6) Victorian Winter Crop Summary

54 Canola Table 8: Roundup Ready canola (mid season). Long term predicted yield expressed as a percentage of the mean yield. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. N.B. These trials were not structured to allow comparisons between different chemistry types. North Central North East South West Wimmera Mean yield (t/ha) CB Eclipse RR 98 (4) 96 (3) - 97 (4) CB Frontier RR 101 (6) 103 (5) 104 (4) 103 (5) CB Status RR 92 (4) 88 (2) - 90 (3) DG 550RR 100 (2) 104 (3) 104 (3) 101 (2) GT Cobra 102 (6) 99 (5) 102 (4) 102 (5) GT Cougar 96 (2) (2) GT Mustang 95 (2) (2) GT Scorpion 90 (2) (2) GT Taipan 92 (2) (2) GT Viper 95 (6) 91 (5) 89 (4) 94 (5) GT Hyola 400RR 105 (3) 106 (4) (4) Hyola 404RR 109 (7) 106 (7) 108 (4) 110 (8) Hyola 500RR 104 (3) 107 (4) 106 (4) 106 (4) Hyola 502RR Hyola 505RR 104 (5) 105 (4) 106 (4) 105 (5) Hyola 525RT 100 (3) 98 (4) 100 (3) 100 (2) Hyola 600RR (2) (3) IH30 RR 105 (5) (6) IH50 RR 102 (7) 103 (7) 104 (4) 103 (8) IH51 RR (2) (3) IH52 RR 103 (2) 105 (3) 107 (3) 105 (3) Monola 513GT 101 (5) 98 (6) 99 (3) 101 (3) Monola G (2) 106 (3) 104 (2) - Nuseed GT (5) 102 (4) (6) Nuseed GT (6) 109 (7) 115 (5) 113 (7) Pioneer 43Y23 (RR) 112 (5) 112 (4) 113 (3) 114 (6) Pioneer 44Y24 (RR) 109 (7) 108 (7) 114 (5) 111 (8) Pioneer 44Y26 (RR) (2) (3) Pioneer 45Y22 (RR) 105 (6) 108 (5) 113 (4) 107 (5) Pioneer 45Y25 (RR) 110 (3) 114 (3) 120 (3) 113 (3) Pioneer 46Y20 (RR) 98 (2) (2) Victory V5001RR 98 (2) (2) Victory V5002RR 105 (7) 107 (6) 109 (3) 106 (8) VT 525 G 90 (2) (2) 52 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

55 Canola Table 9: Early season canola - Mallee, Yield expressed as a percentage of the site mean yield. IMI tolerant Triazine tolerant Roundup Ready Yield (%) Yield (%) Yield (%) Birchip Hopetouitouitoun Ultima Birch- Hope- Birch- Hope- Ultima (F) (F) (F,P) (F) (F) (C,F)* (F) (C,F)* Sowing Date 2/5/14 1/5/14 8/5/14 Sowing Date 2/5/14 1/5/14 Sowing Date 2/5/14 1/5/14 1/5/14 Hyola 474CL ATR Bonito Hyola 400RR Hyola 575CL ATR Stingray Hyola 404RR Pioneer 43Y85 (CL) Bonanza TT 85 - IH30 RR Pioneer 44Y87 (CL) Hyola 450TT Nuseed GT Pioneer 44Y89 (CL) Hyola 525RT Pioneer 43Y23 (RR) Hyola 559TT Pioneer 44Y24 (RR) Monola 314TT 87 - Pioneer 44Y26 (RR) Monola 515TT 73 - Pioneer Atomic TT Site Mean (t/ha) Site Mean (t/ha) Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) CV (%) CV (%) LSD (%) LSD (%) LSD (%) P = Ultima IMI tolerant trial has a P value of indicating no variety effect at the 95% confidence level. F = Multiple frosts. C = Caution interpreting data, high variability in the Birchip and Hopetoun Roundup Ready. Table 10: Conventional canola (mid season) Yield expressed as a percentage of the site mean yield and oil content (%). Yield (%) Oil Content (%) North Central North East Wimmera North Central North East Wimmera Diggora (F) Wunghnu (F) Minyip Diggora Wunghnu Minyip Sowing Date 7/5/14 24/4/14 6/5/14 AV Garnet AV Zircon Hyola Hyola 635CC Nuseed Diamond Victory V Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) F = Multiple frosts. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

56 Canola Table 11: IMI tolerant canola (mid season) Yield expressed as a percentage of the site mean yield. North Central North East South West Wimmera Diggora Wunghnu (F) Yarrawonga Hamilton Kaniva Minyip (F) (P) (F) Sowing Date 7/5/14 24/4/14 5/4/14 14/5/14 5/5/14 6/5/14 Archer Hyola 474CL Hyola 575CL Hyola 577CL Pioneer 44Y87 (CL) Pioneer 44Y89 (CL) Pioneer 45Y86 (CL) Pioneer 45Y88 (CL) Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (t/ha) F = Multiple frosts. P = Yarrawonga has a P value of 0.89 indicating no variety effect at the 95% confidence level. Table 12: IMI tolerant canola (mid season) Oil content (%). North Central North East South West Wimmera Diggora Wunghnu Yarrawonga Hamilton Kaniva Minyip Archer Hyola 474CL Hyola 575CL Hyola 577CL Pioneer 44Y87 (CL) Pioneer 44Y89 (CL) Pioneer 45Y86 (CL) Pioneer 45Y88 (CL) Table 13: Triazine tolerant canola (mid season) Yield expressed as a percentage of the site mean yield. North Central North East South West Wimmera Charlton (F) Diggora (F) Wunghnu (F) Yarrawonga (C) Hamilton Kaniva (F) Minyip Sowing Date 1/5/14 7/5/14 24/4/14 5/4/14 14/5/14 5/5/14 6/5/14 ATR Bonito ATR Gem ATR Stingray ATR Wahoo Hyola 450TT Hyola 525RT Hyola 559TT Hyola 650TT Hyola 725RT Monola 314TT Monola 515TT Pioneer Atomic TT Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (t/ha) F = Multiple frosts. C = Caution interpreting data, larger than normal spread of yield differences at Yarrawonga. Table 14: Triazine tolerant canola (mid season) Oil content (%). North Central North East South West Wimmera Charlton Diggora Wunghnu Yarrawonga Hamilton Kaniva Minyip ATR Bonito ATR Gem ATR Stingray ATR Wahoo Hyola 450TT Hyola 525RT Hyola 559TT Hyola 650TT Hyola 725RT Monola 314TT Monola 515TT Pioneer Atomic TT Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

57 Canola Table 15: Roundup Ready canola (mid season) Yield expressed as a percentage of the site mean yield. North Central North East South West Wimmera Diggora (F) Wunghnu (F) Yarrawonga Hamilton Kaniva (F) Minyip Neuarpurr (F) Sowing Date 7/5/14 24/4/14 5/5/14 14/5/14 5/5/14 6/4/14 20/5/14 DG 550RR Hyola 400RR Hyola 404RR Hyola 500RR Hyola 600RR IH30 RR IH50 RR IH51 RR IH52 RR Monola 513GT Monola G Nuseed GT Nuseed GT Pioneer 43Y23 (RR) Pioneer 44Y24 (RR) Pioneer 44Y26 (RR) Pioneer 45Y25 (RR) Victory V5002RR Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) F = Multiple frosts. Table 16: Roundup Ready canola (mid season) Oil content (%). North Central North East South West Wimmera Diggora Wunghnu Yarrawonga Hamilton Kaniva Minyip DG 550RR Hyola 400RR Hyola 404RR Hyola 500RR Hyola 600RR IH30 RR IH50 RR IH51 RR IH52 RR Monola 513GT Nuseed GT Nuseed GT Pioneer 43Y23 (RR) Pioneer 44Y24 (RR) Pioneer 44Y26 (RR) Pioneer 45Y25 (RR) Victory V5002RR ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Steve Marcroft Marcroft Grains Pathology Victorian Winter Crop Summary

58 Field Pea REVIEW OF 2014 Season FIELD PEA fungicides to control powdery mildew when applying insecticides at early pod stage, particularly if mildew is present. With the good start to the season, the majority of the Mallee and Wimmera field pea crops were sown one to two weeks earlier than usual and grew well throughout autumn and the early winter with little disease or insect pressure. Field peas in the North East continued to grow well. However, in the west increasingly dry conditions and a number of frosts from August onwards brought the rapid plant growth to a stop. Dry conditions going into spring further reduced yield potential. Yields were average to good in the North East. There were average yields in some areas of the northern Mallee depending on soil moisture, with early sown peas better able to mature ahead of the hotter conditions. The majority of crops in the Mallee were below average with yields on heavier soils in the Wimmera and South West well below average. Some crops in the western half of the state were not harvested. The overall visual quality of the grain was very good although the seed size was smaller than usual. In the Mallee PBA Pearl and Sturt were the best performers, and in the Wimmera Sturt, PBA Pearl, PBA Percy, PBA Oura, and PBA Wharton all performed well. PBA Wharton has proven to be the Kaspa type pea to beat with excellent early vigour and standability, a good disease profile and the ability to perform well in short seasons. The short 2014 season experienced in most parts of the state emphasised the importance of growers upgrading from older varieties like Kaspa to the newer, more reliable releases such as PBA Wharton and PBA Oura. Disease and insects Ascochyta was observed earlier in the season on the stem, but as conditions dried out it did not spread. Due to frosty conditions bacterial blight was observed in some regions, but was generally not a major yield limiting factor. Cold conditions and frosts in the latter part of winter killled aphids and prevented the possible spread of beet western yellows virus to pulses in spring. There were isolated instances of native budworm damage, however this could easily be resolved with monitoring and insecticide application. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2015 New varieties Field pea growers can look forward to high yielding Kaspa type varieties with improved resistance to bacterial blight in coming years. Disease It is important to source seed that is tested free of pea seed borne mosaic virus (PSbMV). Growers in bacterial blight prone regions should update to the more resistant varieties PBA Oura and PBA Percy. PBA Percy has higher tolerance to this disease than PBA Oura, but both are significantly lower risk than other varieties. In addition, growers should try to avoid sowing infected seed and extend crop rotations from infected paddocks. When the disease occurs growers should minimise in crop traffic. Sowing into heavy cereal stubble appears to increase the disease severity and should be avoided in frost prone regions. Field peas play an important role in crop rotations, and in particular with root lesion nematode control. However, current research has shown that Kaspa is not as resistant to Pratymenchus thornei as some other field pea varieties. Therefore if nematode control is an aim of the rotation then resistance ratings are an important part of variety selection. Resistant cultivars will on average reduce nematode densities or maintain them at low levels. Susceptible cultivars will increase nematode densities or maintain them at levels that will cause yield loss in subsequent intolerant crop varieties. For detailed information consult the definitions on the NVT website. Quality The majority of field pea grain is exported for human consumption (between 70-90%) with the rest sold for stockfeed. Over 90 per cent of Australian production is from dun types (i.e. grain has a coloured seed coat) of which more than 85 per cent is now Kaspa type (e.g. Kaspa, PBA Gunyah, PBA Twilight and PBA Wharton). Kaspa type grain is preferred for snack food in southern India over other pea grain types and attracts a price premium. To avoid limiting the marketing of Kaspa type grain for export, growers should avoid sowing seed contaminated with Parafield or other dun types. The export market is also looking at sourcing PBA Pearl for the Chinese human consumption market that is currently supplied by the Canadian yellow field pea. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. Australian Field Crop Disease Guide app AG1347 Pulse disease guide Pulse Australia information on growing pulses including: Field pea disease management strategy Seed dressings are a simple and cost effective way to protect emerging crops from insect attack in the early stages. Likewise, growers should consider the use of 56 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

59 Field Pea VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS denotes Plant Breeders Rights apply. End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Semi-dwarf dun seeded KASPA A late flowering, semi-dwarf field pea which produces spherical dun type grain. Kaspa is the bench mark for field peas with its broad adaption and high yield potential. Kaspa is better suited to longer growing season environments. Kaspa is MR to downy mildew (Parafield strain). Kaspa will need to be managed for blackspot, bacterial blight, PSbMV, powdery mildew and downy mildew (Kaspa strain) in disease prone areas. Kaspa has fair lodging resistance at maturity and pods are resistant to shattering. Released Seednet. EPR $2. Semi-dwarf dun seeded PBA COOGEE A new dual purpose pea that can be left for grain production or cut early for forage in case of drought or frost. A mid-late flowering and late maturing conventional trailing dun pea similar to Parafield, but with increased early growth, more branching and longer vines. A long season variety with high plant biomass by early to mid spring. It is resistant to powdery mildew and PSbMV, but will need to be managed for blackspot, bacterial blight and downy mildew. It has high tolerance to soil boron and salinity. Released 2013 (OZP1103). Seednet. EPR $2.60. Semi-dwarf dun seeded PBA GUNYAH An early flowering, semi-dwarf field pea which produces Kaspa type grain. PBA Gunyah is broadly adapted and has high yield potential. PBA Gunyah is better suited to shorter growing season environments. Resistant to downy mildew (Parafield strain). PBA Gunyah will need to be managed for blackspot, bacterial blight, PSbMV, BLRV and powdery mildew in disease prone areas. PBA Gunyah has fair lodging resistance at maturity and pods are resistant to shattering. Released Seednet. EPR $2.50. Semi-dwarf dun seeded PBA OURA An early to mid flowering, semi-dwarf, erect growing field pea which produces Australian dun type grain. PBA Oura has high yield potential and is broadly adapted. PBA Oura is MRMS to bacterial blight and was released for regions prone to this disease. PBA Oura is MR to downy mildew (Parafield strain) and BLRV,but will need to be managed for blackspot, PSbMV and powdery mildew. PBA Oura has fair lodging resistance at maturity and has moderate nonsugar-pod resistance to shattering. Released Seednet. EPR $2.60. Semi-dwarf white seeded - PBA PEARL An early to mid flowering, semi-dwarf field pea. PBA Pearl has high yield potential and is broadly adapted. It produces medium white grain that can be marketed for human consumption or for stockfeed. PBA Pearl has good resistance to bean leaf roll virus and downy mildew (Parafield strain). It is MS to bacterial blight and will need to be managed for blackspot, PSbMV, powdery mildew and downy mildew (Kaspa strain) in disease prone areas. PBA Pearl has good lodging resistance at maturity and has moderate non-sugar-pod resistance to shattering. Released Seednet. EPR $2.70. (Parafield strain). It will need to be managed for bacterial blight, blackspot, PSbMV, powdery mildew and downy mildew, (Kaspa strain) in disease prone areas. PBA Twilight has fair lodging resistance at maturity and pods are resistant to shattering. Released Seednet. EPR $2.50. Semi-dwarf dun seeded PBA WHARTON An early-mid flowering, semi-dwarf field pea which produces Kaspa type grain. PBA Wharton is widely adapted across short to medium growing season environments and is a suitable variety for crop topping when sowing is delayed. PBA Wharton is resistant to downy mildew (Parafield strain) powdery mildew and PSbMV and BLRV. It will need to be managed for blackspot and bacterial blight and downy mildew (Kaspa strain). PBA Wharton has improved tolerance to soil boron and sugar-pod resistance to shattering. Released 2013 (OZP0805). Seednet. EPR $2.60. Semi-dwarf blue seeded EXCELL An early to mid season flowering, semi-dwarf pea which produces medium sized, spherical, smooth blue seed suitable for premium human consumption markets. Excell has lower grain yield potential compared to new variety releases and is best suited to medium rainfall environments of Victoria and southern NSW. Excell is moderately resistant to downy mildew (Parafield strain). Excell will need to be managed for blackspot, bacterial blight, PSbMV and powdery mildew in disease prone areas. Excell has good lodging resistance. Pods are susceptible to shattering. Released Can be freely marketed. Tall field pea MORGAN A tall, late flowering, semi-leafless pea, which produces small Australian dun type grain. Morgan has lower grain yield potential than other varieties, but was released for the lower rainfall regions of Central and Western NSW as a dual purpose pea that could be used for forage in drought years. Morgan is MR to downy mildew (Parafield strain). Morgan will need to be managed for blackspot, bacterial blight, PSbMV, powdery mildew, downy mildew (Kaspa strain) and BLRV in disease prone areas. Pods are susceptible to pod shattering. Grain size is small and less suitable for human consumption markets. Released Hart Bros Seeds. Tall field pea PARAFIELD A tall, mid to late season flowering pea, which produces large Australian dun type grain. Parafield has lower yield potential compared to recent variety releases. PBA Percy is now a superior option for growers wanting to grow a conventional dun field pea. Parafield will need to be managed for all diseases in disease prone areas. Parafield has poor lodging resistance and will require specialised pea pickup fronts for harvesting. Has moderate non-sugarpod resistance to shattering. Released Can be freely marketed. Semi-dwarf dun seeded PBA TWILIGHT An early flowering, semi-dwarf field pea which produces Kaspa type grain. PBA Twilight is broadly adapted and has high yield potential. Better suited to short growing season environments. PBA Twilight is resistant to downy mildew Victorian Winter Crop Summary

60 Field Pea Tall field pea - PBA HAYMAN A new type of field pea bred for forage use such as hay or silage production or for manuring. This variety grows vigorously and produces large quantities of dry matter over spring. Total dry matter produced is significantly greater than regular field pea varieties (20% more than Morgan) and comparable to vetch. PBA Hayman produces leafy plants with a high number of basal branches that grow vigorously. Plants have very long vines (can be over 3m) that remain semi-erect to maturity. PBA Hayman flowers very late in the growing season and is resistant to powdery mildew. It produces small pods and very small seed that will reduce the cost of sowing. The grain is soft seeded and therefore suitable for cropping rotations with other broad leaf crops. Grain yield potential can vary but is generally between 30 to 80% of a normal field pea crop and is suitable for stockfeed. Developed by PBA (OZP0902). Released Seednet. Seed Royalty. Tall field pea PBA PERCY A very early flowering and maturing conventional pea (similar to Parafield) which produces Australian dun type grain. PBA Percy has high yield potential and is broadly adapted. PBA Percy is MR to bacterial blight and was released for regions prone to this disease. PBA Percy will need to be managed for blackspot, PSbMV, downy and powdery mildew and BLRV. PBA Percy has poor lodging resistance and will require specialised pea pickup fronts for harvesting. Released Seednet. EPR $2.60. Tall field pea STURT A tall, early to mid season flowering pea, which produces medium to small, spherical, smooth white seed. Sturt is broadly adapted, but is best suited to low rainfall environments and has higher tolerance to frost at podding. Sturt will need to be managed for bacterial blight, blackspot, PSbMV, BLRV, powdery mildew and downy mildew in disease prone areas. Sturt has poor lodging resistance and will require specialised pea pickup fronts for harvesting. Pods are susceptible to shattering. Released Premier Seeds. POTENTIAL NEW VARIETIES from Pulse Breeding Australia. OZP1101 or OZP1208 OZP1101 and OZP1208 are mid to late flowering semidwarf field pea varieties. Both potential releases have high yield potential and produce Kaspa type grain. These varieties possess superior bacterial blight resistance to other Kaspa type releases and will be marketed toward areas that are particularly prone to this disease. Both varieties will need to be managed for blackspot, PSbMV and powdery mildew in disease prone areas. Table 1: Agronomic characteristics of field pea varieties. Variety Plant habit Plant vigour, Early season Flowering time Maturity time Plant lodging resistan ce at maturity Pod shatteri ng at maturity Boron toleran ce Salinity tolerance Yellow or Blue pea grain type Excell SD-SL high early early-mid good S: NSP S S PBA Multibranched moderate very late very late poor MR: MS MS Hayman NSP PBA Pearl SD-SL moderate early-mid early-mid good MR: MS MS NSP Sturt C high early-mid mid poor MR: NSP S MS Kaspa grain type Kaspa SD-SL high late mid fair-good R: SP S S OZP1101 SD-SL high mid-late mid good R; SP S S PBA Gunyah PBA Twilight PBA Wharton Australian dun grain type Morgan Tall-SL high late late poor-fair MR: NSP SD-SL high early-mid early fair-good R: SP S S-MS SD-SL high early early fair-good R: SP S S SD-SL high early-mid early fair-good R: SP MT MT Parafield C high mid mid poor MR: S MS NSP OZP1208 SD-SL high mid-late mid fair-good R:SP S S PBA C high mid-late mid poor MR: T MT Coogee NSP PBA Oura SD-SL high early-mid early fair-good MR: MS S NSP PBA Percy C high early early poor MR: NSP S MT SD=semi-dwarf, C=conventional, SL= semi-leafless, S=susceptible, MS=moderately susceptible, MR=moderately resistant, R=resistant, SP=sugar pod type pod, NSP=non sugar pod type, I=intolerant, MI=moderately intolerant S S 58 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

61 Field Pea Table 2: Field pea time of sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. MALLEE April May June July PBA Coogee, PBA Hayman > > > X X X X < < < Kaspa, Parafield, PBA Gunyah, PBA Oura, PBA Percy, PBA Twilight, PBA Wharton, Sturt > > > > X X X X < < WIMMERA PBA Hayman > X X X X < < < Kaspa, Parafield, PBA Coogee, PBA Gunyah, PBA Oura, PBA Percy, PBA Twilight, PBA Wharton, Sturt. > X X X X < < < NORTH CENTRAL PBA Coogee, PBA Hayman > X X X X < < Kaspa, Parafield, PBA Gunyah, PBA Oura, PBA Percy, PBA Twilight, PBA Wharton, Sturt. > X X X X < < NORTH EAST PBA Hayman > X X X X < < Kaspa, Parafield, PBA Coogee PBA Gunyah, PBA Oura, PBA Percy, PBA Twilight, PBA Wharton, Sturt. > X X X X < < SOUTH WEST April May June Kaspa, PBA Coogee PBA Gunyah, PBA Hayman, PBA Oura, PBA Percy, PBA Twilight, PBA Wharton * X X X X * SOUTH WEST spring sowing July August September Above varieties for spring sowing * * * X X X X X < < >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable, * if conditions allow (e.g. raised beds, dry season, non-waterlogging paddocks). Table 3: The most suitable field pea varieties for Victorian cropping regions for 2013 for grain production (Ticked). Southern Wimmera Northern Wimmera Southern Mallee Northern Mallee South West Yellow/White or Blue pea grain type Excell PBA Hayman PBA Pearl Sturt Kaspa grain type Kaspa PBA Gunyah PBA Twilight PBA Wharton Australian Dun grain type Morgan Parafield PBA Coogee PBA Oura PBA Percy Victorian Winter Crop Summary

62 Field Pea Table 4: Disease resistance characteristics of field pea varieties. Variety Blackspot (Ascochyta ) Bacterial blight (Field rating) Downy mildew (Kaspa strain) Downy mildew (Parafield strain) Powdery mildew PSbMV virus BLRV virus (Field rating) P. neglectus (provisional) P. thornei (provisional) Yellow pea grain type PBA Hayman Sp MRp RMR R PBA Pearl MS MS S R S S R MRMSp MRMSp Sturt MS MS S MS S S MS MSp MRp Kaspa grain type Kaspa MS S S MR S S S MRMSp MRMSp OZP1101 MS MRMSp MS R S S S MRMSp MRMSp PBA Gunyah MS S S R S S S MRp MRMSp PBA Twilight MS S S R S S S MRMSp MRMSp PBA Wharton MS S S R R R R MRMSp Australian Dun grain type Morgan MS MS S MR S S Sp RMRp MRp OZP1208 MS MRMSp S R S S MR MRp Parafield MS MS S S S S S MRMSp MRp PBA Coogee S MRMS Sp R Sp MRMSp PBA Oura MRMSp MRMS MRMS MR S S MR MRMSp MRMSp PBA Percy MS MR S S S S S MRMSp RMRp PSbMV = pea seed borne mosaic virus, BLRV = bean leaf roll virus p = These ratings are provisional - treat with caution. R = resistant RMR = resistant to moderately resistant MR = moderately resistant MRMS = moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = moderately susceptible MSS = moderately susceptible to susceptible S = susceptible SVS = susceptible to very susceptible VS = very susceptible Table 5: Field pea disease guide. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Hosts Control Ascochyta blight (Blackspot) Peas and most legumes. Bacterial blight Downy mildew Powdery mildew Septoria leaf blotch Mycosphaerell a pinodes. Phoma pinodella, Ascochyta pisi. Pseudomonas syringae pv, pisi, P.syringae pv syringae.. Perenospora viciae. Erysiphe polygoni. Septoria pisi. VIRUS DISEASES PSbMV Pea seedborne mosaic virus BLRV Bean leaf roll virus Most obvious on stems and lower leaves. Purplish-black discolouration of lower stem. Dark brown spotting of pods and leaves. Blackening of stem base and upper tap root. Water-soaked spots on leaflets and stipules. Yellowish brown fan-shaped lesion on stipules. Brown blotches on upper leaf surface. Underside of leaves covered by masses of fluffy mouse-grey spores. Leaves covered by a film of powdery white spores. Infected plants have a bluewhite colour. Straw coloured blotches on leaves, stems and tendrils. Pin-head size black spots within lesions. Downward curling of leaves, mosaic, stunting. Yellowing and stunting Common in all pea growing regions; most crops are affected to some extent. Favoured by wet conditions. Most damage in early sown crops. Sporadic in wetter regions. Most severe in early sown crops already damaged by frost or heavy rain. Sporadic in all regions. Damage most severe in wetter districts. Can occur in most regions towards the end of the season. Most common in late-sown crops. Present in most pea growing regions. Damage most severe on short, semileafless cultivars. Present in all pea growing regions. Present in all pea production areas. Peas. Peas. Peas. Peas. Host range limited to Fabaceae Host range limited to Fabaceae Crop rotation. Later sowing. Fungicidal seed dressings. Disease free seed. Crop rotation. Late sowing. Disease free seed. Resistant varieties. Fungicidal seed dressings. Resistant varieties. Avoid late sowing. Foliar fungicide application at flowering is an economic option for disease prone areas. Destroy crop residue. Most varieties are moderately susceptible. Crop rotation. This virus is highly seed borne in peas. Virus free seed is recommended Managing aphids and weeds, resistant varieties. 60 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2014

63 Field Pea Table 6: Long term predicted field pea yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Kaspa. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. Mallee Wimmera Kaspa (t/ha) Kaspa 100 (23) 100 (13) Parafield 93 (17) 93 (9) PBA Coogee 101 (14) 101 (7) PBA Gunyah 103 (22) 102 (13) PBA Oura 106 (23) 103 (13) PBA Pearl 115 (23) 111 (13) PBA Percy 104 (23) 104 (13) PBA Twilight 101 (23) 101 (13) PBA Wharton 109 (23) 107 (13) Sturt 109 (12) 109 (6) Yarrum 108 (9) - Table 7: Yield of field pea expressed as a percentage of the yield of Kaspa in 2014 NVT and DEPI (B) trials. Mallee Wimmera Birchip Rainbow (F) Sea Lake (B, C) Ultima (F) Horsham (B) Horsham (B) Horsham (B) Kaniva (F) Tarranyurk Sowing 13/5/14 17/5/14 1/4/14 13/5/14 4/6/14 4/6/14 4/6/14 4/6/14 4/6/14 Date Kaspa (t/ha) Kaspa Parafield PBA Gunyah PBA Oura PBA Pearl PBA Percy PBA Twilight PBA Wharton Sturt Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) B = Breeding trials (note: 3 at Horsham), C = Caution interpreting data: high variability at Sea Lake. F = Multiple frosts. Table 8: Grain weight (g/100 seeds) in 2014 field pea trials. Mallee Wimmera Birchip Rainbow Ultima Kaniva Tarranyurk Kaspa PBA Gunyah PBA Oura PBA Pearl PBA Percy PBA Twilight PBA Wharton ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Peter Kennedy Jason Brand Frank Henry Josh Fanning Mary Raynes Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Hamilton Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham Pulse Australia Victorian Winter Crop Summary

64 Lentil REVIEW OF 2014 Season Given the good opening rains and mild start to the season 2014 looked like a good year for lentils. Growers were able to manage weeds very effectively before sowing and the clean crops were bulking up well into July. However the frosts and increasingly dry conditions throughout August, September and October meant that yield potential was unable to be reached. Most yields were below average to well below average with many crops on heavier soils in the southern Mallee and northern Wimmera unable to be harvested. On some of the lighter soils in the central and northern Mallee, yields were average due to the stored moisture from summer rainfall events. Although crops were placed under significant moisture stress lentil grain was not pinched. Overall the seed quality was considered very good, though slightly smaller in size. Despite the low yield, lentils still proved to be one of the most profitable cropping options in 2014 due to high grain prices received at harvest. The Victorian lentil harvest was the earliest on record, commencing the second week of October and almost complete by the end of November. Disease and insects With the dry weather there was very little disease pressure although some regions observed ascochyta blight in July, the mild conditions allowing it to develop earlier than the usual spring development. The drier finish to winter and into spring meant that it did not progress. There were isolated incidents of Etiella damage to lentil crops where there was not adequate monitoring. Cold conditions and frosts in the latter part of winter killled aphids and prevented the possible spread of beet western yellows virus to pulses in spring. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2015 For the first time growers have a suite of lentil varieties with varying agronomic benefits that can be selected to suit individual growers needs and exploit storage and marketing opportunities (i.e. red lentil, grey seed coat). New varieties There are three new varieties for The large red lentil, PBA Jumbo2 (CIPAL1203) is a high yielding variety to replace PBA Jumbo and Aldinga. The two new green lentils are the large seeded PBA Giant (CIPAL1207) and the high yielding PBA Greenfield (CIPAL1104). It will be easier to screen out weed seeds from the new large seeded varieties, PBA Jumbo2 and PBA Giant. Growers planting green lentils need to avoid planting in paddocks recently used for red lentils to prevent colour contamination. Colour separation screening would be an additional cost if required. Green lentils are predominantly sold into the human consumption markets as whole rather than split lentils. LENTIL Therefore it is essential to maintain the green seed colour by avoiding seed blemishes, disease and seed staining. It is highly recommend to harvest these varieties once they reach full physiological maturity and when the moisture content is below 12%. Crop topping can be a useful tool to ensure even maturity and maximisation of grain quality. Residues Dry conditions in 2014 will mean residual herbicides are more likely to persist into Despite summer rainfall growers may need to take this into consideration when selecting paddocks and varieties for Disease Ascochyta blight can manifest rapidly and depending on the variety sown, should be factored into management plans for Where there is high risk of botrytis grey mould (BGM) growers using susceptible varieties need to apply fungicides before canopy closure. Variety choice, delayed time of sowing and wider row spacing can assist in minimising BGM. To develop a suitable virus management strategy it is important to test seed for cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) if symptoms were observed in the seed crop. Aphids multiply rapidly in lentil crops. Seed treatment, an early insecticide application and continued monitoring and action may be needed to avoid rapid aphid build up and virus spread both within the crop and to nearby chickpea crops. Thin crop stands are more attractive to aphids. Control of Heliothis and Etiella to prevent damage to grain remains important. In 2015 a provisional root lesion nematode resistance rating has been provided for most lentil varieties. This information will aid growers in selecting varieties to manage root lesion nematodes where required. Most lentil cultivars are more resistant than cereals and provide useful nematode control, however some cultivars are more susceptible. Resistant cultivars will on average reduce nematode densities or maintain them at low levels. Susceptible cultivars will increase nematode densities or maintain them at levels which will cause yield loss in subsequent intolerant cultivars. For detailed information consult the definitions on the NVT website. Marketing Variety purity is critical in lentils with a restriction of 1 per cent maximum contamination by different varieties. This is of particular concern when growing varieties with different seed coat colour and/or different cotyledon colour. Be aware of the potential for contamination from volunteer or escaped lentils in paddocks when changing to new varieties with different seed coat colours i.e. PBA Flash to PBA Bolt. Some lentil varieties also have normal genetic variation in coat colour. A change to lentil standards has now enabled a 1 per cent maximum contrasting seed coat colours to be added to assist in the delivery and marketing of varieties like PBA Blitz, PBA Herald-XT and PBA Hurricane XT that have low levels of genetic variation in their seed coat colours. 62 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

65 Lentil MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. Australian Field Crop Disease Guide app Growing lentil AG1347 Pulse disease guide Pulse Australia information on growing pulses including: Lentil disease management strategy VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS denotes Plant Breeder Rights apply End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Red lentil ALDINGA Aldinga has medium-large seed with good milling characteristics. Aldinga is MRMS to foliar infection by ascochyta blight but MS to seed infection. It is also MS to BGM and lodges more than other varieties. It has been a preferred variety for some farmers using no till systems. Released AFCA. No market restrictions. Red lentil NIPPER Nipper is similar to Northfield in many characteristics, including relatively short height and seed shape, but it has a grey seed coat. Nipper is MRMS to foliar ascochyta blight, MR to seed ascochyta and R to BGM. It is also R to the exotic disease Fusarium wilt, has improved salinity tolerance and generally lodges less than other varieties. Nipper is well established in markets, and has attracted a premium price in some years. Released Seednet. EPR $5. Red lentil NUGGET Nugget is a mid season variety with a medium size seed and a grey seed coat. It is MRMS to foliar and seed ascochyta blight and BGM. Nugget is not grown much anymore as it has now been superceded by PBA Ace and PBA Bolt. Released Heritage Seeds. EPR $5. Red lentil PBA ACE PBA Ace is a medium sized red lentil with grey seed. A mid-season lentil that has been the highest yielding across all areas, though it can be lower yielding in dry years or high temperatures. PBA Ace is best suited to longer season areas replacing Nugget and PBA Jumbo. It has excellent ascochyta resistance and is MRMS to BGM. It is intolerant to salinity and boron. High milling quality. Released PB Seeds. EPR $5. Red lentil PBA BOLT PBA Bolt is a medium sized red lentil with grey seed. Adapted to the Mallee and northern Wimmera. While similar to PBA Flash with early-mid maturity and salinity tolerance, it is better in the southern Mallee as it is MR to foliar ascochyta blight and R to seed ascochyta blight. Its susceptibility to BGM makes it less suited to medium-high rainfall areas in wetter years and with early sowing. Like PBA Flash, PBA Bolt is a good variety for timely crop topping to control weeds. An erect habit and good lodging resistance make it easier to harvest in dry conditions. Released PB Seeds. EPR $5. Red lentil - PBA BOUNTY PBA Bounty is a high yielding small seeded red lentil that is broadly adapted and suited to most lentil growing environments. PBA Bounty is MRMS to foliar ascochyta blight, MR to seed ascochyta blight and MS to BGM. It has improved tolerance to salinity compared to Nugget. PBA Bounty has a prostrate plant growth habit early in the season compared with all other varieties. PBA Bounty produces a round seed that is slightly larger (10%) than Nipper, but still likely to be sold into similar markets for splitting or the production of footballs (whole seed with the seed coat removed). Released PB Seeds. EPR $5. Red lentil PBA FLASH PBA Flash is an early maturing, high yielding red lentil with a medium seed size and is suited to all current lentil growing areas but particularly shorter season growing areas. It has improved tolerance to boron and salinity compared to Nugget, which along with its height and erectness, has contributed to its popularity in the Mallee. Like PBA Bolt, PBA Flash is a good variety for timely crop topping to control weeds. It is MS to foliar and seed ascochyta blight. It is MRMS to BGM. PBA Flash has improved standing ability at maturity relative to other lentil varieties which may make it more prone to pod drop in windy environments, timely harvest is required. It is well suited to medium red lentil grain markets, similar to Nugget, particularly for splitting. Released PB Seeds. EPR $5. Red lentil PBA HERALD XT PBA Herald XT is a small red seeded lentil best adapted to longer growing seasons with medium to higher rainfall. It was the first lentil with improved tolerance to imazethapyr with an interim permit for pre or post-emergent application to It has improved tolerance to the herbicide flumetsulam plus reduced sensitivity to some sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicide residues. It is important to note that growers must adhere to product label rates, plant back periods and all label directions for use. PBA Herald XT has been outclassed by the new PBA Hurricane XT. PBA Herald XT is R to foliar and seed ascochyta and BGM. Disease resistance will assist in achieving high grain quality. Released PB Seeds. EPR $5. Red lentil - PBA BLITZ PBA Blitz is a medium sized red lentil with a grey seed coat that is early flowering and is suited to short growing seasons and environments. It has improved early vigour and an erect growth habit which is suited to no-till and interrow sowing. PBA Blitz is MR to foliar ascochyta and MRMS to seed ascochyta and MR to BGM. PBA Blitz is rated as intolerant of soil boron and salinity. It has demonstrated similar but generally improved milling characteristics compared to Nugget. Released PB Seeds. EPR $5. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

66 Lentil Red lentil PBA HURRICANE XT PBA Hurricane XT is a small red seeded lentil with mid flowering and maturity. Like PBA Herald XT it has tolerance to imazethapyr with an interim permit for pre or postemergent application to It has improved tolerance to the herbicide flumetsulam plus reduced sensitivity to some sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicide residues. It is important to note that growers must adhere to product label rates, plant back periods and all label directions for use. PBA Hurricane XT is the highest yielding small red lentil available in Australia and has improved yields over PBA Herald XT, Nipper and Nugget, but lower than PBA Ace. It is MR to foliar ascochyta, R to seed ascochyta and MRMS to BGM. Released 2013 (CIPAL1101). PB Seeds. EPR $5. Red lentil PBA JUMBO PBA Jumbo is a high yielding large seeded red lentil with a grey seed coat. It is mid flowering with a maturity similar to Nugget. Suited to no-till inter-row sowing into standing stubble. It is MRMS to foliar ascochyta blight and R to seed ascochyta, but MS to BGM, which may require timely management. Tolerance to soil boron is similar to PBA Flash. PBA Jumbo is suited to medium to high rainfall regions where it produces uniform larger seed size for the premium large red split markets, but will be outclassed by PBA Jumbo2. Released PB Seeds. EPR $5. Red lentil PBA JUMBO2 PBA Jumbo2 is the highest yielding large seeded red lentil, approximately 10% higher than PBA Jumbo. It is a direct replacement for Jumbo and Aldinga. It is a similar seed size to Jumbo and Aldinga with a grey seed coat. It is mid flowering and has a maturity similar to PBA Jumbo. It is well suited to no-till inter-row sowing into standing stubble. It is R to foliar and seed ascochyta blight and BGM. Tolerance to soil boron is similar to PBA Flash. PBA Jumbo is suited to medium to high rainfall regions where it produces uniform larger seed size well suited to premium large red split markets. Released 2014 (CIPAL1203). PB Seeds. EPR $5. Green lentil - BOOMER Boomer is a large seeded green lentil that is tall, bulky and vigorous but can lodge when growing conditions are favourable. Sowing early can increase lodging and result in smaller seed. Boomer is MR to foliar ascochyta blight, and MRMS to seed ascochyta blight and BGM. Early harvest is important to prevent shattering and produce good coloured seed. Boomer is expected to be superceded by PBA Giant. Released Seednet. EPR $5. Green lentil PBA Giant The largest seeded green lentil in Australia with an average seed diameter of 5.8 mm (approximately 7 g/100 seeds). PBA Giant is broadly adapted but best-suited to the medium rainfall lentils growing regions. It has similar yield and improved shattering resistance to Boomer, though timely harvest is still required to minimise shattering. It is more susceptible to lodging at maturity than Boomer. It is MR to foliar ascochyta, and MS to seed ascochyta and BGM. Released 2014 (CIPAL1207). PB Seeds. EPR $5. Green lentil PBA Greenfield The highest yielding green lentil variety with yields similar to PBA Ace. PBA Geenfield is a medium-sized green lentil broadly adapted but best-suited to the medium rainfall lentils growing regions. With improved tolerance to salinity and resistance to shattering, although timely harvest is still required. It is MRMS to foliar and seed ascochyta and MR to BGM. Released 2014 (CIPAL1104). PB Seeds. EPR $5. Table 1: Lentil time of sowing guide. Take variety flowering & maturity status into account when choosing a sowing date. In the Wimmera, the highest yields are from sowing in early May to mid June. However early sowing increases the risk of yield and quality losses from botrytis grey mould and ascochyta blight. Early sowing also increases the likelihood of crop lodging. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from experimental data and observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. MALLEE/Northern WIMMERA April May June Aldinga, Boomer, Nugget, PBA Ace, PBA Bolt, PBA Bounty, PBA Blitz, PBA Flash, PBA Greenfield, PBA Giant, PBA Hurricane XT, PBA Jumbo, PBA Jumbo 2 > > X X X < WIMMERA April May June Aldinga, Boomer, Nipper, Nugget, PBA Ace, PBA Bolt, PBA Bounty, PBA Blitz, PBA Flash, PBA Greenfield, PBA Giant, PBA > X X X X X < Herald XT, PBA Hurricane XT, PBA Jumbo, PBA Jumbo 2 >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable 64 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

67 Lentil Table 2: Lentil variety agronomic guide (may vary with sowing time and location). Variety Grain type Seed coat Seed size (%)* Flowering time Maturity Lodging Shattering Salinity Boron Small red seed Nipper red grey mid/late mid MR MR MT I PBA Bounty red grey 90 mid/late mid S R MI I PBA Herald XT red grey 75 mid/late mid/late MRMS MR I I PBA Hurricane XT red grey 85 mid mid MR R I I Medium red seed Nugget red grey 100 mid mid/late MS R I I PBA Ace red grey 100 mid mid MRMS MRMS I I PBA Blitz red grey early early MR MR I I PBA Bolt red grey 100 early/mid early/mid R R MI MI PBA Flash red green early/mid early/mid MR MR MI MI Large red seed Aldinga red green 120 mid mid S MRMS MI I PBA Jumbo red grey 120 mid mid MS MR I MI PBA Jumbo2 red grey 120 mid mid MRMS R I MI Medium green lentil PBA Greenfield yellow green 130 mid mid/late MS MR MI I Large green lentil Boomer yellow green 150 mid mid/late S S I MI PBA Giant yellow green 170 mid mid/late MS MRMS I MI R = resistant, MR=moderately resistant, MS=moderately susceptible, S=susceptible, VS=very susceptible, I=intolerant, MT= moderately tolerant, MI= moderately intolerant. * ratings relative to Nugget. Can flower and mature relatively earlier if sown early. Table 3: Disease rating for current lentil varieties. Disease ratings from Pulse Breeding Australia, January No variety with a Resistant rating is immune to disease, and fungicide application may be required under severe disease pressure. Variety Ascochyta blight Foliar Ascochyta blight Seed/pod Botrytis grey mould (BGM) P. neglectus (provisional) P. thornei (provisional) Small red seed Nipper MRMS MR R RMRp MRp PBA Bounty MRMS MS MS PBA Herald XT R R R MRMSp MRp PBA Hurricane XT MR R MRMS MRMSp MRp Medium red seed Nugget MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMSp MRp PBA Ace R R MRMS MRp MRp PBA Blitz MR MRMS MR MRMSp MRp PBA Bolt MR R S MRp MRp PBA Flash MS MS MRMS MSp MRp Large red seed Aldinga MRMS MS MS PBA Jumbo MRMS S MS MRp MRp PBA Jumbo2 R R R MSp MRp Medium green lentil PBA Greenfield MRMS MRMS MR Large green lentil Boomer MR MRMS MRMS PBA Giant MR MS MS p = These ratings are provisional - treat with caution. R = Resistant RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant MR = Moderately resistant MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = Moderately susceptible MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible VS = Very susceptible Victorian Winter Crop Summary

68 Lentil Table 4: Lentil disease guide. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Hosts Control Ascochyta Ascochyta blight lentis Botrytis grey mould Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis fabae VIRUS DISEASES AMV Alfalfa mosaic virus CMV BWYV Cucumber mosaic virus Beet western yellows virus Leaves: small round whitish grey lesions with brown margins. Lesions contain small black fruiting bodies of the fungus. Lesions can also form on stems causing premature death. Pod infection can ultimately result in dark discolourations on seed. Leaves: white round lesions/spots without black fruiting bodies as in ascochyta blight. Stems: Pale brown grey lesions form on stems that are covered with fluffy grey mould. Botrytis grey mould can cause branches to die and cause discoloured and shrivelled seed. In severe cases large brown patches can form in the crop. Tip necrosis. Young leaves are pale green, small, twisted and distorted. A faint mosaic pattern may appear. Yellowing, stunting. Young leaves are pale green, small, twisted and distorted. A faint mosaic pattern may appear. Yellowing, stunting. Produces the most severe symptoms of the all the viruses. Patches of crop resemble root disease or herbicide residue damage. Common in all lentil growing regions in southern Australia. All varieties except Northfield and Nipper are at risk of seed infection by ascochyta blight. Damage is most likely in wet seasons. Most likely to occur in dense, lodged crops when there is frequent rain late in spring. Prevalent in lentil production regions with high aphid numbers Common in all lentil growing areas with high aphid numbers Present in all lentil production areas with high aphid numbers. Lentils seed, stubble and self sown plants. Most legumes including chickpeas, faba bean and vetch. Wide host range including most pulses, some horticultural plants and weeds Wide host range including most pulses, some horticultural plants and weeds Wide host range including most pulses, some horticultural plants and weeds Fungicidal seed dressings. Resistant varieties. Foliar fungicides. Crop rotation. Avoid early sowing. Fungicidal seed dressings. Low plant density. Avoid early sowing. Foliar fungicides. Crop rotation. Resistant varieties. Virus free seed, management of weeds, resistant varieties. Virus free seed, management of weeds, resistant varieties. Managing weeds and aphids, resistant varieties. Table 5: Long term predicted lentil yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Nugget. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. Mallee Wimmera Nugget (t/ha) Aldinga 89 (7) 92 (7) Boomer 84 (12) 92 (14) Digger 86 (6) 91 (5) Nipper 86 (21) 93 (16) Northfield 89 (7) 85 (9) Nugget 100 (21) 100 (16) PBA Ace 121 (21) 110 (16) PBA Blitz 87 (21) 93 (16) PBA Bolt 115 (21) 108 (16) PBA Bounty 106 (12) 104 (13) PBA Flash 97 (21) 99 (16) PBA Giant 99 (3) 96 (7) PBA Greenfield 113 (8) 105 (11) PBA Herald XT 91 (21) 92 (16) PBA Hurricane XT 113 (19) 108 (14) PBA Jumbo 92 (21) 102 (16) PBA Jumbo2 121 (14) 113 (11) 66 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

69 Lentil Table 6: Yield of lentil expressed as a percentage of the yield of Nugget and grain weight (g/100 seeds) in 2014 NVT and Vic DEPI (B) trials. Yield (%) Grain weight (g/100 seeds) Mallee Wimmera Mallee Wimmera Rainbow (F) Ultima (F) Horsham (B) Tarranyurk (F) Rainbow Ultima Tarranyurk Sowing Date 17/5/14 13/5/14 3/6/14 4/6/14 Nugget (t/ha) Boomer Nipper Northfield Nugget PBA Ace PBA Blitz PBA Bolt PBA Bounty PBA Flash PBA Giant PBA Greenfield PBA Herald XT PBA Hurricane XT PBA Jumbo PBA Jumbo Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) B = Breeding trials, F = Multiple frosts, at Tarranyurk frost has likely affected PBA Bolt. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Jason Brand Matthew Rodda Frank Henry Josh Fanning Mary Raynes Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Hamilton Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham Pulse Australia Victorian Winter Crop Summary

70 Faba Bean There are varying sizes of faba bean seeds and colour that are identified by different names. Small-seeded types (Vicia faba var. minor) may be called faba bean or tickbean and are commonly used for human consumption and animal feed. Medium and large size seed types (V. faba var. major) may be called broad bean and are used more commonly as a dry broad bean or as a green bean. Faba beans grown in Australia are predominately exported for the human consumption export market to the Middle East. These markets demand high visual quality standards to meet market specifications in a relatively small world export market. Australia competes with the European Union, particularly the United Kingdom and France, for a share of the 300,000 tonne Middle East market. Middle Eastern countries use faba bean for human consumption as part of the staple diet. It is referred to as foul which is equivalent to bread as a staple in Australian diets. The market demand for the Middle East is consistent and if there is a surplus of product produced in Australia, expect to see a price decrease. REVIEW OF 2014 Season The good opening rains, sunny days and mild growing conditions into winter gave faba beans an excellent start. In the latter half of winter cooler dry conditions and frosts slowed growth but also substantially reduced aphid populations. With dry conditions and strong winds in early spring faba beans failed to realise their potential. A late frost in November caused flowers to abort and pods to burst in the southern Wimmera and south west regions. FABA BEAN some sporadic insect damage. However there could be some seed staining from Pea seedborne mosaic virus. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2015 New varieties PBA Samira is the first of a new series of high yielding faba beans to be released. These lines are expected to offer yield advantages of 5-10% in most regions. Samira is suited to the longer season environments and is expected to replace Farah and Fiesta. Pod set Sowing early does not necessarily result in greater pod set, but wider row spacings may help sunlight to penetrate the canopy and increase podding. Sow in areas away from canola paddocks to avoid bees being diverted to the stronger odour of the canola. Sow away from field pea crops to minimise aphid transmission of viruses, particularly pea seed borne mosaic virus (PSbMV). Disease Growers need to be prepared for a shift in virulence as the new strain of ascochyta spreads from South Australia to Victoria. All varieties should be monitored carefully. If 2015 provides good sowing conditions and adequate rain during the grain fill period, it is highly recommended that growers spray bean crops for disease control. The 6-8 week and 15 week growth stages are the important timing to minimise ascochyta blight, cercospora leaf spot and chocolate spot in order to maximise yield and harvest disease free seed. Prompt harvest when the crop is initially ripe is also important to retain grain quality. Anecdotally, Aquadulce and PBA Kareema rated better for chocolate spot resistance compared to Nura and Farah. Faba beans in the North East did well with excellent quality and average to above average yields. Those on irrigation also fared well. Some crops in the northern Mallee on stored moisture from summer rain performed well as they matured before the hot weather. Elsewhere yields varied from below to well below average. Quality was generally good overall. The total area sown to faba bean is continuing to see a resurgence, with improved understanding of agronomy and disease management along with excellent commodity prices. In recent years some growers using wide row, no-till cropping have found faba beans profitable as the lower pods are able to fill properly. Disease and insects Rust and chocolate spot were observed over late winter and treated with fungicides, but as conditions dried off fungal diseases did not develop. A change in the ascochyta pathotype in the mid-north of South Australia this year meant some resistance in the faba bean genetics was overcome, but this pathotype did not reach Victoria during The warm start to the growing season increased the number of insects and the potential for viruses. Again frosts and drier conditions meant this did not continue except for All current varieties are susceptible to cercospora leaf spot. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. Australian Field Crop Disease Guide app AG0083 Growing faba bean AG1347 Pulse disease guide Pulse Australia has detailed information on growing pulses. VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS denotes Plant Breeder Rights apply End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Broad bean - AQUADULCE Tall late flowering broad bean with some tolerance to waterlogging as well as iron and manganese deficiencies. Best suited to high rainfall districts (>450mm). MS to ascochyta blight, chocolate spot and rust. Released Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

71 Faba Bean Broad bean - PBA KAREEMA PBA Kareema is a direct replacement for Aquadulce. PBA Kareema requires a long growing season similar to Aquadulce and rainfall greater than 450mm. It is RMR to ascochyta blight and MS to chocolate spot. PBA Kareema is only recommended for the south west region of Victoria. Released PGG Wrightson Seeds. EPR $4. Faba bean - FARAH Farah is similar to Fiesta but has good ascochyta blight resistance (both leaf and pod), which reduces grain staining from ascochyta at harvest. Farah yield is similar to Fiesta across southern Australia and performs best in medium rainfall environments. Released Heritage Seeds. EPR $3. Faba bean - FIESTA VF A medium sized bean, Fiesta has good yields and wide adaptation throughout southern Australia. It has good seedling vigour and is of medium height. Fiesta is MRMS to foliar ascochyta blight, MS to seed ascochyta and S to chocolate spot. Released Faba bean - NURA Nura is shorter than Fiesta and Farah and less likely to lodge, however the bottom pods are closer to the ground. RMR to ascochyta blight, MS to chocolate spot and rust. Nura needs to be sown early as it flowers about seven days later than Fiesta, but it matures at a similar time. Released Seednet. EPR $3. Faba bean - PBA RANA Relatively late flowering and maturing variety suited to higher rainfall, long season regions. Seed is larger than current varieties and is considered high quality by the major Egyptian market. Resistant to both foliar and seed ascochyta blight with improved resistance to chocolate spot compared to Fiesta and Farah. Seednet. EPR $3.50. Faba bean - PBA SAMIRA A new higher yielding variety with wide adaption. Excellent disease resistance and later flowering mean it can take advantage of late rainfall in longer season environments. Seed is a similar size to Fiesta and Farah and is suited to Middle East markets. Excellent ascochyta resistance and improved resistance to chocolate spot and rust compared to Fiesta and Farah. Developed by PBA (as AF ). Released Seednet. EPR $3.50. POTENTIAL NEW VARIETIES from Pulse Breeding Australia. Faba bean AF A new higher yielding breeding line. A later flowering and maturing variety that has performed very well in longer season environments. Seed is larger than Fiesta and Farah and similar to PBA Rana and should be suited to Middle East markets. Good overall response to diseases, provisionally rated as resistant to Ascochyta and chocolate spot. Developed by PBA. Release anticipated in time for the 2016 growing season. Seednet. EPR to be determined. Table 1: Faba bean time of sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. MALLEE April May June Farah, Fiesta, PBA Samira > X X X < < WIMMERA Aquadulce, Farah, Fiesta, Nura, PBA Samira > > X X X X < < NORTH CENTRAL - 1 week earlier for irrigation Aquadulce, Farah, Fiesta, Nura, PBA Samira > > X X X X < < NORTH EAST Aquadulce, Farah, Fiesta, Nura, PBA Samira > X X X < SOUTH WEST Aquadulce, PBA Kareema, Farah, Fiesta, PBA Rana, PBA Samira > > X X X X X < < < >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable Table 2: Faba bean variety agronomic and disease guide. Variety Seed size Seed colour Flowering time Maturity Lodging Ascochyta blight -Foliage Ascochyta blight -Seed Chocolate spot Fiesta VF medium light brown - brown Nura PBA Rana PBA Samira earlymid smallmed medlarge medium early-mid Aquadulce large light buff late mid-late MS MS MS MS MS PBA large light late late MS RMR RMR MS MRMS Kareema brown Farah medium light brown - brown early-mid earlymid MS RMR RMR S S Rust MS MRMS MS S S light buff mid earlymid MR RMR RMR MS MS light mid mid MR R R MS MS brown light mid mid MR R R MS MS brown Disease ratings from Pulse Breeding Australia. R = Resistant RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant MR = Moderately resistant MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = Moderately susceptible MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible VS = Very susceptible Victorian Winter Crop Summary

72 Faba bean Table 3: Faba bean disease guide summary. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Hosts Control Ascochyta Ascochyta Faba bean, blight fabae vetch. Chocolate spot Cercospora leaf spot Rust Sclerotinia stem rot Stem nematode Botrytis fabae Botrytis cinerea Cercospora zonata Uromyces viciae-fabae Sclerotinia trifoliorum var. fabae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Ditylenchus dipsaci VIRUS DISEASES SCSV Subterranean clover stunt virus BLRV PSbMV Bean leaf roll virus Pea seedborne mosaic virus Large, light tan to grey lesions on leaves. Small black fruiting bodies develop within lesions. Centres of lesions may fall out, leaving holes in leaves. Sunken lesions on stem similar in colour to leaf lesions. Brown-black discolouration of grain. Passive phase: small chocolate covered spots scattered over leaves. Aggressive phase: tissue around spots turn dark grey and black. Leaves die and blacken. Irregular black lesions, with a distinct margin on the leaf. Easily confused with Ascochyta or Chocolate spot but distinguished by the concentric pattern within lesions. Numerous small, orange-brown rust pustules, surrounded by a light yellow halo on the leaves of infected plants. Infection usually begins close to ground level and slimy wet rot extends into stem and down into the roots. Plants easily pulled from soil and have blackened base covered with cottony, white fungus growth. Usually isolated plants that suddenly wilt and collapse. Sclerotia on surface and within stem turn from white to black. Patches of malformed and stunted plants with curling leaves and water-soaked spots. Stem may die back, turning reddish-brown colour. Stunting, tip yellowing, small and thick leaves. Interveinal yellowing, leaf rolling, stunting, leathery leaves. Can be symptomless or systemic dark and lightgreen leaf mottle, leaf margins upright leaf blade reduced in size. Seeds have brown rings or line patterns on surface. Common in all faba bean growing areas in southern Australia. Most severe in wet seasons. Spores spread by wind and rain. Infected seed. Occurs in all areas where beans are grown. Disease usually becomes established in late winter and becomes more severe as day temperatures increase during spring. Spores spread by wind and rain. Can destroy unprotected crops in wet seasons. Occurs in all areas where beans are grown. Most prevalent in northern Australia. Crops usually affected late in the season. Rapid development of disease in wet, cool conditions. Foliar form of disease spread by airborne spores. Fungus survives in the soil for many years. Most severe in wet seasons. Nematode can survive many years in seed, straw or soil. Prevalent in all bean growing areas, symptoms appear early on faba bean. Occurs in all bean growing areas. Occurs in all bean growing areas. Faba bean, vetch, lentil, chickpea. Faba bean, vetch. Faba bean, vetch. Wide host range. Faba bean, pea, oat, wild oat. Infected seed straw or soil. Sub clover, faba bean, lupin, lentil, chickpea, lucerne, soybean. The host range is limited to Fabaceae. Host range is limited to Fabaceae Foliar fungicides. Resistant varieties. Crop rotation. Control volunteer plants. Clean seed. Foliar fungicides. Resistant varieties. Crop rotation. Control volunteer plants. Foliar fungicides. Foliar fungicides. Crop rotation. Control volunteer plants. Crop rotation. Lower seeding rates, wider row spacing and good weed control. Seed test. Crop rotation. Managing aphids and weeds. Managing aphids. Virus free seed is recommended. Managing aphids. 70 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

73 Faba bean Table 4: Long term predicted faba bean yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Farah. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. North Central North East South West Wimmera Farah (t/ha) Aquadulce (3) - Cairo (4) Doza - 89 (4) - 93 (9) Farah 100 (7) 100 (7) 100 (4) 100 (19) Fiesta VF 99 (7) 101 (7) 102 (4) 100 (18) Fiord 92 (4) 87 (3) - 96 (8) Manafest (6) Nura 95 (7) 95 (7) 97 (4) 95 (19) PBA Kareema (3) - PBA Rana 95 (3) 95 (6) 98 (4) 90 (16) PBA Samira 110 (3) (7) Table 5: Yield of faba bean expressed as a percentage of the yield of Farah in 2014 NVT and breeding trials (B). North Central North East Wimmera Kerang (B) Devenish Kaniva (F) Kaniva (B) Wonwondah Wonwondah (B) Sowing Date 2/5/14 19/5/14 23/4/14 23/4/14 4/5/14 4/5/14 Farah (t/ha) Farah Fiesta VF Nura PBA Rana PBA Samira Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) B= Breeding trial, F = Multiple frosts. Table 6: 100 grain weight (g/100 seeds) of faba bean in 2014 trials. North East Wimmera Devenish Kaniva Wonwondah Farah Fiesta VF Nura PBA Rana PBA Samira ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Jason Brand Frank Henry Frank Henry Josh Fanning Jeffrey Paull Mary Raynes Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Hamilton Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham University of Adelaide Pulse Australia Victorian Winter Crop Summary

74 Lupin There are two species of lupin used in broadacre crop production, the more commonly grown narrow leaf lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) and the large seeded and broad leafed albus types (Lupinus albus). Narrow leaf types are generally used as a high protein stock feed either for sale or supplementary feeding on farm. The albus types may fit into human food and aquaculture markets as well as high protein stock feed markets, but are the less preferred lupin for stock feed manufacturing. They are also more susceptible to dry conditions or waterlogging than narrow leaf lupins. REVIEW OF 2014 Season The good price for lupins and excellent start to the season led to an increase in the area sown to lupins across Victoria with the greatest increase in the South West. Good conditions at the start of the season suited lupin crops enabling them to produce good quantities of biomass. While there are other pulse crops that can fix more nitrogen the large quantity of biomass from vigorous early growing plants meant that lupins have made a good contribution to improving soil nitrogen for With the opportunity for weed control prior to sowing, lupins will have made an excellent break crop for Early sown lupins performed better overall and although frosts were common the long flowering period allowed some recovery. LUPIN Majority of current varieties have resistance to phomopsis, slowing development of the fungus and reducing toxin production. However, when significant rainfall occurs on maturing plants or after harvest disease development can still occur and care must be taken in grazing lupin stubbles or feeding infected seed. Anthracnose is present in WA and SA commercial lupin crops and it is important that seed is obtained from reputable sources to prevent accidental introduction into Victoria. Standard hygiene practice should apply when dealing with equipment, material or people from infected states. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. Australian Field Crop Disease Guide app Growing lupin AG1347 Pulse disease guide Pulse Australia has detailed information on growing pulses. However, as with most other crops the dry conditions limited yields with those on lighter soils that received timely showers performing better. Yields ranged from very poor to below average depending on soil type and rainfall across all regions of Victoria except for the north east. Lupins in the east of the state performed best with average to slightly above average yields. Disease Dry conditions meant there were limited reports of fungal diseases in Surveys confirm that Victoria remains free of anthracnose. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2015 New varieties PBA Barlock is a high yielding lupin that was released in WA in 2013 and will be commercially available across Victoria and South Australia for Disease Most narrow leaf varieties are susceptible to brown leaf spot. Fungicide seed dressings and agronomic management are required to reduce impact of this disease. Jenabillup offers the best varietal response to this disease. Virus diseases remain a potential issue for Seed testing is recommended to confirm freedom from CMV and other viruses, and resistant varieties are recommended. Avoid sowing lupins adjacent to legume crops or pasture (eg. lucerne) to reduce virus risk. Monitoring and managing aphids may also assist to manage viruses. Jenabillup and Quilinock offer the best available resistance to BYMV and black pod syndrome. VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS denotes Plant Breeder Rights apply End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Narrow leaf lupin JENABILLUP Tall mid flowering narrow leaf lupin with early vigour. A high yielding variety more suited to the medium to higher rainfall areas. It has a longer flowering window compared to Mandelup, making it less suitable to crop topping. MR to lodging. MR to aphid colonisation. Brown leaf spot MRMS, anthracnose MS, stem phomopsis MS and pod phomopsis R. MR for BYMV and black pod syndrome offering the best tolerance available in narrow leaf varieties. Released Seednet. EPR $2.30. Narrow leaf lupin JINDALEE Tall, mid flowering and late maturing variety suited to early sowing in high rainfall, long season areas. Does not handle a dry finish, and because of its vernalisation requirement can flower too late in warmer areas. Brown leaf spot MR, anthracnose S, phomopsis R. Medium speckled seed size with medium seed alkaloid levels. Developed by NSW DPI. Released Narrow leaf lupin MANDELUP A tall, early flowering and maturing variety with high yield suited to medium to low rainfall zones. Suitable for crop topping. Mandelup may lodge in high rainfall zones. Resistant to aphids. Brown leaf spot MS, anthracnose MR, stem phomopsis R and pod phomopsis MRMS. Pod shatter with delayed harvest and poorer establishment have been issues with Mandelup. Released Heritage Seeds are the commercial partner for this variety. Seednet collect the EPR $ Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

75 Lupin Narrow leaf lupin PBA BARLOCK Resistant to anthracnose, PBA Barlock is an early variety with slightly later flowering and maturing than Mandelup with a greater yield potential and more resistance to pod shatter. Resistant to aphids. Brown leaf spot MS, stem phomopsis MR and pod phomopsis R. Better metribuzin tolerance than Wonga. Released in WA in 2013 and eastern states in 2014 (WALAN2325). Seednet. EPR $2.50 Narrow leaf lupin PBA GUNYIDI Released as a replacement of Mandelup, PBA Gunyidi is a slightly later flowering and maturing variety than Mandelup. PBA Gunyidi has proven widely adapted to a range of environments, and is considered an alternative to Mandelup, but with greater resistance to pod shattering. It is not as tall as Mandelup, and generally considered comparable to it for yield. Resistant to aphids. Brown leaf spot MS, anthracnose MR, stem and pod phomopsis R. It is only available in limited supply in eastern Australia and likely to be adopted only by those who are dissatisfied with Mandelup. Developed by PBA (WALAN2289). Released Seednet. EPR $2.50. Narrow leaf lupin QUILINOCK High yielding narrow leaf lupin but SVS to anthracnose. It is early flowering for low to medium rainfall areas. Stem phomopsis MRMS and pod phomopsis MS. Released Limited quantities grown in eastern states due to anthracnose susceptibility. EPR $0.95. Narrow leaf lupin WONGA Resistant to anthracnose with medium height and lodging resistance. Brown leaf spot MS, stem and pod phomopsis R. Best suited to medium rainfall districts, particularly when resistance to anthracnose is required. Released Albus lupin KIEV MUTANT Once the most widely grown albus variety, but now superseded. It is of moderate height, grows vigorously, flowers early but matures late compared with narrow leaf lupins. Requires rainfall higher than 450mm to yield well. Does not handle waterlogged conditions. Alkaloid testing of seed is required. Albus lupin LUXOR A newer release to replace Kiev Mutant, but with resistance to Pleiochaeta root rot. Slightly taller than Kiev Mutant and suitable for lower to medium rainfall regions and high rainfall regions where Pleiochaeta root rot is a problem. Luxor is 100 per cent sweet and should not be grown within 2 km of other albus varieties to avoid bitter contamination. Released Seednet. EPR $2.80. Albus lupin ROSETTA A release selected for improved yield and Pleiochaeta root rot resistance compared to Kiev Mutant. It is late flowering, making it suitable for medium and higher rainfall regions although has compared well with other albus varieties in the Mallee. It is tall and 100 per cent sweet, so should not be grown near other albus varieties. Very little is grown in the eastern states. Released Bitter, large seeded albus lupin - LUPINI bean Varieties are Lago Azzurro, Mount Beauty and Murphy. They must be grown in complete isolation from sweet albus varieties due to the high alkaloid content of the seed and the potential to cross or contaminate sweet albus varieties. Production is for a niche market. Table 1: Optimal lupin sowing times for rainfall zones and soil types. Rainfall zone Average mm per year Below 350 mm Optimum sowing time Sands Shallow sand over clay, sandy loams, loams mid April to early late April to early May May mm early to mid May mid May Above 450 mm mid May late May Table 2: Lupin variety agronomic and disease guide. Flowering Height Lodging Pod Drought Aphid time shattering tolerance resist Brown leaf spot Pleiochaeta root rot CMV seed transmit Anthracnose Phomopsis Stem Pod Narrow leaf Jenabillup M T MR MS MR MR MRMS R MR MS MS R Jindalee M-L M R MR MS MR R MS S R R Mandelup VE T MS MS MR R MS R MS MR R MRMS PBA E M MR R R MS RMR R MR R Barlock PBA VE M MS R MR R MS R MR MR R R Gunyidi Quilinock E S MS MR MR MS MRMS R MR SVS MRMS MS Wonga E-M M MR R MS MR MS R R R R R Albus lupin Kiev Mutant E M R MS S MR VS R VS MR S Luxor E-M M-T R MS S MR R R VS MR S Rosetta M-L T R MS S MR MR R VS MR S Flowering time; VE=very early, E=early, M=mid, L=late Height; S=short, M=medium, T=tall Lodging and disease reactions; R = Resistant RMR = Resistant to moderately resistant MR = Moderately resistant MRMS = Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible MS = Moderately susceptible MSS = Moderately susceptible to susceptible S = Susceptible SVS = Susceptible to very susceptible VS = Very susceptible Victorian Winter Crop Summary

76 Lupin Table 3: Lupin sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. MALLEE April May June July Narrow leaf Jenabillup, Mandelup, PBA Barlock, PBA Gunyidi, Quilinock, Wonga > X X X X < < Albus lupin Kiev Mutant, Luxor, Rosetta > X X X X < < WIMMERA April May June July Narrow leaf Jenabillup, Mandelup, PBA Barlock, PBA Gunyidi, Quilinock, Wonga > > X X X X < < Albus lupin Kiev Mutant, Luxor, Rosetta > > X X X X < < NORTH CENTRAL April May June July Narrow leaf Jenabillup, Jindalee, Mandelup, PBA Barlock, PBA Gunyidi, Quilinock, Wonga > > X X X X < < Albus lupin Kiev Mutant, Luxor, Rosetta > > X X X X < < NORTH EAST April May June July Narrow leaf Jenabillup, Jindalee, PBA Barlock, PBA Gunyidi, Quilinock, Wonga > X X X X < < Albus lupin Kiev Mutant, Luxor, Rosetta > X X X X < < SOUTH WEST April May June July Narrow leaf Jenabillup, Jindalee, PBA Barlock, PBA Gunyidi, Quilinock, Wonga > X X X X < < Albus lupin Kiev Mutant, Luxor, Rosetta > X X X X X < >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable Table 4: Long term predicted lupin yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Mandelup. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. Mallee North Central Mandelup (t/ha) Coromup 90 (10) 93 (7) Jenabillup 94 (13) 96 (7) Jindalee 77 (4) - Mandelup 100 (13) 100 (7) Moonah 97 (4) - PBA Barlock 96 (9) 95 (5) PBA Gunyidi 96 (13) 99 (5) Quilinock 92 (7) - Wonga 84 (12) 83 (7) 74 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

77 Lupin Table 5: Yield of lupin expressed as a percentage of the yield of Mandelup and 100 grain weight (g/100 seeds) in 2014 trials. Yield Grain weight Mallee North Central Mallee Hopetoun (F) Walpeup Diggora Hopetoun Sowing Date 30/4/14 2/5/14 9/5/14 Mandelup (t/ha) Coromup Danja Jenabillup Mandelup PBA Barlock PBA Gunyidi Quilinock Wonga Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) F = Multiple frosts. Table 6: Lupin disease guide. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Inoculum source Control FUNGAL DISEASES Brown leaf spot Pleiochaeta setosa Pleiochaeta root rot Rhizoctonia Anthracnose Pleiochaeta setosa Rhizoctonia spp. Colletotrichum lupini VIRUS DISEASES CMV Cucumber mosaic virus BYMV Bean yellow mosaic virus ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dark spots on leaves and pods, often web like on leaves, infected leaves drop off, lesions may girdle stem. Browning and rotting of tap and lateral roots, seedling plant death. Bare patches in crop, spear tipped root ends or hypocotyl rot and stain. Dark brown lesions containing pink/orange spore masses on stems, pods and occasionally leaves. Lesions cause bending and twisting of stems and pods and occur in crook of bend. Leaves are pale, bunched, and down curled with faint mosaic pattern. Brown necrotic streaks as plant dies back from growing point of stem, shepherd crook of stem, pods blackened and flat, leaves yellow, plants wilt and die. Very common but losses usually minor in dry areas, yield loss can be significant in cool damp areas. Serious reduction in lupin plant density and vigour. Can be severe in isolated patches, reduces stand density, favoured by minimum tillage, wet soils and mild conditions. Severe infections can result in severing of stems or total pod abortion resulting in complete crop failure. Early widespread infection severely reduces yield. Minor infections prevent use of harvested grain as seed. Can be severe in higher rainfall areas, usually transmitted from pasture. Spores survive in soil and lupin trash. Rain splash and wind blown rain spread the disease. Spores in soil infecting roots usually at seedling stage, spread also by rain splash. Soil borne infection with wide host range, survives as fungal fragments in soil and plant debris. Seed borne infection. Spread in crop by rain splash and wind. Seed borne infection in narrow leaf lupin, aphid vectored in crop. Aphid vectored, many hosts (including pasture legumes), seed borne in L. albus. Fungicide seed dressings, crop rotation, variety selection, early sowing, sow into cereal stubble. Minimum 4 year rotation between lupins, sowing 4-5 cm deep to avoid spore layer, fungicide seed dressings. Tillage prior and during sowing below seed depth, rotation has no effect. Clean seed and machinery, resistant varieties, fungicide seed dressings. Sow clean seed, use a seed test, high sowing rates and cereal barriers around crops reduce aphid transmission. High plant density, cereal barrier, control weed and volunteer lupins, avoid sowing adjacent to legume pastures. Ivan Mock Mary Raynes Geoff Thomas Dodgshun Medlin Pulse Australia Department of Agriculture and Food, Perth Victorian Winter Crop Summary

78 Chickpea REVIEW OF 2014 Season Despite the excellent start it was another difficult year for chickpea crops across all growing regions of Victoria. Early flowering chickpeas were impacted by dry conditions and persistent frosts. Several heavy frosts in August and September resulted in floral and pod abortion. Late sown crops were particularly vulnerable to the exceptional dry conditions from July onwards and the hot winds of September and October and were consequently not harvested. Some isolated chickpea crops around the southern Wimmera that showed promise were unfortunately damaged by late frost mid-october and early November. Early sowing is still a valid management technique for chickpeas although consideration of the frost risk and adequate disease management is required for success. Those crops that were harvested produced quality export grain being free from seed discolouration, insect and disease damage albeit of a smaller seed size than usual. Yield of chickpea crops that were harvested were below or well below average. With a lower current global demand for chickpeas, it is more difficult to market smaller sized kabuli grain. Disease and insects There was some ascochyta present in the damp conditions early in the season, but increasingly dry conditions and preventative use of fungicides limited the spread of all fungal diseases including ascochyta. Insects numbers were also limited by the dry conditions. There were isolated reports of pratylenchus later in the season. LOOKING FORWARD TO 2015 There are no new chickpea varieties for Current breeding programs are focusing on improving ascochyta resistance and harvestability and increasing the seed size of kabuli chickpeas. Disease Management of fungal diseases remains the most important priority for sowing. Source seed from a paddock where ascochyta was not detected or was well managed and treat with a fungicide seed dressing to minimise botrytis grey mould (BGM) and ascochyta blight. Sow into a paddock more than 500 metres away from last year s chickpea crop. Variety selection should be based on expected ascochyta blight pressure, yield and marketing opportunities, as disease management is critical to success. It is very important to know the ascochyta blight resistance rating for a chosen variety and understand the disease management package associated with growing that variety. While a number of varieties have improved foliar resistance to ascochyta blight, all chickpea varieties are susceptible to ascochyta pod infection. Varieties with good aschochyta resistance will still require a foliar fungicide application at CHICKPEA podding to minimise the risk of seed infection and maximise quality. Moderately resistant varieties, such as Almaz and PBA Monarch, require 2-4 strategic fungicide applications to prevent yield loss. Herbicides and their residues can increase susceptibility to disease. Growers need to consult with cropping advisors to maintain an awareness of the products and rates registered for use on chickpeas and the plant back time for chemicals used previously. MORE INFORMATION Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information. Australian Field Crop Disease Guide app Growing chickpea AG1347 Pulse disease guide Pulse Australia has detailed information on growing pulses including: Chickpea disease management strategy VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS denotes plant breeders rights apply. End Point Royalty (EPR) quoted $/tonne ex-gst. Desi type AMBAR Limited evaluation has occurred outside Western Australia. Early data indicates good resistance to ascochyta blight and likely to require one fungicide application during podding. Ambar is an early flowering and maturing variety suitable for short season environments. Seed is smaller than Howzat and PBA Slasher but has a uniform grain size and tan-brown colour that assists marketing. Released Heritage Seeds. EPR $4. Desi type GENESIS TM 509 Has good ascochyta resistance and is likely to require only one fungicide application during podding. Seed is less preferred than Howzat and PBA Slasher. Genesis 509 yields lower than PBA Slasher. It has shown broad adaptation and is suited to both the Wimmera and Mallee regions. Released Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. EPR $5. Desi type HOWZAT Susceptible to ascochyta blight and strategic application of fungicides is required. Initially prostrate rather than erect, but standing ability improves towards maturity. Mid flowering with tan grain of medium size. The variety has excellent adaptation to most chickpea growing regions. Released Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. Desi type NEELAM Limited evaluation has occurred outside Western Australia. Early data indicates good resistance to ascochyta blight. Mid flowering and mid maturing variety. Seed is smaller than Howzat and PBA Slasher. Released Heritage Seeds. EPR $4. 76 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

79 Chickpea Desi type PBA MAIDEN MR to ascochyta blight and when grown in Victoria will require at least one fungicide application during the vegetative phase (8-10 weeks after sowing) and an additional spray at podding. Large angular seed size, yellow-tan in colour, is suitable for the whole seed market. PBA Maiden has early-mid flowering and mid maturity. It is susceptible to BGM. Growers are advised to investigate delivery and marketing options prior to growing this variety due to its unique and favourable seed characteristics. Released 2013 (CIPAL0717). Seednet. EPR $4. Desi type PBA SLASHER Good resistance to foliar infection by ascochyta and is likely to require only one fungicide application during podding. PBA Slasher has mid flowering and maturity. Seed is medium size tan-brown which has excellent milling quality, suitable for both split and whole seed markets. It is susceptible to BGM, similar to Genesis TM varieties. Released Seednet. EPR $4. Desi type PBA STRIKER MR to ascochyta blight and when grown in Victoria will require at least one fungicide application during the vegetative phase (8-10 weeks after sowing), and an additional spray at podding. Excellent adaptation to short season environments due to early flowering and maturity. Medium seed size with excellent milling quality. Released Seednet. EPR $4. Kabuli type ALMAZ MS to ascochyta blight. Almaz will require at least 3 fungicide applications to be successfully grown in Victorian growing conditions. Seed size is similar to PBA Monarch (8-9 mm) but smaller than Genesis Kalkee. Yield is lower than PBA Monarch. Best adapted to the traditional kabuli growing areas. Released Seednet. EPR $6.50. Kabuli type GENESIS TM 079 Good resistance to ascochyta blight, Genesis 079 is likely to only require one fungicide application during podding. It is a high yielding small seeded type (6-7mm) with relatively high yields in short season environments. Genesis 079 is the earliest flowering and maturing kabuli variety available. Released Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. EPR $5. Kabuli type GENESIS TM 090 Genesis 090 has good ascochyta blight resistance and is likely to require only one fungicide application during podding. It has shown wide adaptation and excellent yield stability, including in drier environments. Genesis 090 has a small seed (7-8 mm), approximately 1 mm smaller than Almaz or PBA Monarch. It has the potential to be grown as a good alternative to desi chickpeas or as a higher yielding but lower value alternative (smaller seed) to kabuli s such as Almaz, PBA Monarch and Genesis Kalkee. Released Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. EPR $5. Kabuli type GENESIS TM 114 MS to ascochyta blight and when grown in Victoria is likely to require strategic fungicide applications (2-4 sprays) throughout the growing season. Seed size is medium (8-9 mm) and has been higher yielding than Almaz and Nafice. Genesis 114 has an erect plant habit and excellent lodging resistance. Released Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. EPR $5. Kabuli type GENESIS TM KALKEE MS to ascochyta blight and when grown in Victoria is likely to require strategic fungicide applications (2-4 sprays) throughout the growing season. Seed size is larger than Kaniva and Almaz (predominantly 9 mm). Kalkee has an erect plant habit. Released Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. EPR $5. Kabuli type PBA MONARCH MS to ascochyta blight and when grown in Victoria is likely to require strategic fungicide applications (2-4 sprays) throughout the growing season. Particularly suited to shorter season environments. Medium seed size (8-9 mm) is larger than Genesis 090 and similar to Almaz. Highest yielding medium sized kabuli. A semi-spreading plant similar to PBA Slasher with some susceptibility to lodging particularly when biomass is high. Released Seednet. EPR $6.50. Table 1: Chickpea time of sowing guide. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. MALLEE April May June July Desi Ambar, Genesis 509, PBA Maiden, PBA > > X X X < < < < Slasher, PBA Striker Kabuli Genesis 079, Genesis 090, PBA Monarch > > X X X < < < < WIMMERA April May June July Desi Ambar, Genesis 509, PBA Maiden, PBA Slasher, PBA Striker > X X X X X < < < < Kabuli Genesis 079, Genesis 090 > X X X X X < < < < Almaz, Genesis 114, Genesis Kalkee, PBA Monarch > > X X X X < < < NORTH CENTRAL April May June July Desi Ambar, Genesis 509, PBA Maiden, PBA Slasher, PBA Striker > > X X X < < < < Kabuli Genesis 079, Genesis 090, PBA Monarch > > X X X < < < < >earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable Victorian Winter Crop Summary

80 Chickpea Table 2: Chickpea disease guide summary. Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Hosts Control Ascochyta blight Ascochyta Chickpea. rabiei. Botrytis grey mould Sclerotinia Botrytis cinerea. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Pale brown lesions on leaves, stems and pods. Lesions may have a grey centre containing small black fruiting bodies. Infected stems wither and break. Poor emergence and death of young plants. Soft rot at the base of the stem. Grey mould growth on leaves, stems and pods. Lodging of plants in dense crops. Discolouration of seed with grey mould. Scattered dead plants within a crop. Cottony white fungal growth on the lower stems of dead plants. Soft rot and white mould on stems and pods. Damping-off Pythium spp. Poor crop establishment under wet conditions. Seed rotting in the ground. Sudden death of young seedlings. Phytophthora Phoma blight Root lesion nematode VIRUS DISEASES AMV CMV BWYV Phytophthora megasperma. Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella. Pratylenchus thornei and Pratylenchus neglectus. Alfalfa mosaic virus Cucumber mosaic virus Beet western yellows virus Plants suddenly wither and die, particularly after waterlogging. Dark brown to black discolouration of the tap root. Blackening of the stem near ground level. Dark, tan coloured lesions on leaves, stems and pods. Ill-thrift, lack of branching of root system, small dark stripes on roots. Tip necrosis. The leaves and stems of Desi varieties become red/brown. The leaves and stems of Kabuli varieties turn yellow. Yellowing, stunting, offshoots. The leaves and stems of Desi varieties become red/brown. The leaves and stems of Kabuli varieties turn yellow. Yellowing, stunting, offshoots. The internal tissues of the main stem at the base turn brown. Occurs in all regions. Affects both kabuli and desi types. Most severe in spring. Occurs in all regions. Affects both kabuli and desi types. Most severe in wet seasons. Dense crops are more likely to be affected. Occurs in all chickpea growing regions. Most severe in wet seasons where chickpea is planted in fields recently cropped to chickpea. Problem in all regions, particularly in soils that become very wet just after sowing. More severe on kabuli than desi chickpea. Most serious disease in northern Australia. May be a problem in poorly drained soils in southern Australia under wet conditions. Common in most chickpea growing regions. Most severe in wet seasons. Favoured by wheat in rotation with chickpea, medic and vetch. Occurs in all chickpea growing areas. Seasons and districts with major aphid flights. Prevalent in chickpea growing regions. Seasons and districts with major aphid flights. Occurs in all chickpea growing areas. Seasons and districts with major aphid flights. Chickpea, most pulses, including lentil and faba bean. Most pulses, oilseeds and broadleaf weeds. Chickpea, most pulses. Chickpea, lucerne. Most legumes. Wheat, chickpea, medic, vetch, narbon bean. Wide host range including most pulses, some horticultural plants and weeds Very wide host range, including most pulses, pastures, horticultural crops and weeds Very wide host range, including most pulses, brassicas and weeds Fungicide seed dressing, foliar fungicides, rotation, avoid susceptible varieties, avoid early sowing. Fungicide seed dressings, lower plant densities, avoid early sowing. Crop rotation. (Seed dressings of no benefit.) Fungicide seed dressings, avoid poorly drained soils. Resistant varieties. Crop rotation. Crop rotation (predictive soil test available). Virus-free seed Resistant varieties Virus-free seed Resistant varieties Managing aphids and weeds, resistant varieties 78 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

81 Chickpea Table 3: Chickpea variety agronomic and disease guide. Variety Ave 100 seed wt (g) Seed size group Early growth DESI Ambar 16 small poormod Flowering Maturity Height Lodging resistance Botrytis grey mould Ascochyta blight Foliage /Stem Ascochyta blight Pod early early shortmid MS S R S Genesis small mod mid earlymid mid MR MS R S Howzat 20 medium poormod mid mid mid MS MS S S Neelam 17 medium mod mid mid shortmid MS S R S PBA Maiden 24 med-large mod mid mid shortmid MS S MR S PBA Slasher 18 medium poormomid mid mid short- MS S R S PBA Striker 22 medium good early early shortmid MS S MR S KABULI Almaz 38 medium mod mid-late late mid-tall MR S MS S Genesis small good early early short MR S R S Genesis small good mid midlate mid MR S R S Genesis medium good mid-late late tall R S MS S Genesis 45 large good late late tall R S MS S Kalkee PBA Monarch 40 medium poormod early early mid MS S MS S Disease ratings from Pulse Breeding Australia. R = Resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, VS = very susceptible, p = provisional Table 4: Long term predicted Victorian yield data for expressed as a percentage of the yield of PBA Slasher (Desi) or Genesis 090 (Kabuli). The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area. Desi Kabuli Mallee Wimmera Mallee Wimmera PBA Slasher (t/ha) Genesis 090 (t/ha) Ambar 97 (11) 94 (7) Almaz 88 (12) 91 (12) Genesis (12) 89 (12) Genesis (12) 95 (12) Genesis (12) 93 (12) Genesis (12) 100 (12) Genesis (7) 86 (9) Genesis (9) 90 (11) Genesis (3) 92 (6) Genesis (6) Howzat 91 (5) 90 (7) Genesis Kalkee 97 (12) 96 (12) Neelam 101 (14) 101 (8) PBA Monarch 107 (12) 96 (12) PBA Boundary 94 (5) 97 (7) PBA HatTrick 91 (7) 92 (9) PBA Maiden 96 (17) 94 (13) PBA Slasher 100 (17) 100 (13) PBA Striker 100 (17) 95 (13) Sonali 88 (3) 85 (3) Table 5: Kabuli chickpea, Yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Genesis 090 Mallee Wimmera Birchip (C, F) Rainbow (F) Ultima (F) Horsham (B) Tarranyurk Sowing Date 13/5/14 17/5/14 13/5/14 17/6/14 4/6/14 Genesis 090 (t/ha) Almaz Genesis Genesis Genesis Genesis Genesis Kalkee PBA Monarch Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) C = Caution interpreting data: low yield at Birchip. F = Multiple frosts. Victorian Winter Crop Summary

82 Chickpea Table 6: Desi chickpea, Yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of PBA Slasher. Mallee Wimmera Birchip Curyo (B) Rainbow (F) Ultima (F) Horsham (B) Rupanyup Tarranyurk (C, F) (B, C) Sowing Date 13/5/14 19/5/14 17/5/14 13/5/14 17/5/14 12/6/14 4/6/14 PBA Slasher (t/ha) Ambar Genesis Genesis Genesis Genesis Howzat Neelam PBA Boundary PBA HatTrick PBA Maiden PBA Slasher PBA Striker Site Mean (t/ha) CV (%) LSD (%) C = Caution interpreting data: low yield at Birchip, high variability at Rupanyup. F = Multiple frosts. Table 7: Grain weight (g/100 seeds) in 2014 chickpea trials. Desi Kabuli Mallee Wimmera Mallee Wimmera Birchip Rainbow Ultima Tarranyurk Birchip Rainbow Ultima Tarranyurk Ambar Almaz Genesis Genesis Genesis Genesis Neelam Genesis Kalkee PBA Maiden PBA Monarch PBA Slasher PBA Striker Table 8: Ascochyta blight management trial* of chickpea varieties grown in an in a high intensity year showing grain yields (t/ha) and gross margins (GM, $/ha). Yield or gross margin are underlined where they are reduced (statistically significant) compared to the yield or gross margin for the fortnightly application. The suggested management option for varieties grown under high disease pressure is shaded. Fungicide No. regime 1 sprays Genesis 090 Genesis 509 Almaz Howzat Kaniva t/ha GM 2 t/ha GM 2 t/ha GM 2 t/ha GM 2 t/ha GM 2 Fortnight $1, $ $ $ $550 Strategic $1, $ $ $ $240 Podding $1, $ $ $ $195 Podding-Dithane $ $ $ $ $192 Nil $ $ $ $ $180 *Ascochyta blight stubble spread over trial site to maximise disease pressure. Resistant varieties grown side by side with susceptible varieties. 1. Fungicide regime: 1.5L/ha was used for all treatments except 1L/ha. All fungicides applied at a water rate of 100L/ha. 2. Gross Margin ($/ha): Based on production costs of $180/ha + $15/ha/application where chlorothalonil applied (1.5L/ha) and $12/ha/application where dithane applied (1L/ha). Seed prices: Desi = $350, Kabuli 9mm = $850, 8mm = $750, 7mm = $550, 6mm = $330, Screen = $200). All Kabuli varieties were screened to calculate seed size distribution. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Jason Brand Frank Henry Kristy Hobson Mary Raynes Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Hamilton Department of Primary Industries NSW Pulse Australia The Kalkee disease management and gross margin trial (Table 8) was conducted by Jason Brand. All other yield data is from the National Variety Trials and Pulse Breeding Australia. 80 Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2015

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84 Bellata 2397 Coolah 2843 Merriwa 2329 Mullaley 2379 North Star 2408 SoMertoN 2340 SpriNg ridge 2343 tamworth 2340 wellington 2820 wongarbon 2831 Bullarah 2400 CooNaMBle 2829 gilgandra 2827 goonumbla 2870 NyNgaN 2825 parkes 2870 trangie 2823 tulloona 2400 walgett 2832 ariah park 2665 Boorowa 2586 BroCkleSBy 2642 CaNowiNdra 2804 CootaMuNdra 2590 Cowra 2794 Cudal 2864 CuMNoCk 2867 galong 2585 gerogery 2642 grenfell 2810 harden 2587 henty 2658 QuaNdialla 2721 temora 2666 wagga wagga 2650 BalraNald 2715 BeCkoM 2665 Boree Creek 2652 ColeaMBally 2707 CoNdoBoliN 2877 lockhart 2656 MayruNg 2710 Merriwagga 2652 oaklands 2646 willbriggie 2680 Biloela 4715 Capella 4723 duaringa 4712 kilcummin 4721 SpriNgSure 4722 BrookStead 4364 JoNdaryaN 4401 kingsthorpe 4400 MaCaliSter 4406 BuNguNya 4494 dulacca 4425 lundavra 4390 MeaNdarra 4422 MuNgiNdi 2406 NiNdigully 4497 westmar 4422 CoCkaleeChie 5631 CuMMiNS 5631 greenpatch 5607 Mt hope 5607 rudall 5642 ungarra 5607 wanilla 5607 wharminda 5603 yeelanna 5632 CryStal Brook 5523 laura 5480 MiNtaro 5415 riverton 5412 SalterS SpriNgS 5401 SpaldiNg 5454 tarlee 5411 turretfield 5411 Cooke plains 5261 geranium 5301 lameroo 5302 NaNgari 5333 palmer 5237 paruna 5311 pinnaroo 5304 waikerie 5330 wanbi 5310 wunkar 5311 BordertowN 5268 CoNMurra 5272 frances 5262 keith 5267 Moyhall 5271 MuNdulla 5270 Sherwood 5267 wolseley 5269 darke peak 5642 elliston 5670 kimba 5641 lock 5633 MiNNipa 5654 MitChellville 5602 NuNJikoMpita 5680 penong 5690 piednippie 5680 Streaky Bay 5680 tooligie 5607 warramboo 5650 arthurton 5572 BreNtwood 5575 Bute 5560 MaitlaNd 5573 MiNlatoN 5575 paskeville 5552 port CliNtoN 5570 urania 5573 warooka 5577 willamulka 5554 wokurna 5520 CreSSy 7302 BirChip 3483 hopetoun 3396 MaNaNgataNg 3546 MerriNee 3496 Murrayville 3512 QuaMBatook 3540 rainbow 3424 ultima 3544 walpeup 3507 BalliaNg 3340 CharltoN 3525 ColBiNaBBiN 3559 diggora 3561 eastville 3463 MitiaMo 3573 dookie 3646 rutherglen 3685 wunghnu 3635 yarrawonga 3730 hamilton 3300 StreathaM 3351 teesdale 3328 BriM 3391 CoraCk 3480 horsham 3400 kaniva 3419 MiNyip 3392 tarranyurk 3414 wonwondah 3401 BadgiNgarra 6521 CarNaMah 6517 eradu 6532 MiNgeNew 6522 Morawa 6623 NaBawa 6532 ogilvie 6535 walkaway 6528 BadgiNgarra 6521 Beverley 6304 BiNNu 6532 BuNtiNe 6613 CaliNgiri 6569 Coorow 6515 CorrigiN 6375 CuNderdiN 6407 eneabba 6518 eradu 6532 goomalling 6460 katanning 6317 kulin 6365 MiliNg 6575 MiNgeNew 6522 NareMBeeN 6369 pingelly 6308 wagin 6315 wickepin 6370 wongan hills 6603 wongan hills r.s arthur river 6315 Coorow 6515 frankland 6396 gnowangerup 6335 kendenup 6323 kojonup 6395 Mt. Barker 6324 Mullewa 6630 NarrogiN 6312 NyaBiNg 6341 pingrup 6343 toodyay 6566 williams 6391 york 6302 arthur river 6315 BeNCuBBiN 6477 Cadoux 6466 dalwallinu 6609 katanning 6317 kellerberrin 6410 MerrediN 6415 MooriNe rock 6425 MukiNBudiN 6479 Mullewa 6630 pingelly 6308 pithara 6608 wyalkatchem 6485 yuna 6532 grass patch 6446 holt rock 6355 hyden 6359 JerraMuNgup 6337 lake grace 6353 Mt. MaddeN 6356 SalMoN gums 6445 SCaddaN 6447 wittenoom hills 6447 wongan hills 6603 esperance 6450 gibson 6448 MuNgliNup 6450 Newdegate 6355 hyden 6359 MerrediN 6415 esperance 6450