Phytophthora ramorum: cause of sudden oak death and other diseases

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1 Phytophthora ramorum: cause of sudden oak death and other diseases University of California Cooperative Extension Oregon State University USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service California Oak Mortality Task Force USDA-Forest Service

2 Overview History & description of P. ramorum P. ramorum in wildlands P. ramorum in nurseries & landscaping Regulations Best Management Practices: IPM Research update Communication & education Questions & answers

3 Speakers Janice Alexander, Sudden Oak Death Outreach Coordinator, University of California Cooperative Extension Jennifer Parke, Plant Pathologist, Oregon State University Jonathan Jones, National Phytophthora ramorum Program Manager, USDA APHIS PPQ

4 History of Phytophthora ramorum in North America

5 Photo: Marin County Fire Department Marin County, CA (north of San Francisco)

6 Photo: Marin County Fire Department Marin County, CA (north of San Francisco), 2000

7 Phytophthora ramorum Sporangia releasing zoospores Phytophthora ramorum in culture Photo: UC Davis & UC Berkeley Chlamydospores

8 Photo: Hans DeGruyter, Netherlands Plant Protection Institute European garden & nursery finds Phytophthora ramorum infection on rhododendron in Europe

9 Phytophthora ramorum infection on the leaves of California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica) Photo: Joseph O Brien, USDA-Forest Service

10 Two sets of symptoms caused by Phytophthora ramorum Sudden Oak Death Red oak group hosts and tanoak Stem lesions beneath the bark May bleed or ooze Can kill adult plants Phytophthora ramorum Foliar Blight Non-oak hosts Spots and blotches on leaves Shoot dieback Can kill juvenile plants, occasionally mature plants

11 Photo: Mike McWilliams, ODF

12 P. ramorum confirmations in North American forests Map from Kelly, UC-Berkeley

13 Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University

14 Photo: Jonathan Jones, APHIS, PPQ

15 Trace-forwards and positive detections across the U.S. July 2004 Map: USDA, APHIS, PPQ

16 Infected trees in Europe Quercus rubra Fagus sylvatica Photo: DEFRA

17 Photo: William Fry, Cornell University Phytophthora species

18 Photo: Nina Shishkoff, USDA ARS Phytophthora ramorum

19 Photo: Nina Shishkoff, USDA ARS Phytophthora ramorum

20 Susceptible Species* Andrew's clintonia bead lily Ardisia Bigleaf maple California bay laurel California black oak California buckeye California coffeeberry California hazelnut California honeysuckle California maidenhair fern California nutmeg California wood fern Camellia species Canyon live oak Cascara Chinese witchhazel Coast live oak Coast redwood Douglas fir Drooping leucothoe European ash European beech European turkey oak European yew Evergreen huckleberry Evergreen maple False Solomon's seal Formosa firethorn Fetterbush Goat willow Grand fir Griselinia Holm oak Horse chestnut Hybrid witchhazel Laurustinus Lilac Madrone Magnolia varities Manzanita Michelia Mountain laurel Northern red oak Oregon ash Osmanthus Pacific yew Persian ironwood Pieris varieties Planetree maple Poison oak Portugese laurel cherry Red fir Red tip photinia Redwood ivy Rhododendron species Roble beech Rugosa rose Salal Salmonberry Scotch heather Sessile oak Shreve oak Southern red oak Spicebush Spreading euonymus Star magnolia Strawberry tree Striped bark maple Sweet bay laurel Sweet chestnut Sweet Cicely Tanoak Toyon Viburnum varieties Victorian box Western maidenhair fern Western starflower White fir Winter's bark Witch hazel Wood rose Yew

21 Phytophthora ramorum in North American Wildlands

22 Symptoms caused by P. ramorum differ on different hosts Sudden Oak Death affects members of the oak family (Fagaceae) True oaks (Quercus spp.) Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) Chestnut (Castanea) [Europe only] Beech (Fagus) [Europe only]

23 P. ramorum on coast live oak Photo: Pavel Svihra, UC Cooperative Extension

24 Phytophthora ramorum Bleeding or oozing on the bark Not associated with cracks in bark or insect holes Usually on the lower 6 ft. of tree trunks Photos: Mike McWilliams, ODF & Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation

25 Phytophthora ramorum Photos: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Department of Conservation & Dave Rizzo, UC Davis

26 Other common diseases & injuries Bacterial wetwood Boring insects Mechanical injury Fungi

27 Similar symptoms not P. ramorum outer bark inner bark Bleeding canker caused by Armillaria Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service

28 Similar symptoms not P. ramorum outer bark inner bark Bleeding canker caused by inner-bark boring insect Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service

29 Similar symptoms not P. ramorum outer bark inner bark Bleeding canker caused by Inonotus hispidus Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service

30 On other plant hosts, P. ramorum causes symptoms of foliar blight Mountain laurel Viburnum Ferns Vaccinium Conifers etc

31 P. ramorum symptoms on California bay laurel (Umbellularia( californica)

32 P. ramorum symptoms on kalmia (mountain laurel) Photo: DEFRA

33 P. ramorum symptoms on conifers Grand fir Douglas-fir Photo: Santa Clara Co. (CA) Agriculture Dept. & Dave Rizzo, UC Davis

34 Early detection & monitoring Forest Service aerial survey Photo: Ross Meentemeyer, UNC Charlotte

35 Early detection & monitoring Stream baiting Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University

36 Early detection & monitoring Ground surveys Photo: Dave Rizzo, UC Davis

37 Management Issues Treatment Photo: Ted Swiecki, Phytosphere Research

38 Management Issues Eradication Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University

39 Management Issues Suppression Photo: Yana Valachovic, University of California Cooperative Extension

40 Management Issues Containment

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