Indigenous and Imported Fruit Crops in Oklahoma with Organic Potential. Kenda Woodburn, MS OCES Tulsa County

Transcription

1 Indigenous and Imported Fruit Crops in Oklahoma with Organic Potential Kenda Woodburn, MS OCES Tulsa County

2 Fruit Explorers Wo(Man)kind from beginning More modern day fruit explorers Christopher Columbus David Fairchild David Popenoe Various living plant breeders

3 What were they looking for? 1) New foods to bring to their tribe/king 2) Adapted to their climate or unusual 3) Money making proposition 4) Beauty 5) Scientific knowledge

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5 United States Chilling Hour Map

6 Insect and Animal Pollinators Southern blueberry bee Honeybees Wasps Butterflies and Moths Ants Flies Birds

7 Planting Site Know your planting site Soil characteristics Sun exposure and hours of light Temperature extremes Wind direction Water source

8 Plants Requirements Best time to plant Time from planting to harvest Space requirement Disease tolerance ph requirement Sensitivities Pollination requirements

9 Planting preparation Obtain soil test Work ground removing invasive weeds Set up irrigation/irrigate weekly if needed Order plants for upcoming planting season Water immediately after planting Fertilize several weeks later Maintain weed free area Scout for insects

10 Flower Biology Considerations Monoecious or dioecious Dichogamy =Protandrous or protogynous Perfect or imperfect/self fertile versus needs cross pollination Corolla aperture Insect or wind pollinated or both? What types and numbers of pollinators present Pollen tube growth requirements (i.e. temperature)

11 Jujube (Zizyphus jujube L.) Cultivated in China for more than 4000 yrs Over 400 cvs. Ling, Lang Don t require cross pollination but yields higher with it. Flowers for several months-lemony smell 100 lbs fruit per year on well managed trees Cold hardy survive below -10 F 30 years 40 to 50 ft tall

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14 Nutrition Highlights Contains heavy concentrations of niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, and two forms of vitamin A Contains more vitamin C then apples and citrus fruits Contains an array of phenols and nine bioflavonoid, which support vascular functions and cellular health. Contains 18 of the 24 amino acids humans need to live

15 Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Tropical family Annonaceae Poor Man s Banana

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17 Pawpaw Fruit Flavor of mango, papaya and banana and variations thereof

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19 Native Distribution of Asimina Asimina mostly found in the extreme southeastern portion of the United States 14 species in US A. parviflora is found as far north as Virginia A. triloba occurs as far north as southern Michigan and as far west as eastern Nebraska and Oklahoma (2N=2X=) 18 chromosomes

20 Hardy to Zone 5 Few diseases or insect pests-leaf and fungal spot; peduncle borer (Talponia plummeriana Busck) Varmints love them Pollinated by flies and needs cross pollination. Flowers are perfect but protogynous. Sunflower, Overleese, NC-1, Susquehanna, and Shenandoah. Some Taytoo, Taylor, Mitchell, Zimmerman, and Prolific.

21 Individual fruits weigh 5 to 16 ounces and are 3 to 6 long The fruit usually has 10 to 14 seeds in two rows. Seeds are 1/2 to 1-1/2 inches long. Fruits can occur as clusters of up to nine fruit. Fully ripe they last a few days at room temperature, but may be kept for a week in the refrigerator. It is a climacteric fruit and can be harvested slightly green refrigerated then allowed to ripen at room temperature. Good pureed and frozen. Taste like mango and banana

22 Pawpaw seed must receive a 90 to 120 day stratification to germinate. Place seed in a plastic freezer zipper bag with moistened perlite or sphagnum moss and refrigerate at F for 90 days to 120 days.

23 Pawpaw s have a higher protein and fat content than apples and oranges. They have 3x as much vitamin C as apple, 2x as much as banana, and 1/3 as much as orange. 6x as much riboflavin as apple, and 2x as much as orange. Niacin content of pawpaw is 2x as high as banana, 14x as high as apple, and 4x higher than orange. Pawpaw and banana are similar in potassium, both having 2x more than orange Pawpaw has 1 ½ x as much calcium as orange, and 10x more than banana or apple.

24 These two photos: Copyright 2007 Jeff Hollenbeck

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26 Native Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana)

27 Flower: Species is usually dioecious Fruit: A plum-like berry that is green before ripening, turning orange to black when ripe, 3/4 to 2 inches in diameter The fruit is very astringent and mouth numbing when green, sweet and edible when ripe after a hard freeze; matures in mid to late fall. Form: A small to medium sized tree to 60 feet

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30 Oriental Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) Fruit of the gods

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32 Chickasaw or Sand Plum ( Prunus angustifolia Marsh )

33 short, thickly branched shrub 1 to 3 m (3.3 to 9.8 ft) tall, Or a small tree, height at maturity 4.3 to 7.6 m (14 to 25 ft) Open- pollinated and early blooming, March-April, ripe fruits small, mm ( ¼ to 1/2in) in size, thin-skinned, red, orange-red, or yellow fruiting in June-August. Some are edible fruits and others have bitter fruit $6.00 per lb fresh fruit

34 Elderberries (Sambucus canadensis)

35 mature height of 8 to 12 feet 1/4-inch purple-black berries rich source of iron and vitamin C partially self-fruited, cross pollination increases yield fruit are produced on 1- to 3-year-old wood harvest the berries by removing the whole cluster 'Adams', 'Johns', 'Nova', 'Kent', and 'York'

36 Blackberries (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus)

37 Natchez

38 Blueberries, Northern & Southern Highbush and Rabbiteye

39 Blueberry Species Northern Highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum) Includes Bluecrop,Blueray, Bluechip, and Patriot Southern Highbush( Vaccinium corymbosum x spp.) Summit, Toro, and Ozarkblue Rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei) Tifblue, Climax, Alapaha, and Ochlocknee

40 Blueberries In the Azalea family Acid Soil High Organic Matter Mulch Drip Irrigation

41 Grapes Approximately 50 species worldwide Vitis vinifera -old world grape includes most of the best known wines The number of basic chromosomes is n=19 or 2n=38. Vitis rotundifolia -muscadine grape (Scuppernong) The number of basic chromosomes is n=20 or 2n=40.

42 Jewels of Nature Muscadine (Vitis Rotundifolia)

43 Other grape species Vitis aestivalis (Munson)- includes the Cynthiana grape or Norton grape. Vitis labrusca- fox grape Vitis mustangensis- mustang grape

44 Cotton Candy

45 Witches Fingers New York City s Village Voice called them Fruits to Scare Children just in time for Halloween. One grocer s display sells them for $7 a pound.

46 Strawberries Easy, plus harvest fruit first year Will grow anywhere

47 Growing Strawberries

48 Thank You for Listening

49 Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Robert E. Whitson, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. GH 0511