Sustaining vineyards through management of grapevine trunk diseases. Mark Sosnowski

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1 Sustaining vineyards through management of grapevine trunk diseases Mark Sosnowski

2 GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES Eutypa dieback Botryosphaeria dieback Eutypa lata and Diatrypaceaous spp. Botrysphaeriaceous spp.

3 DISEASE CYCLE Botryosphaeria dieback Botryosphaeria Eutypa dieback Canker Toxins Eutypa Eutypa Infected wood Eutypa Fruiting bodies Trunk cross section Eutypa Botryosphaeria Fungal spores Infected xylem vessels Open wound

4 VINE AGE Eutypa foliar symptoms Incidence (%) R² = Age (years) Dieback symptoms Incidence (%) R² = Age (years)

5 VARIETAL SUSCEPTIBILTY Barossa Valley Germplasm Collection Red wine varieties Trunk disease Eutypa foliar symtpoms Symptom severity (%) Odola Dolcetto Cascade Tempranillo Alicante Bouschet Cinsaut Constantia Auldana No. 1 St. Macair Kadarka Shiraz Tinta Cao Cabernet Sauvignon Sumoll Chambourcin Mondeuse De Chaunac Quick's Seedling Tannat Teroldego Calitor Noir Mataro Shiraz Prokupac Terret Noir Aramon Raboso Piave Grenache Tinta Molle (Madeira) Auldana No. 3 Trollinger Tinta Amarella Mantey Royalty Jacquez Mammolo Barbera Merlot Abouriou Nebbiolo Bourgu Bonvedro Criolla Negra Piquepoul Noir Cabernet Franc Malbec Arinarnoa Souzao Bastardo Valdiguie Americano Portan Aleatico Tinta Carvalha CG 1730 Tarrango Lagrain Gramon Pinot Noir Carignan Touriga Monerac Rubired Ganson Baco Noir Gamay Americano Graciano Gascon Ruby Cabernet Egiodola Muscat Hamburg Saperavi Fer Meunier Grec Rose Freisa Zinfandel Limberger Ughetta Shiraz Cab Sauv Grenache Merlot Pinot Noir Muscat a Petits Grains Rouge Nebbiolo Fino Sangiovese Petit Verdot

6 VARIETAL SUSCEPTIBILTY Barossa Valley Germplasm Collection White wine varieties Trunk disease Eutypa foliar symptoms Symptom severity (%) Sauvignon Blanc Verdelet Himrod Clairette Blanche Chenin Blanc Fernao Pires Emerald Riesling Seyval Romulus Pannonia Gold Trebbiano Rkaziteli Xarello Raffiet de Moncade Crouchen Baxter's Sherry Pedro Ximenez Rabaner Chasselas Dore Temprano Putzscheere Siegerrebe Tulillah Arriloba Muscadelle du Bordelaise Parellada Rolle Buckland's Sweetwater Malvasia Rei Red Palamino White Muscat Malvasia Bianca Seneca Viognier Furmint Gouais Bianco D'allessano Angostenga Blanc Baroque Palomino (Listan) Villard Blanc Perdea Biancone Clairette Harslevelu Canada Muscat Fetyaska Flora Valensi Blanc Liliorila Doradillo Verdelho Muscat Gordo Blanco Chardonnay Sylvaner Ansonica Rousane Smederevka Montils Chasan Goyura Lignan Orange Muscat Muscat a Petits Grains Helena Gros Meslier Rhine Riesling Keknyelu Muscadelle Dourado Len De L'EL Muscat Ottonel Sauv Blanc Chardonnay Riesling Riesling Italico Ortrugo Morio Muskat Mtsvane Ehrenfelser Pinot Gris Maccabeu Perle Reichensteiner Traminer X Riesling Semillon Pinot Blanc Sauvignonasse Ondenc Auxerrois Muscat a Petits Grains Colombard Melon Mueller Thurgau Green Veltliner Muscadelle Petit Meslier Traminer Semillon

7 VARIETAL VARIABILITY Detached Cane Assay D. seriata E. lata Fungal growth (mm) Botryosphaeria tolerance? Eutypa tolerance?

8 ROOTSTOCK VARIABILTY Detached cane assay Fungal growth (mm) E. lata CSIRO rootstock genotypes (V. vinifera x cineria/berlandier) D. seriata E. lata Fungal growth (mm) CSIRO rootstock genotypes (V. vinifera x cineria)

9 DISEASE MANAGEMENT Prevention Wound protection Control Remedial surgery

10 WOUND PROTECTION % E. lata recovered day 7 days 14 days Time from wounding to inoculation

11 WOUND PROTECTION Factors to consider: pruning time rate of wound healing sap flow

12 WOUND PROTECTION Factors to consider: pruning time rate of wound healing sap flow size of wounds rate of wound healing surface area

13 WOUND PROTECTION Factors to consider: pruning time rate of wound healing sap flow size of wounds rate of wound healing surface area age of wood size of wound number of wounds

14 WOUND PROTECTION Factors to consider: pruning time rate of wound healing sap flow size of wounds rate of wound healing surface area age of wood size of wound number of wounds inoculum rain / irrigation (2 mm / 2 h / 36 h) alternative hosts vineyard sanitation

15 WOUND PROTECTION EUTYPA DIEBACK Paints and pastes physical barrier large wounds hand applied Acrylic paint Greenseal (tebuconazole) Garrison Rapid (cyproconazole/iodocarb) Fungicides all wounds spray applied benomyl carbendazim tebuconazole fluazinam (Emblem) pyraclostrobin Application Biocontrol reliability? long term protection Vinevax (Trichoderma sp.) Garlic Lactoferrin

16 SPRAY APPLICATION

17 SPRAY APPLICATION Spray Coverage Water Sensitive Papers Front Back Left Right 30% 3% 26% 40% Mean 25% 200L/ha 46% 11% 72% 83% 53% 400L/ha 78% 37% 93% 98% 76% 600L/ha Image J Image processing and analysis software National Institutes of Health USA

18 SPRAY APPLICATION Correlation spray coverage and disease control

19 SPRAY APPLICATION

20 INOCULUM DISPERSAL Objective: Determine timing and duration of spore release by eutypa and bot pathogens in different climatic regions of Australia.

21 DISEASE CONTROL Remedial surgery

22 DISEASE PROGRESSION

23 REMEDIAL SURGERY Trunk cross-section symptoms Incidence of vines with staining (%) Vineyard 1 Vineyard 2 low mid high

24 REMEDIAL SURGERY 100 Foliar symptoms 6 years after remedial surgery % of vines with foliar symptoms low mid high Trial 3 Vineyard 1 Trial 4 Vineyard 2 Trial 6 Vineyard 3

25 REMEDIAL SURGERY Reworked in

26 LAYERING

27 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Clare Region WGGA

28 FURTHER INFORMATION Eutypa dieback (08)

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