RAISINS AND WINE PRODUCTION

Transcription

1 CHAPTER VI RAISINS AND WINE PRODUCTION 6.1 INTRODUCTION Grapevine is the world most widely grown fruit crop. It is cultivated on all continents expect Antarctica. The world production of grapes is presently 69 million tones. Grape (Vitis vinifera L) cultivation is one of the remunerative farm enterprises in India. India is the 9 th largest grape producing country in the world with the production of tones, which make a share of 3.88 per cent of total production of grape in the world. Grape export from India is tons valued at carores that makes a share of 1.7 per cent of total export of grapes in world (Hajra, 2012). The country has the distinction of achieving the highest productivity in grapes in the world with an average yield of 30 t/ha (Shikamany, 2001). In India about 78 per cent of the total production of grapes is used for fresh consumption (table fruit), about 17 to 20 per cent of grapes are used to produce raisin and 1 to 2 per cent used for the wine making (Patil, 2008; Gaikwad and Gade, 2013). The processing of this fruit in our country is very less as compared to the traditional grape growing countries in the world where more than 80 percent of the produce is processed in the form of wine, raisins and juice (Sharma, 2009). There are 16 bi-products made from grapes viz. raisins, grape juice, squash, syrup, jam, jelly, vinegar, wine, pickles, chocolates, tartaric acid, oil, cattle feed, tannin, etc. However, looking to the world scenario of different bi-products, it was necessary to consider setting up of projects for manufacturing other value added products from grapes (Kale, 2009). The processed products viz. wine, raisin and grape juice are the most popular products from the grape all over the world. 6.2 RAISINS PRODUCTION Raisin is one of the most important dried products obtained by drying of grapes (Sawhney et. al, 2009). Raisins are processed by sun drying and tray drying several different types of grapes. Raisin is the second most important product of the grapevine, wine being the first (Shanmugavelue, 1989). They are small and sweetly flavored with a wrinkled texture. Indian raisins are available in different size and color. They have a flavor similar to the grapes from which they are made, but the drying process, which creates them, concentrates the amount of sugar making them 219

2 taste much sweeter. They are a naturally stable food and resist spoilage due to their low moisture and low ph. Raisins production is found only between the latitudes of 30 o N and 39 o N in the northern hemisphere and 28 o S and 36 o S in the southern hemisphere (Mullinist et. al, 1992). In , worldwide production of raisin was approximately tones this corresponds to million tones of fresh grapes. The global raisin industry is impressive in terms of the value of production and the dollar volume in trade. Economic analysis indicates a continuous increase in production and development of raisin trade in international markets. Table 6.1.revels that raisins production and area under grapevine in world during 2001 to Raisins production of world in 2001 was 1187 (MT), it is increased 0.65 per cent in 2002 (1194 MT). The global raisins production reached 1172 and 1117 MT of raisins in 2003 and 2004 (-1.89 % and % over 2002). The raisins production was downward as there was, low domestic and international prices during this period, resulted in less area planted for raisins. This production Figure may rightly be considered high since it nears the record raisins production of 2001:1187 MT. As in any year, the amount of grape destined for raisin production is largely dependent on the price relationship between table grape, wine, juice grape and raisin. Table 6.1: World: Trend of Growth of Grapes Area and Raisin Production Year Grapes Area in mhe Growth rate (%) Production (MT) Growth rate (%) Source: Statistical Report on World Viticulture 2013 and

3 According to the latest Fig 6.1 the world raisin production for the 2005 amounted to 1187 (Mt), an increase of per cent over the previous year. In 2008 world raisins production was 1206 Mt, it is increased 8.42 per cent than previous year, due to favorable weather conditions and the vines look good producing countries especially in the European countries. The 2013 production season saw total production of table raisins increasing 2.95 per cent when compared to the 2012 production volume and per cent when compared to the production volume a GRAPE AREA AND RAISINS PRODUCTION Area (000 ha) Production (Mt) Area (000 ha) Year Production (MT) Fig.6.1 It is important to note (as the OIV points out) that during 2008 to 2011 the EU has paid subsidies to wine growers to uproot vineyards. 2012, is the first year when subsidies have not been paid for grubbing up vines. During that period, the vineyard area declined rapidly but almost leveled out in However, one can question the good sense in this. The situation was that European wine growers had difficulties in selling their production. But since the production was subsidized wine farmers continued to produce, produce more than they could sell. Besides the area under grapevine is 7873 Mhe in It is evident from Figure 6.1 that grapevine area has remained relatively stable over the past two years. That has been primarily due to stable conditions in main producing areas of world. In up to 2004 total world vineyard surface area, is decreasing substantially. However, 221

4 what is going on is dramatically different in Europe and in the rest of the world. A total grapevine area of 7436 Mhe in 2013, it is decreasing by 1.22 per cent than previous year and 5.55 per cent, when compared to the area under of MAJOR RAISIN PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD Raisin are produced in many regions of the world, such as Armenia, Australia, Chile, Argentina, Macedonia, Mexico, Greece, Syria, Turkey, United States, India, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, China, Afghanistan, Togo, and Jamaica, as well as South Africa and Southern and Eastern Europe. Table 6.2: World: Major Raisin Producing Countries Countries 2001 Share of (%) total 2005 Share of (%) total 2010 Share of (%) total 2013 share of (%) total Diff U.S.A Turkey China India Iran Chile S. Africa Argentina Uzbekistan Afghanistan Other Total Source: United States, Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural report, 2012, 2013 and International Nut Council (INC). The USA is the largest raisin producer in the world with (22.64 per cent) 300,800 MT. Turkey is the second largest producer (20.67 per cent) of raisin in the world. The USA and Turkey together produce almost 50 per cent of the total raisin of the world. Besides, China (13.20 per cent), Australia (2.64 per cent), Iran (11.69 per cent), India (12.98 per cent), Chile (11.69 per cent), South Africa (3.01 per cent), Argentina (2.64 per cent), Uzbekistan (2.64 per cent), Afghanistan (2.56 per cent) (Fig.6.2). India has achieved the production level in the range of Metric Tons and placing India 4 th in the world after USA, Turkey and china, since India has huge local consumption and very little export to the world. 222

5 WORLD:MAJOR RAISIN PRODUCING COUNTRIS PRODUCTION IN MILLION M. T / / / /13 Fig 6.2 WORLD:MAJOR RAISIN PRODUCING COUNTRIES U.S.A Turkey China India Iran Chile S. Africa Argentina Uzbekistan Afghanistan Other Fig 6.3 Table 6.2 depict that the world production of raisin production during 2001 to It is observed that the raisin production of world during 2001 to 2013 is increased per cent. It also shows that raisin productions of top producing countries were decrease from 2001 to 2013 especially USA, Turkey, Uzbekistan and Iran. In China, India, Chile, South Africa, Argentina and Afghanistan were continue to increase raisin 223

6 production (Fig 6.3). Especially in China and India growth of raisin production was significant i.e and per cent. 6.4 RAISIN PRODUCTION IN INDIA India is an important raisins producer in the world. India produced 20 per cent of world raisin production. In India, raisins are mostly produced in Sangli, Solapur and Nasik districts of Maharashtra, Belgaum and Bijapur district in Karnataka, and some parts of Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab (Adsule et.al, 2012; Gade & Gaikwad, 2014 a). However major produce is derived from the state of Maharashtra and Karnataka in India. Table.6.3: Raisin Production in India (in 000 tones) Year Grape production Growth rate (%) Raisin production Growth rate (%) Source: National Horticulture Board, Government of India. The harvesting season of grapes in India is from the month of February to April (NPCS Team). India has been a producer of raisins since Raisin production and consumption are continuously increasing. Out of a total grape production 1.6 million tons of table grapes, around per cent of the fresh produce is dried to raisin. In 2003 the raisins production reached to 65,000 tons, placing India 3rd in the world after USA and Turkey (Jogaiah, 2010). In the raisins production of India is MT and MT in India has export 224

7 10,000 MT of raisin every year. Major importers of Indian raisin are China, Indonesia. Indian raisin quality is one of the best qualities available in the world. Table 6.3 reveals the raisin production in India from 2001 to From this table it appears that the raisins production in 2001 is 35 thousand metric tons, which increased 394 per cent ( thousand metric tons) in This was mainly due to enhancement of area under grape by per cent. In case of raisin, production of India recorded an annual hike by per cent per year. The raisins production started increasing over the year. In 2005 raisin production declined to 7.19 per cent, due to unseasonal rainfall then increased 21 per cent in 2006, per cent in 2007 and 8.26 per cent in In 2009 production was decrease per cent ( thousand MT) from the 2008 level. In 2010 raisin production is increase 30 per cent from the previous year. In 2011 raisin production is decrease percent, despite occasionally unfavorable climate conditions, such as drought condition in the study area. India produced thousand metric tons of raisins in 2012 a growth of 15 per cent from the previous year, because of government support cluster farming got encouragement. 6.5 RAISINS PRODUCTION IN SANGLI DISTRICT Sangli is the major quality grape growing area in Maharashtra (India). Sangli area accounts for more than 60 per cent of the production of raisin in India and produces almost all the varieties grape and so is considered as one of the important fruit crop of the eastern part of the district (Gade & Gaikwad, 2014c). Grape growers of Sangli district are expertise in quality raisins making. In grapevines are cultivated on acres in Sangli district. The cultivation area under raisins making is about 60,000 acres and production is 50,000 tones for which Sonaka, Thomson seedless, Tas-A-Ganesh, Sharad etc varieties are used. After the grape harvesting dried under shade at Nagaj, Dhalgaon, Kerwadi, Ghorpadi and Agalgaon in Khavtemankhal tahsil, Umdi in Jath tahsil and Cinchani in Tasgaon Tahsil of Sangli District. These areas are convenient as per considering economical and atmosphere conditions, where temperature is 35 o C to 40 o C and humidity are below 40 per cent. Particular season starts from 15 th of January to ends of 30 th April. Further these dried raisins are shifted to various cold storages located at Sangli and Tasgaon area. 225

8 6.6 DISTRIBUTION OF RAISIN GRAPE AND RAISINS PRODUCTION In the area under raisin grape cultivation was hectares in Sangli district of which Miraj tahsil was the leading tahsil comprising per cent under raisin grape cultivation. After Miraj tahsil Tasgaon tahsil second ranking per cent followed by Palus, Kavate mahankal, Khanapur (Table 6.5). These five tahsils more than 93 per cent share of raisin grape cultivation area of the district (Gade & Gaikwad, 2014d). Table 6.4: Raisin Grape and Raisins Production in Sangli District ( ) Tahsil Area in (hectares) Tasgaon Miraj Kavate mahankal Jath Aatpadi Palus 1821 Walwa 161 Khanapur 364 Kadegaon 00 Shirala 00 Total Source: The Sangli Grape Cluster, Sangli, NSDC, Share in (%) Raisin production (MT) , , , , , % Share (%) % SANGLI DISTRICT: RAISINS PRODUCTION Tasgaon Miraj Kawate Mahankal Jath Aatpadi Palus Walwa Khanapur Fig

9 Table 6.4 shows that area of raisin grape and raisin production in Sangli district on In Sangli district the area under raisin grape in was acres with the production Mt. In which Miraj (41.16 per cent), Tasgaon (36.75 per cent), Palus (13.23 per cent) are the leading raisin grape production and raisin production tahsils, because of suitable climatic condition, abundant water availability for raisin grape cultivation. These three tahsils was over 90 per cent share raisin grape cultivation area and raisins production of the district. It is followed by Kavate mahankal (3.52 per cent), Khanapur (2.64 per cent), Walwa (1.18 per cent) and Jath (0.89 per cent) tahsils of district. It appears that the Shirala and Kadegaon tahsils was not cultivate raisin grape. 6.7 DISTRIBUTION OF RAISINS PRODUCERS IN SANGLI DISTRICT There are 1120 raisin producers in the Sangli district. Out of these 50 per cent (560) producers have been selected for study on the basis of random sampling. The number of raisin producer varies at tahsil level. It clearly indicates that there is considerable variation in the number of raisin producer in this region. The main causes for this uneven distribution can be attributed to the existence of climate and facilities of transportation and communication. Table 6.5 Distribution of raisin producer in Sangli district Sr.No Tahsil Respondents Percentage 1 Walwa Khanapur Kadegaon Tasgaon Palus Miraj Kavathe Mahankal Jat Shirala Atpadi Total Source: Based on Fieldwork on rack. 227

10 Table 6.5 Shows the distribution of raisin producer in Sangli district. Miraj tahsil have the highest number i.e. 471 (76.96 per cent) of raisin producer followed by Tasgaon (15.53 per cent), Kavathemahankal (4.46 per cent), Palus (0.53 per cent), Khanapur (0.53 per cent), Kadegaon (0.35 per cent),walwa (0.35 per cent) and Atpadi (0.17 per cent). Miraj tahsil having highest number of raisin producer because the Tasgaon tahsil is highest in grape production and marketing of raisin production but more than 85 per cent farmers were export their grape in abroad. 6.8 SCOPE OF RAISINS PRODUCTION IN SANGLI DISTRICT The raisin industry is one of the most globalized industries in the world. Since the world, raisin consumption will continue to increase. Raisin have become a common part of daily diets many farmers grow grapes especially for making raisin due to good demand, better returns and fairly longer shelf life as compared to other crops. They are consumed directly as a dry fruit or are also used in large quantities in many productions for flavor in bread, cake, sweet and deserts. Sangli is the major quality grape growing area in Maharashtra (India). Grape is considered as one of the important fruit crop of the eastern part of the district. Grape growers of Sangli district are expertise in quality raisin making. In grapevines are cultivated on acres in Sangli district. The raisin industry in Sangli district will bring large benefits to the people by way of employment and income. Farmers were facing the great problem in grape marketing and they were getting very low prices for their quality grapes, these problems have been solved by raisin making. The processed raisin is definitely an encouraging return to the farmers. The north eastern part of Sangli district especially in Nagaj, Agalgaon, Dhalgaon, Chorochi, Kerwadi, and Ghorpadi areas are convenient as per considering economical and atmosphere conditions, where temperature is 35 o C to 40 o C and humidity are below 40 per cent. Since, Sangli grape processing and research Industries is one of the largest independent raisin processors Industry. Our Industries has huge built area is located in the Maharashtra state India. We are the first Industries in India who is going to implement totally atomize raisin processing plant. 6.9 WINE PRODUCTION Wine is one of the world s most popular alcoholic beverages. Wine industry is the largest fruit processing industry in the world. It is manufactured by fermentation 228

11 of grape juice. The natural chemical balance of grapes lets them ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes, water, or other nutrients. Yeast consumes the sugars in the grapes and converts them into alcohol. This is associated with happiness, celebrations and festivities. It has been produced and consumed throughout history for cultural, economical, social, religious, and, more recently, health reasons. Today enormous varieties of wines are available, made from more than 5000 varieties of a single species of grape: Vitis vinifera. Many varieties of wines are made throughout the world. There are various types of wines available in the world like white wine, red wine, dessert wine etc. In worldwide production of wine was approximately hectoliters (7.4 billion gallons). Which were up by over 8.8 percent (23 mhl) from mhl in They are produced in many regions of the world, Such as Spain, Italy France, USA, Argentina, Australia, China, Chile, South Africa, Germany Portugal Romania, Brazil, Greece, Hungary, New Zealand, Croatia, Bulgaria and Switzerland (Christian et.al, 2012). About two third wine is produce from the Mediterranean countries. Italy, France, and Spain are the greatest wine producing countries in the world and also the greatest consumers (Leong and Morgan, 1982). Italy and Spain, two major wine producers have very little left for export because of the high the per capita consumption. Table 6.6: World: Wine Production Year Mhl Growth rate (%) Source: Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture. 229

12 The world high grade wines are produced these countries like sherry (Spain), Asti and Chianti (Italy), Port (Portugal) and French Champagne (France). Even in the recent years of economic downturn people continue to drink wine; in fact global wine consumption over s the past few years has increased by 1 per cent per year. In considering wine production, there are two distinct stages: the growing of grapes (viticulture) and turning grapes into wine (vinification). Throughout the wine producing world there are many in the industry, and many businesses, that carry out just one of these stages: growers who make no wine but sell their grapes to a wine producing firm, or who are members of a cooperative that makes wine. Then there are wine producers who have no vineyards, or insufficient to supply their grape needs, who buy grapes from growers small or large. 300 WORLD : WINE PRODUCTION WINE PRODUCTION IN MHL YEAR Fig 6.6 Table 6.6 demonstrates the shift in wine production in the world for the period of Wine production is characterized by very marked annual fluctuations, due, on the one hand, to climatic effects and, on the other hand, to cultivation methods. In spite of yearly fluctuations, a significant negative trend in wine production in starting of last decade has been observed: from a level of 266 million hl in 2001, average production has fallen 2 at the beginning of After that wine production was increased 2.72 per cent than There has been an increase in the total wine production by 2004 (296 mhl) when compared to other production years. According to data, it is observed world wine production decrease in 2012 (252 mhl) 230

13 than in 2004 (296 mhl), due to poor weather conditions there has been a decrease in the vine acreage for Italy, Spain, France and Germany which were well known as Old World countries. In 2013 world wine production has increased again, reaching approximately 281 million hl. With per cent than 2012, New World countries such as Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States produced wine WORLD WIDE: WINE PRODUCTION The main wine producing countries over the world are indicated in Fig Out of world s total annual production of liters, the following are among the top countries and their major share in the world wine market, being Spain, France, Italy and USA the major wine producers in world. They produce almost half of all the wine produced in the world. The world should produce 281 million hectoliters of wine in Spain is largest wine producer 50 million hectoliters in Table.6.7: Major Wine Producing Countries in the World Sr.No Countries Production (Mhl) Share in % Growth rate % 1 Spain 50, Italy 47, France 42, USA 22, Argentina Chile South Africa Gernany Portugal Romania , Greece Brazil , Hungary New Zealand Australia Crotia Bulgaria Switzarland Other countries World Total % Source: Laurenz Moser: Globle bulk wine services, Austra, 2013, 231

14 This is the case in Spain, where a 45 per cent rise in production has been recorded, compared with In France (47,400 Ml) and Portugal, the increase was 7 per cent compared with Outside the EU, all the countries recorded significant growth in vinified production, with the United State producing 22 Mhl. There was also an increase in South America: Chile hit a new record at 12.8 mhl and Argentina's vinified harvest was 15 mhl (+27 per cent) after a poor year in New Zealand recorded a record level of production of 2.5 mhl this year, while Australia could reach an estimated production of 13.5 Mhl. World wine production is rising considerably, taking into account the low vinified quantity produced in 2012 (258 mhl). W0RLDWIDE:WINE PRODUCTION (Mhl) % 0% 0% 15% 1% 1% 1% 2% 1% 18% Spain Italy France USA Argentina 2% 3% 4% 5% 17% Australia Chile South Africa Gernany Portugal 1% 5% 8% 15% Romania Brazil Greece Fig WINE PRODUCTION IN INDIA Wine industry is in an initial stage in India. Wine Industry in India has been showing a steady progress over the years. The manufacturing of wine and its consumption in India is insignificant in comparison to any other countries. Generally the wine production in India has arisen since the 1980s. In 1984 only the Champagne Indage's plant was set up in the Maharashtra State, to mark the manufacturing of wine on organized scale in India. The industry is expected to grow at an annual rate of 27 per cent from Today India has 250 thousand hectares of vineyards, but only 1 to 2 per cent of them are used for wine. India has the distinction of achieving the highest production in grapes in the world with an average & yield (Gaikwad, 2005; 232

15 Todkari et. al, 2010). Although wine grapes are rather new to Indian farming, table grapes are not. In India, Maharashtra ranks first in wine grape cultivation. In the total production of wine grapes, the state of Maharashtra represents 90 per cent, Karnataka 7 per cent and the remaining 3 per cent is divided between other regions. At present the industry is in a rapid phase to the growth with more companies entering the industry (Jogaiah, 2010 & Sarwade, 2010). The 117 wineries are presently operating of the country with a total production of 18.3 million liters annually. Maharashtra is the leading state with 75 wineries with 13.2 million liters wine production. In India more than 12 varieties of grapes are used for wine making. Cabernet sauvignon, pinot noir, merlot, pinnotage, Shiraz, zinfandel, chardonnay, chenin blanc and others are being cultivated by farmers who have contracts with the wineries. Maharashtra, on the western coast of India, is the major wine-producing region, accounting for 94 per cent of the total wine produced in the country. According to the Department of Wine Production of the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC), the wine producing region is spread over 30,000 hectares, covering 64 wineries. During the year Maharashtra registered a massive growth in wine production to 21.1 million litres against 13.2 million litres in This was a growth of 60 per cent over the previous year and illustrates the ongoing appreciation of the virtues of wine by Indian consumers. Six new wineries became operational in Maharashtra, taking the total investment in the state to $89 Million producing 720,000 litres of wine. Maharashtra is one of the important states growing different varieties of wine grapes such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Chenin Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Shiraz, Zinfandel, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, etc. Cultivation of wine grape is extensively carried out in the belts of Nashik, Pune, Sangli, Solapur, Latur, Buldhana, Osmanabad and Ahmadnagar districts WINE PRODUCING REGIONS IN INDIA The Indian sub-continent has four major wine producing regions. Vineyards in India range from northwestern state of Punjab down to the southern state of Tamil Nadu. For viticulture activity, the high heat and humidity of the far eastern half of the country are favorable place. The larger wine producing areas, it is in Maharashtra, Karnataka near Bangalore and Andhra Pradesh near Hyderabad and Himachal Pradesh (a recent entrant) is the four major wine producing regions in India. 233

16 Nasik Region (Maharashtra): It is a biggest wine producing region in India. This region includes Pune, Nasik and Ahamadnager. It is above 800 meters sea level between 19 o 33' to 20.53' North latitude and 73 o 16' to 75 o 6' East longitudes. Several top wineries located in this area including Cheateau Indage and Sula wine. Sangli Region (Maharashtra State): This region includes Solapur, Sangli, Satara and Latur. It is above 800 meters sealevel South West Maharashtra, 16 o 52' North Latitude, and 74 o 36' East longitude. Both of these regions are extremely good for growing grapes due to their monsoon rains, rich fertile soil and cool climate. Most of the Indian Wineries are located in these two regions including the largest Indage and Sula Vineyards. Due to its favorable climates, the two bigger Indian wineries, Indage, Sula and Krishna vineyards are located in these regions. Bangalore region (Karnataka State): It is a biggest wine producing region of South West India; it lays 12 o 8' North Latitude to 77 o 37' east Longitude. Apart from being nations IT capital Bangalore because of its cool climate is suitable for grapes. Grover, the third largest wine producer of India, has its winery situated in Dodballapur, 600 meters above sea level, 45 km North from Bangalore. Karnataka produced 1.2 million litres of wine during the same period. Himachal region (Himachal Pradesh): This region lies in the northern India and is at the same latitude as of the South Californian, Texas and north Florida wine grape growing region, North India, 30 o 22' to 33 o 12' North Latitude and 75 o 47' to 79 o 4 East Longitude. Though this region is well known for apples and cider some good wine is produced here. Temperature varies from 39 C in plains during summer and - 20 C in the Alpine Zone during winters. Rainfall varies from 152 cm to 178 cm in outer Himalayas. Two of India s leading brands, Grover Vineyards and Indage, have plans to set up wine production facilities in Himachal Pradesh. 234

17 6.13 TYPES OF WINE Wine is an alcoholic beverage made by fermentation of grapes (Johnson, 1989). It is the most popular beverage, associated with happiness, celebrations and festivities. Many varieties of wines are made throughout the world. Generally the types of wine based on sweetness, alcohol content, carbon dioxide content, colour, grape variety, fermentation or maturation processes or geographic origin. There are three main categories of wine: table wines, sparkling wines, and fortified wines (Desert wine). Table wines can be red, white, or rose, are allowed to ferment naturally, and account for the bulk of the world s wine production. Sparkling and fortified wines are made by processes similar to the table wines, but extra steps are added to give the carbonation or extra alcohol desired. Wine types are usually divided into classes according to their alcoholic content, groupings that form a convenient basis for excise taxes upon alcohol. The two major classes are table wines (9 to 14 per cent alcohol) and dessert and appetizer wines (15 to 21 per cent alcohol). Table wines owe their alcoholic content to the fermentation of sugar naturally present in the grapes and to the sugar that may be added to them. On the other hand, dessert wines obtain their higher alcoholic content from the addition of wine spirits (Shikarman and Srinivasulu, 2010). Table wines Table wines also known as Natural wines, still wines or Dinner wines are consumed primarily as complements to food (Dhinesh et.al, 2012). Majority of wines produced in the world are of table wine category. These wines are served on the table and makes up the largest category. The alcohol concentration itself is not sufficient to preserve natural wines, they are pasteurized. The main purpose these wines are to accompany the food. Such wines are without excess of Carbon dioxide. The alcoholic percentage of these wines varies from 9 to14 per cent by volume. It is considered optimal because it has the right balance of sugar and acid to create a good fermented wine without the addition of sugar or water. In France these wines are referred to as Vin ordinaire (ordinary wine).table wines are further classified into White, Red and Rose wines and by character as sweet or dry (Singh and Purohit, 2011 ). 235

18 Based on Color 1) White wine: White wine made by fermentation of grape juice which is made by pressing crushed grapes to extract juice the skins are removed and play no further role. White wines can be made from both black and white grapes. White wine falls in the dry category and all types of white wines have citrus flavours. The fruity white wines can taste like apple, green apple, apricot, orange or peach. The flavour vary from extremely dry to extremely sweet and the colour from pale straw to deep gold. White wines are served chilled and are light bodied. Chablis and Alsace comes under this category. The juice from grapes is fermented, bottled and then left to create selfgenerated alcohol. The grape varieties like Chenin Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay are used to make white wines. ii) Red wine: Red wines are made from the must of red or black colored grapes that undergo fermentation to with grapes skins. Red wine is more of the fruity and sweet types as compared to white wine which is more of the dry kind.they are more full bodied than rose and white wine. They are often complex and robust than white wines. The skin of the grape variety is allowed to rest with the must so that the desired colour is obtained. Red wines are served in room temperature but some young red wines are served chilled. Red wines are actually vary in colour from dark pink to almost black, with an enormous variation in the amount of blue or yellow to be seen at the rim. Their colour depends on the grape varieties used, the vintage characteristics, the wine s PH these wines are often drier. Examples are Bordeaux and Burgundy wines. iii) Rose wine: They are rarely known as pink wines. As the name says, rosé wines are rose pink in colour. Rosé wines (Pink wines) are classically made from red and black grapes where the juice is allowed to stay in contact with the dark skins long enough to pick up a pink colour. The colour of a rosé wine depends on the type of the grape used and for how long the skin of the grape has been in touch with the juice.compared to the other two wines it s slightly sweeter and fruity. Rosé wines are served chilled and tend to be more like white wines. They are softer on the palate than red wines and the 236

19 fruity ones can taste like cherries, raspberries and strawberries. These types of wines are served ice cold and are drunk during the summer months. Rosé wines can go well with seafood as well as red meat; and hence are versatile wines. They are not to be aged but to drunk young. Blush wine is the term commonly used in USA to denote Rosé wines made entirely from red grapes. The grapes used in making rosé wines include Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo and Syrah. Beaujolais and Mateus rose are examples for Rose wines. b) Based on residual sugar content I) Dry wine: Dry wines are those wines that lack sweetness or sugar content. Dry wines may have as many as 10g/L residual sugar and with high acidity. Dry wines are those in which there is no perceptible sweetness. II) Dessert wine/sweet wine: In sweet wine alcoholic fermentation is arrested at appropriate time. Sweet wines are wines that are sweeter in taste. Sweet wine contains sufficient sugar for taste perception. Sweet wines contain more than 30gm/L residual sugar. Such wines may be fortified by the addition of wine sprits as per the requirement (Sathe, 2010). III) Semi dry/semi sweet Wines which contains residual sugar moderately (between 10g to 30gm /L residual sugar). IV) Sparkling Wine In Sparkling wine is a wine with significant level of carbon dioxide present in it. The alcoholic content of sparkling wines is similar to table wines.ie; 9 to14 per cent. Wine which bubbles when pumped into a glass, because a certain amount of carbon dioxide has been held under pressure dissolved in the wine until the bottle is unstoppered. Wines are termed still or sparkling depending upon the amount of Co2 they contain. The carbondioxide may be formed naturally during fermentation or may be added artificially. This wine is best served chilled and can be made by many methods. Method Champenoise is considered as the most elegant method to make good quality sparkling wines. Examples for Sparkling wines include Champagne (France), Asti summate (Italy), Sekt (Germany) and Marquis de Pompadour (India). 237

20 v) Fortified wine Fortified wines also known as Vins de liqueur. Fortified wines differ from table wines because in fortified wines, this wine (brandy) is added to make the alcohol content higher (around 14 to 30 per cent). These are less perishable and may be stable without pasteurization. This type of wine that has alcohol added to it during the fermentation process. The grapes are picked when they are extremely ripe, and processed in the same manner as red wine. When the fermentation is approximately halfway complete, neutral spirits of grape base are added. Neutral spirits are made by distilling an alcoholic beverage until it contains 95 per cent or more alcohol by volume. The natural fermentation will cease at this point because the alcohol content is too high for the yeast to survive. These wines can be served before or at the end of a meal. Port, Sherry, Brandy, Madeira, Marsala etc. are few examples for fortified wines. VI) Aromatized Wines- Aromatized wine is also known as Vermouth wines. It is a special type of wine which contains 15 to 20 per cent alcohol, is prepared by fortification with spices or mixtures. These wines are flavored with herbs and spices. These wines can be served either before a meal or after a meal. It s slightly fortified. This wine is available in different style (White, red and sweet or dry) and qualities, but usually a much more industrial product than wine. Other classification of wines- According to the nature of wine Tonic wines- These are table wines that have vitamins and health improvers added to them. Example is Wincarnis. Raising wines The product derived by the alcoholic fermentation of an infusion of dried or evaporated grapes, or of a mixture of such infusion or raising with grape juice is raising wine. 238

21 Vintage wines There are few years in which everything in the vineyard and the cellar goes well and these produces a wine of excellent quality known as Vintage wines. Vintage wine also bears the date of the vintage on the label, either because it is meant to be drunk young or because it was made to be matured over a number of years. Non-vintage wines- An ordinary wine is produce from a normal of grapes. Varietal wines- Wines made from just one grape variety. Generic wines- Wine made from a blend of wines to resemble a particular wine of a region. Organic wines- Organic wines also known as Green wines or Eco-friendly wines. These types of wines are made from grapes that are grown without the use of artificial insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers IMPORTANT WINE VARIETIES Wine is one of the most sophisticated drinks in the world, rich in flavor but yet so simple. Its diversity comes from the different types of grapes, where it is grown and in what manner is produced. Wine grapes are those which are specially cultivated to make wine. The juice from these grapes is fermented to generate alcohol; the alcohol is then aged and later served as the world's best drink, wine. Wine grapes are darker in colour and have flavour and texture. These grape varieties are known to have very high sugar levels and are seeded. These sugar levels would give us the right alcohol levels in the wine. There are thousands of varieties of such grapes that are used to make wine and wine makers utilise them alone or blend to make excellent wines Cabernet Sauvignon Most of the great red wines of Bordeaux and some of the finest wines of the new world are based on cabernet sauvignon. It is often blended with cabernet Franc and merlot and its flavor is reminiscent of blackcurrants or cedar wood. It demands 239

22 aging in small oak barrels, and the best wines require several years of bottle age to reach their peak. It is one of the most famous types of wines in the world, especially among the French, Australians, Californians, and Chileans. Cabernet Sauvignon pairs perfectly with meat dishes. Merlot This variety takes second place to cabernet sauvignon in most premium red wine blends. Merlot is fragrant and usually softer than cabernet sauvignon. It also shows best with oak maturation, but usually requires less bottle maturation before it is ready to drink. Merlot bottled as a varietal is becoming popular in India. If you are not sure whether you like red wine, let aside what type of red wine, Merlot is a safe bet! This type of wine is very soft, with a mild mix of plum and blackberry flavors. All you need to do is add a box of delicious chocolates, and you got yourself the perfect mix! In terms of food, Merlot pairs well with just about any dish, especially with deserts. Shiraz Shiraz, also known as Syrah, is a delicious red wine, with spicy flavors of blackcurrant and black pepper. A glass of Shiraz is a great accompaniment for meat dishes. It makes a soft and rich wine often characterized by smoky and chocolaty aromas. It matures faster than cabernet and is sometimes blended with it to speed accessibility. Zinfandel This variety probably originated in Southern Italy as the Primitive grape. It is planted by only a few Indian wineries. The qualities of wines have been very good, especially when they receive enough oak maturation. An important grape variety, also thought to be the variety once known as Black St. Peter in early 19 th century California lore, currently grown in California and used to produce robust red wine as well as very popular blush wines called white Zinfandel. Zinfandel is noted for the fruit-laden, berry- like aroma and prickly taste characteristics in its red version.while its origins are not clear it has been tentatively identified as the primitive (di Gioia), a grape species found in Apulia, southern Italy. According to a recent report this grape may be also be identical to the Vrance grape found in Montengro. The state that, combined with Serbia, constitutes what remains of the Plavac Mali from the 240

23 coastal area known as Dalmatia, a province of Croatia also recently a part of the former Yugoslavia and located just across the Adriatic Sea from the shores of Italian Apulia. Chenin Blanc Chenin Blanc known as steen in south Africa, Pineau de la Loire in the Loire region of France and under the alias name White pinot (pinot Blanco) elsewhere in the world. Often made in number of styles with or without some residual sugar. It is the favored grape of the Angou region of France and although naturally a hard, acidic grape slow to mature, is made into fine sweet wines that age well for a least years on the bottle. This grape is the Cape s most popular white variety with about thirty percent of her vineyards producing Chenin Blanc. It produces a wide range of wines from sweet to dry, including sparkling and still wines. Its dry wines are fresh and fruity and Chenin Blanc s sweet wines and botrytis dessert wines are becoming more fashionable. Sauvignon Blanc Sauvignon Blanc stands out with its light yet acidic taste, with aromas of grapefruit, bell pepper, and grass. It is a classic choice for wine lovers, and comes as a great pair to salads and poultry dishes. Some wine drinkers enjoy Sauvignon served as spritz, with sparkling water. Classic white wine verities are commonly planted in the Bordeaux and eastern Loire regions of France. It shows a tendency towards a grassy, herbaceous flavor in the wine when the grapes are grown in tempreture regions. In warmer regions, the flavors and aromas tend to be more citrus like, (e.g. grapefruit or pear), plus the characteristic earthy taste. New Zealand has had much success with the grape in recent years. India now can produce international quality wines of Sauvignon Blanc as evidenced at few wineries located in Nashik and Pune district. These microclimates in Maharashtra are suited to the growing of this variety. The Sauvignon Blancs tend to be dry and grassy. Its plantings have increased though it is a moderate yielder. Chardonnay Chardonnay is an exquisite white wine, produced mostly in Burgundy in France, but also on the coast of California. A glass of Chardonnay comes with a 241

24 refreshing taste of oak and citrus fruit and hints of apple, pear, and melon. The delicious wine is a great accompaniment to seafood dishes, poultry, and pork. Pinot Gris Pinot Gris, also known as Pinot Grigio by its Italian name, is one of the most delicious types of wine, rich in flavor and slightly spicy.it is mostly produced in France and New Zealand. Pinot Grigio, the Italian version, is a little bit more fresh and crispy, perfectly made to accompany seafood and pasta dishes. Riesling Riesling wine comes with appetizing flavors of lime, apple, and pear, combined in a crisp blend. The grapes are famously grown in Germany, but there are also some producers in France and New York. This wine goes nicely with poultry and pork dishes, especially ones with a spicy twist WINERIES IN INDIA India s first commercial winery was established in1980 (David and Mishra, 2011). By the end of the 20 th century, India had six established vineyards. There are more than 117 wineries operating in India, the majority concentrated in the state of Maharashtra. Table 6.8 Wineries and Wine Production in India from 2001 to 2013 Year No. of Wineries Production (Million liter) Growth Rate (%) 2001 O NA Source: Me Drasha Wine Udhog Ubharu Shakto Ka? Jaydeep Kale,

25 Most of the wineries lie on the Nashik, Pune, Baramati and Sangli Belt, where table grapes have been growing traditionally. Maharashtra is the leading state with 75 wineries with 10.2 million liters wine production. However, more and more wineries are being set up with the aim to produce quality wines of international standards. With government support and a reduction in duty taxes, the subsequent drop in prices could lead to even greater growth in India s wine industry. Currently, the industry is estimated to have a value of Rs 2.75 billion per annum. Although the industry growing at a rate of 25 to 35 per cent per year. In India produced about 1.3 million cases (each holding nine litres) in addition to the 220,000 which were imported, compared to less than 60,000 cases in In 2010, the market is expected to almost double, increasing from five million Table- 6.8 reveals that the wine production & numbers of wineries in India from 2001 to 2013 in India. From the table it appears that the wine production is 4.27 million liters in After 2001 wine production of India continues increased up to 2010 is million liters. If growth rate is considered in 2010 it is , but it directly jumped. This shows tremendous hike in growth rate. In the period from 2004 to 2007 the wine production is increase from 5.40 million liters to million liters & in terms of growth rate it is 31 to 50 per cent, which is moderate. During the period from 2008 to 2009 the wine production was stable, as we observe low growth rate. After a period of steady growth from 2001 to 2013, India s wine production dropped per cent in 2011 and improved slightly in 2012 to 11.5 million liters (1.3 million cases). While in 2013 it is suddenly increased considerable with high growth rate. Unsold stocks of wine following the Mumbai terror attacks in 2008 led wineries to procure fewer grapes and growers have shifted to alternate crops over the past six years as prices dropped. India has a number of strong demographic factors that bode well for the long-term development of the industry, but growth is hampered by a complex domestic system of excise, licenses and fees that increase the cost of imported and domestic wine significantly and make it difficult for small wineries to market outside of their home states. It appears that growth in the consumption of wine has been limited since 2007, but a committed group of enthusiasts continues to promote wine. Some local wineries are working. 243

26 6.16 SANGLI DISTRICT: WINE PRODUCTION AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION The Sangli district has recently entered into wine industry, and has achieved some success in producing classic vintage categories. Wine producers in Sangli make distinctive, classic wines using imported rootstocks. The fertile soil of the Sahyadri hills region, and the long sunny days and dry climate contribute for an excellent product. The government of Maharashtra has set up a specialized state of the art Wine park in 142 acre at Palus, 30 km from Sangli city, which produces one of the best quality grapes in the world. Krishna Valley Wine Park has an International Quality Wine Institute which has been set up in association with the Bharati Vidyapeeth, a leading university of India. The institute carries out research in wine manufacturing. Krishna Valley Wine Park of Sangli has been recognized as an Agri Export Processing Zone by the Indian government. To meet the domestic and export demand for Indian wines, quality wines comparable to international standards have to be produced. To give impetus to the grape processing and wine industry in the state of Maharashtra the government announced a comprehensive Wine Policy in However more and more wineries are being set up with the aim to produce quality wines of international standards (Gade & Gaikwad, 2014b). In Sangli district first commercial winery was established during the There are 17 wine industries in the Sangli district, the majority concentrated in the Palus, Tasgaon and Miraj tahsils. Table 6.9 Tahsil wise distribution of Wineries in Sangli District Sr. No Tahsil No. of % to Capacity in % to total wineries location Liter 1 Walwa Kadegaon Tasgaon Palus O Miraj Total Source: Based ob field work. Table.6.9 reveals that the spatial distribution of the number of wineries and annual production capacity in the in the district. Although the largest number of wineries is concentrated in the Palus, Tasgaon and Miraj tahsil have more than 90 per cent of district grape cultivation (Fig 6.10). Beside its wine production, capacity 244