* Blackthorn ~ Prunus spinosa (Family: Rosaceae)

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1 Creating A Forest Garden: plants 1 *=plants found at ELL * Apple ~ Malus domestica (Family: Rosaceae) Depending on its rootstock, an apple can grow up to 9m tall. Some common apple rootstocks are M27 (2m tall), M9 (2.5m tall), M116 (3m) and MM106 (4m). It can handle light shade and is pollinated by insects. Apple trees originated in Asia and there are 7,500 cultivars. Apple blossom has five white/pinky petals and the fruit has five carpels which make a star shape if an apple is cut across. * Crab apple ~ Malus sylvestris (Family: Rosaceae) Crab apple trees are actually native to Europe and are self-fertile and can grow up to 10m tall. They can handle a bit of shade and the sour-tasting, small, apple-like fruits are really high in pectin making them useful for jelly and jam making. You can make tea from the leaves. * Cherry (Sweet) ~ Prunus avium (Family: Rosaceae) Some of these are self fertile and some need male and female plants to become fertile. Left to their own devices, cherry trees can grow up to 30m tall, but when grafted onto a rootstock such as Gisella 5, they will only reach 3m. Check out the tiny red glands at the base of the leaves. * Blackthorn ~ Prunus spinosa (Family: Rosaceae) This produces the astringent-tasting sloe berries that are used to flavour gin. They have creamy white flowers and the oval leaves are more than twice as long as they are wide. Tough as old boots, they can grow up to 4m tall virtually anywhere. We like to graft plums onto them. * Hawthorn ~ Crataegus monogyna (Family: Rosaceae) There are lots of hawthorns, C. monogyna being our bog-standard native with uninteresting fruit. We like to graft exotic hawthorns onto these to gain larger, tastier fruit. We can also graft Medlar and True Service Trees onto them. Hawthorn can grow up to 6m tall and are pretty shade and drought tolerant. Make the pulped fruit into jam, syrup or fruit leather. * Loquat ~ Eriobotrya japonica (Family: Rosaceae) These are evergreen trees come from China and they are self fertile. The dark green leaves are really long, glossy and thick. To prevent Loquats reaching their natural height of 9m they are often grafted onto Quince rootstock. The new shoots have a white fluff on them and the egg-shaped fruits are a pale orange colour. They produce their flowers in the autumn and fruits arrive the following spring, which is pretty unusual. Loquats can produce fruit in London.

2 * Medlar ~ Mespilus germanica (Family: Rosaceae) These come from southwest Asia and have funny-looking fruit they are pomes that are a couple of cm wide with stringy-looking sepals hanging out. You need to blet them before eating them, i.e. let them go off. They are absolutely delicious. The flowers are white with five petals. They are self-fertile, can handle quite a lot of shade and could grow up to 6m tall. Medlar can be grafted onto RS of pear, quince, hawthorn, juneberry, and, of course, medlar. * Pear ~ Pyrus communis sativa (Family: Rosaceae) Pears can grow absolutely massive up to 20m tall which is why they are often grafted onto quince rootstock. There are European pears and Asian pears. The European ones require winter chilling to produce fruit, whereas the Asian ones don't. Conference is a European pearthere are only about 40 cultivars being grown worldwide. * Plum ~ Prunus domestica (Family: Rosaceae) These fruits contain one large seed and because they flower quite early, they need protection from the wind and frosts. Like other members of the Prunus genus, they shouldn't be pruned in the winter because they are liable to become infected. (Greengages and damsons belong to subspecies of P. domestica.) Distinctive things about plums: they have a terminal bud and solitary side buds i.e. they're not clustered; there's line running down one side of the fruit and the stone is very smooth. * Service Tree ~ Sorbus domestica (Family: Rosaceae) These are deciduous trees that can grow up to 15m tall; they are not fussy and can tolerate shade. They are self-fertile. Fruits are harvested between September and November and need to be bletted (made to wait until they soften) before being eaten raw or cooked they taste like very slightly alcoholic cooked apples. An exquisite nonalcoholic wine can be made from the fruit by leaving the crushed fruit for a day or two before juicing it. The juice is than pasteurised to keep for months. In Europe cider is made from the fruit. * Quince ~ Cydonia oblonga (Family: Rosaceae) Not to be confused with Japanese or Flowering Quince (Chaenomeles japonica) which has tiny fruits in comparison. A ripe quince as a delight. It's as huge as a big pear and highly aromatic. They're too sour to eat raw, unless they've been bletted and it's the original ingredient for marmalade. Quince C is used as a rootstock for pears, restricting the height of the plant to 5m. * Flowering Quince ~ Chaenomeles japonica (Family: Rosaceae) This only grows about 1m tall but can spread a couple of metres. It's self-fertile and the spherical quince fruits (roughly 4cm across) have the same smell and taste as the Cydonia quince nice and lemony when raw, also works well cooked in jams or syrups. Really easy to propagate from seeds, it suckers freely and you can propagate it by semiripe cuttings in July-August. It can handle growing in full shade and most soils.

3 * Raspberry ~ Rubus idaeus (Family: Rosaceae) Raspberries can handle semi-shade and the prickly canes can reach 2m tall. Tie string horizontally if you want to prop them up, or let them droop over and hide their fruit from the birds! Suckers like nobody's business take them out in the Autumn once the leaves have dropped as an easy form of propagation. Prune canes which have already fruited. Self-fertile with edible fruits and leaves. The leaves are great for tea or raw in a salad. Groundcover Raspberry ~ Rubus tricolor (Family: Rosaceae) This self-fertile ground cover plant spreads quickly and is ideal for larger forest gardens. It has glossy evergreen leaves and can produce fruit in the shade. Propagate it by tip layering in July or dividing in the spring. It's about 30cm tall and produces fruit in the Autumn. * Blackberry ~ Rubus fructicosa (Family: Rosaceae) No English childhood is complete without blackberry picking in autumn and humans have been eating them for two and half thousand years! If you haven't had the pleasure, you're in for a treat, but watch out for the prickles. Because they're not fussy about their soil, brambles grow all over the place, but you'll find more fruit on bushes in sunny locations. In the spring, they produce long new tendrils, or canes, which grow shallow roots where they touch the ground. They colonize areas quickly, creating large, haphazard thickets with many berries ending up growing tantalisingly out of reach. Berries will be more accessible if the canes are trained along sticks. The serrated leaves have three or five leaflets, the middle one being the largest. Both stems and leaves are prickly. White or pink, five-petalled, flowers appear in the spring. Hard green fruits turning red then finally, black, arrive around August. Each blackberry is a cluster of tiny, hairless, juicy beads (or drupelets) that should pull away from the plant easily when ripe. One great thing about brambles is that you'll get more than one harvest off a bush because fruits ripen at different times depending on the age of the stalk from which they develop. * Strawberry ~ Fragaria spp, Fragaria x ananassa (Family: Rosaceae) There are 20 different strawberry species and loads of hybrids and cultivars. The garden strawberry is a hybrid (that's what the 'x' means) between a North American and a Chilean strawberry. You can also get the wild strawberries, which tend to have smaller, tastier fruit sometimes white in colour. Easy to propagate by runner, great evergreen groundcover, shallow rooted. * Japanese wineberry ~ Rubus phoenicolasius (Family: Rosaceae) This deciduous plant is in the shrub category. It can grow up to about 1m tall and spreads quite wide in the same way bramble does. It's a vigorous grower and has beautiful red thorny stems. The berries look like blackberries and it's easy to propagate by tip layering July-ish. It can grow in almost complete shade and will even produce some fruit.

4 * Tayberry ~ Rubus fruticosus x idaeus (Family: Rosaceae) Another of the many edible Rubus bramble type plants. You can see from the name this is a hybrid of blackberry and raspberry. The fruit can be eaten raw or cooked and you can make tea out of the leaves. It tastes good but is fiddly to pick. It's self-fertile and goes up to about 1m tall. Easy to propagate by layering. * Wild Rose ~ Rosa acicularis (Family: Rosaceae) This is the wild plant from which the fancy garden hybrids are derived. It's found in lightly shaded woodlands or open fields and it's often used as a hedgerow plant. It's more commonly found in the south of the UK. Wild rose thrives near garlic, but not near box. The birds love them as a source of winter food and there's many associated insect species. What's written here mostly applies to other wild roses such as Rosa canina (dog rose), Rosa arvensis (field rose), Rosa tormentosa (harsh downy rose) and Rosa rubiginosa (sweet briar). The prickly stems are bare over winter, but in the spring, green buds appear, followed in summer by the flowers. The oval, serrated leaves are prickly on the reverse, along the main vein. There's three to seven leaflets growing from side stems all in pairs except for the end one. The base of the side stem is fringed with two rogue leaflet flaps, called 'stipules'. The flower has five white or pink petals, each with two rounded lobes, arranged around the bright yellow stigma and stamen. Fertilised flowers develop into red rose hips which are spherical, ovoid or even pear shaped. When opening the hips, beware of the fine hairs surrounding the seeds as they are extremely irritating a kind of free itching powder used by naughty children! Just use the narrow layer of outer flesh. Make jam out of the petals. Pick and eat the fruit (very rich in Vitamins A and C and surprisingly high in essential fatty acids) after a frost, for a better flavour. You can eat them raw, but cooked is best. Don't eat the seeds or the irritating hairs. Make rose hip syrup, or dry and make a tea. You can dry and grind rose hips to use in baking. Also eat the spring shoots and flower petals. Both can be eaten raw, but don't eat the bitter white flower base. You can make tea from fresh or dried leaves. * Salad burnet ~ Sanguisorba minor (Family: Rosaceae) Like yarrow, this perennial will provide leaves during the winter and spring you'll even find it sitting happily under snow! They taste kind of cucumbery-walnuty, getting stronger and more bitter over the season. They can handle a bit of shade and dry conditions, but will taste better in moist locations. Salad burnet grows up to 50cm tall. * Black Chokeberry ~ Aronia melanocarpa (Family: Rosaceae) This is a self-fertile, deciduous shrub that can go up to 3m tall. It needs moist soil in full sun or partial shade. You can propagate it by semi-ripe cutting and it puts up suckers which can be separated off when the plant is dormant. The fruits are black, smooth and spherical and generally need sugar. They are high in pectin.

5 * Common Oak (Pedunculate) ~ Quercus robur (Family: Fagaceae) This is probably the most common type of oak in the UK. It's s a climax species, i.e. woodlands tend to evolve towards being dominated by them. The common oak is associated with 65 species of bryophytes (mosses and ferns), 300 types of lichen, 30 birds, 8 species of acarina (mites and ticks), 222 species of insect and 38 parasites. This is because it's been around for about 300,000 years. And something else: "Druid" means "oak man". So there you go. Easily confused with the Sessile or Durmast Oak, Pedunculate or Common Oak leaves do not have a stalk and but their acorns do. The Sessile Oak is the other way around. One way to remember the difference is to understand that a "peduncle" is another name for "stem", and the acorns are on a stem. I'm not sure how helpful that is! The leaves come around March, and the flowers, May. The leaves have three to seven round lobes on each side. Because so many species can eat oak trees, they sometimes produce a second flush of leaves around July. Male and female flowers can both appear on the same plant. Male flowers are long tasselled catkins. The tiny female flowers appear on little spikes protruding where the leaf joins the twig. If fertilised, they grow into the distinctive acorns in autumn. About one third of the seed sits in the rugged acorn cup and one to four acorns grow on each peduncle. When ripe, the seed pulls easily out of the cup. Oak trees only start producing good crops of acorns when they're about 40 years old. Spotting an oak tree is easy because some of the leaves and acorn cups are always left beneath the tree, or even on the branches in winter. * Siberian Pea Tree ~ Caragana arborescens (Family: Fabaceae) This nitrogen fixing, multi-stemmed shrub can reach 3m tall and it has edible seeds (36% protein) and pods. Plants for a Future (PFAF) says it grows up to 6m and is fast growing, but the ELL plants seem very slow growing and our plant supplier (Agroforestry Research Trust - ART) has it as 3m tall. The attractive pale green leaves are in oval shaped leaflets that are opposite each other a bit like Ash tree leaves, but smaller and rounder. The flowers look like pea flowers and they're bright yellow. The pods form around September. They are self-fertile and need sun. Judas Tree ~ Cercis siliquastrum (Family: Fabaceae) This gorgeous self-fertile, nitrogen-fixing tree grows up to 6m tall and is easily propagated by seed: collect the seed in autumn, in November/December soak in warm water for a day then pop in the fridge for 3 months. Plant out March we have successfully sown outside with protection from rodents. According to PFAF it can reach 12m tall. The pinky-lilac flowers arrive around May and they are edible raw or pickled. There is a mature Judas Tree growing outside the ELL site in the park, on the other side of the ELL railings. It can handle some shade. Sweet Pea ~ Lathyrus odoratus (Family: Fabaceae) The seeds of this nitrogen-fixing leguminous climber are just about edible, but it's worth experimenting with other Lathyrus species. It can grow up to 3m tall and is self-fertile. Soak seeds for 24 hours before sowing. It's down as an annual, but I've known it to survive over winter.

6 * Clover ~ Trifolium repens (Family: Fabaceae) Everyone probably knows this plant. It's an evergreen, perennial groundcover plant that will fix nitrogen and produce pretty edible flowers to boot. The leaves and roots can be cooked and the flowers also make a nice tea. It's self-fertile and can be propagated by seed (collect in autumn) and division in the spring. * Mulberry ~ Morus nigra (Family: Moraceae) What's not to like about this fabulous tree with a wonky growing habit? The taste of raw fruit defies description look out for them July August. There's one growing at the Green Lanes end of Gloucester Drive and a few in the centre of Clissold Park. It's self-fertile and grows slowly up to 10m tall. The leaves are also edible (10% protein) but apparently don't taste that great. We have had a low success rate propagating by hardwood cuttings at ELL and will try and do it by seeds they need to be stratified for 2-3 months in the fridge and semi-ripe cuttings. I am experimenting with training one as an espalier and have found the advice about them bleeding profusely when pruned to be untrue. * Fig ~ Ficus carica (Family: Moraceae) These trees are predicted to do well in Britain as the climate gets warmer. It prefers a sunny part of the garden and needs warmth, such as from a south facing wall, to harden off new growth. Restrict its roots by planting it in a pot or by lining a large planting hole to obtain more fruit. The fruits can be stored by drying; try mixing with nuts and spices to make fruit and nut bars that can be stored in a cool place for months! * Sea Buckthorn ~ Hippophae rhamnoides (Family: Elaeagnaceae) You need a male and female of this deciduous shrub to get the gorgeous and highly nutritious orange berries awesome for jam. They grow about 4m tall and fix nitrogen in the soil. The branches are thorny and the berries lie close against the stem making them awkward to pick. Knock them off after frost (unlike other berries they will stay on the plant without spoiling) or cut of branches and put them in a freezer. You can propagate it by semi-ripe cuttings taken in the late spring or hardwood cuttings in the winter. It can't grow in the shade. * Autumn Olive ~ Elaeagnus umbellata (Family: Elaeagnaceae) These are good edging plants because they fix nitrogen, they grow pretty quickly up to 4.5m tall (although the ones at ELL haven't) and they can produce fruit in the shade. They are deciduous and the speckled, spherical red berries appear in the autumn. The leaves are a bit speckled too and have distinctive white undersides. You can propagate them by seed, semi-ripe cuttings in July, hardwood cuttings in November, or even layering in winter! There is an evergreen Elaeagnus Elaeagnus x ebbingei which flowers from October and produces its fruit in April/May. The fruits of these are oval and orange, about 1cm long.

7 * Hazel (Filbert) ~ Corylus avellana (Family: Betulaceae) This multi-stemmed deciduous shrub that is capable of reaching 6m tall and likes dappled shade. It's from the same family as alder and birch. Hazel can produce nuts but these are often eaten by squirrels in London. Easy to coppice to produce for shoots that are useful for basketry, fencing, charcoal making etc. Propagate by dividing the suckers in the spring. The soft, large rounded leaves are the best natural toilet paper! * Plum Yew ~ Cephalotaxus fortunei (Family: Cephalotaxaceae) A great evergreen edging plant that can produce fruit in the shade. And what fruit! The long oval fruits are ready when soft brown the flesh and seed are really tasty. Plum yews can reach 6m tall and the leaves look just like yew trees. You need a male and female plant for fertilisation to occur. You can propagate these by seed but we've struggled to do this successfully at ELL apparently they can take 18 months to germinate! Plants for Future describes it as difficult to propagate. * Chinese Dogwood ~ Cornus kousa chinensis (Family: Cornaceae) This self-fertile canopy species can handle shade and grows up to 7m tall. The fruits are a couple of cm in diameter and are really delicious. You can also eat the young leaves. The white four petalled flowers are stunning. You can propagate it by softwood and hardwood cuttings, and also by seed which must be stratified for 3-4 months. * Nepal Pepper ~ Zanthoxylum alatum (Family: Rutaceae) This deciduous, prickly-stemmed tree is self-fertile and grows up to 4m tall (Although Plants for a Future describes it as a shrub which needs both male and female plants!) It can grow in light shade. The red seed casings are really peppery and the young leaves are used for flavouring as well. You can propagate it by seeds (3 months stratification), semi-ripe cuttings, root cuttings and from suckers. * Small Leaved Lime ~ Tilia cordata (Family: Tiliaceae) This is a tree that is often kept as a pollarded salad leaf source in a forest garden. If left to grow it can reach 30m tall, but will reward you with the delicious linden flowers which make such beautiful tea. The ground up unripe fruit and flowers are meant to be good at making a chocolate substitute. You can propagate it from suckers while the tree is dormant. * Black Bamboo ~ Phyllostachys nigra (Family: Poaceae) Because it's multi-stemmed, this goes into the shrub category, though it can reach 8m tall. It is evergreen, needs sun and is self-fertile. The shoots are edible: cut them off when they're about 8cm tall (you can cut down under the soil another 5cm) and then steam them. The older the bamboo gets, the fatter the shoots. The easiest way to propagate bamboo is by division in the spring. The roots are quite shallow and therefore don't compete much with established trees.

8 * Redcurrant / Whitecurrant ~ Ribes rubrum (Family: Grossulariaceae) This is a deciduous, self-fertile shrub that grows up to a couple of metres tall. It's the best Ribes to plant in shade because it can still fruit, but it will do really well in the sun. The leaves are palmate and the red or white berries are spherical and usually about 8mm in diameter. It's easy to propagate from hardwood cuttings over the winter. All the currants are produced on racemes long dangly stems with fruit clustered on them. * Blackcurrant ~ Ribes nigrum (Family: Grossulariaceae) You can distinguish this from the similar looking red or white currants from the aromatic leaves, stems and roots just rub them and they smell of ribena! I needs some sun and can get up to 2m tall. Again, it's easy to propagate from hardwood cuttings. The leaves make a nice tea and the berries dye clothes very efficiently. If you cut out the older wood on established bushes you'lll encourage new growth. * Worcesterberry ~ Ribes divaricatum (Family: Grossulariaceae) Other sources call this plant by other names. PFAF Coastal Black Gooseberry, Wikipedia Spreading Gooseberry or Wild Gooseberry. You will find thorns at the leave nodes and the stems are paler than the other currants. The leaves look a bit like native hawthorn leaves. The fruits are dark purple when ripe and sweetish. Worcesterberry can grow up to 3m tall, it's self-fertile, can handle shade and is easily propagated by hardwood cuttings. All these berries form on very short stems in clusters along the main stem. * Jostaberry ~ Ribes x culverwellii (Family: Grossulariaceae) King of berry bushes this is a excellent plant to have vigorous growing, productive, big fruit, easy to propagate, thornless and disease-resistant. It can reach 3m tall and is self fertile. It's a hybrid of blackcurrant and gooseberry. The fruit is a dark purple colour and tastes delicious raw or cooked. * Gooseberry ~ Ribes uva-crispa (Family: Grossulariaceae) Thorny and grows up to 1.5m tall. The gooseberry makes pale green fruits, they are self-fertile, and shade tolerant. Easy to propagate from hardwood cuttings in the winter. * American Elder ~ Sambucus canadensis (Family: Caprifoliaceae) The advantage of having this elder instead of Sambucus nigra is that if you just have one, it won't be fertilized and will keep on producing flowers from July to November! This shrub grows up to 3m tall and has a sprawling growing habit. You can propagate it from hardwood cuttings in winter. The stems look just like S. nigra bumpy, pale brown and brittle and the simple leaves grow in pairs a bit like on an ash tree. The flowers and fruit are edible but the rest of the plant is poisonous.

9 * Fuchsia ~ Fuchsia spp. (Family: Onagraceae) Love this plant because it already grows all over the place and virtually no one realises that the fruit is edible. There is a great deal of variety in the taste, size and shape of the fruit so it's worth finding a bush you like and propagating from that by semi-ripe cuttings in the summer. They're really easy to harvest as well. The height of these is variable, some become almost tree-like whereas others only reach 0.5m tall. It's deciduous and self-fertile. * Evening Primrose ~ Oenothera biennis (Family: Onagraceae) This is a biennial meaning it takes 2 years to complete its lifecycle before dying. In year one it creates a rosette of leaves (which are edible) and in year 2 it sends up the flower spike reaching 1.2m tall. It self-seeds really well and is easy to grow from seed. The gorgeous, yellow, four-petalled flowers are lovely to eat and apparently the roots and shoots are edible as well. It needs sun. Everlasting Onion ~ Allium cepa var aggregatum (Family ~ Allioideae) Cool onion with narrow stems that you can treat like chives and eat during the spring/summer. It's clump forming hence the Aggregatum tag. All parts edible, raw or cooked. PFAF says it grows 1.2m tall but ours are much smaller. It needs some sun. Easy to propagate by division in late summer. One feature of this plant is that it rarely goes to seed. * Tree Onion ~ Allium cepa var proliferum (Family ~ Allioideae) Other names for this are Egyptian Onion and Walking Onion. It has bulbils at the top of the stems. As these swell in size the stem bends, the bulbils hit the earth and start to grow hence the Walking Onion name. The ones we have grown reached about 80cm tall but apparently they can go up to a metre. They are super easy to propagate by collecting the bulbils. All parts are edible, raw or cooked. * Three Cornered Leek ~ Allium triquetrum (Family ~ Allioideae) This is a great Allium for winter leaves which are around from Autumn to Spring. The leaves are three-sided, which is where it gets its species name from. The flowers, which appear in spring, are very tasty. It grows about 40cm tall and can grow in damp, shady places spreading enthusiastically. Because it grows in droves in shady spots, people sometimes think they're a some kind of white bluebell, but the oniony smell and distinctive stem make it easy to identify. All parts are edible, raw or cooked.

10 * Sweet Cicely ~ Myrrhis odorata (Family ~ Apiaceae) Fabulous self-fertile perennial with feathery leaves that smell and taste of aniseed thus distinguishing it from other members of this family. It grows about 1m tall and can handle full sun though it prefers shade. It has umbel-shaped flower heads - a plate of white flowers. The long pointy seeds are very good to eat when green and they turn black when ripe. It's easy to grow from seed and can also be propagated by division in the autumn or spring. Angelica ~ Angelica sylvestris (Family ~ Apiaceae) This one grows pretty tall up to 1.5m. It's a self-fertile biennial. The young leaves are eaten in spring and summer and are quite strong tasting. The seeds are also edible. Self-seeds very enthusiastically. Angelica stems are candied. Distinguish it from Hemlock by its leaf shape which is simple with slight serrations, rather than feathery (Hemlock) or or with large jagged lobes (Giant Hogweed). * Ground Elder ~ Aegopodium podagraria (Familay ~ Apiaceae) Usually treated as an annoying weed, this is actually a rather tasty (when cooked), low maintenance perennial that can be controlled by eating. And it can grow in full shade, only up to about 50cm max. To harvest, grab handfuls of the stems and pull suddenly sideways. Chop roughly and add to stews etc. The flowers are like those of other Apiaceae white umbels. * Fennel ~ Foeniculum vulgare (Family ~ Apiaceae) A tasty, herbaceous perennial that can grow in sun or semi-shade. The whole plant is edible, raw or cooked, and tastes of aniseed. The seeds make wonderful tea and food flavouring. Fennel grows up to 180cm tall and is easy to grow from seed. Don't plant it with dill, otherwise you will end up with an insipid hybrid that tastes of neither dill or fennel. Japanese Parsley ~ Cryptotaenia japonica (Family ~ Apiaceae) Also known as Mitsuba, this evergreen perennial can grow 1m tall. It has edible leaves and stems which taste a bit like parsley. It's easy to grow from seed and it prefers shady, damp positions. The flowers are very sparse umbels with white flowers. The leaves have three jagged lobes.

11 Plants 1 Ground Elder Aegopodium podagraria Mulberry Morus nigra Everlasting Onion Allium cepa var Aggregatum Sweet Cicely Myrrhis odorata Tree Onion Allium cepa var Proliferum Evening Primrose Oenothera biennis Three Cornered Leek Allium triquetrum Black Bamboo Phyllostachys nigra Angelica Angelica sylvestris Sweet Cherry Prunus avium Black Chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa Plum Prunus domestica Siberian Pea Tree Caragana arborescens Blackthorn Prunus spinosa Plum Yew Cephalotaxus fortunei Pear Pyrus communis sativa Judas Tree Cercis siliquastrum Common Oak (pedunculate) Quercus robur Flowering Quince Chaenomeles japonica Worcesterberry Ribes divaricatum Chinese Dogwood Cornus kousa chinensis Blackcurrant Ribes nigrum Hazel (Filbert) Corylus avellana Redcurrant/Whitecurr ant Ribes rubrum Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna Gooseberry Ribes uva-crispa Japanese Parsley Cryptotaenia japonica Jostaberry Ribes x culverwellii Quince Cydonia oblonga Wild Rose Rosa acicularis Autumn Olive Elaeagnus umbellata Blackberry Rubus fruticosus Loquat Eriobotrya japonica Tayberry Rubus fruticosus x idaeus Fig Ficus Carica Foeniculum vulgare Raspberry Rubus idaeus Fennel Strawberry Fragaria spp Groundcover Raspberry Rubus tricolor Fuchsia Fuchsia spp. American Elder Sambucus canadensis Sea Buckthorn Hippophae rhamnoides Salad Burnet Sanguisorba minor Sweet Pea Lathyrus odoratus Service Tree Sorbus domestica Apple Malus domestica Small Leaved Lime Tilia cordata Crab Apple Malus sylvestris Clover Trifolium repens Medlar Mespilus germanica Nepal Pepper Zanthoxylum alatum Japanese Wineberry Rubus phoenicolasius Canopy > 10m service tree, pear (unless on quince C rootstock), crab apple, mulberry, Ginko, sweet chestnut, oak, walnut, monkey puzzle Small trees & large shrubs 4-9m loquat, quince (Cydonia), sweet cherry, medlar, apple, plum, hawthorn, blackthorn, Siberian pea tree, Judas tree, fig, hazel, plum yew, Chinese dogwood, sea buckthorn, Autumn olive, Nepal pepper, small leaved lime, bamboo, persimmon, sumach Shrubs >4m blackberry, Japanese wineberry, raspberry, flowering quince, chokeberry, rose, American elder, fuchsia, red/whitecurrant, blackcurrant, worcesterberry, jostaberry, gooseberry, sage, saltbush, goji, New Zealand flax, bog myrtle Herbaceous perennials salad burnet, evening primrose, everlasting onion, tree onion, sweet cicely, angelica, ground elder, fennel, shasta daisy, globe artichoke, salsify, sorrel, Himalayan rhubarb, horseradish, perennial rocket, honesty, perennial broccoli, turkish rocket, mallow, hollyhock, sea beet, fat hen, orach, lemon balm, mint, hyssop, dead nettle, ice plant, day lily, ostrich fern, columbine, red valerian, stinging nettle, gladiolus, oxalis Groundcover and annuals Climbers strawberry, tayberry, groundcover raspberry, clover, Japanese parsley, three cornered leek, calendula, French marigold, yarrow, land cress, oregano, creeping comfrey, violet, nasturtium Perennial Sweet Pea, Caucasian spinach, hop, grape, kiwi