Revegetation Strategies and Technologies for Restoration of Native Shrub/Grass Plant Communities on Xeric Saltcedar Infestation Sites

Transcription

1 Revegetation Strategies and Technologies for Restoration of Native Shrub/Grass Plant Communities on Xeric Saltcedar Infestation Sites Kenneth D.Lair and Sarah L.Wynn Technical Service Center, Bureau of Reclam ation, Denver

2 Diorhabda elongata

3 ARS APHIS NRCS (PMC) Saltcedar Biological Control Consortium

4 Saltcedar Revegetation Research Sites Cibola, 2003 San Marcial, 2002 BBNP, 2004 San Marcial Project Site

5 Tamarix ramosissima Atriplex lentiformis Baccharis spp. 3.5 miles Palo Verde, CA Cibola burn site (~45 miles N. of Yuma, AZ) C O L O R A D O Latitude o N; Longitude o W; UTM Zone 11, NAD 27, E, N; SW ¼ Section 25 and NW ¼ Section.36, T. 1 N., R. 24 W. R I V E R Cibola Cibola National Wildlife Refuge 5.5 miles

6 Lower Rio Grande: Big Bend National Park (NPS) Big Bend Ranch State Park (TP&W) Santa Elena Canyon Protected Area, Mexico Maderas del Carmen Protected Area, Mexico Tamarix ramosissima Arundo donax Prosopis spp. Acacia spp.

7 < 25%? 75%+?

8 Lepidium latifolium

9 22.4 cm MAP 13.9 cm (62%), July - Oct Mean spacing 1.4 m No. primary stems (> 2.5 cm) 5.6 Stem Diameter 3.8 cm Canopy height 5.4 m Litter depth, cover 2.2 cm, 78% Litter biomass 7,475 kg ha -1 (n = 120)

10 Texture = SCL, CL EC = range , µ = 16 mmhos cm -1 SAR = range , µ = 19 meq L -1 ph = 8.4 OM = 1.1% NO 3 -N = 1.7 ppm P = 15.2 ppm K = 618 ppm Mycorrhizal presence = 0

11 Groundwater data Mean depth = 2.1 m EC = 3,500 µs cm -1 Al + = 76,300 mg L -1 ph = 7.5 Fe ++ = 65,500 mg L -1 CaCO 3 = 674 mg L -1 Mn ++ = 4,170 mg L -1 SO 4= = 989 mg L -1 Ca ++ = 246 mg L -1 Na + = 573 mg L -1 Mg ++ = 82 mg L -1 Cl - = 282 mg L -1 NO 3 /NO 2 -N = 0.03 mg L -1

12 STUDY 2 Biocontrol Simulation (NH, SRCH plots herbicidally treated) 1 N N 60 A N A N 60 NH 2500 ft 2 SRC 4 A N N60 N N60 A 7 A N N60 N60 N A N60 N60 N A N N60 SRCH SRCI N N N 60 N 60 N N 60 A A A A N A EM38 readings all plots AM samples 2 per rep (4 Replications, 4.8 ha)

13 Herbicide application (triclopyr) in simulation of insect injury Mid-February 2002

14 Mechanical Shredding Using HydroAx with Woodgator for plot delineation

15 July 2002 San Marcial, NM Study Site (Two studies 22.6 acres) April 2002 Study 2 Study 1 N 2 1

16 Completed plot shredding Early July 2002

17 Broadcast seeding of four custom seed mixtures + mycorrhizal inoculation + soil nitrogen manipulation Mid-July 2002

18 Glomus mosseae intraradices fasciculatus Enhance capture of: Soil moisture Phosphorous NH 4 Salt tolerance? (Lab / Greenhouse Studies)

19 Roller chopping seed and inoculum incorporation; enhance moisture capture and retention; reduce surface soil salinity impacts. Imprinting following roller chopping to further enhance moisture capture, and reduce salinity

20 Seed Mixture Culivar Mixture Scientific Name Common Name or Pre-Release Rate STANDARD MIXTURE - STUDY 2 Bouteloua curtipendula Sideoats grama Niner 10.0 Elymus trachycaulus Slender wheatgrass Pryor 11.0 Panicum virgatum Switchgrass Blackwell 15.0 Pascopyrum smithii Western wheatgrass Arriba 10.0 Sporobolus airoides Alkali sacaton Salado 15.0 Sporobolus giganteus Giant dropseed 5.0 Anemopsis californica Yerba mansa 2.0 Plantago insularis Wooly plaintain 2.0 Sphaeralcea coccinea Scarlet globemallow 2.0 Atriplex canescens Fourwing saltbush 12.0 Baccharis glutinosa Seep willow 3.0 Atriplex lentiformis Quailbush 4.0 Lycium andersonii Anderson's wolfberry 7.0 Chrysothamnus nauseosus graveolens Rubber rabbitbrush 2.0 (% )

21 November 2002 Frequency Density

22 Atriplex lentiformis

23 Atriplex canescens

24 Bouteloua curtipendula

25 Elymus trachycaulus

26 Lycium andersonii

27 Non-Seeded Species Panicum obtusum Cucurbita foetidissima Heliotropium curassavicum Datura stramonium

28 Atriplex lentiformis Atriplex canescens 20.0 n = 288 P < c n = 288 P < Frequency (%) c c FREQUENCY (LSD = 4.1) b b ab DENSITY (LSD = 0.07) a a a c FREQUENCY (LSD = 4.5) b b a DENSITY (LSD = 0.09) b b a Density (per sq. meter) 0.0 HERBICIDE SHRED / RC HERB / S / RC S / RC / IMPRINT HERBICIDE SHRED / RC HERB / S / RC S / RC / IMPRINT 0.00 SALTCEDAR TREATMENT

29 Elymus trachycaulus Bouteloua curtipendula Frequency (%) b n = 288 b (LSD = 7.6) (LSD = 0.62) a a a P < FREQUENCY DENSITY a a a a n = 288 FREQUENCY (LSD = 2.5) b b a P < 0.05 DENSITY (LSD = 0.05) b a Density (per sq. meter) 0.0 HERBICIDE SHRED / RC HERB / S / RC S / RC / IMPRINT SALTCEDAR TREATMENT NO INOCULATION GRANULAR SEED COATING MYCORRHIZAL INOCULATION

30 3 n = 288 Tamarix ramosissima SHRED / RC HERB / SHRED / RC SHRED / RC / IMPRINT P < Distance (m) b a a b a a b b a LSD = 0.10 LSD = 0.11 LSD = 0.11 CANOPY HEIGHT TALLEST STEM NEAREST NEIGHBOR SPROUT RESPONSE

31 SUMMARY OF PRELIMINARY RESULTS (1 st Year Data, 2002) ATLE, ATCA, ELTR Frequency, density highest in seeded herbicide plots (no mechanical treatment) X Plants in herbicide plots stunted (2-5 cm), weak, stressed

32 SUMMARY OF PRELIMINARY RESULTS (1 st Year Data, 2002) ATLE, ATCA, ELTR Frequency, density highest in seeded herbicide plots (no mechanical treatment) X Plants in herbicide plots stunted (2-5 cm), weak, stressed Fewer plants but much greater productivity in mechanically treated plots: ATLE: up to 1.2 m ATCA: up to 0.9 m ELTR: up to 30 cm

33 SUMMARY OF PRELIMINARY RESULTS (1 st Year Data, 2002) ATLE, ATCA, ELTR Frequency, density highest in seeded herbicide plots (no mechanical treatment) X Plants in herbicide plots stunted (2-5 cm), weak, stressed Fewer plants but much greater productivity in mechanically treated plots: ATLE: 3-4 ATCA: 2-3 ELTR: 12 Negligible response to mycorrhizal inoculation or N *** 2 nd year data (2003): anticipate reversal of frequency, density results additional species emerging, breaking dormancy

34 SUMMARY OF PRELIMINARY RESULTS (1 st Year Data, 2002) BOCU No difference in frequency, density between treatments (limited 1 st year emergence) Emerged plants cm, vigorous 1 st year seed production Positive mycorrhizal response Granular and seed coating inoculation 1.5-2X no mycorrhizae (frequency and density) No difference between granular and seed coating Recent cooperative research start with Dr. Anna Sher, DU- Denver, on mycorrhizal adaptation and inoculation potential across salinity gradients and SW riparian species.

35 SUMMARY OF PRELIMINARY RESULTS (1 st Year Data, 2002) TARA Relative cover, stem count no difference Canopy and tallest stem height SRC 1.9 m SRCH, SRCI 1.6 m No correlation of emergence or establishment with soil salinity / sodicity.

36 Absence of weed pressure (1 o KOSC)

37 2002: Frequency Density : Canopy Cover Basal Cover Biomass Diversity Vigor

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39 HYDRAHUME AND SODIUM

40

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42 Tamarix ramosissima

43 Dumas Dumas Lake Meredith National Recreation Area Plum Creek McBride Canyon Bonita Creek

44 3.5 miles Palo Verde, CA Cibola burn site (~45 miles N. of Yuma, AZ) Latitude o N; Longitude o W; UTM Zone 11, NAD 27, E, N; SW ¼ Section 25 and NW ¼ Section.36, T. 1 N., R. 24 W. C O L O R A D O R I V E R Cibola National Wildlife Refuge Cibola 5.5 miles

45 Lower Rio Grande: Big Bend National Park (NPS) Big Bend Ranch State Park (TP&W) Santa Elena Canyon Protected Area, Mexico Maderas del Carmen Protected Area, Mexico