Apples, Pears, and Asian Pears Pome Fruits. Gordon Johnson University of Delaware

Transcription

1 Apples, Pears, and Asian Pears Pome Fruits Gordon Johnson University of Delaware

2 What are Pome Fruits Apples Crabapples European Pears Asian Pears Quince

3 Apples Malus domestica Tree size/rootstocks Dwarf Semi-dwarf Standard Type/usage Summer vs. fall Fresh vs. processing Short vs long storage Skin color Yellow Red Green Blush/Mix/Red over yellow Disease resistance Heirloom vs New Breeding

4 Apple Rootstocks BUD 9 EMLA 26 EMLA 7

5 Yellow Transparent - July 2 Yellow Transparent Perrine - July 2 Lodi - July 4 Pristine - July 10 William's Pride - July 15 Summer Apples July and August. Pristine Redfree - August 5 (1) Ginger Gold - August 12 (10) Zestar - August 15 Dandee Red - August 15 Sansa - August 15 Silken Mollies Delicious - August 22 (10) Summer Mac - August 22 Summer Rambo - August 25 (5) Jonamac - August 26 Star Gala - August 26 (25) Fulford Gala - August 26

6 Ginger Gold and Fulford Gala

7 Fall Apples I Early September Honeycrisp Crimson Gala - September 2 Gale Gala - September 2 Marshall McIntosh September 5 Northwest Greening September 5 Honeycrisp - September 10 Rogers Red McIntosh - September 10 Daybreak Fuji - September 10 Improv. Red Jonathan Sept. 10 (1) Pioneer Mac September 11 Crimson Crisp September 15 Crimson Gold September 15 Cortland - September 15 Royal Court September 15 Ruby Jon September 15

8 Daybreak Fuji and Gale Gala

9 Fall Apples II Late September Jonagold De Coster Macoun September 17 Liberty - September 17 Crimson Topaz September 17 Acey Mac September 20 Jersey Red - September 20 Spartan - September 20 Super Chief Red Delic.- Sept. 20 (1) Ace Spur Red Delicious Sept. 20 (1) Ambrosia - September 20 Jonagold De Coster Sept. 20 (15) Acey Mac - September 20 Golden Delicious - September 24 (1) Galarina - September 25 Snow Sweet September 25 Grimes Golden - September 26 (1) Crown Empire - September 28 (10) Royal Empire - September 28 (10)

10 Golden Delicious and Empire

11 Fall Apples III October Suncrisp Fortune (NY 429) - October 1 Freedom - October 1 Hampshire Mac - October 1 Shizuka - October 4 Idared - October 4 Melrose - October 4 Autumn Gala - October 4 Northern Spy - October 6 Lady - October 6 Smokehouse - October 6 Virginia Gold - October 10 Cameo - October 10 Law Rome Beauty - October 12 Nittany - October 12 Albemarle Pippen - October 13 Mutsu - October 14 (1) Suncrisp - October 16 Snapp Stayman - October 20 (1) Red Yorking - October 20 (15) Ramey York - October 20 (15) Red Winesap - October 24 (15) Enterprise - October 24 Fuji (Red Sport #2) - October 25 (1) Red Rome October 26 (15)

12 Rome Beauty and Stayman

13 Fall Apples IV - Late Goldrush Braeburn - November 1 (10/15) Arkansas Black - November 3 (10/15) Autumn Rose Fuji - November 4 (10/20) Granny Smith - November 8 (10/15) Goldrush - November 10 (10/28) Pink Lady - November 14 (10/28)

14 Pink Lady and Granny Smith

15 Fresh Eating Apples Consumer preference Sweetness and sweet/tart balance a key Ginger Gold Zestar Gala types Yellow Delicious Fuji types Honeycrisp Cameo Suncrisp Granny Smith Pink Lady Braeburn Jonagold

16 Processing Apples Cider Any, ideally mixture tart and sweet Cooking York Red Yorking Rome Granny Smith Nittany Other tart apples

17 Medium and Long Term Storage Standard Cold Room Nittany Medium 4 to 6 months Honeycrisp Melrose Northern Spy Smokehouse Pippin Nittany Suncrisp Pink Lady Crimson Crisp Enterprise Long up to 8 months Arkansas Black Black Twig Goldrush (10-11 months) Crimson Gold

18 Disease Resistant Varieties Crimson Crisp Scab primary Rust, powdery mildew, fire blight Good choices for organic Examples Williams Pride**** Redfree**** Liberty**** Freedom**** Galarina*** Enterprise*** CrimsonCrisp** Goldrush** Crimson Topaz* Crimson Gold*

19 Pippin Heirloom Apples Old Favorites, Specific Qualities Black Twig Arkansas Black Winesap Stayman Baldwin Smokehouse Pippin Cox Orange Pippin Grimes Golden Northern Spy Winter Banana Hundreds of others Example Lilly of Kent

20 Specialty Heirloom Apples Lady or Christmas Apple Small, used for decoration Almata Red tinged flesh Chenango Strawberry shape Esopus Spitzenburg Extra large apple Others

21 Specialty Heirloom Examples Lady Christmas Almata Chanango Strawberry Esopus Spitzenburg

22 Varieties Season sequence Storage or keeping ability Quality factors taste, sweetness,tartness Consumer acceptance Firmness Disease resistance Scab, fireblight End use Specialty types Nursery sources Recommended varieties

23 Hyslop Crabapple Apple Pollination Require cross pollination Honey bees Multiple varieties selected for ability to pollinate each other Pollination charts Plant with a pollinizer Crabapples Heavy long blooming apple Winter banana

24 Crabapples Several Malus species Small fruits Often astringent, tart, or bitter High pectin good jelly Good to blend in cider Useful in decorations Wildlife plantings Ornamentals Chestnut Crabapple

25 Pears European types Typical pear shape Asian types Round, firm August-October Size, shape, skin color and texture differ Numerous heirloom types Most require cross pollination Fire Blight Beurre Bosc

26 Pear Rootstocks Standard seedling Bartlett Standard seedling Pyrus betulafolia Older Oregon OHF rootstocks some reduced fruit size Following resistant to fireblight, collar rot, woolly aphids, pear decline. OHF 333 1/2 to 2/3 standard size. OHF 40A 2/3 standard size. OHF 513 2/3 standard size. OHF 87A 2/3 standard size. OHF 97 Standard size Newer Dwarfing Stock - Pyrodwarf and Pyro /2 size. Earlier fruiting than OHF, no reduced fruit size Quince only works for some pears

27 Asian Pear Rootstock Pyrus betulaefolia large tree, tolerates wet soils, hardy 0 F Pyrus calleryana preferred in S.E. because of fire blight resistance, hardy 0-10 F Pyrus communis (Old Home x Farmingdale) Dwarfed 50%, hardy -30 F Pyrus ussuriensis cold hardy -30F

28 European Pear Varieties Moonglow August 10 FBR Clapp's Favorite - August 10 Red Clapps - August 10 Bartlett - August 20 Red Bartlett - August 20 Seckel - August 28 (small) Blake's Pride Sept. 2 FBR Magness Sept. 5 FBR Potomac Sept. 8 FBR Buerre D'Anjou Sept. 12 Buerre Bosc Sept. 15 (long keeper) Many heirlooms

29 European Pear Varieties Beurre D Anjou Moonglow Magness Blakes Pride

30 Asian Pears Fertility requirements not high. Adapted to a range of: Soils. Climates. Fewer pest problems than other tree fruits.

31 Asian Pears Less cold hardy than European (-20F) zones 5-9. May lose bloom in springs with variable freezing. Fireblight susceptible. Set too heavy, require thinning. ex Shinko Require careful harvest.

32 Three Types of Asian Pear Based on fruit shape and skin color: Round or flat fruit with green or yellow skin. Round or flat fruit with bronze-colored or bronze-russet skin. Pear-shaped with green or russet skin.

33 Asian Pear Varieties Atago Shinseiki - August 20 Kosui - August 23 Hosui - August 28 Shinko - September 10 Niitaka - September 17 Yoinashi - September 20 Tse Li - October 1 Ya Li - October 1 Atago - October 5 Olympic - October 10 Many others

34 Fireblight Resistance Highly resistant Shinko Moderately resistant Chojuro Shinsei Korean Giant Yoinashi

35 Asian Pear Varieties Hosui Niitaka Yoinashi Olympic

36 Yoinashi Asian Pear Light to golden brown skin Crunchy, sweet Crisp, juicy Ripen late August

37 Korean Giant Asian Pears Some russet, greenish yellow. Late Sept early Oct harvest. Very large fruit. Fireblight tolerance.

38 Chinese Pears Ya Li Bloom 1 week ahead of Korean pears. Freeze out more often Long season. Smooth, green skin. Medium fruit size.

39 Asian Pear Bloom Flowering time: after peaches before apples Pears are partially self fruitful. Limit fruit to 1-2 per cluster Cluster 4-6 in. apart

40 Pear Pollination Chart Pollen Source Variety Pollinated Shinko Chojuro Korean Giant 20 th Century Yoinashi Housi Kosui Shinko Chojuro Korean Giant 20 th Century Yoinashi Housi Kosui

41 Quince Cydonia oblonga Minor fruit Not eaten fresh Used in cooking High pectin, jelly Sauces Different from flowering quince Can be kept as a large bush or small tree

42 Apple and Pear Planting Systems Standard 20 x 20, 18 x 24, 18 x 20, 18 x 18 Medium density semidwarfs 20 x 12, 18 x 12 High density Vertical axis 6 x 15 HYTEC 6 x 12 Slender spindle 5 x 12

43 Apple Rootstocks BUD 9 M 9 EMLA 26 M 26 EMLA 7 M 7

44 Apple and Pear Planting Systems

45 Apple and Pear Planting Systems

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48 Site Selection Air drainage Soil drainage Soil diseases

49 Planting Fall planting Spring planting Store cold or plant promptly Size hole to spread roots Plant at nursery depth Modify compact soils Wet roots Firm soil no air pockets

50 Feathered vs Whip

51 Soil Fertility & Plant Nutrition ph P and K add if below optimum according to soil test Best to adjust before establishment N -.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 lbs per tree First 4 years Fireblight susceptible should receive less N, Pears also.

52 Pruning Dwarf trees require minimal pruning Scaffold development Scaffold selection and spacing Maintenance Upright growth Dead or diseased Crossing branches Unproductive spurs Light penetration vs Sunscald Maintaining shape Plant height Grow quickly to desired height then control leader

53 Limb Spreading Wide branch crotch angles on scaffolds Some apples, pears! Easiest when tiny

54 Thinning Important for fruit size in apples Control alternate bearing Smaller orchards by hand

55 Weed Management Clear strip 3 + from trunk Herbicides Non-chemical Mulch Mowing

56 Disease Management Scab Fire blight Bitter rot Rust (cedar-apple) Black rot White rot Powdery mildew Fly speck Leaf spots Fungicide selection Fungicide schedule

57 Fire Blight

58 Fireblight Triggered by Heat Moisture Transmitted by Bees Other insects Wind rain Apply dormant copper or Bordeaux. Apply Streptomycin during bloom.

59 Insect Management Sucking stink bug, lygus bug Apple maggot Codling moth Oriental fruit moth Bud moth Plum curculio Japanese beetles Mites, Aphids, Scales Leafhoppers Leaf miners Leaf rollers Pear psylla Insecticides IPM methods Timing of controls

60 Stink Bug Damage Apply insectides beginning at petal fall through cover sprays. Imidan 70 WP Confirm 2F Capture 2E Danitol 2.4 EC Avaunt 30 WDG

61 Harvest Ground color change in some varieties More easily detached but before drops Sweetness, proper taste Pick less ripe for storage

62 Handling and Storage Reduce bruising Limited transfers, dropping Varietal differences Short term storage Longer storage Storage 32 F and 90% humidity Controlled atmosphere Low oxygen high nitrogen

63 Asian Pear Harvest Harvest gently susceptible to bruising. Wind & rain cause fruit drop. Store at F at 90-95% RH. Will store up to 3 mo.

64 Pawpaws Hardy in this area Very underutilized fruit Custard-like Easy to grow Do not store well

65 Some Varieties Peterson s Pawpaw s, Harpers Ferry WV Susquehanna Rappahannock Shenandoah

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82 Figs Questionable hardiness F High tunnel? Great fresh Good direct market if you can grow it Some successful in DE home gardens Hardy Celeste, Hardy Chicago varieties Protected area Straw mulch and remove Row covers

83 Figs Hardy Celeste Hardy Chicago

84 Persimmons Types Japanese (oriental) Only hardy to 10 F Astringent Must be ripened to be acceptable Can be dried Non-astringent American Better accepted Very hardy Small, astringent Potential specialty fruit