HORTICULTURE. facts & figures. New Zealand. Fruit, flowers & vegetables EXPORT HIGHLIGHTS 2-3 EXPORT DESTINATIONS 4-5 SECTOR PROFILES

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1 New Zealand HORTICULTURE facts & figures Fruit, flowers & vegetables EXPORT HIGHLIGHTS 2-3 EXPORT DESTINATIONS 4-5 SECTOR PROFILES Wine 6-7 Fruit 8-12 Flowers 13 Vegetables REGIONAL RESOURCES ASSOCIATED SECTORS IMPORTS/EXPORTS FOOD & NUTRITION CAREERS and TRAINING INFORMATION SOURCES 28-29

2 Horticulture is one of New Zealand s fastest growing export sectors, worth over $2 billion a year. Horticulture Facts and Figures, published annually since 1999 by HortResearch - The Horticulture & Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd Further copies are available from HortResearch, Marketing & Communications, Private Bag , Palmerston North Tel: ISSN ISBN Compiled by: J P Kerr, E W Hewett & A G Aitken Martech Consulting Group Ltd P O Box Milford, Auckland 9 Tel: Fax:

3 Fruit exports fresh and processed $1.1 b Vegetable exports fresh and processed $0.5 b Other exports $0.4 b Other domestic spend $0.8 b Fruit household spend $0.7 b Vegetables household spend $1.0 b New Zealand s horticultural industries exceed $4.5 billion Unless stated otherwise all statistics are for the year ending 30 June 2003 and expressed as $NZ.

4 Export highlights Horticultural exports ($ million, fob*) Year ended June 1965 a 1975 a 1985 a 1995 a 2000 b 2003 b Fresh fruit - Apples Kiwifruit Other fresh fruit Total fresh fruit Processed fruit - Juices - fruit Other processed fruit Total processed fruit Fresh vegetables - Onion Squash Other fresh vegetables Total fresh vegetables Processed vegetables - Peas (frozen) Potatoes (frozen) Sweetcorn (frozen/dried) Vegetables (frozen mixed) Other vegetables Total processed vegetables Wine Flowers Seeds, plants and foliage Other products Total exports $ , , ,000.3 Horticultural exports as % of NZ merchandise exports Source: a Bollard (1996), b Statistics NZ. (*fob - free on board) Horticultural exports 2003 ($ million, fob) 2 Wine Onions Other fresh fruit Other fresh vegetables Processed fruit Squash Other products Other processed vegetables Potatoes (frozen) Sweetcorn (frozen/dried) Vegetables (frozen/mixed) Peas (frozen) Flowers Apples Kiwifruit

5 Horticultural exports ($ million, fob) Horticultural exports have grown from $100 million in 1980 to $2 billion in Fruit - fresh Vegetables - fresh Flowers, seeds & plants Fruit - processed Vegetables - processed Wine Source: Statistics NZ. The top five horticultural exports 1 Kiwifruit 27% 2 Apples 20% 3 Wine 14% 4 Total fresh veg 12% 5 Total processed/frozen veg 12% New Zealand horticulture is driven by exports, not domestic sales. Horticultural exports were 6.8% of all New Zealand merchandise exports in Horticultural exports have grown steadily from 1970 (1.8% of agricultural exports) through to 2003 (9.3% of all New Zealand food and fibre exports). Kiwifruit and apples each represented 27% and 20%, respectively, of our horticultural exports, followed by wine (14%), fresh vegetables (12%) and processed/frozen vegetables (12%). Domestic sales of horticultural products are estimated at $2.5 billion. The total revenue of the horticultural industry exceeds $4.5 billion. For more information visit 3

6 Export destinations Export destinations for New Zealand horticultural products - trends since 1990 Fruit, vegetables and flowers were exported to 105 countries around the globe in This is an increase from 83 countries in Exports to 41 countries exceeded $1 million in 2003, up from 27 in Of these 41 countries, exports to 21 exceeded $10 million, up from 5 in The key export markets for New Zealand fruit and vegetables are the European Union, Japan, USA and Australia. All have expanded during the 1990s. Scandinavia $12m [$15m] Wine... $7m Canada $23m [$5m] Wine... $15m Apples... $5m USA $200m [$107m] Wine... $67m Apples... $59m Kiwifruit... $21m Flowers... $8m Apple juice.. $5m Pears... $5m UK $249m [$85m] Wine... $114m Apples... $93m Onions... $20m Kiwifruit.. $15m Belgium $14m [$9m] Onions... $7m Germany $47m [$7m] Apples.. $35m Onions... $6m Spain $47m [$3m] Kiwifruit... $47m Netherlands $75m [$5m] Apples... $37m Onions... $14m Veg seeds... $9m Bulbs/tubers.. $5m Wine... $5m Italy $22m [$9m] Kiwifruit... $19m Eastern Europe $1m [$0m] Central & South American countries $3m [$1m] African countries $6m [$4m] Countries shown are those defined as the export destinations. Note that there are exports to the European Union as well as direct exports to countries within the EU such as the UK and Germany. Values following the country name are for 2003 and those in brackets for Export value for each product ($NZ million, fob) is for year ending 30 June Entries only included if value to a destination exceeds $NZ5 million. Source: Statistics NZ. 4

7 Horticulture builds the New Zealand profile overseas in many markets Exports to UK, EU countries, Malaysia and China have decreased by >15% compared with 2002: whereas exports to Spain, Germany, Korea and Canada have increased by >15%. New Zealand exports to many diverse markets. Also, the diversity of products exported is notable, especially to Japan and Australia which each receive over 80 products. Several Pacific Islands receive a similar range of horticultural products. Japan is the dominant market for flowers (> 59%) and UK for wines (> 40%). Horticultural exports to Japan and UK exceeded 10% of New Zealand s total exports to those countries. European Union countries $235m [$327m] Kiwifruit.. $156m Apples... $83m Wine... $5m Middle East $13m [$6m] Kiwifruit... $5m Thailand $13m [na] Apples... $5m Other Asian countries $7m [$7m] China $15m [<$5m] Potatoes... $5m Hong Kong $35m [$11m] Apples... $12m Kiwifruit... $8m Fresh veg... $6m Malaysia $37m [$5m] Apples... $10m Potatoes... $8m Singapore $31m [$12m] Apples... $10m South Korea $38m [$1m] Kiwifruit... $27m Squash... $5m Philippines $12m [$2m] Potatoes... $9m Australia $256m [$114m] Wine... $52m Processed veg $18m Beans... $31m Peas... $14m Processed Sweet corn.. $14m fruit... $23m Potatoes... $13m Kiwifruit... $22m Apple juice... $7m Avocados... $21m Capsicums... $7m Japan $433m [$285m] Kiwifruit... $167m Squash... $62m Sweetcorn... $33m Processed veg $25m Capsicums... $17m Orchids... $12m Bulbs/tubers... $12m Flowers... $11m Peas... $9m Asparagus... $8m Citrus... $8m Apple juice... $7m Processed fruit.. $5m Sphagnum... $11m Taiwan $80m [$7m] Kiwifruit... $38m Apples... $21m Cherries... $7m Fiji $21m [$10m] Potatoes... $8m Other Pacific Islands $27m [$11m] Fresh veg... $8m Frozen veg... $5m 5

8 Sector profiles Wine Grape and wine production Variety Production area (ha) Production (tonnes) Sauvignon Blanc 819 4,516 5,704 28,266 Chardonnay 1,232 3,515 5,301 15,534 Riesling ,204 3,376 Müller Thurgau 1, ,228 1,685 Semillon ,125 2,192 Pinot Gris na 316 na 1,214 Other white vinifera ,090 2,758 Cabernet Sauvignon ,091 3,201 Pinot Noir 384 2,624 1,880 9,402 Merlot 201 1, ,957 Other red vinifera ,171 2,199 Undefined Total 5,980 15,405 39,787 74,822 a Regional Councils Auckland/Northland , Waikato/Bay of Plenty Gisborne 1,498 1,885 13,169 14,350 Hawke s Bay 1,616 3,702 8,431 10,832 Wellington/Wairarapa ,311 Tasman/Nelson ,149 Marlborough 1,997 6,831 15,115 40,537 Canterbury/Waipara ,422 Otago ,825 Not assigned to region Total 5,980 15,405 39,787 74,822 a a Total wine industry crushed 76,400 tonnes of grapes. Sources: NZ Grape & Wine Industry Statistical Annual Wine exports 2003 ($ million, fob) and imports 2003 ($ million, cif) Imports France Italy South Africa Chile Canada Netherlands Denmark Japan Ireland Belgium Germany Other countries Exports Australia USA UK Source: Statistics NZ For more information visit

9 Grape production by variety (2003 vintage) White varieties (55,025 tonnes) Müller Thurgau 2% Riesling 4% Other white vinifera 4% Semillon 3% Pinot Gris 2% Sauvignon Blanc 38% Chardonnay 21% Pinot Noir 12% Red varieties (19,797 tonnes) Merlot 7% Cabernet Sauvignon 4% Other red vinifera 3% Source: NZ Grape & Wine Industry Statistical Annual Wine valued at $283 million (fob) was exported to 72 countries. Exports have increased from $48 million in 1993, and were up 15% on UK, USA and Australia are the major markets taking 83% of exports. Export of wine has increased from 15% of total industry sales in 1993 to 44% in Sauvignon Blanc comprised 60% of export sales in The grape harvest was 43% below 2002, due to cool spring temperatures and frost damage that reduced fruit set in many cultivars. The production vineyard area is over 2.5 times the 1993 area and up 23% on The planted area is 18,247 ha with the greatest increase in Marlborough and substantial new plantings in Tasman/Nelson (105%), Otago (114%), Wellington/Wairarapa (52%), and Hawke s Bay (37%) over During the past decade the plantings of Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc and Merlot have expanded more rapidly than other varieties. Sauvignon Blanc constitutes 29% of all plantings, up from 14% in 1993; Pinot Noir has increased from 5% to 17% and Chardonnay has remained around 21%. Number of wineries has increased to 421, up 18 from There are 634 growers. Wine imports of $161 million were mainly from Australia (73%), France (13.5%) and Italy (5%). 7

10 Sector profiles Apples Industry statistics Season Crop volumes ( 000 tonnes) Apples produced a 500 Fresh Apples exported General Statistics Yield (tonnes/ha) Area planted (ha) 14,340 14,967 a 14,541 a 14,114 14,200 a 12,799 12,010 a Growers (no.) 1,751 1,500 1,500 1,488 1,200 a 1,000 a 900 Packhouses (no.) a Estimate only. Sources: Statistics NZ; NZ Pipfruit Inc; Fruit Research Council of NZ. Export destination of New Zealand apples 2003 Source: Statistics NZ. UK 24% USA 15% EU 21% Netherlands 9% Germany 9% Taiwan 5% Malaysia 3% Hong Kong 3% Singapore 3% Other 8% 63% of exported apples were to EU countries (including UK), 16% to North America and 18% to Asia. Access of apples to Australia continues to be denied. Exports of apple preparations and juice were $31 million. New international grade standards allow fruit size to be determined by weight. Grower numbers continue to decline after the 1990s. World production of apples which increased by almost 4% per annum during the 1990s has slowed and the rate of increase has dropped below 1% per year. China produces about 21.0 million tonnes each year, which is 35% of world production. New Zealanders ate 17.7 kg per person in 2002, which is comparable with the average EU consumption, but only 50% of Turkey s. New Zealand was ranked top equal with Chile among 28 apple producing countries in 2002, judged on 22 criteria: viz. production efficiency, industry infrastructure and inputs, financial and market factors. France, Austria, Belgium and Netherlands were next in line. (World Apple Review 2003). 8 For more information visit

11 Annual per capita consumption of apples 2002 (kg/person) UK USA Australia Japan Brazil Italy Germany Netherlands Poland New Zealand Norway China Turkey Source: World Apple Review In 2003, fresh apples valued at $392 million were exported to 66 countries. Thirty-five companies exported over 1800 tonnes each (100,000 cartons) accounting for 95% of total crop. ENZA Ltd handles about 41% of exports. Photo: Turners & Growers Ltd 9

12 Sector profiles Kiwifruit Industry statistics Season (ends 31 March) Crop volumes (million) Trays submitted Trays sold General Statistics Yield (trays/ha) 4,516 5,919 6,305 5,295 6,445 6,933 6,175 Area planted (ha) 12,256 10,243 10,015 10,234 10,159 10,100 10,376 Growers/suppliers (no.) 2,748 2,723 2,681 2,541 2,506 2,504 2,719 Packhouses (no.) Coolstores (no.) Sources: Annual Report 98 Kiwifruit NZ; ZESPRI Group Annual Report Italy, New Zealand and Chile dominate international trade in kiwifruit. China has an estimated 50,000 ha kiwifruit planted. Kiwifruit valued at $539 million (fob) was exported to 44 countries during 2002/03. The export crop comprised 47.6 million trays ZESPRI GREEN (82%), 8.1 million trays ZESPRI GOLD (14%) and 2.4 million trays ZESPRI GREEN ORGANIC (4%) Isabel Fraser brought seed to NZ from Yichang, China Alexander Allison produced fruit in Wanganui. c1922 Hayward Wright listed Actinidia in catalogue. c1929 Hayward cultivar selected by Wright. Late 1920s Chinese gooseberry plants sold by nurserymen Bruno Just, Duncan and Davies, Horton, and Hayward Wright. c1930 Fred Walker established world s first commercial orchard in Wanganui Jim MacLoughlin planted pair of Chinese gooseberries on Te Puke farm. Up to 2.8 ha by mid 1940s Hayward cultivar launched Graham Bayliss planted 9.6 ha Chinese gooseberries (Hayward) No 3 Road, Te Puke c1937 First commercial Hayward orchard established by E Denzil Forester. 1940s Pruning & training techniques developed by Graham Bayliss. 10 Photos: ZESPRI International Ltd Source: Kiwifruit: Science and Management.

13 Kiwifruit producing countries World annual production (1.21 million tonnes on 109,000 ha) Source: World Kiwifruit Review New Zealand 21% China 16% Chile 13% Italy 29% Spain 1% Japan 4% USA 2% France 6% South Korea 1% Greece 4% Others 3% Kiwifruit producers in Italy, Japan, Korea, France and USA have been licensed to grow ZESPRI GOLD. ZESPRI places this fruit in northern hemisphere markets when New Zealand fruit is not available. ZESPRI had year-round market presence in Europe during 2003, with over 1 million trays of counter-seasonal fruit sold. For more information visit Key Industry events 1952 Trial shipment of Chinese gooseberries to UK Kiwifruit name introduced to USA market. 1960s Export markets under development Kiwifruit Export Promotion Committee Kiwifruit Marketing Licensing Authority NZ Kiwifruit Authority NZ Kiwifruit Marketing Board Kiwifruit NZ & ZESPRI International Ltd Kiwifruit growers issued shares in ZESPRI Group Ltd Mouat published an evaluation of Hayward, Bruno, Allison, Constricta & Abbott cultivars. 1960s Discovered that ethylene hastens kiwifruit ripening. 1960s Demonstrated long term storage ability of Hayward DSIR established the research orchard at Te Puke. 1970s DSIR started breeding programme. 1970s Scientists visit China to begin import of Actinidia species % soluble solids adopted as harvest maturity index. 1980s Development in canopy management increased fruit size & yields. Early 1990s Kiwigreen programme introduced to industry - founded on extensive research. 1990s Postharvest CA storage technology introduced. 1990s High speed inline fruit segregation developed (Compac graders). 1990s Improved management of bees has increased fruit numbers and size Orchard production of ZESPRI GOLD began. Research and technology highlights 11

14 Sector profiles Other fruit Other fresh and processed fruit Sales value ($m) Crops as at Growers a,b Planted area a Crop volume b Domestic b Export (fob) 30 June 2002 (no.) (ha) (tonnes) Avocados 1,150 3,099 13, Berryfruit 285 2,754 13, Blackcurrants 50 1,308 2, Boysenberries , Raspberries ,500 - Blueberries Strawberries , Blackberries 114 Citrus 519 2,093 19, Grapefruit 82 - Lemons 364 5, Mandarins 911 7, Oranges 573 7, Tangelos 163 Feijoa Grapes - table Nashi , Nuts 1,841 - Chestnuts Macadamias Walnuts Other nuts 389 Olives 2,590 Passionfruit Pears Persimmon , Summerfruit 333 2,915 25, Apricots 635 7, Cherries 550 1, Nectarines 528 5, Peaches , c - Plums 394 2, Tamarillo Other fruit Total fresh fruit Processed fruit Fruit used for processing is produced on the orchard areas described above Apple juice 20.3 Other fruit juices 6.0 Frozen fruit [boysenberries $3.1m, blueberries $1.0m] 7.2 Fruit and nut preparations [apples $11.0m, blackcurrants $4.3m] 30.5 Jams, jellies and purees 12.0 Olive oil 2.3 c 0.4 Total processed fruit 76.4 Sources: a Statistics NZ - Agricultural Production Census 2002, b Sector estimates. c Farm gate estimates. Blank entries indicate that the information is not available. Exports of avocados, berryfruit, summerfruit, citrus, persimmons and pears range from $8 million to $26 million, but all these fruits are important to the domestic market. For more information visit 12

15 Flowers, plants, seeds and other products Exports of flowers, plants, seeds and other products ($ million, fob) Cut flowers - Alstroemeria Chrysanthemums Lilium Nerines Orchids Paeonies Proteaceae Sandersonia Zantesdeschia Other Plants - Live plants Foliage Seeds, Bulbs - Flower seeds 0.5 < Vegetable seeds Tree seeds Bulbs, tubers, corms Sphagnum moss a Hops a 8.5 a Total a Estimate only. Source: Statistics NZ. Exports of cut flowers have increased from $8 million in 1985 to $48 million in 2002, with a decrease to $39 million in Bulb and vegetable seed exports have steadily expanded since There are significant exports of orchids ($12m), zantedeschias ($4m) and sandersonias ($1m) to Japan. There are over 2000 flower growers of whom about 400 are full-time producers. The domestic market for cut flowers is estimated at $70 million. For more information visit 13

16 Sector profiles Vegetables Fresh and processed vegetables Sales value ($ million, fob) Crops Growers c Planted Crop volume c Domestic c Exports 2003 (no.) area (ha) (tonnes) 2002 Fresh Processed b Asparagus 201 2,015 5, Beans , Broc/Cabbage/Cauli 277 3,746 40, Capsicums , Carrots 139 1,831 65, Cucurbits , Garlic , Kumara , Lettuce 252 1, Melons Mushrooms Onions 150 5, , Peas 532 8,273 58, Potatoes , , Pumpkin 125 1,033 31, Silverbeet/Spinach , Squash 181 6,560 95, Sweetcorn 326 6,384 96, Tomatoes - greenhouse , Tomatoes - outdoor , Mixed vegetables Made from combinations 46.7 Dried vegetables of the above crops 6.4 Other vegetables a 2, Total , a Includes taro, celery, parsnips, spring onions, Asian vegetables (excl. Chinese cabbage), yams, witloof, leeks, vegetable shoots, shallots, swedes and some others. b Processing includes freezing, canning, juicing and artificial drying. c Sector estimates. Sources: Statistics NZ - Agricultural Production Census 2002; VegFed Blank entries indicate that the information is not available. Destinations of vegetable exports ($ million, fob) Japan Australia Other Asian countries Other countries UK Malaysia Fiji Other Pacific Islands Netherlands Source: Statistics NZ. Processed/frozen Fresh For more information visit 14

17 Vegetable exports increased from 1994 to 2003 ($ million, fob) Fresh Processed Source: Statistics NZ. More than 50 different types of vegetables are grown in New Zealand for consuming fresh or for processing. In recent years there has been an increase in the range and volume of Asian vegetables for local consumption. Vegetable exports comprised $246 million of fresh vegetables and $250 million processed vegetables to 63 countries. Onions (41%) and squash (27%) dominate fresh vegetable exports. Capsicum exports ($24 million) have increased in recent years. Japan (49%) is the major market for fresh vegetables, while Australia (41%) is the main market for processed vegetables. Potatoes, sweetcorn, mixed vegetables, pea, and beans are the major processed and frozen vegetables exported. There are 2,300 growers in New Zealand farming over 50,000 ha, employing 25,000 people. Many growers produce multiple crops each year, and grower numbers and crop types can vary from year to year. For several crops the barriers to entry are low. Data for domestic sales are incomplete but consumption at the retail level is estimated to exceed $1 billion. 15 Photo: Vegfed, NZ Fruitgrowers Federation

18 Regional resources Crops are specific to regional climates and soils Distribution of fruit by Regional Councils (ha) Regional Council Pipfruit Wine grapes Kiwifruit Summerfruit Avocados Citrus Berryfruit Nuts Olives Other subtropical Other fruit Total fruit Northland ,872 Auckland ,254 Waikato ,548 Bay of Plenty , , ,231 Gisborne 300 1, C ,201 Hawke s Bay 6,200 3, , ,716 Taranaki 9 C C C C 179 Manawatu-Wanganui 140 C C Wellington C ,650 Tasman-Nelson 3, ,451 Marlborough 243 7,437 C C ,391 West Coast 0 C C C C 0 C C C 0 C 0 Canterbury C 112 C C ,360 Otago ,122 0 C ,347 Southland 0 C C C 0 0 C C 37 Total ,799 17,359 11,964 2,915 3,099 2,093 2,754 1,841 2, , ,868 5,328 15,251 3,244 1,308 2,277 1, na 1,085 na 44,915 % change -8% +226% -22% -10% +137% -8% +44% +195% -24% +31% C - Some data have been suppressed for reasons of respondent confidentiality. Totals include confidential data. Sources: Statistics NZ - Agricultural Production Census Data for year ended 30 June Note: There may be some variations between the data reported in this section with those reported for the individual horticultural sectors. This is attributed to factors such as differences in sampling times, working definitions and the number of respondents. For some crops, eg wine grapes, the planted areas have not reached full production. 16

19 Horticulture is vital to the economy of many regions Distribution of vegetables by Regional Councils (ha) Distribution of indoor crops (m 2 (000 s)) Regional Council Potatoes Peas & Onions Sweetcorn Squash Broccoli, Carrots Asparagus Lettuce Other Total Tomatoes Capsicum Cucumber Nursery Orchids Other indoor Beans Cab & Caulis veg veg crops crops Northland C 6 C C C 19 1,137 1, Auckland , C C , ,021 Waikato 2,309 C 2, C 322 C , Bay of Plenty 139 C C 13 C C Gisborne C ,059 2,427 C 0 0 C 76 4,593 C C C 14 Hawke s Bay ,821 2, , C C C 56 Taranaki 120 C C 9 C C C 125 C C 254 C C Manawatu-Wanganui 2,166 1, , Wellington 57 1 C C C C C 8 C 41 Tasman-Nelson 44 C C 40 Marlborough C C C 60 C C 183 1,977 C C 6 2 C 10 West Coast 0 C C C 0 C C 0 C C C C 0 10 Canterbury 4,020 5, , Otago C C C C C 6 C 97 Southland 170 C C C 0 5 C C C C C C 11 C Total ,611 9,108 5,488 6,384 6,560 3,746 1,831 2,015 1,287 5,690 52,721 1, , ,695 5,893 2,925 3,485 4,396 3,309 1,221 2, ,212 39, % change +9% +55% +88% +83% +49% +13% +50% -18% +49% +35% +35% +81% +429% +709% +91% +102% +323% See above notes. (1 ha = 10,000 m 2 ). For more information visit 17

20 Regional resources Investment in the horticultural industries Crop area On-farm Off-farm (ha) ($ million) ($ million) Apples, pears and nashi 12, Wine grapes 17, ,604 Kiwifruit 11,964 2, Summerfruit 2, Avocados 3, Citrus 2, Berryfruit 2, Nuts 1, Olives 2, Other subtropical fruits Other fruits Total fruit 58,520 4,448 4,174 Potatoes 10, Peas and beans 9, Onions 5, Squash 6, Sweetcorn 6, Broccoli, cabbages and cauliflowers 3, Carrots 1, Asparagus 2, Lettuce 1, Other vegetables 5, Total vegetables 52, Protected - high tech low/medium tech Total horticultural 111,928 5,643 5,133 Sources: Statistics NZ - Agricultural Production Census MAF Horticulture Monitoring Report Estimated investment in horticulture exceeds $10.6 billion. Horticultural enterprises represent a significant capital investment on farms, orchards & greenhouses of about $5.6 billion in land, buildings and equipment. The off-farm capital investment to package, process and transport the products to the nearest port and/or domestic market, at $5.1 billion, is similar to the onfarm investment. The ratio of on-farm to off-farm investment varies across the individual sectors. Kiwifruit off-farm investment was set at 20% of on-farm investment, whereas wine was set at 300% of on-farm investment. Other crops range between these limits. Horticultural enterprises operate at many scales. Off-orchard pack houses allow many small holdings to be economic for growers. This structure encourages new grower entrants. 18

21 Horticulture activities are distributed throughout New Zealand Auckland Asian veg Lettuce Broccoli Mandarins Cabbage Onions Cauliflower Persimmons Chestnuts Silver beet Olives Pumpkin 8,007 ha Waikato Asparagus Onions Blueberries Potatoes Melons 8,516 ha Manawatu/Wanganui Asparagus Peas Broccoli Beans Cabbage Potatoes Cauliflower Squash Carrots Pumpkins Parsnips 7,199 ha Taranaki 433 ha Northland Avocados Kumara Macadamias Mandarins Oranges Lemons Tamarillos 4,279 ha Bay of Plenty Asparagus Avocados Citrus Tamarillos Kiwifruit 11,739 ha Gisborne Mandarins Oranges Lemons Squash Sweetcorn Wine grapes 7,795 ha Tasman/Nelson Apples Pears Blackcurrants Boysenberries Raspberries Hops 5,872 ha Westland Sphagnum moss Southland 212 ha Otago Apricots Cherries, Nectarines Peaches Plums Walnuts 4,095 ha Canterbury Blackcurrants Broccoli Cabbage Cauliflower Carrots Olives Walnuts Onions Lettuce Peas Beans Potatoes Pumpkins Sweetcorn 16,479 ha Wellington Olives 2,097 ha Marlborough Cherries Garlic Olives Sweetcorn Wine grapes 10,368 ha Hawke s Bay Apples Pears Asparagus Nectarines Apricots Olives Peaches Plums Pumpkin Squash Sweetcorn Tomatoes Wine grapes 19,176 ha Fruit Vegetables Crop is named when the regional area exceeds 10% of the national crop area. Some 4,971 ha of crops could not be assigned to a specific region. 19

22 Associated sectors Bees - a vital contributor to horticulture Bees pollinate crops and play a big part in their yield. Honey production was almost 40% above the 6-year average production. Honey exports exceeded $25 million in Bees and bee products earned another $2.9 million. Domestic consumption is about 5,000 tonnes. Some 300,000 hives, owned by 3,790 beekeepers. New Zealand honey crop (12,252 tonnes) Otago, Southland 13% Canterbury 19% Marlborough, Tasman, Westland 11% Source: MAF Horticulture Monitoring Report, Statistics NZ. Waikato, King Country, Taupo 18% Northland, Auckland, Hauraki Plains 9% Bay of Plenty, Coromandel, Poverty Bay 17% Hawke s Bay, Taranaki, Manawatu, Wairarapa 13% Emergence of organic production Organic exports exceed $70 million, primarily as kiwifruit, processed vegetables and apples. The domestic market is smilar in size. Approximately 2,800 ha of land is certified for organic production of horticultural crops and a further 1,500 ha is in transition to organic certification as at 30 June About 3% of horticultural exports are organically produced. New Zealand organic exports by product Fresh fruit 77% Fresh vegetables 1% Frozen & canned vegetables 8% Beverages 2% Meat & wool 7% Other products 5% and by market Europe 41% Japan 25% Australia 1% North America 15% Asia 1% Other 17% For year ending 30 June Source: Organic Products Exporters of NZ Inc. 20

23 The horticultural industries earn further export funds through other activities: Machinery Exports of high technology, high speed, accurate sorting (eg weight, diameter, colour, density, Brix, blemish, and shape) systems for fruit and vegetables are expanding. The export markets include USA, Australia, South Africa, Asia, Europe and South America. Royalties New Zealand organisations receive royalties for horticultural crops grown in other countries but bred and developed in New Zealand. These crops may be grown in northern hemisphere markets under licence to New Zealand organisations. Photo: Compac Sorting Equipment Ltd Amenity Horticulture Sport and recreational turf is important to the health of New Zealanders. It is a significant part of the domestic economy as well as an attraction for tourists. Investment in turf Area Capital invested Staff (ha) ($ million) Bowls Sports fields 8,173 Parks and reserves 23, Croquet Golf 16, Racing 1, Schools 11,659 2,416 3,215 Other Total 61,790 4,153 4,753 Sources: NZ Turf Management Journal, August

24 Imports/exports Comparisons of imports and exports ($ million) Imports Exports Processed fruit Fresh vegetables Fresh fruit Processed vegetables Wine New Zealand s Seeds, plants, etc horticultural exports Flowers significantly exceeded our imports for Olive oil Horticultural imports exceeded $650 million in New Zealand s place in the global fruit and vegetable scene Other citrus 8.9% Other deciduous 10.8% Other tropical 21.2% Bananas 14.9% Berries 1.1% Oranges 14.9% Kiwifruit 0.3% Grapes 14.3% Apples 13.6% Source: World Kiwifruit Review The world fruit bowl (441 million tonnes) The world s fruit bowl is very large and the world s vegetable bowl is even larger. For both fruit and vegetables only a small percentage of total production is traded internationally. New Zealand is a small player and targets niche markets. 22

25 The origin of fruit and vegetable imports ($ million, cif*) Australia (wine, USA (oranges, dried fruit, nuts, grapes, summerfruit) processed fruit, tomatoes, frozen veg, Ecuador (bananas) nuts, melons, orange Italy (olive oil, tomatoes, wine) juice, oranges) Philippines (bananas) France (wine) China (nuts) Turkey (apricots) Spain (olive oil) Chile (grapes) Thailand Netherland Brazil South Africa Other countries Source: Statistics NZ. These countries send us more than $10 million (cif) fruit and vegetables. Many of these crop types are not grown in New Zealand others complement our own seasonal production. Products named when import value exceeds $5 million. 300 (*cif - cost, insurance, freight included) Other roots & tubers 4% Sweet potatoes 9% Cabbages, caulis 5% Other fresh vegetables 27% Potatoes 20% Cassava 12% Onions, garlic 4% Peas, beans, lentils 5% Melons, cantaloupes 7% Tomatoes 7% Source: FAOSTAT Agriculture Data. The world vegetable bowl (1545 million tonnes) The quantities of New Zealand s fruit and vegetable exports are only a small percent of international trade in each sector. New Zealand kiwifruit exports represent about 33% of world trade, sweet corn about 9%, apples and onions 4 to 5%; and apricots, frozen potatoes, avocados and frozen vegetables each exceed 1%. 23

26 Food and nutrition New Zealand consumer spend on fruit and vegetables ($ million) Oranges Carrots Mushrooms Broccoli Lettuce Kumara Peppers Grapes Mandarins Onions Pears Nectarines Cauliflower Cucumber Pumpkins etc Kiwifruit Strawberries Avocados Peaches Apricots Apples Potatoes Tomatoes Bananas New Zealanders spend over $1.3 billion on fruit and vegetables each year New Zealanders spend over $531 million on fresh vegetables; over $385 million on fresh fruits; and $460 million on wine each year. Other vegetables (equals $177 million) Other fruits Source: Statistics NZ. Household Economic Survey for year ended 30 June Analysis of typical fruits and vegetables Constituents contained within 100 gm portions Fibre, (NSP) total (g) Energy (kj) Fat total (g) Vitamin A equiv. (µg) Vitamin C (mg) Carotenoids total (mg) Potassium (mg) Apples Apricots Avocados Bananas Blackcurrants Broccoli (boiled) Carrot (raw) Kiwifruit Kumara (baked) a 634 Lettuce a 245 Onions (raw) trace 184 Oranges Pears trace 96 Potatoes (fried) trace trace trace 630 Squash (steamed) a 375 Strawberries trace 151 Tomatoes (raw) a (lo-hi values) Kumara (white-orange flesh), Lettuce (heart-leafy types), Squash (pale-orange flesh) Source: The Concise NZ Food Composition Tables, Crop&Food

27 A mix of fruit and vegetables add value to daily health A balanced diet includes deeply coloured fruits and vegetables that provide the vitamins, minerals, fibre, and phytochemicals needed to maintain good health, protect against the effects of aging and reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease. For good health select fruit and vegetables with a mix of colours Blue/Purple Contain phytochemicals such as anthocyanins and phenolics, which have potential antioxidant and anti-aging benefits Include: Blackberries, blueberries, blackcurrants, purple grapes, plums, prunes, raisins, purple cabbage, eggplant, purple Belgian endive, purple peppers, potatoes (purple fleshed) Green Contain phytochemicals such as lutein and indoles, which have potential antioxidant, and healthpromoting benefits Include: Avocados, green apples, green grapes, honeydew, kiwifruit, green pears, artichokes, asparagus, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, beans, celery, cucumbers, endive, leafy greens, leeks, lettuce, green onions, okra, peas, green pepper, spinach, watercress, zucchini White, White/Brown tan, and brown Contain varying amounts of phytochemicals eg allicin, found in the onion family Include: Bananas, brown pears, dates, white nectarines, white peaches, cauliflower, garlic, ginger, Jerusalem artichoke, kohlrabi, mushrooms, onions, parsnips, potatoes (white fleshed), shallots, turnips, white corn Orange/Yellow and yellow Contain varying amounts of antioxidants such as vitamin C as well as carotenoids and bioflavonoids, which have health promoting potential Include: Yellow apples, apricots, cantaloupe, grapefruit, gold kiwifruit, lemon, mangoes, nectarines, oranges, peaches, yellow pears, persimmons, pineapples, tangerines, melon, butternut squash, carrots, yellow peppers, yellow potatoes, pumpkin, sweetcorn, sweet potatoes, yellow squash Red Contain phytochemicals such as lycopene and anthocyanins with potential health-promoting properties Include: Red apples, cherries, cranberries, red grapes, pink/ red grapefruit, red pears, raspberries, strawberries, watermelon, beets, red peppers, radishes, red onions, red potatoes, rhubarb, tomatoes Source: 5aday.co.nz For more information visit & 25

28 Careers and training Diverse skills required to keep New Zealand as a leader in horticulture The expanding horticultural sector provides work opportunities for skilled people at all levels. Areas include fruit, vegetable or flower production, nursery management, viticulture and wine making, business management, domestic and global marketing, engineering, post harvest transport and storage of products, logistics, packaging, biotechnology, plant physiology and plant protection, to name but a few. Most polytechnics and universities throughout New Zealand offer tertiary education and training of value to horticulture. For more information visit or Horticulture requires advanced skill sets Horticultural science Enterprise management Agricultural science Biological sciences Food technology Food science Photos: Vegfed, NZ Fruitgrowers Federation, HortResearch Sector functions are closely linked The connected resources are required for a world class Value Chain Distribution, transport and storage Crop production and harvesting on farms, orchards and vineyards Research and technology development Nurseries & seeds Fruit, grape, vegetable & flower producers Pack houses, food & beverage processors 26

29 Horticultural training statistics - trainees by category (as at 30 September 2003) Horticultural trainees are increasing - up to 1278 trainees in 2003 from 763 in Fruit production 14% Amenity 31% Nursery production 18% Source: Horticultural Industry Training Organisation Inc. Arboriculture 11% Landscape 8% Garden centre retail 3% Vegetable 3% Organics 2% Forest nursery 2% Floriculture 1% Management 6% Other programmes 1% Engineering Marketing Biotechnology Business management Supply chain management Information management Market management and customer service Financial, engineering and technical consultancy services Food packaging and processing Graduates in horticulture are in demand. In 2003 job opportunities exceeded graduate supply. Distribution transport & storage Export & domestic markets 27

30 Information sources Sustainable environment and safe foods Today s horticultural industries take account of community needs and work to ensure that: fresh and processed foods are safe on-farm production systems are sustainable on-farm practices are safe national biosecurity programmes are effective. Integrated Fruit/Crop Production and Integrated Pest Management practices are widely used in fruit and vegetable production. These practices are used to control pests and diseases and minimise the use of agrichemicals. Monitoring and trace-back systems provide further quality assurance. Several agencies help in the discharge of these responsibilities. The GROWSAFE training programmes educate farmers and growers in the use of agrichemicals. Special programmes are provided for agrichemical distributors, ground and aerial applicators. These are administered by the New Zealand Agrichemical Education Trust. For more information visit MAF Biosecurity Authority oversees the strict border protocols designed to reduce entry of unwanted pests and diseases into New Zealand. Countries to which we export have their own border controls with which we must comply. These are designed either to protect their crops and/or the health of their citizens. For more information visit The Resource Management Act (1991) brings together laws governing land, air and water resources. It concentrates on the environmental effects of human activities. The Ministry for the Environment has a key role - though local government has much of the responsibility for day-to-day environmental management. For more information visit The Environmental Risk Management Authority New Zealand (ERMA New Zealand) controls the introduction of new plants and animals into New Zealand, including genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and new and existing hazardous substances. For more information visit Australia New Zealand Food Authority s role is to protect the health and safety of the people of Australia and New Zealand by maintaining a safe food supply. For more information visit 28

31 References used to compile this booklet: 1. Agricultural Production Census. For year ended 30 June Household Economic Survey. For year ended 30 June Export Statistics. For year ended 30 June Statistics New Zealand, PO Box 2922, Wellington. 2. Annual Report 98. Kiwifruit New Zealand. Annual Report Zespri International Ltd. PO Box 4043, Mt Maunganui. 3. Bollard, E.G Further prospects for horticulture - the continuing importance of research. New Zealand Fruitgrowers Charitable Trust, Wellington. 4. Fruit Research in New Zealand. Reports prepared by the Fruit Research Council of New Zealand for 1993, 1994 and 1995, New Zealand Fruitgrowers Federation, PO Box 2175, Wellington. 5. Horticulture Monitoring Report - July Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry. PO Box 2526, Wellington. 6. Kiwifruit: Science and Management. I J Warrington, and G C Weston. Editors NZ Society for Horticultural Science. 7. New Zealand Vegetable & Potato Growers Federation Inc. (VegFed), PO Box 10232, Wellington, 8. New Zealand Grape & Wine Industry Statistical Annual New Zealand Winegrowers, PO Box , Auckland. 9. Pipfruit Growers New Zealand Inc., PO Box 10704, Wellington. 10.The Concise New Zealand Food Composition Tables th Edition. New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Ltd, Palmerston North. 11.World Apple Review Edition. Belrose Inc., Pullman, Washington, USA. 12.World Kiwifruit Review Edition. Belrose Inc., Pullman, Washington, USA. Photo: Vegfed, NZ Fruitgrowers Federation 29

32 gratefully acknowledges contributions made by the following organisations: ISSN ISBN