CAPTURE OF HYPOTHENEMUS HAMPEI FERRARI (COLEOPTERA, SCOLYTIDAE) IN RESPONSE TO TRAP CHARACTERISTICS

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1 Cpture of H. Hmpei 567 Note CAPTURE OF HYPOTHENEMUS HAMPEI FERRARI (COLEOPTERA, SCOLYTIDAE) IN RESPONSE TO TRAP CHARACTERISTICS Flávi Cloclet d Silv 1 ; Murício Ursi Ventur 2 *; Luro Morles 3 1 UEL/CCA - Progrm de Pós-Grdução em Agronomi. 2 UEL/CCA - Depto. Agronomi, C.P Londrin, PR - Brsil. 3 EMATER - Escritório Regionl de Londrin, km Londrin, PR - Brsil. *Corresponding uthor <mventur@uel.br> ABSTRACT: Trps lured with semiochemicl hve been proposed to mnge the coffee berry borer, coffee plnting is however mde under severl environmentl conditions tht my ffect the efficcy of trps. Severl trp designs nd vritions were proposed nd, therefore, series of field experiments ws crried out to cpture coffee berry bores in trps disposed in low density coffee plnttions in the Northern prt of the Stte of Prná, Brzil. Trps were composed of plstic bottles (2 L) with window (13 18 cm). Ethnol (E), Methnol (M) nd lone did not improve the cpture when trnsprent trps with 2 mm hole in the vil dispenser were used; trps lured with E : M mixtures (1:1, 1:2, 1:3) cught similr nd higher number of insects thn the control. There ws synergism with the mixing of E nd M; the ddition of to the mixtures did not improve the cpture. Trp lured with E : M (1:1) mixtures t 342, 400, 428 nd 710 mg cught similr numbers of insects. Trnsprent green trp, trnsprent trp nd red trp lured with 642 mg dy -1 of the E + M (1:1) mixture cught similr numbers of insects. Interction between colors (trnsprent green, trnsprent nd red) nd semiochemicl relese rtes (540, 720 nd 1100 mg dy -1 ) ws observed. Trnsprent green trp, when lured with 720 mg dy -1 of the 1 : 1 E : M mixture cught 2.3 nd 4.4 times more insects thn 540 nd 1100 mg dy -1 ; nd cught 3.2 times more insects thn trnsprent nd red trp t the sme relese rtes. Key words: semiochemicl, ttrctnt, voltile, trp color CAPTURA DA BROCA-DO-CAFÉ, HYPOTHENEMUS HAMPEI (COLEOPTERA, SCOLYTIDAE), EM RESPOSTA A CARACTERÍSTICAS DE ARMADILHAS RESUMO: Armdilhs iscds com semioquímicos têm sido proposts pr mnejo d broc-docfé. O cfeeiro é cultivdo em condições mbientis diverss que podem fetr eficiênci ds rmdilhs. Vários modelos de rmdilh e vrições nos modelos são utilizdos. Um série de experimentos de cmpo objetivou vlir cpturs d broc-do-cfé em rmdilhs num lvour de cfé semi-densdo no Norte do Prná. Um grrf plástic (2 L) com um bertur (13 18 cm) constituiu rmdilh. O etnol (E), metnol (M) e óleo de cfé, sozinhos, não incrementrm s cpturs qundo se utilizrm rmdilhs trnsprentes com um frsco difusor com furo de 2 mm; rmdilhs iscds com s misturs 1 : 1, 1 : 2 e 1 : 3 de etnol (E) + metnol (M) cpturrm quntiddes similres e superiores à testemunh; sinergismo ocorreu pel mistur de etnol e metnol; dição do óleo de cfé às misturs não incrementou s cpturs. Armdilhs com txs de liberção d mistur E:M (1:1) de 342, 400, 428 e 710 mg di -1 cpturrm quntiddes similres. Armdilhs verdes trnsprentes, trnsprentes e vermelhs, iscds com E:M (1:1) (642 mg di -1 ) cpturrm quntiddes similres. Foi observd interção entre s cores (verde trnsprente, trnsprente, vermelh) e txs de liberção dos semioquímicos (540, 720 e 1100 mg di -1 ). Armdilhs verdes trnsprentes, qundo iscds com doses de 720 mg di -1 d mistur 1:1 de E:M, cpturrm 2,3 e 4,4 mis insetos do que 540 e 1100 mg di -1 ; e cpturrm 3,2 mis insetos do que rmdilhs trnsprentes e vermelhs. Plvrs-chve: semioquímico, trente, volátil, cor de rmdilh Sci. Agric. (Pircicb, Brz.), v.63, n.6, p , November/December 2006

2 568 Silv et l. INTRODUCTION The coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hmpei Ferrri is the mjor pest of coffee plnttions worldwide. Chemicl control nd culturl prctices hve been the principl strtegies to reduce CBB popultions in the field (Gutierrez-Mrtinez & Ondrz, 1996). Biologicl control using prsitoids nd entomopthogens hs been ttempted but with limited results (Brre et l., 2004). The insecticide endosulfn is the min ctive ingredient used in the CBB mngement. However, reports of endosulfn resistnce in CBB popultions (Brun et l., 1989) hve shown the importnce of developing lterntive mesures. Scolytids re ttrcted to ethnol (E) (Moeck et l., 1981) nd methnol (M) (Moeck, 1970) nd this is lso true for CBB in the field (Mendonz Mor, 1991; Mthieu et l., 1999). It is probble tht the conditions under which coffee is grown (climte, spcing, shde, cultivr, plnt ge, wind direction, speed etc) my ffect trpping efficiency. This cn induce some discrepncy in results involving cpture of CBB in response to semiochemicls, which my interct with other fctors. For exmple, some studies show decresing cpture of CBB with the increse of relese rte of 1:3 E:M mixtures (Mendonz Mor, 1991; Mthieu et l., 1997) while others presented the opposite effect (Borbón-Mrtinez et l., 2000). Red trps cptured more CBB thn white trps under semi nturl conditions (Mthieu et l., 1997) but the opposite occurred in nother field study (Borbón-Mrtinez et l., 2000). A trp design mde with plstic bottle (soft drink continer) bited with n E:M 1:3 mixture nd ws recently proposed for mss trpping CBB (Villcort et l., 2001). Refinements in trp chrcteristics might contribute to reduce trp costs nd improve competetivity. A series of field tests were conducted in coffee plnttion (low density) to ssess CBB responses to semiochemicls (E, M nd ) lone or mixed; to E:M relese rtes; to trp colors nd the interction of trp colors nd relese rtes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Field experiments were crried out in Londrin (23 o 19 S, 51 o 12 W), in the stte of Prná, Brzil in 5 h orgnic coffee plnttion ( m), cv. Ctui. Plnts were bout 1.6 m high. Unless otherwise stted, trps were formed with 2.0 L trnsprent plstic bottles (originlly used s soft drink continer) with window ( cm) of 9.0 cm bove the bottom (dpted from Villcort et l., 2001). Wter nd detergent (200 nd 2 ml, respectively) were dded to the bottom of the bottles trp to kill nd retin dult CBB. A 10 ml mber glss vil with plstic cover ws used s semiochemicl dispenser. Unless otherwise stted, perfortion of 2 mm in dimeter ws mde on the cover to llow the emntion of semiochemicls. The vil ws hung inside the bottle, 20 cm bove the bottom of the trp. Wter nd semiochemicls were replced every three dys. In the ssessments, wter with ded insects ws removed to the lbortory for counting. Trps were ttched to wood stkes 1.20 m bove ground, between plnt rows. Distnce between trps ws 12 m within block, nd 15 m between blocks. Semiochemicls In first experiment, trps bited with E, M, E + M (1:1, 1:2 nd 1:3) nd wter (control) were compred using eight replictes. They were instlled on My 17, 2003 nd the cptures were ssessed on My 19, 26, 30 nd June 02, In second experiment, the effect of dding 0.5% to the mentioned semiochemicl mixtures nd of lone, ws ssessed using six replictes. Trps were instlled on June 16, 2003 nd cptures were ssessed on June 19, 27, 30; July 4, 14, 17 nd 24, Semiochemicl relese rtes Tretments were 342.0; 400.0; 428.0; nd mg dy -1 of the E : M (1:1) proportion. Different relese rtes were obtined using different wire dimeters to hold the vil plstic cover (0.7, 1.0, 1.6 nd 2.8 mm) using five replictes. Trps were instlled on September 2 nd ssessments were conducted on September 05, 14 nd 29, Trp colors Trnsprent, trnsprent green nd red trps were used, the trnsprent nd trnsprent green originlly used s soft drink continers, cn esily be obtined from recycling posts. These lst ones hve been proposed elsewhere (Villcort et l., 2001 nd Brrer et l., 2004) nd frmers use both due to their vilbility, without informtion bout their reltive efficiency. Red trps were lso used becuse previous studies reported n ttrction of coffee berry borers to the red color which mimic the color of ripe berries (Mendonz Mor, 1991; Giordnengo et l., 1993) nd were prepred by coting trnsprent bottles with red pint (Corl Dulux, 350 red). Trps were bited with n Ethnol : Methnol mixture (1:1). These trps were instlled on October 31, 2003, nd ssessments were conducted on November 7, 11, 14 nd 19, 2003, with seven replictes. Sci. Agric. (Pircicb, Brz.), v.63, n.6, p , November/December 2006

3 Cpture of H. Hmpei 569 Trp colors versus relese rtes The cpture of trnsprent, trnsprent green nd red trps t 540, 720 nd 1,100 mg dy -1 relese rtes ws lso ssessed, using three trps per tretment. They were instlled on Mrch 9, 2003, nd ssessments were conducted on Mrch 16, 19, 23 nd 26, nd April 2 nd 8, 2003 nd the men obtined for ech dte ws considered s replicte. Experimentl design nd sttisticl nlysis The rndomized complete block design, ws used trnsforming dt x into x + 1 for normliztion nd reduction of the heterogeneity of the vrinces. A one-wy nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) ws performed followed by the Tukey test (P < 0.05) to compred mens (Tukey, 1949). A two-wy ANOVA ws performed for the study of the interctions between trp colors nd relese rtes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In generl, trp bited with the mixtures E:M ttrcted more CBB beetles thn the compounds lone nd the control (Tble 1). Synergism ws found when E nd M were mixed, since minimum of 2.7 times more beetles were cught by trps lured with the mixtures of the two compounds (1:1) s compred to the totl sum of the cptures of the two compounds lone. These results re in greement with previous studies crried out by Mendonz Mor (1991). Synergism occurred independently of the proportions used (Tble 1). Differences between cptures in trps bited with the different mixtures were not found. The similrity of the cptures with trps with 1:1 nd 1:3 E:M mixtures contributes to cost reduction, since M is four times more expensive thn E. When used lone, E nd M did not improve the cpture. E nd M were reported to ttrct 13 times more CBB beetles thn control trps (Mendonz Mor, 1991) nd were lso mentioned s ttrctive to other scolytids (Moeck, 1970, Moeck et l., 1981). Trps bited with did not cpture more beetles thn the control nd dding it to the E:M mixture did not improve cptures (Tble 2). Similr cptures mong the mixtures (1:1, 1:2, 1:3) of E:M were gin found nd re in greement with the results presented in Tble 1. A greter ttrction of CBB femles to plnt extrcts ws previously correlted with incresing cffeine contents nd dding extrcts of mture coffee fruit nd pure cffeine to E improved the cptures of E (Gutierrez-Mrtinez & Ondrz, 1996) nd E:M mixture lured trp (Gutierrez-Mrtinez et l., 1993). Similr cptures mong trps bited with the (1:1) E:M mixture t different semiochemicl relese rtes re shown in Figure 1. These results diverge from the previous studies in which trp cptures decresed with rising rtes of (1:3) E:M (from 120 to 240 mg dy -1 ) in m coffee plnttion (Mendonz Mor, 1991). This level of responses to E:M 1:1 mixtures ws confirmed by trps set up in tent where CBB femles were relesed (0.5, 1.0 nd 20 g dy -1 ) (Mthieu et l., 1997). However, there ws n increse in the cptures of CBB with rising rtes of 1:3 M:E (22 to 186 mg dy -1 ) in coffee plnttion in Nicrgu (Borbón-Mrtinez et l., 2000). Different trp designs were used in ech study. Trnsprent green, red nd trnsprent trps cptured dily mens of 30.5, 15.9 nd 20.8 beetles per trp, but the differences were not significnt (Figure 2). Red trp cptured more beetles thn trnsprent trp when ttched to the brnches of coffee trees nd n pprent effect of the bckground contrst ws lso relted to ttrction (Mthieu et l., 1997). Tble 1 - Men number (+ SE) of dult coffee berry borers cught dily per trp contining concentrtions of ethnol:methnol (E:M). Londrin, (My 17 to June 2, 2003), Brzil. Tretment Dte My 19 My 26 My 30 June 02 Totl Wter 0.6 ± 1.8 b 0.6 ± 3.2 c 0.4 ± 0.2 b 1.1 ± 0.8 c 2.8 ± 0.4 b E 2.8 ± 1.1 b 4.6 ± 2.2 c 0.2 ± 0.1 b 3.8 ± 1.9 c 11.4 ± 2.7 b M 4.3 ± 1.8 b 17.5 ± 9.3 bc 13.0 ± 4.1 b 37.6 ± 23.2 bc 72.4 ± 20.0 b E:M (1:1) 48.2 ± ± 27.7 b 29.1 ± ± 21.6 b ± 34.3 E:M (1:2) 46.0 ± ± ± ± ± 80.1 E:M (1:3) 61.6 ± ± ± ± ± 64.9 Different letters in the sme column indicte difference ccording to the Tukey test with P < 00.5; n = 8. Sci. Agric. (Pircicb, Brz.), v.63, n.6, p , November/December 2006

4 570 Silv et l. Tble 2 - Men number (± SE) of dult coffee berry borers cught dily per trp contining different concentrtions of E:M nd (0.5%). Londrin, (June 16 to July 24, 2003), Brzil. Tretment Dte June 19 June 27 June 30 July 4 July 14 July 17 July 24 Totl Wter 2.8 ± 1.3 c 7.3 ± 6.9 bc 0.0 ± 0.00 c 0.2 ± 0.2 b 1.8 ± 1.1 c 1.3 ± ± 1.33 b 15.7 ± 7.2 b Coffee oil 6.7 ± 2.2 bc 1.8 ± 0.9 c 0.3 ± 0.2 bc 0.3 ± 0.2 b 2.5 ± 1.2 c 2.0 ± ± 0.8 b 15.3 ± 6.2 b E+M (1:1) 82.0 ± ± 63.9 b 36.3 ± ± 2.9 b 23.0 ± ± ± ± E+M (1:2) 73.5 ± ± 49.6 bc 36.8 ± ± 2.9 b 18.7 ± ± ± ± E+M (1:3) 42.5 ± 7.8 b 59.3 ± 20.9 bc 23.3 ± b 12.3 ± 1.2 b 18.3 ± ± ± 16.6 b ± 93.8 E+M (1:1) + E+M (1:2) + E+M (1:3) ± 16.6 b 72.8 ± 28.2 bc 18.8 ± 8.33 bc 10.0 ± 1.8 b 24.5 ± ± ± 15.1 b ± ± 9.9 bc 40.3 ± 13.5 bc 25.3 ± ± 0.8 b 14.7 ± 4.7 b 28.5 ± ± 24.5 b ± 49.3 b 58.7 ± 33.9 b ± ± ± 4.0 b 13.0 ± 4.8 bc 57.2 ± ± 18.5 b ± Different letters in the sme column indicte difference ccording to Tukey test with P > 0.05; n = 6. Number of insects Semiochemicl relese rtes (mg dy -1 ) Figure 1 - Men number (± SE) of dult of coffee berry borers cught dily per trps with different relese rtes of the ethnol : methnol (1:1) mixture. Londrin, PR. September 2 to 29, Men of three ssessments conducted on September 05, 14 nd 29, Brs with different letters re different, bsed on the Tukey test (P < 0.05), n = 5. Number of insects Trnsprent green Red Trnsprent Trp color Figure 2 - Men number (± SE) of dult coffee berry borers cught dily per trps of different colors. Londrin, PR. (October 31 to November 19, 2003). Men of four ssessments conducted on November 7, 11, 14 nd 19, Brs with different letters re different, bsed on the Tukey test (P < 0.05), n = 7. Tble 3 - Men number (± SE) of dult coffee berry borers cught dily per trnsprent, trnsprent green nd red trps contining different relese rtes of 3:1 E:M mixtures. Londrin, Mrch 9 to April, Mens of six ssessments conducted on Mrch 16, 19, 23 nd 26 nd April 2 nd 8, 2003, Brzil. Rte mg dy -1 Trnsprent Trp Color Trnsprent green Red A 4.68 B 3.92 A Ab A 3.31 Ab 1, A 2.47 B 2.73 A Different letters in the sme column indicte sttisticl difference ccording to Tukey test with P > 0.05, n=6. An interction between trp colors nd semiochemicls relese rtes ws found (F = **). Trnsprent green trp, when lured with rtes of 720 mg dy -1 of 1:1 E:M mixtures, cptured 2.3 nd 4.3 times more beetles thn 540 nd 1,100 mg dy -1 respectively, nd 3.2 times more beetles thn trnsprent nd red trps lured with the sme semiochemicl t the sme relese rtes. Interctions between trp colors nd relese rtes were reported when trnsprent nd red trps were used t 0.5, 1.5 nd 20 mg dy -1 of the 1:1 E:M mixture (Mthieu et l., 1997). For other insect species, interction between trp nd ttrctnt hs been reported. For D. virgifer virgifer, interctions were reported between trp collor nd kind of ttrctnt (Hesler & Suter, 1993). Dmon (2000) reviewed the CBB ttrction to coffee berries nd concluded tht the informtion vilble ws still confusing nd conflicting, nd could not Sci. Agric. (Pircicb, Brz.), v.63, n.6, p , November/December 2006

5 Cpture of H. Hmpei 571 be used to design monitoring nd control techniques such s color or kiromone trps. Although progress hve been dded fter this mnifesttion, uthors hve emphsized the importnce of continuous investigtion on the subject (Mendonz Mor, 1991; Mthieu et l., 1999). Conflicting results of lbortory studies my mostly reflect the physiologicl conditions of the beetles nd the differences in biossy procedures. When femles leve the berries they re clled colonizing femles nd respond to fruit berry voltile stimulus. However, some femles ly their eggs in the originl berry nd do not respond to the sme ttrctnts (Mthieu et l., 2001). In the field, responses re exclusively obtined with colonizing femles nd discrepncies in the results re probbly relted with environmentl nd frming system conditions under which the studies were conducted; the trp chrcteristics nd interctions mong severl fctors ffecting CBB cptures. Under no-shde conditions, the efficcy of trps my be severely reduced (Dufour, 2004). In short, when using trnsprent bottle trps, E, M nd lone did not improve the ttrction of CBBs; trp lured with 1:1 E:M mixtures cptured similr men number of CBBs for 1:2 nd 1:3 mixtures; dded to the E:M mixture did not improve cptures; similr cptures of CBB femles using 342, 400, 428 nd 710 mg dy -1 relese rtes of 1:1 E:M mixtures were found. Trnsprent green, trnsprent nd red trps cught similr numbers of CBB femle beetles; interction between trp colors nd relese rtes ws found; trnsprent green trp, when lured with rtes of 720 mg dy -1 of 1:1 E:M mixtures, cptured 2.3 nd 4.3 times more beetles thn 540 nd 1,100 mg dy -1, respectively; nd 3.2 times more beetles thn trnsprent nd red trps t the sme relese rtes. These dt suggest the utiliztion of the trnsprent green trp, lured with 1:1 E:M mixture t 720 mg dy -1 under similr plnting conditions in which the experiments were crried out. Further field investigtions should be crried out to estblish trp density need to reduce the pest below the control threshold. REFERENCES BARRERA, J.F.; VILLACORTA, A.; HERRERA, J. Fluctución estcionl de ls cpturs de l Broc del cfé (Hypothenemus hmpei) con trmps de etnol- metnol e implicciones sobre el número de trmps. Entomologí Mexicn, v.3, p , BORBÓN-MARTINEZ, O.; ALFARO, O.M.; OEHLSCHLARGER, A.C.; GONZALEZ, L.M. Proyecto de trmps, tryentes y repelentes pr el control de l broc del fruto de cfeto, Hypothenemus hmpei L. (Coleopter: Scolytide). In: SIMPOSIO LATINOAMERICANO DE CAFEICULTURA, 19., Sn José, Proceedings. Sn José: IICA, p BRUN, L.O.; OEHLSCHLAGER, A.C.; GAUDICHON, V.; SUCKLING, D.M. Endosulfn resistnce in the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hmpei (Coleopter: Scolytide) in New Cledoni. Journl of Economic Entomology, v.82, p DAMON, A. A review of the biology nd control of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hmpei (Coleopter: Scolytide). 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