sugar and sweetener report S P UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ~LB'-PT ~- MANN LI3RARY In ~.&.. "J. v Jt1"'1J3"

Transcription

1 ' UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE sugar and sweetener ~LB'-PT ~- MANN LI3RARY In ~.&.. "J. v Jt1"'1J3" S P report SSR-Vol. 2, No.9 SEPTEMBER 1977 Commodity Economics Division ECONOMIC RESEARCH SERVICE th St., SW Tel. (202) Fruit and Vegetable Division AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE 2509 S. Agriculture Bldg. Tel. (202) Sugar and Tropical Products Division FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL SERVICE 6095 S. Agricultural Bldg. Tel. (202)

2 Sugar: World and U.S. situation at a glance Item Unit 1974 I 1975 I 1976 World 1 Production Mil. tons, raw value Consumption do Ending stocks do u.s. 2 Production 3 Beet 0 Thou. tons, raw value 3,221 3,473 4,003 Cane do. 2,442 2,829 2,797 Consumptl o n 3 do. 10,946 10,304 10,895 Total Per capita Pounds, refined Ending stocks 3 Beet Thou. tons, raw value 1,406 1,596 1,777 Cane do. 1,448 1,260 1, 721 u.s. Imports do. 5,770 3,882 4,658 Prices World, stowed Caribbean I 1977 April Cts. per lb., raw sugar May do June do July do New York spot April May June 0.. do do do July do April Cts. per lb. wholesale refined May do June..... do July do Northeast, cane Chicago-West beet do April May... do June do July do Year beginning September 1. 2 Calendar year. 3 Preliminary for ncludes Hawaii. YOU'RE INVITED Don't miss the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Agricultural Outlook Conference, Nov , in Washington, D.C. You're invited to attend and actively participate in this year's proceedings which have been restructured to allow more time for questions and answers. So be there and join in when we preview the 1978 outlook for agriculture with leading authorities who will help you size up next year's uncertainties. You'll benefit from the latest thinking in outlook sessions on the U.S. agricultural and general economies, world trade, weather, retail food supplies and prices, implications of new farm and food policy, farm inputs, food marketing and distribution, and the major farm commodities, including sugar and sweeteners. This year, there will also be sessions on how outlook information is derived, and on natural resources and the environment. Or, if consumer affairs are your bread-and-butter, attend the family living sessions for the latest on prospects for legislation, clothing, housing, health care, and food consumption. The Sugar and Sweetener Outlook Session is tentatively scheduled for the afternoon of Monday, November 14. Topics will likely include the World Situation and Outlook, the U.S. Situation and Outlook, U.S. Sugar Policy, and comments on an International Sugar Agreement. Hopefully, we'll have coffee available for those who would like to stay after the formal session is over. For a schedule of the Conference, call (202) or write: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ERS-Division of Information, Room 0054, South Building, Washington, D.C SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

3 In This Issue SITUATION AND OUTLOOK Principal contributors: Fr,f!d Gray and Thomas Little, Economic Research Service Leslie Hurt and Gordon Patty, Foreign Agricultural Service Page Summary Sweetener Outlook of Sugar: Foreign Agricultural Service The World Situation Economic Research Service The U.S. Situation Prices Production Foreign Trade Domestic Utilization Stocks Com Sweeteners Sweetener Containing Products Other Sweeteners Honey Maple Sirup Saccharin Sweetener by products MARKET NEWS Principal contributors: james R. Thorpe and Douglas M. Edwards Sugar Market Highlights Statistical Series SWEETENER PUBLICATIONS Compiled by: Larry C. Larkin An'notated Review The Sugar and Sweetener Report is published monthly. This issue is approved by: The World Food and Agricultural Outlook and Situation Board The Summary was released on August 30, 1977 Prepared by Commodity Economics Division Economic Research Service Fruit and Vegetable Division Agricultural Marketing Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Washington, D.C Sugar and Tropical Products Division Foreign Agricultural Service SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

4 SITUATION AND OUTLOOK Sugar and Tropical Products Division Commodity Economics Division Principal Contributors: Fred Gray and Thomas W. Little (ERS) Leslie Hurt and Gordon Patty (FAS) Foreign Agricultural Service Economic Research Service SUMMARY Larger World Sugar Crop. Domestic Price Support Program Pending World sugar production for the September August crop year is forecast at around 89 million metric tons (raw value), up from the revised 86.6-million-ton estimate for Depending on weather during the remainder of the growing season and during harvest, the crop could range from 87 to 91 million metric tons. This would be well above expected world consumption of around 85 million metric tons, indicating a further buildup in world stocks. While prices strengthened slightly in July and August, both world and U.S. raw sugar prices have been below production costs reported for many countries for several months. As the harvest gets underway and firmer estimates of yields and sucrose recovery become available, world prices will more clearly reflect expectations for the 1977 I 78 crop. With a further increase in stocks expected, world sugar prices would continue under pressure of large supplies. Concern about effects of persistently low prices on the domestic industry and its viability has elicited price support proposals to provide interim support for the domestic industry, while negotiations on and implementation of an International Sugar Agreement (ISA) take place. ISA negotiations scheduled for September in Geneva, Switzerland will seek agreement on a mechanism which would, upon implementation, reduce the instability of the world sugar market. House and Senate conferees have agreed in principle on a new 4-year farm bill, the Food and Agriculture Act of The provisions concerning sugar in the bill, which awaits approval after Congress reconvenes on September 6, include: (1) Price support for the 1977 and 1978 crops through loans and purchases at a level not more than 65 percent nor or less than 52.5 percent of parity, but not less than 13.5 cents per pound (raw sugar equivalent). (2) Suspension of the program by the Secretary of Agriculture at such time as he determines there is an International Sugar Agreement which would maintain a U.S. raw sugar price of at least 13.5 cents per pound. (3) Establishment of minimum wage rates for agricultural employees engaged in the production of sugar. Another provision on sugar would authorize the Secretary of Agriculture, under existing authority, to provide interim support for that portion of the 1977 crop of sugarcane and sugarbeets marketed prior to the implementation of loans or purchases. If the pending farm bill is enacted and a pto gram of loans or purchases is implemented this fall, the current world sugar supply-demand situ ation may necessitate restricting U.S. imports through tariffs or quotas to hold down program costs. U.S. sugar imports for the first half of this year were up 14 percent from the first half of Imports for calendar 1977 are now expected to total between 4.8 and 5.2 million tons in contrast to 4.7 million tons in U.S. imports for July 1976 through June 1977 totaled nearly 5 million tons. The possibility of a domestic price support program and higher import duties or import quotas is now encouraging larger imports. U.S. sugar production estimates for indicate a market decline in beet sugar production from last year. Indicated sugarbeet acreage for harvest of 1.24 million acres is down 16 percent. August yield estimates and a sucrose recovery rate of about 13 percent (raw value) indicate a crop of 3 to 3-1/3 million tons. Relatively favorable weather would result in a cane sugar outturn of about 2.7 million short tons (raw value)-largely unchanged from a year ago. Domestic sugar deliveries through August totaled over 7.5 million short tons, raw value, up over 2 percent from 7.34 million tons for the same period in Thus, calendar 1977 deliveries are likely to total about 11 million short tons, up slightly from In calendar 1977, high fructose com sirup ship ments are expected to total nearly a million short tons (dry basis), up noticeably from 750,000 tons in Dextrose shipments for food use may total 4 SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

5 around 500,000 tons, unchanged from last year. And conventional corn sirup shipments could approach 2 million tons (dry basis)-up slightly from last year. The third quarter is usually the largest quarter of the year for both high fructose and regular corn sirup deliveries. SUGAR THE WORLD SUGAR OUTLOOK FOR Production Prospects for Larger World Crop, But Smaller Increase Than In 1976/77 A world sugar crop of 89 million metric tons (raw value) is now in prospect if midsummer growing conditions persist in major producing areas. Depending on weather during the remainder of the growing season and during harvest, the crop could range from 87 to 91 million metric tons. An outturn of 89 million tons, if realized, would be 3 percent larger than the revised estimate of 86.6 million metric tons and would place production well above estimated world consumption of 84.8 million tons. As indicated in the accompanying table, a further buildup in world stocks seems likely. Beet sugar production will likely be up in France, West Germany, and England and somewhat lower in Italy, Spain, and the United States. U.S. beet plantings for the harvest are down 16 percent from a year earlier. In Europe, beet acreage is reportedly down about 1 percent. However, in 'Values shown in "The World Sugar Outlook" for 1977 are metric units. To convert metric tons to short tons, multiply metric tons by the factor The years discussed here are on a September/ August basis, but also include the outturn of sugar from the harvest campaigns of Southern Hemisphere countries which begin before s~~m~~.. Western Europe, weather generally has been good, and midsummer sugarbeet growth and stands are much better than a year ago. However, relatively low sucrose content, due to late plantings, have been reported. Low sucrose in midsummer is not necessarily ominous since rainfall, sunshine, and warm temperatures in adequate proportions can bring about recovery in sucrose levels and produce beets with average or above average sucrose content by harvest. Some improvement in sucrose content has been reported in early August. With improvement in processing and recovery rates in the Soviet Union, world beet sugar production is expected to be up noticeably in Alternatively, even if the world crop totals 87 million tons-at the lower end of the projected range-stocks would likely increase by about 2 million tons. Thus, it does not seem likely that world sugar prices will increase significantly in the next several months. A larger crop would increase the likelihood of a significant addition to world stocks and put further downward pressure on sugar prices in the world free market. Even though world sugarcane acreage in 1977 I 78 is not expected to differ greatly from , production in most Southern Hemisphere countries is expected to be up. A significantly larger harvest is anticipated in Brazil. Smaller harvests are anticipated in Australia and the Philippines. The Philippine industry is reportedly cutting acreage and inputs because of low prices. Definitive cane production data are not readily available for Cuba or the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). Shortfalls in Supply and utilization estimates, 1977, with below average, average, and above average sugar production from the 1977/78 world acreage Production Consumption Ending stocks Ending Sugar Change Change Change stocks as production from from from a percent (outturn) 1 Cane Beet Total previous Total previous Total previous of conyear year year sumption Million metric tons Percent Below average Average Above average Crop year September/August. Crop yield and sucrose recovery levels which would combine to produce below average, average and above average, World production levels are Implicitly assumed. Source: ERS, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

6 Table S-1-Sugar: World production, consumption, and stocks, raw value, Crop year I Production Consumption Ending stocks Ending stocks as I I Change 1 Change I Change a percent Cane Beet Total from pre- Total from pre- Total from pre- of convlous year vlous year vlous year sumptlon Million short tons Percent Million metric tons Percent Crop years are on a September/August basis, but Include the outturn of sugar from harvests of several Southern Hemisphere countries which begin prior to September. Source: Foreign Agricultural Service, USDA. either Cuba, a major exporter, or PRC, potentially a major importer, could significantly impact on the world market. If the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 is enacted in its present form, U.S. sugar prices for the 1977 and 1978 crops will be supported at a level not less than 13.5 cents per pound. But world Selected raw and retail sugar price comparisons World World U.S. sugar Year and sugar price price u.s. month price New (New average stowed York York retail caribbean' basis spot) Cents per pound : April May June July : April May June July I sugar stowed at greater Caribbean ports including Brazil. Source: U.S. average retail, BLS; all other prices, AMS, USDA. prices would continue to reflect world supplydemand conditions, barring implementation of an effective International Sugar Agreement. U.S. SUGAR OUTLOOK2 U.S. raw sugar prices are expected to remain near current world market prices (New York basis) until the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 or an alternative support measure upon enactment is implemented. Support measures, upon enactment, will provide for a minimum support price of 13.5 cents per pound, about 2 to 2.5 cents above current raw sugar prices. This level of support, it has been estimated, would allow efficient domestic producers to cover production costs. The increase will also be reflected in higher prices for both wholesale refined and retail sugar prices. A smaller U.S. beet sugar crop indicates that cane sugar deliveries, which are up this year, may increase even more in calendar Thus, U.S. cane sugar imports are likely to further increase next year. Both cane and beet sugar deliveries, however, will be influenced by increased use of high fructose com sirup (HFCS). A support level of 13.5 cents, while not bringing about an immedi- 2Values shown in "U.S. Sugar Outlook" are short tons (2,000 pounds per ton). To convert short tons to metric tons multiply short tons by the factor SSR-Vol. 2, No.5, SEPTEMBER 1977

7 ate expansion of HFCS capacity, will improve the competitive position of HFCS relative to sucrose. House and Senate conferees have agreed in principle on a new 4-year farm bill, the Food and Agriculture Act of The provisions concerning sugar in the bill, which awaits approval after Congress reconvenes on September 6, include: (1) Price support for the 1977 and 1978 crops through loans or purchases at a level not more than 65 percent nor less than 52.5 percent of parity, but not less than 13.5 cents per pound (raw sugar equivalent). (2) Suspension of the program by the Secretary of Agriculture at such time as he determines there is an International Sugar Agreement which would maintain a U.S. raw sugar price of at least 13.5 cents per pound. (3) Establishment of minimum wage rates for agricultural employees engaged in the production of sugar. Another provision on sugar would authorize the Secretary of Agriculture, under existing authority, to provide interim support for that portion of the 1977 crop of sugarcane and sugarbeets marketed prior to the implementation of loans or purchases. If a domestic price program is implemented this fall, it will help keep U.S. production and acreage for harvest in from declining as much as would occur if farmers faced the low world market prices of the 1976/77 crop year. However, a cents-a-pound minimum support level is not high enough to cover production costs of all domestic producers. If prices do not rise above the proposed support level or cost-reducing technology is not introduced, there may be noticeable reductions in sugarcane and sugarbeet acreage in the United States in future years. If prices do rise, HFCS shipments may be expected to also rise. It does not appear likely, therefore, that the U.S. sugar industry will expand its output significantly above the level of 6.6 million short tons (raw value) without improved prospects for higher and more stable sugar prices. Uncertainties about future prices, producer returns, and product availability are expected to delay expansion in new sugar processing facilities in the United States. THE WORLD SUGAR SITUATION 3 World Sugar Stocks Increase in 1976/77 As final production statistics are tabulated, data now indicate the 1976/77 world sugar crop will "Values shown in "The World Sugar Situation" are metric units, unless otherwise specified. To convert metric tons to short tons, multiply metric tons by the factor 1.102a. total 86.6 million tons and exceed world consumption by about 3.8 million tons (table S-1). Better-than-expected yields in West Germany, Spain, Taiwan, India, Japan, Turkey, and several other Asian countries have more than offset downward revisions in crop estimates for other countries. Final data show Taiwan's 1976/77 sugar outturn to be a post-world War II record. In India, favorable weather plus a new scheme of excise duty rebates increased production. Turkey's sugar output, which has expanded more rapidly than expected but never before exceeded 1 million tons, reached 1.3 million tons. In Japan, higher beet yields and sugar content more than offset the effects of lower acreage to produce a 40-percent increase in total beet sugar output. As reported in previous issues, the USSR's beet crop was damaged by frosts last October and there were further difficulties in storage and processing. The 1976/77 season cumulative outturn in the USSR totaled million tons of refined beet sugar or 7.35 million tons, raw value (table S-3). This is significantly below the 9.2 million tons (raw value) thought possible before last fall's harvest season began. World production estimates shown in table S-1 indicate cane sugar output in increased 3.3 million tons, while beet sugar production went up 1.3 million tons. Despite a prospective increase in consumption of about 2 million tons, the greater production this year is expected to result in a substantial net increase in year-end stocks. This addition to stocks would raise the stocks/consumption ratio about 4 percentage points. When computed as a percentage of sugar traded in the world "free" market, net additions to world stocks have been significant in recent years. With only about million metric tons of sugar traded annually in the free market, the 5-millionton net addition to world stocks since 1974/75 represents a one-third increase in quantities available, a factor which has significantly dampened world free market prices. World Sugar Trade Calendar 1977 U.S. sugar imports are expected to be up 100, ,000 metric tons (raw value) over a year earlier. Japan's imports of sugar in 1976/77 are forecast at 2.25 million tons (refined basis), down from 2.35 million tons in 1975/76, because domestic production is up. Consumption in Japan in 1976/77 is expected to total 2.8 million tons (raw value) or 2.5 percent above a year ago. As consumption increases, Japan may rely more heavily on long-term contracts such as those with Thailand, Brazil, Taiwan, South Africa, Cuba, and Australia. SSR-Vol. 2, No.5, SEPTEMBER

8 The European Community (EC) in produced about 500,000 tons more sugar than consumed, and under terms of the Lome' Convention imported about 1.35 million tons of sugar from member countries. Thus, a surplus of about 2 million tons was available for export by the EC. Reports indicate that this volume of sugar has been sold, and preparations are being made for receipt of a larger crop. Philippine exports almost doubled in to a total of about 2 million tons. India's exports have fallen due to increased home consumption and unfavorable world sugar prices. Australian exports in 1976 reached 2.6 million tons, up from 2 million tons in While Brazilian exports in were low due to a poor crop in the previous season, authorized sugar production for export by Brazil in has been placed at 2.5 million tons. Of this, 900,000 tons will come from the Central-South region and 1.6 million tons from the Northeast. The milling seasons are June 1-Decem her 31 for the Central South and September 1-April 30 for the Northeast. World Prices-Weak The July monthly average world raw price (sugar stowed at Greater Caribbean Ports, including Brazil) was 7.35 cents per pound. On July 12, the world price was 6.85 cents per pound, down considerably from this year's peak of cents per pound recorded in April. Since these prices are well below production costs in most countries, interest in an International Sugar Agreement and a domestic support program has increased. International Sugar Agreement (ISA) Negotiating Conference A working session of the United Nations Conference on a new International Sugar Agreement (ISA) was held in London, July Progress was sufficient to warrant the Conference chairman, Ernest Jones-Parry, to request a second session of the negotiating conference, now scheduled for September 12-30, in Geneva, Switzerland. About 70 countries, including the United States, are participating in the Conference. Main features of the draft agreement, prepared at earlier meetings, include export quotas to protect the price floor; a midrange where market intervention would not occur and prices would be free to seek a level which would equate supply and demand; and an upper price band where reserve stocks would be released. A price range of 10 cents with a minimum price ranging from 8-13 cents has been called for in discussions to date. THE U.S. SUGAR SITUATION Price Situation The U.S. raw sugar price (New York spot) has fluctuated over the most recent 12 months (August 1976 through July 1977) from a low of $9.80 per cwt. in September to a high of $12.57 per cwt. in April. The average for the 12-month period was $10.87 per cwt., down $2.44 from the calendar 1976 average and down $11.60 from the 1975 average. New York spot sugar prices in August mostly ranged between $11 and $11.50 per cwt. U.S. Wholesale Refined Sugar Prices Follow Raw Prices Both wholesale refined beet and cane sugar list prices have been following raw sugar prices. On August 30, wholesale refined list prices ranged from a low of $14.40 per cwt. in the Chicago-West Marketing Territory to a high of $17.55 per cwt. in the Northeast. Actual prices are reportedly below list prices because of intense competition. U.S. Retail Prices Remain Rather Stable The U.S. average retail sugar price has been rather stable in recent months. During the last 10 months (October 1976 through July 1977), it ranged from 22.4 cents per pound in May and June to cents in January (5-pound package). The average for these 10 months was 21.8 cents per pound. Retail prices are nearly 50 percent higher than the levels which prevailed in 1973 prior to the sharp runup in sugar prices in In contrast, wholesale refined sugar prices are about 20 percent higher than in 1973, while the U.S. raw price is 10 percent higher. Production U.S. Sugarbeet Crop Down Over A Fifth The August Crop Production estimated 1977 U.S. sugarbeet acreage for harvest at 1.24 million acres, down nearly 16 percent from 1976 (table S-4). Acreage was down in all important producing States except Minnesota and North Dakota (Red River Valley) where total acreage was up 5 percent from a year ago. In contrast, acreage in Colorado was down over a third, in California down more than a fourth, and in Idaho down over a fifth. Michigan, the remaining State among the top six Values shown in "The U.S. Sugar Situation" are short tons (2,000 pounds per ton). To convert short tons to metric tons, multiply by the factor SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

9 U.S. RAW SUGAR PRICES* $PER CWT o~--~~--~~--~~--~~--~~--~~--~~--~~~--~~--~~--~ JAN MAR MAY JULY SEPT NOV *BULK SUGAR NEW YORK SPOT, DUTY PAID EQUIVALENT. USDA Figure S-1 NEG. ERS (8) U.S. SUGAR PRICES p ER LB. 50. ~ r ,...-!a \ U.S. Retail o!l ~~ \ \/ 1 \ I\\..... I --~... \ , \... ',_ / l - :;/ 1...,..._ ~.S. Wholesale 0 ' -J --=.-'"'- ' Domestic raw I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I BULK RAW SUGAR- NEW YORK DUTY PAID EQUIVALENT. OFIVE POUND PACKAGE- BLS DATA. o BULK, DRY BEET SUGAR, f.o.ij. PLANT IN COLORADO - BLS DATA. USDA Figure S-2 NEG. ERS SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

10 in acreage, will have less than a 6-percent decline in acreage for harvest this year. Growing conditions have varied among areas. Rainfall in the nonirrigated Red River Valley and Great Lakes area (Michigan-Ohio) has generally been adequate, though Michigan was short of moisture earlier this year. There are severe shortages of water available for irrigation in the West. California has been hit hard, and the situation has been critical in other Western States as well. Prospective low sugarbeet prices as well as lack of water for irrigation both played a part in reducing acreage. Sugarbeet stands are generally good. Virtually all fields were covered by a canopy of beet leaves by August 1. However, because acreage is down sharply in the higher-yielding States while up in the lower-yielding Red River Valley, the U.S. average yield per acre will likely total around 19.5 tons, down slightly from a year ago. Thus, total U.S. sugarbeet production will likely total around 24.3 million short tons, down 17 percent from the 1976 crop. Assuming a sucrose recovery of about 13 percent, the 1977 U.S. beet crop will produce about 3 to million short tons (raw value) down from nearly 3.9 million in 1976/77 (table S-5). Most processors plan to start processing 2 to 3 weeks later than they did in Only in the Red River Valley (and possibly Michigan) will sugarbeet processing capacity be strained. In the Valley, beet sugar factories are scheduled to start processing shortly after September 1. U.S. Sugarcane Crop Likely to Match Last Year's Level Total U.S. sugarcane acreage for harvest will likely total around 762,000 acres (according to the August 11 Crop Production), up 1 percent from Acreage for harvest declined slightly in Florida and Texas, remained about the same in Louisiana, increased 6,000 acres in Texas, and fractionally in Hawaii. The 36,000 acres for harvest this fall in Texas includes about 5,000 acres carried over from the crop because of too much rain last winter. Generally, the U.S. mainland cane crop looks good, though maturity is running about a month late in many fields. In Hawaii, rains have fallen fairly regularly since February. Moisture levels have been adequate in nonirrigated areas and reservoirs have been partially replenished in irrigated areas though reservoir levels still remain low on some islands. U.S. DOMESTIC SUGAR PRODUCTION* Raw Value THOUS. TONS CANE-L BEEF~ / ~ 1775/ /77 Sept. Nov. Jan. *crop YEAR BY MONTHS. 0 tncludes HAWAII. USDA Figure s-3 Mar. May July NEG. ERS IBI 10 SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

11 Given yields reported in the August Crop Production and assuming normal sucrose recovery rates, total U.S. cane sugar output in will likely total near 2.72 million short tons, raw value, almost matching last year's level. Because of the carryover cane from , Texas cane sugar production will likely total larger than last year's 90,000 tons. Based on growing conditions on August 1, the U.S. average yield of cane is expected to total about 36 tons per acre, down 5 percent from last year's level. So far, only Hawaii's yields are reported higher than last year's levels. Hawaiian sugar production for the first 7 months totaled about 584,000 tons (raw value), up 4 percent from the same period in 1976, which indicates calendar 1977 Hawaiian production will likely exceed last year's 1.05 million ton sugar crop. U.S. Sugar Exports Down U.S. refined sugar exports for the first half of 1977 totaled about 15,000 short tons, down over 50 percent from the first half of Trends for the first 6 months indicate calendar 1977 U.S. exports may not total more than 35,000 tons, down from the 65,000 tons exported in Both liquid and crystalline exports were down sharply. U.S. SUGAR EXPORTS Million Tons, Raw Value Foreign Trade U.S. Sugar Imports Up U.S. sugar imports for the first 6 months of 1977 totaled 2.4 million short tons (raw value), up 14 percent (over 300,000 tons) from the first half of 1976 (table S-9). Imports for calendar 1977 are expected to total between 4.8 and 5.2 million tons, up from 4.7 million tons in U.S. imports for July 1976 through June 1977 totaled almost 5 million tons. U.S. imports from the seven largest supplying areas totaled over 1. 7 million tons (raw value), accounting for over 70 percent of total U.S. sugar imports in the first half of Two countries, the Philippines (542,407 tons) and the Dominican Republic (467,544 tons), together accounted for over 40 percent (table S-8). U.S. Duty-Free Sugar Imports Significants Duty-free imports during January-July totaled nearly 430,000 tons (tel quel-as is-basis), valued at slightly over $80 million (value in exporting country prior to loading on ship), and represented nearly a fifth of total imports (table S-10). U.S. imports came from 16 countries during the first half of 1977; imports from Guatemala were exempt from duty during January-February 1977 only. Almost 60 percent of U.S. duty-free imports this year have come from Central America, particularly Guatemala. The Caribbean Islands provided over 17 percent of U.S. duty-free imports during the first half of 1977, while Africa shipped a fifth of total U.S. duty-free imports. ''For a more complete discussion of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) including eligibility for dutyfree treatment for sugar, see the May 1977 Sugar and Sweetener Report, Vol. 2, No.5, p. 12. ' '----- L J L, ~ Figure 8-4 Domestic Utilization Up U.S. sugar deliveries for the first 8 months of this year totaled over 7.5 million short tons (raw value), up from the same period in Deliveries were up over 100,000 tons in the first quarter, but were about the same in the second quarter. Deliveries in July and August were up about 80,000 tons from the same period in Beet sugar deliveries through August this year totaled 2.4 million tons, down 10 percent from the first 8 months in Based on the pattern so far in 1977, calendar 1977 beet sugar deliveries will likely range between 3.2 and 3.5 million tons, indicating they will be down a minimum of 300,000 tons from This anticipated decline results largely from this fall's prospective smaller beet crop. U.S. cane sugar deliveries for the first 8 months totaled over 5.1 million tons, up 10 percent from the same period in Cane sugar deliveries for calendar 1977 seem likely to total between 7.3 and 7.6 million tons. Increased cane sugar deliveries in 1977 have resulted from the decline in beet sugar production and deliveries. Per capita consumption totaled 46.8 pounds during the first half of 1977, a half pound more than in first half Calendar 1977 consumption will likely total near the 94.7-pound level of Per capita consumption for the third quarter 1976 through second quarter 1977 totaled 95.2 pounds. SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

12 ... N Ul Ul J:l <:!2. N z 0 "' Ul rn "tj _, rn s: m rn J:l "'... Table S-2-Sugar, cane, and beet: Supply and utilization, United States, calendar years, Supply Utilization Year Production Offshore receipts Domestic disappearance Net Begin Total Total Exports change in Balanc- Live- Military and cane 2 Beet Terri ning supply use invisible ing stock civilian Total Foreign tories Total stocks l >tocks items3 feed and alcohol Total I Per capita I t 1,000 short tons, raw ualue Pounds refined ,447 2,832 5,279 4, ,212 2,805 13,296 10, , ,567 2,730 5,297 4, ,509 2,758 13,564 10, , ,588 3,039 5,627 5, ,634 2,941 14,202 11, ~ 82 10, ,236 3,246 5,482 4, ,228 3,043 13,753 10, ,950 10~ ,363 3,511 5,874 5, ,649 2,869 14,392 11, , ,386 3,429 5,815 5, ,731 2,835 14,381 11, , ,481 3,534 6,015 5, ,608 2,823 14,446 11, , ,708 3,353 6,061 5, ,408 2,823 14,292 11, , ,442 3,221 5,663 5, ,927 2,646 14,236 11, , ,829 3,473 6,302 3, ,978 2,854 13,134 10, , ,787 4,003 6,800 4, ,861 2,856 14,517 11, , Deliveries by primary distributors for consumption In the United States can be derived by adding the net change In lnvlslsble stocks to quantities used for food by military and civilians. 2 1ncludes Hawaii. 3 Calculated as a residual. 4 Preliminary.

13 U.S. SUGAR DELIVERIES AND PRICES Raw Value THOUS. TONS $ PER CWT. 1, JAN. MAR. MAY JULY SEPT. NOV. * NEW YORK SPOT. 0 TO DOMESTIC USERS. USDA NEG. ERS (8) Figure 5-5 Quarterly per capita consumption of refined sugar Quarter Pounds I II Ill IV Annual Preliminary. 2 Estimate. 9:lurce: Economic Research Service, USDA. U.S. Stock Levels Up Total mainland sugar stocks totaled 2.8 million short tons (raw value) on July 1, up nearly 500,000 tons from a year earlier (table S-12). U.S. beet sugar stocks on the same date totaled nearly 1.4 million tons, more than a fifth higher than a year ago. Beet sugar deliveries have fallen behind last year's pace and stocks have correspondingly increased in anticipation of this fall's smaller crop. Many companies may have preferred higher stock levels in light of this fall's reduced crop. However, current low sugar prices have resulted in cash flow problems preventing beet sugar companies from maintaining beet sugar stocks sufficient to keep deliveries in calendar 1978 from dropping sharply from this year's level. THE U.S. CORN SWEETENER SITUATION Low Corn Prices-Ample Supplies Shipments Up The U.S. com sweetener industry is expected to process at least 375 million bushels of com this calendar year, up from about 351 million bushels in 1976 (table S-24). About 250 million bushels will likely be ground and processed for com sweeteners, the remainder for com starch. The HFCS grind of 50 million bushels in 1976 exceeded the dextrose grind of 40 million for the first time since its commercial availability in Even so, the annual grind for conventional corn sirup of 137 million bushels (including malto-dextrin and com sirup solids) and of com starch of 124 million bushels (including dextrin) remain the big markets in corn refining. The grind for HFCS SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

14 is expected to continue to gain in the next few years.. Corn supplies continue to be abundant relative to demand. Since the 1977 corn crop is expected to total over 6 billion bushels, corn prices weakened recently. In late August, No. 2 yellow corn (the kind milled by corn refiners) was selling for $1.75 per bushel (Chicago). With abundant supplies of feed grains and wheat, corn prices are expected to remain under downward pressure for some time. Excess processing capacity exists in the industry, especially for production of HFCS. While there are varying views on the level of excess capacity, the U.S. corn refining industry may continue to operate at less than full capacity till 1980, perhaps later. New plant capacity-including that now expected to co~e on stream in 1978-was scheduled during the period of very high sugar prices, with construction beginning before sugar prices declined to recent low levels. Higher sugar prices could lead to a fuller utilization of existing capacity. Corn Sweetener Shipments Up Prices Low Total corn sweetener shipments for food use are expected to total around 3.4 million short tons (dry basis) in calendar Of the total, dextrose shipments are likely to remain near a half million tons (dry basis). Conventional corn sirup deliveries could approach 2 million tons-up slightly from last year. Trade sources report HFCS shipments in 1977 are likely to total around a million tons, up from 750,000 tons in For HFCS sales to exceed 1.1 million tons in 1977, significantly higher Year or quarter Corn sweetener price comparisons (dry basis). High- Corn sirup fructose Dextrose corn sirup Chicago I New York Decatur, New York Illinois Dollars per cwt (I) (I ) (') (') Quarters: I II ill IV Price data on high-fructose corn sirup not available before Source: Corn sirup, Chicago, from BLS; all other data from Journal of Commerce. sugar prices than now prevailing would be needed. However, with the new 55 percent fructose product (compared with the conventional 42 percent product) becoming available in significant commercial quantities, sales may increase more rapidly. Conventional corn sirup list prices are reportedly being discounted. The recent list price of $8.72 per cwt. (dry basis), Chicago, is reportedly 60 cents per cwt. higher than the actual selling price. It is estimated that $8 per cwt. (dry basis) is near the break-even price for conventional corn sirup. Dextrose list prices, New York basis, were $15 per cwt. (dry basis) in June, only 8 percent below comparable sucrose prices in the Northeast. HFCS was recently quoted at $12.24 per cwt. (dry basis) in Decatur, Illinois, 11 percent less than the Chicago West beet sugar price. SWEETENER-CONTAINING PRODUCT SITUATION Total refined sugar deliveries for use in commercially prepared foods and beverages totaled 1.55 million short tons in first quarter 1977, up 2 percent from a year earlier. Most of the increase was in cereal and bakery products, and in beverages. (table S-7). Sugar use in confectionery is expected to decline in calendar 1977 because of high cocoa and chocolate prices. Refined sugar deliveries, by type of container Year or period Consumer I ndustrlal Llq~- -~ulk I Large size sugar' dry packages 2 packages 3 1,000 tons Calendar year: ,716 3,003 2,280 2, ,709 3,290 2,163 2, ,706 3,417 2,168 2, ,436 3,320 2,203 2, ,032 2,965 1,549 2, ,124 3,223 1,758 2,440 1st quarter Change Percent change Sugar solids basis lb. and over. 3 Under 50 pounds. Source: AMS, USDA. Soft Drinks The beverage industry, which received 22 per cent of total U.S. sugar deliveries in calendar 1976, was the second largest U.S. market for sugar, trailing only household use. Soft drink sales 14 SSR Vol. 2, No. 9, SEPTEMBER 1977

15 totaled $10.4 billion in Per capita consumption of soft drinks last year was 31 gallons, (equivalent to oz. containers), a level 12 percent higher than recorded in 1975 (table S-28). This increase was partly in response to soft drink prices declining slightly during the year, as well as further rises in consumer incomes. Nearly 80 percent of soft drink sales were in containers, with the remainder in bulk (over the counter and vending sales). Cola was the dominant flavor with 63 percent of total sales; lemon-lime, a distant second, accounted for 13 percent. Caloricsweetened soft drinks accounted for 89 percent of total container sales. Sugar use in beverages totaled nearly 2.5 million short tons in 1976, or over 23 pounds per capita, including sucrose equivalent of HFCS (table S-28). The estimated value of sugar used by soft drink manufacturers was nearly $1 billion in Both soft drink consumption and sugar use in beverages will likely increase this year, perhaps around 5 percent, as both consumer incomes and employment rise. Confectionery Manufacturer shipments of confectionery products totaled nearly 3.6 billion pounds in calendar 1976, up 3 percent from Confectionery imports, exports, and total consumption were up as well (see table S-29). The total manufacturer value of sales was nearly $3 billion. The manufacturer unit value of sales last year was 84 cents per pound, about the same as in Per capita consumption of confectionery products was 17 pounds last year. Per capita consumption peaked at over 19 pounds in 1969 and has been declining since, partly reflecting the declining share of younger people in the population. One reason for the relatively stable per capita consumption last year was the lack of increase in retail prices compared with significant increases in 1975 due to higher sugar prices at the beginning of the year. Sugar use in confectionery-the third largest industrial market after the beverage, and cereal and bakery product industries-totaled nearly a million tons last year, up from about 916,000 tons in 1975 (table S-29). Per capita consumption of sugar used in confectionery totaled 9.3 pounds, up 0.7 pound from The gain in sugar use last year resulted from the increase in confectionery production (shipments). Based on a limited sample of manufacturers, monthly confectionery shipments totaled nearly 860 million pounds for the first 5 months of this year, down 11 percent from the same period a year ago. This indicates annual U.S. confectionery shipments will likely decline in calendar Monthly U.S. confectionery shipments' Month ,000 pound January , , , ,519 February , , , ,513 March.. 239, , , ,135 APril , , , ,942 May , , , ,973 June , , ,087 July , , ,691 August , , ,795 September.. 297, , ,004 October , , ,012 November. 199, , ,267 December , , ,232 Annual... 2,545,267 2,238,032 2,362,592 1 Reported monthly shipments from a sample of approximately 330 establishments, which account for a majority of total U.S. manufacturer sales of confectionery products from confectionery-manufacturer-wholesalers and chocolate manufacturers. The monthly data shown here are not Intended to show actual level of total shipments, but rather to Indicate the prospective annual trend and the seasonal pattern of U.S. monthly confectionery shipments. Source: CURRENT INDUSTRIAL REPORTs- Confectionery Including Chocolate Producta, Series M20C, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Dept., of Commercee. Cocoa and Chocolate Retail prices of chocolate bars and chocolate sirup increased 21 and 9 percent, respectively, from January to June Industry reports indicate additional price increases or a reduction in the size of chocolate bars could be in the offing. World Situation and Outlook The world cocoa economy continues to be characterized by tight supplies and high prices. World cocoa bean production for is estimated at about 1.4 million metric tons, down 8 percent from a year earlier because of poor growing conditions in West Africa. Brazilian production was also lower this year-the Brazilian midcrop was not as large as earlier anticipated. Reflecting tight supplies and record high prices, world cocoa bean grindings in 1977 are expected to fall well below the 1976 level of 1.5 million tons. However, despite lower grindings this year, a stock drawdown is likely to follow the balanced supplydemand position in World stocks are at low levels and are currently estimated at about a 3 months supply. New York spot "Bahia" cocoa prices averaged $2.31 per pound in July-a record-up from $1 per pound in July Prices have eroded some in August, apparently in reaction to forthcoming supplies from this fall's crop. SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

16 The West African crop will be late following sparse rains in April and May. Hopefully, the world cocoa crop will bounce back from the poor crop of last year to the level of 1.5 million metric tons. Cocoa prices will likely decline as world consumption falls in reaction to current high cocoa prices. The U.S. Situation and Outlook The U.S. grind totaled 228 million pounds in first half 1977, down 11 percent from first half U.S. imports of cocoa beans totaled 282 million pounds in first half 1977 compared with 319 million pounds for January-June 1976 (table S-31). Imports of unsweetened semiprocessed cocoa and chocolate (including cocoa butter) totaled 184 million pounds, up from 164 million pounds in first half Both cocoa bean imports and grind will be down for calendar Conversely, imports of semiproceased cocoa and chocolate appear likely to total higher this year than in Per capita consumption will do well to total 3 pounds in calendar The Foreign Scene OTHER SWEETENERS Honey The 1977 Mexican honey harvest is forecast at 44,500 metric tons (98 million pounds), fractionally higher than in However, honey available for export is expected to total only 35,500 tons, compared with nearly 50,000 tons in 1976, due to the substantial stock drawdown during last year's record export performance. Buyer competition for Mexican honey this year is expected to be keen because of prospective lower production in a number of other countries. Argentina's 1977 crop is forecast to dip about 40 percent to 17,000 tons, while Australia's harvest is expected to be slightly below last year's near 23,000 tons. Mexico is the world's largest honey exporter. The United States took 28 percent of Mexico's exports last year, while West Germany, formerly its largest buyer, took 26 percent. Middle Eastern countries also purchased larger supplies of Mexican honey in World demand was good last year, and Mexico expanded its exports by selling its carryover honey at reduced prices. Mexican honey has become more attractive to foreign buyers following the 1976 removal of a honey export tax and the devaluation of Mexican currency. The U.S. Situation U.S. honey production prospects remain poor in some areas. The 1977 U.S. harvest may decline slightly from the 200 million pounds produced in Drought in many parts of the country, plus pesticide damage and heavy winter losses, contribute to the current outlook. The September 23 Honey Production on commercial honey producers with 300 or more colonies in the 20 major States will provide an early indication of the amount of decline. Because of the prospective slightly smaller domestic crop, exports are expected to total no more than 5 million pounds in calendar 1977, comparable with similar levels in recent years. Stocks of honey in domestic beekeepers' hands are minimal. Imports have maintained the supply levels of the last 2 years. A total of almost 30 million pounds entered the country through June 1977 (table S-25). If this rate continues, imports in 1977 will match the record quantity of 661/2 million pounds imported in Prices for honey, both domestically produced and imported, are expected to remain firm. This is due to the shortage of domestic supplies and poor or mediocre production in major exporting countries..domestic prices to producers range between 40 and 45 cents for white honey and between 30 and 39 cents for the darker colors. Early reports indicate substantial interest by beekeepers in the reinstated loan provision of the honey price support program. Thirty-five loans backed by 786,434 pounds of honey had been taken out by beekeepers in 15 different States by July 31, Maple Sirup U.S. maple sirup production in 1977 totaled 1.22 million gallons, up nearly a third from 927,000 gallons in Production was up in every State except Massachusetts, whose output remained the same as in The sugaring season in virtually all areas was short but good. Extreme changes in temperature stimulated good sap flows, and apparently last winter's snow was also helpful in limiting freeze damage to trees. U.S. maple sirup producers received a record price of $11.67 per gallon this season up from $11.48 in Reported prices varied from $14.80 in Maine to $10.60 in New York. Maple sirup continues to be the highest priced natural sweetener produced in the United States in commercial quantities. Imports are running behind last year's pace. For first half 1977, U.S. maple sirup imports totaled nearly 5 million pounds, down 10 percent from the 16 SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

17 first half of 1976 (table S-25). Similarly, maple sugar imports, which totaled 465,000 pounds for the first half 1977, were down over 40 percent from first half The larger U.S. crop appears partly responsible for the decline in imports. Saccharin Ban Uncertain Noncaloric Sweeteners The future of saccharin use in commercially prepared foods and beverages remains uncertain at this time. However, saccharin use will not be restricted by the Food and Drug Administration before October 1. While there are indications that Congress may delay any ban on saccharin for food use, possibly for 18 months, some eventual restriction on saccharin use in foods and beverages seems likely. The remaining questions are, how severe will the limitations be? And when will the ban become effective? SWEETENER BYPRODUCTS Industrial Molasses Domestic production of industrial molasses totaled 453 million gallons in 1976, up 10 percent from the previous year. U.S. imports of over 410 million gallons in 1976 were up over 35 percent from 1975 (table S-27). Industrial use totaled 153 million gallons, down 9 percent from The remaining 700 million gallons were available for direct feeding and use in mixed feeds and silage. Molasses prices continue lower. Second quarter molasses prices were down nearly a fifth from the first quarter. The second quarter New Orleans price averaged $40 per short ton (table S-26). U.S. molasses supplies will be smaller in With the prospective beet crop down about a fifth, less beet molasses will be produced, though U.S. cane molasses output will likely nearly match the 1976 level. U.S. imports totaled 225 million gallons for first half 1977, down nearly 15 percent from first half 1976, indicating 1977 imports will fall short of last year's 410-million-gallon level. Prices appear likely to remain near current levels and could show some strength by fall if fed cattle markets improve. Price increases may be limited, though, by large corn supplies. Corn Byproducts Corn byproduct prices reflect feed grain supplies as well as soybean oil and meal prices. With expected large corn and soybean crops, prices have weakened. Corn byproduct prices have also weakened, but not as much. Com gluten feed and meal prices may weaken further as the large corn and soybean crops are harvested. Similarly, corn oil prices are also expected to weaken. Selected price comparisons: Corn and corn refiner by-products Year or q uarterl Quarters: I 1977: 1 By-products No.2 yellow Corn gluten Crude corn 1 Corn oil 3 i Feed 1 Meal Decatur, I Chicago, Illinois Illinois I Dollars Dollars D~lla;; rj;;i!;;;;-- l I per bu I... i 2.53 II... I 2.39 Ill... j IV.... per ton per ton per cwt percent protein percent protein. 3 Tank car, f.o.b. plant. Source: No. 2 yellow corn, Chicago Board of Trade through 1976, Grain Market News beginning 1977; Corn gluten feed and meal, Feed Market News; Crude corn oil, National Provisioner. However, corn byproduct prices may not decline as much as soybean oil or meal prices. Polyunsaturated corn oil is a premium product and its market is somewhat independent of the market for soybean oil. Since corn gluten meal is a product highly desired by the U.S. poultry industry, its market is also somewhat separate from the soybean meal market. About half the corn gluten feed is exported, much of it to the EC 9 countries. For the first 6 months of 1977, nearly 750,000 tons of corn gluten feed had been exported, up nearly a third from the first half of If the current pace should continue, corn gluten meal exports would top last year's near 1.15-million-ton level and could even approach 1.5 million tons for calendar However, better feed and fodder prospects in Europe for this fall compared with last year could slow the pace of exports in the last half of SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

18 Tabla 5-3-World centrifugal sugar production in specified countries, raw value, 1972/73 to 1976/77 1 Region and country ,000 metric ton.- North America: UnIted States: Mainland cane Hawaii Puerto Rico Total U.S. cane Sugarbeets Total U.S ,469 1, ,724 3,322 6,046 1, ,460 2,918 5,378 1,334 1, ,609 2,645 5,254 1, ,889 3,646 6,535 1, ,717 3,543 6,260 Caribbean: Cuba Dominican Republic Other countries Total Caribbean 5,250 1, ,269 5,800 1, ,877 6,300 1, ,248 6,200 1, ,303 5,800 1, ,039 Other Mainland: Mexico Canada Central America Total Other Mainland , ,905 2, ,152 4,100 2, ,306 4,126 2, ,506 4,348 2, ,625 4,455 Total North America 3 17,220 17,355 17,628 19,186 18,754 South America: Argentina Brazil Colombia Peru Venezuela Other countries Total South Amerlca 3 1,293 6, ,672 1,650 6, , ,013 12,018 1,532 7, ,200 12,560 1,349 6, ,448 11,380 1,562 7, ,422 12,865 Europe: Western Europe: E.C.-9 4 Belgium-Luxemburg Denmark France Germany, Fed. Rep. of I rei and Italy Netherlands United Kingdom Total E.C ,983 2, , , ,255 2, , ,047 10, ,948 2, , , ,239 2, , , ,968 2, , ,523 Non E.C. Austria Greece Spain Sweden Other countries Total Non E. c , , , , , ,721 Total Western Europe 3 11,231 11,926 10,627 12,330 13,244 Eastern Europe: czechoslovakia German Democratic Rep Poland Romania Yugoslavia Other countries Total Eastern Europe , , , , , , , , ,000 BOO ,514 Total Eu rope 3 16,142 16,985 15,444 17,350 18,758 U.S.S.R ,14g 9,568 7,730 7,700 7,350 See footnotes at end of table. 18 SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

19 Table S-3-World centrifugal sugar production in specified countries, raw value, 1972/73 to 1976/77 1 -Continued Region and country I, 000 metric tons- Africa: Egypt Mauritius Mozambique South A frlca Other countries..... Total Afrlca ,915 1,909 5, ,731 1,883 1,801 2,071 2,171 2,317 5,538 5,690 5, ,042 2,465 6,263 Asia: China-Peoples Republic China-Rep. of Taiwan India Indonesia Iran Japan Pakistan Philippines Thailand Turkey Other countries... Total Asla 3 1, , , ,993 2,630 2,400 2, ,949 5,794 5, ,000 1, ,643 2,466 2, ,060 1, ,197 16,417 17,634 2,600 1,000 5,950 1, ,627 1,800 1, ,912 Oceania: Australia FIJI Islands..... Total Oceania 3 2, ,245 2,592 2,927 2, ,942 3,200 3,260 3, ,683 TOTAL WORLD 3 74,885 80,603 78,669 81,987 86,585 1 Crop years are on a September/August basis, but include the outturn of sugar from harvests of several Southern Hemisphere countries which begin prlo.r to September. 2 Preliminary. 3 May not add due to rounding. 4 E. C. European Community. Source: Foreign Agricultural Service, USDA. SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

20 Table S-4-Domestic sugar crops: Acres harvested, yield per acre, and production, , State and area share vf 1977 U.S. production, and change from 1976/77 1 Acres harvested Yield per acre Production Share Change from State and area of pro- 1976/ ! J d uctlon CANE 1,000 acres Tons 1,000 tons Percent 1,000 Percent Tons Florida ,698 10,251 9, , Louisiana ,909 8,065 6, , Texas ,250 1,106 1, Total mainland ,857 19,422 17, , Hawaii ,666 9,345 10, Total U.S. cane..., ,523 28,767 27, , BEET Maine Michigan ,755 1,540 1, Ohio Great Lakes ,532 2,213 1, Minnesota ,783 3,026 ~ 3, North Dakota ,820 2,022 2, Red River Valley ,603 5,048 6, , Colorado ,661 2,303 1, Kansas Nebraska ,776 1,690 1, Wyoming ,060 1, 'Montana Texas New Mexico Great Pial ns ,448 7,400 5, , Oregon Wash lngton ,142 1,862 1, /5.3 Idaho ,942 2,879 2, Utah Northwest ,863 5,422 3, ,533 i 1.7 Arizona California ,892 8,892 6, , Southwest ,258 9,283 6, , Total U.S. Beet... 1, , , ,704 29,366 24, , Crop year September/August. 2 1ntentlons based on August 1 growing conditions. 3 Jncludes Maine. Source: Crop Production, SRS, USDA. 20 SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

21 Table S-5- U.S. sugarcane, sugarbeets, and sugar, raw value: Acres harvested, recovered sugar, yield per acre, and production, September-August crop years Sugarcane and sugarbeets Sugar, raw value 1974 I 1975 I I 1975 I 1976 ACRES HARVESTED RECOVERED SUGAR 1,000 acres Percent Cane 2 Florida Louisiana Texas Total mainland Hawaii ll Total cane Total beet... 1, , , YIELD PER ACRE Tons Cane 2 Florida Louisiana Texas Total mainland Hawaii Total cane Total beet PRODUCTION short tons Cane 2 Florida... 7,482 10,264 9, ,061 Louisiana... 6,558 6,468 7, Texas ,236 1, Total mainland... 14,938 17,968 17,973 1,461 1,827 Hawaii... 9,081 9,485 9,172 1,041 1,107 Total cane... 24,019 27,453 27,145 2,502 2,934 Total beet... 22,123 29,704 29,366 2,916 4, ,670 1,050 2,720 3,882 1 Updated August 1977 and may not agree with Crop Production June Excludes sugarcane for seed. Source: Crop Production, Annual Summary, SRS, USDA. SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

22 Table S-6- Monthly, quarterly, and annual sugar deliveries to domestic users, change trom year ago, previous month, and previous quarter, and 1977 compared with Dellverles compared with Month and quarter Change from I Previous Year month & ago quarter Cumulative Monthly g , 0 00 short tons Percent BEET January.... February.... March.... 1st quarter April May.... June.... 2nd quarter , July.... August.... September.... 3rd quarter , , October November..... December... 4th quarter January-July... 1,702 1,855 2, , Annual ,020 3,273 3, January.... February..... March st quarter.... April May.... June nd quarter.... July... August.... September rd quarter.... October.... November.... December th quarter.... January-July.... Annual January.... February March.... 1St quarter.... April May June nd quarter.... July August September.... 3rd quarter... October.... November.... December.... 4th quarter.... January-July.... Annual , , , ,697 5,052 8, , , ,933 1,062 1,136 1,001 3,199 1, , , , , ,817 3,684 6, , ,602 1,178 1, , , , , , ,710 3,990 7, , , ,037 1,055 3, , , , , ,021 2, ,031 2, ,754 5,539 6, ,389 11,273 10,023 10, TOTAL Raw value. 2 Dellverles In De<iflmJ:>er, 1973-l4, excludes some sales contracted for at a later date and are Included In January and February of the following year. Preliminary.,Includes Hawaii. Source: Fruit and Vegetable Division, AMS, USDA SSR-Vol. 2, No. 9, SEPTEMBER 1977

23 Table S-7-U.S. sugar deliveries to industrial and non-industrial users, calendar years, and first three month totals, Type of buyer Calendar year 1972 I -~973--r 1974 I 1975 I ,000 tona, refined sugar Three months Industrial users: Food use Bakery and cereal products confectionery products... Processed foods. Dairy products... Other ,449 1, ,454 1,035 1, ,443 1, , , Total.... 4,600 4,611 4,494 3,776 4,034 1,014 1,026 Beverage use. 2,437 2,469 2,350 2,074 2, Total Industrial users 7,037 7,080 6,844 5,850 6,287 1,514 1,549 Non-Industrial users: Institutions Eating and drinking..... Other' Total Institutions Wholesale and ret a II Wholesalers, Jobbers, and sugar dealers Retail grocers, chain stores, and supermarkets 2,103 1,316 2,064 1,316 2,002 1,353 1,919 1,261 2,144 1, Total wholesale and retail.... 3,419 3,380 3,355 3,180 3, Min us consumer size packages 2 Redistributed to Industrial and other users 3 2, , , , ,440 1, Total non-industrial user ,592 3,580 3,567 3,337 3, Total food use Non-food use 4 Total food and non-food use , ,720 10, ,771 10, ,539 9, ,273 9, ,043 2, ,321 2, ,430 1 Includes deliveries to government agencies and the military. 2 Less than 50 pounds. 3 1 ncludes some deliveries to eating and drinking places and Institutions. 4 Used largely for pharmaceuticals and some tobacco. Source: Fruit and Vegetable Division, AMS, USDA. SSR Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

24 Table S-8-U.S. sugar imports by country, annual1970, and six-month totals, Country Calendar year Six-month totals I I I I 1, 000 short tons, row value Western Hemisphere: Caribbean Islands: Bahamas Dominican Republic French West Indies Haiti west Indies Netherlands Antilles... 1 Total'... 1,042 1,119 1,026 1, Central America: Belize (British Honduras) Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragus Panama Total' North America: canada / Mexico (') (') Total' South America: Argentina Brazil Colombia Ecuador Peru Venezuela (') Other Total' 0 0 1,402 1, Total western Hemisphere'... 3,424 3,629 2,277 2,673 1,327 1,511 Eastern Hemisphere: Australia China, Republic of Fiji Islands {') India p Korea ) Malagasy, Republic of Malawi Mauritius Mozambique South Africa Swaziland Thailand Other 0 21 {') Total Eastern Hemisphere excluding PhiliP pines' ,194 1, Philippines ,298 1, Total Eastern Hemisphere'... 1,872 2,141 1,607 1, Total U.S. imports'... 5,296 5,770 3,883 4,658 2,100 2,402 1 May not add due to rounding. 2 Less than 5. Source: Fruit and Vegetable Division, AMS, USDA. 24 SSR Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

25 Table S-9- Sugar imports: Monthly, quarterly, and annual raw value totals , with comparisons Imports 1977 compared with Change from Cumulative Month and quarter Previous Year month & ago quarter ---- January , 000 short tons Percent L L2 February L5 March st quarter... 1, , April L2 May June nd quarter.. 1, ,218 1, Monthly g July August September rd quarter.. 1,559 1,422 1,380 October November December th quarter.. 1, ,178 January- June... 2,944 1,569 2,100 2, L Annual' 0. 5,770 3,883 4, May not add due to rounding Source: Fruit and Vegetable Division, AMS, USDA. SSR-Voi. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

26 0 14 Table S-10-U.S. sugar imports by country compared with Generalized System of Preference (GSP) duty-free imports, January-June 1977 U.S. sugar Imports GSP sugar Imports Country or area Quantity' Quantlty 2 Value Value Raw value I Tel quel basis Tel quel basis 1,000 short tons 1, 000 dollars 1,000 short tons 1, 000 dollars Caribbean Islands: West Indies: Barbadoes N.A. 17 3, ,024 Guyana N.A. 14 2, Jamaica N.A. 35 6, St. Christopher-Nevis- Anguilla N.A. 16 3, ,151 Trinidad N.A. 39 7, ,447 Total West Indies , ,624 Dominican Republic , Haiti Total , ,624 Central America: Belize (British Honduras) ,028 12, ,:>28 12,378 Costa Rica Ei Salvador , Guatemala , ,436 Honduras , ,179 Nicaragua , Panama , Total... Other North America: , ,021 Canada , Mexico {') (') 46 (') 46 Total , Tota l North and Central 4 America ,185 1, , ,692 South America: Argentina , Brazil , Bolivia , ,017 Colombia , Ecuador , Paraguay Peru , Uruguay Total South America , ,017 Total Western Hemisphere... 1,511 1, , ,709 E astern Hemisphere: Europe: Austria Belgium (') (') France Netherlands Sweden {') {') Switzerland United Kingdom... {') (') West Germany Total Europe See footnote at end to table. 26 SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

27 Table S-10-U.S. sugar imports by country compared with Generalized System of Preferenca (GSP) duty-free imports, January-June Continued u.s. sugar Imports GSP sugar Imports Country or area Quantity' Quantity 2 Value Value Raw value l Tel quel basis Tel que! basis 1,000 short tons 1,000 dollars 1,000 short tons 1, 000 dollars Africa: Kenya (') 1 (') 1 Malagasy Republic , ,315 Malawi Mauritius , ,175 Mozambique , ,738 South A frlca , swaziland , ,267 Total Africa , ,496 Australia g 10, Asia: China, Mainland (') China, Taiwan , Hong Kong {') 2 (') 2 India (') (') Japan {') Korea... 0 (') (') 98 (') 98 Philippines , Thailand Total Asla ,200 (') 101 Total Eastern Hemisphere , ,597 TOTAL WOR LD ,402 2, , ,306 1 Data on U.S. sugar Imports, raw value and tel quel, differ because the source of information is different and the scope of coverage Is somewhat different. 1 1ndlcates Imports which were eligible for duty free treatment under the GSP, whether or not the Importer applied for such treatment and the U.S. Customs Service authorized such treatment. Excludes developed, Communist, OPEC, and by competitive need criterion countries. Costs Rica was made eligible for the period retroactively as a result of revaluation of Costa Rican sugar Imports In 'Less than.5. 4 May not add due to rounding. N.A.-Not available. Source: Imported sugar, raw value, Fruit and Vegetable Division, AMS. Imported sugar, tel quel basis and value, Sugar: Report To The President On Investigation No. TA Under Section 201 Of The Trade Act Of 1974, USITC Publications 807, U.S. International Trade Commission. SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

28 ~ (/) (/) :n < 2. "' z 0 10 (/) 1'11 ~ 1'11 $ ro 1'11 :n Table S-11-Caloric and noncaloric sweeteners: Per capita U.S. consumption, Refined cane and beet sugar Corn sweeteners' Minor caloric' Noncaloric sweeteners 2 Calendar U.S. grown sugar cane sugar Corn sirup Total Total Dex- Edible Total caloric Sacc- Cycla- non- Beet I Cane I lm- l Total High- l trose Total Honey sirups harin mate caloric sugar sugar Total ported Total fructose Other Pounds , , e> s e> e> e> e> e> e> Dry basis. Recent corn sweetener consumption may be under stated due to incomplete data. 2 Sugar sweetness equivalent-assumes saccharin is 300 times as sweet as sugar, and cyclamate is 30 times as sweet as sugar. 3 Cyclamate food use was banned by the Food and Drug Administration, effective in Preliminary. 5 Estimate. Source; Economic Research Service.

29 Table S-12-U.S. mainland sugar stocks held by primary distributors, July 1, 1960, 1965, , and August 1, 1975-August 1, Cane sugar --,.---- Year and month Refiners Beet Mainland Importers Total processors Refined I Raw l Total 2 cane mills refined Total mainland I, 000 short tons, raw value --- JULY 1, BEGINNING STOCKS , ,028 1, ,021 1, , ,332 1, , , , ,119 1, ,349 1,433 1,716 2,170 2,103 2,157 2,343 2,291 1,949 1,946 2,314 2,782 AUGUST 1, 1975 AUGUST 1, 1977, BEGINNING STOCKS 1975: August September October November December ,006 1, : January ,135 1,596 February ,256 1,915 March ,294 1,906 April ,233 1,700 May ,216 1,562 June ,134 1,435 July ,119 1,195 August , September , October November December ,207 1, January , ,563 1,761 February ,610 2,014 March , ,749 2,009 April ,587 1,843 May ,568 1,734 June , ,545 1,647 July ,349 1,433 August ,273 1,221 1,275 1, ,415 2,088 2,731 3,171 3,201 2,933 2,778 2,569 2,314 2,038 1,689 1,324 1,660 2,504 3,324 3,624 3,758 3,430 3,302 3,191 2,782 2,494 1 Beginning stocks approximately first day of the month. 2 May not add due to rounding. 3 Preliminary. 4 Less than 500 short tons. Source: Fruit and Vegetable Division, AMS, USDA. SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

30 -~ ~ Vl Vl :%) < "' z 0 ID Vl (TI ~ (TI s: to (TI :%)... ID Table S-13-Sugar and products containing caloric sweeteners: Retail prices, U.S. average, , and by month 1976 to date Carbon- Lemon Fruit 1 Year and Sugar, Bread, Cookies, Ice Choco- Choco- Cola a ted ade con- drink, Fruit Pears, month granu- white, cream cream, late late drink, fruit cent rate, canned, cocktail, canned, lated, 1-pound sandwich, 'h-gallon bar, syrup, drink, 72- frozen, 46- canned, 21f2 can 5-pounds!-pound!-ounce ounces ounces ounces 6-ounces ounces 303 can January February March April May June July August september October November December January February March April May June July Pineapple-grapefruit ounces through month average. n.a.-not available. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Cents Peaches, Grape 1 Relish canned, jelly, lg- sweet 21f2 can ounces pickle, 12- ounces /

31 TABLE S LIQUID SUGAR <SUCROSE AND INVERT>: WHOLESALE LIST PRICESt SELECTED CITIESt BY MONTHSt / CITY : JAN : FEB : MAR : APR : MAY : JUNE : JULY : AUG : SEPT : OCT : NOV : DEC : AVG CENTS PER POUND ATLANTAt GAo BAL T!MORE t HDo BOSTONt MASSo BUFFALOt N.Y. CHICAGOt ILL. CINCINNATit OHIO CLEVELAND, OHIO DALLASt TEXo DETROITt HICHo HOUSTON, TEXo KANSAS CITYt KANSo-HO, LOS ANGELr.s, CALIF. MILVAUKEEt VISo HINNEAPOLIS ST. PAULt MINN. NEW YORKt Ne Y. PHILADELPHIAt PAo PITTSBURGH, PA. ST. LOUISt ILL. SAN DIEGO, CALIFo SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND, CALIFo SEATTLEt WASH, WASHINGTONt D.C :57.00 ;56o60 :56.60 :56 o60 :s.tt.6o :56.60 :56,60 : :56.60 : ~.60 ; 50 o1 0 : : :56.60 :56.60 :56.60 :54.60 :50.10 :so.xo :50o20 : o o30 53o Bo10 4B.30 HolO 4Bo30 '18.: S3o lf oo lf't oo n.oo HoOD Ho30 ~4.30 ~ o30 lf4.30 n.oo o10 4lo40 Ho 00 37o20 37 ooo 37.oo 37.oo " o o o oo to 3lo20 37o00 37o o o o00 34o Ho20 34o o o20 37o ~o BoBO o 70 2B.80 2BoBO 26o10 2Bo o oBO : oOO 23o lo lo o60 2lo lo l9o60 19o B.10 J6o 70 26o o o90 26ol0 2~ o10 26ol0 26ol o 70 26o ~ olo 24ol0 21fe20 26o fe20 21fe20 2~ o o30 27o ~.20 2~ 20 2h o60 21f o20 22o Ho o ~ o o00 20o50 20o elfo 20o o40 2lol oBO 19o l9o oo l9o elfo o o o ol o31 33o o ATLANTA, GA, BALTIHOREt MOo BOSTON, MASSo BUFFALOt N.Y. CHICAGO, ILL. ClllCINNATlt OHIO CLEVELAND, OHIO DALLASt TEXo DETROITt HICHo HOUSTON, TEX. KANSAS CITYt KANSo HOo LOS ANGELES t CALIF, HILVAUKEEt VISo H INNEAPOLI S ST PAULt H INN. NEW YORKt N.Y. PHILADELPHIA, PAo PITTSBURGH PAo ST. LOUISt HOo ILL. SAN DIEGOt CALIFo SAN FRANCISCO OAKLANDt CALIFo SEATTLE t WASH, l.lashingtont o.c ATLANTA, GA. BALTIMORE, HDo BOSTON, HAS$. BUFFALOt N.Y. CHICAGOt ILLo CINCINNATlt OHIO CLEVELAND, OHIO DALLAS, TEX. DETROIT, MICH. HOUSTONt TEXo KANSAS CITYo KANSo MOo LOS ANGELES, CALIF, MILWAUKEE, WIS. HINNEAPOLIS-STo PAULo HINNo NEW YORKt N.Y. PHILADELPHIAo PAo PITTSBURGH, PAo ST. LOUISt MO.-ILL. SAN DIEGO, CALIF, SAN FRANCISCO OAKLANDo CALIFo SEATTLE, WASH, WASHINGTON, DoCo :20.70 :20.50 :20.50 :20.50 :n.oo :20.50 :20.50 :18.30 :20.50 :18.30 :19.o 0 :19.to :19,00 :n.oo :20.50 :20.50 :20.50 :19.00 :19.10 :19.10 :18.80 :20.50 :I Sol 7 :ts.lo :15.10 :xs.xo :14.50 :14.50 :I SolO :14.50 :14.50 :l'h50 : 14o50 :H,50 :1~.50 :14.so :15.10 :X SolO ; I SolO :H.50 :14,50 :H.so : l\o50 :XSolO o70 lbobo l8o Bo80 1Bo l9o10 1BoBO 18o80 20o lb. 80 l9ol oBO o25 l6o l6o25 15oB o 2S 15o o50 15 o B l5o90 16o o o20 l8o90 1Bo90 1Bo B o l9o Bo l6o2l 16o !So !5o 70!So o l6o S.60 l5o o o l9o l9o 70 2lo Bo60 18o60 1Bo ols 17ol ol5 16o l7ol5 17ol5 17 ol5 16o l6o o o90 20o o30 l9o50 l9o l9o30 20o o Bo60 1Bo60 1Bo lboh 1Bo45 18.lf o80 17oBO 1Bo45 l7obo l7o80 17 obo 17oBO 17oH eo 18elf5 1Bo45 18.~5 17oBO l7o47 17elf7 17o f5 20o60 19elf.O 19elf ~ ~ o60 19.~ H l5o9l o o l6o l6o o l9ol0 l9ol l9ol ol0 19ol l8o60 1Bo60 1 Bo o00 1Bo Bo90 l9o B.90 19o50 n.~o o50 1B Bo90 1Bo90 IB Bo90 18o90 18o!O / THE ~HOLESALE PRICE IS THE PRICE AT WHICH REFINED SUGAR IS OFFERED TO RETAILERS AND OTHER MAJOR USERS. THE ACTUAL DELIVERED PRICE WHICH INCLUDES 'FREIGHT PREPAYS' HAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE QUOTED PRICE DUE TO DISCOUNTS AND ALLOWANCES. THE WHOLESALE PRICE IS LAGGED TO ALLOW FOR THE MOVEMENT OF SUGARS THROUGH TRADE CHANNELS, WHOLESALE PRtCE SHOWN IS FOR TH TUESDAY NEAREST THE 23RD OF THE PREVIOUS HONTHo 21 DRY BASIS.. 15o30 15.~0 15elf0 15.~0 l5obo lsobo 15.~0 15o80 lsobo 15o l5obo 15. BO ~0 15.~0 15o o80 l5obo 15oBO l5obo o. 0 ).0 o o Ho60 1\.60 Ho Ho o30 14o Ho20 14o20 14o60 14o60 Ho60 Ho ~0 13.~0 Ho o So00 l5o eo l5o50 15.so HoBO HoBO S.BO !SolO!SolO l5ol0 15 olo!solo lsolo! to o lsolo l4o l4o !So lbo lb o73 l7o82 17.lf7 17o82 17o82 l8o7a lbo 72 lb oH 17oH 17.~9 1Bo o01 16o o07 l5o95 l6o0l 15oB9 l6o o65 16o0l 15.B9 l5ob9 l5o SSft Vot. 2, No. 8. SEPTEMBER 18n 31

32 TABLE S GRANULATED SUGAR: WHOLESALE LIST PRICES, 1~0 POUND PAPER BAGS, SELECTED CITIESt BY MONTHS, / CITY : JAN : FEB : MAR : APR : MAY : JUNE : JULY : AUG : SEPT : OCT : NOV : DEC : AVG CENTS PER POUND S ATLANTA, GA. &ALTIMOREt MO. BOSTONt MASS. BUFFALO, N,y, CHICAGO, ILL. C!NC!NNATit OHIO CLEVELAND, OHIO DALLASt TEX. DETROITt MICH. HOUSTON, TEX. KANSAS CIT'ft KANS.-MO. LOS ANGI::LE'St CALIF MILWAUKEEt I.IIS..~INNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, MINN. NEW YORKt N.Y. PHILAOELPHIAt PA. PITTSBURGH, PA. ST, LOU! St MO.-ILL SAN DIEGOt CALIF. SAN FRANC I SCO-OAKLANO, CALIF SEATTLEt IJASH. WASHINGTON, D.C ATLANTAt GA. BALTIMOREt MO. BOSTONt MASS. BUFFALOt N.Y. CHICAGO, ILL. CINCINNAT!t OHIO CLEVELAND, OHIO 0 ALLA S, TE X OETROITt MICH. HOUSTON t TEX KANSAS CITYt KANS.-MO. LOS ANGELESt CALIF. MILWAUKEEt!,US. MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, MINN. NEW YORK t N. y, PHILADELPHIA, PA. PlTTSBURGHt PA. ST. LOUISt MO.-ILL. SAN OIEG'Ot CALIF. SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND, CALIF. SEATTLEt WASH. WASHINGTON, o.c ATLANTA, GA. BALTIMOREt MO. BOSTONt MASS. BUFFALOt N.Y. CHlCAGOt ILL. CINCINNATI, OHIO CLEVELAND, OHIO OALLASt TEX. OETROITt MICH. HOUSTON, TEX. KANSAS CITYt KANS.-MO. LOS ANGELE.S, CALIF MILWAUKEEt I.IIS. MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAULt MINN. NEW YORKt N.Y. PHILAOELPHIAt PAo PITTSBURGH, PA ST. LOUIS, 110.-It.L. SAN OIEGOt CALIF. SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLANOt CALIF. SEATTLE, \.lash. WASHINGTON, D.C. :57.00 :57.00 :57.00 :s7.00 :S4.80 :57.00 :57.00 :54.80 :57.00 :54.80 :54.80 :S0.30 :54.80 :54.80 :57.00 :57.00 :57.00 :54.80 :5o.3o :so.3o :50.30 :57.00 :21.40 :21.30 :21.30 :21.30 :19.00 :19.00 :19.00 :1e.3o :19.00 :18.30 :19.00 :19.40 :19.00 :19.00 :21.30 :21.30 :21.30 :19.00 :19.40 :t9.40 :19.00 :21.30 :15.87 :15.80 : 1S.80 :1S.&O!14.85 :14.85 :15.80 :14.85 :14.85 :14.8S :14.8S :14.85 :14.85 :14.85 :15.80 :15.80 :1s.8o :14o8S :14.85 :14.8S :14.as : lt S so ( S SO lf S SO l.SO a. eo a.eo SO S 16.9S S.85!6.22 1s.as o2S lbo S 16. 9S 16o S 16.2S 16.2S so lf so SO lf7.40 If 7.40 If tt2. 30 lf SO uo lf as 11.as 17.os 16. OS! !S as 17.os 17. OS 16oOS IS.95 1S as :n.4o so 22oSO 22.so 20 old so SO to la S 17. as S 16.6S 16.6S 11.as S as I 7.8S as ItO lt lfO lo ol5 18ol S o82 18ol l9ol ! BolO 33.! S ! ) so SO oa ! o lf.oo lf. OIJ oo so so 19.SO 19.SO 20.SO SO 20.so 20oSO zo.so ~ SO o. 0 0.a 0.a !0 2 7.I 0 2bol bol to o!o o8P q o so 24. eo o20 21h lf eo o ! o. 0 o. 0 o. 0 o. 0 o. 0 o. 0 o. 0 o. 0 o So eo \ ! ! ~ so 20. 7( eo 20.so lf S !S.40 1S.40! ls t6o20 20.so 20.so 20.so ! so 19o so 20.so !So 50 ls.so so 15.SO 1s.so u. 6o so IS.30!S.30! a o S !9.50! !Sol 7!9o o ! oSO ! o S lbo ! !6o l6o THE WHOLESALE PRICE IS THE PRICE AT WHICH REFINED SUGAR IS OFFERED TO RETAILERS AND OTHER MAJOR USERS THE ACTUAL DELIVERED PRICE WHICH INCLUDES FREIGHT PREPAYS MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE QUOTED PRICE DUE TO DISCOUNTS AND ALLOWANCES. THE WHOLESALE PRICE IS LAGGED TO ALLOW FOR THE MOVEMENT OF SUGARS THROUGH TRADE CHANNELS. WHOLESALE PRICE SHOWN IS FOR THE TUESDAY NEAREST THE 23RO OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH. 32 SSA Vol. 2, No. 9,SEPTEMBER 1977

33 TABLE S BULK O~Y SUGAR:. WHOLESALE LIST PRICES, SElECTED CITIES, BY MONTHS, / CITY : JAN : FEB : MAR : APR : HAY : JUNE : JULY : AUG : SEPT : OCT : NOV : DEC : AYG 1975 ATLAN:fAt GA. BALT!MOREt MOo BDSTONt MASSe BUFFALO, NeYe CHICAGOt ILL. - RAIL CHICAGO, lllo TRUCK CINCINNATlt OHIO CLEVELANOo OHIO DALLAS, TEX. OETROITt M!CHo HOUSTON, TEX. KANSAS ClTYt KANS.-MO.- RAIL KANSAS ClTYt KANS.-MO.- TRUCK LOS ANGELESo CALIF, MILWAUKEE t ill So RAIL HILWAUKEEt W!S, TRUCK MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAULo MINN. -RAIL MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAULo MINN. - TRUCK NEW YORKt N.Y. PHILAOELPHIAt PAe PITTSBURGH, PA. ST. LOUIS, MOo RAIL ST LOUt St r10e - TRUCK SAN OIEGOt CALIF. SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLANDt CALIF, SEATTLE, WASH. WASHINGTON, o.c ATLANTAt GA. BALTIMOREt MOe BOSTONt MASS. BUFFALO, N.Y. CHICAGO, ILL. - RAIL CHICAGOt llle - TRUCK CINCINNAT!o OHIO CLEYELANDt OHIO DALLAS, TEX. DETROIT t MICH. HOUSTONt TE~ KANSAS CITYt KANS.-MO.- RAIL KANSAS CITYt KANS.-MO.- TRUCK LOS ANGELES, CALIFo MILWAUKEE, WIS. RAIL MILWAUKEEt WIS. - TRUCK M!NNEAPOLIS-STo PAULo MINN. RAIL MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAULo MINN. - TRUCK NEW YORKt N.Y. PHILADELPHlAt PA.. PITTSBURGHt PA. ST. LOUISt MOe - RAIL ST, LOU I So MO. - TRUCK SAN DIEGO, CALIF. SAN FRANC!SCO OAKLAND, CALIF, SEATTLEt WASH. WASHlNt;TONt OeCe 1977 ATLANTA, GA. BALTIMORE t MOo 80S TON t MASS. BUFFALO, N.Y. CHICAGO, ILL. - RAIL CHICAGO, ILLo - TRUCK CINCINNAT!t OHIO CLEVELANDt OHIO DA.LLASt TEX. DETROIT, MICH. HOUSTON, TEX. KANSAS CITYt KANSo MO,- RAIL KANSAS CITYt KANSo MOo TRUCK LOS ANGELES, CALIF, MILWAUKEE, WIS. RAIL MILWAUKEE, ills, - TRUCK MINNEAPOLIS S~. PAULo MINN. RAIL HINNEAPOLIS ST. PAULo HINNo - TRUCK NEY YORKt NeY' PHILADELPHIA, PAo PITTSBURGH, P A, ST, LOU!St MOo RAIL ST LOU! So MOo TRUC~ SAN DIEGOt CALIF, SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLANDt CALIF. SEATTLE, ~ASH, WUHINGTON, OoCo :56.60 :56.60 :56.60 :56.60 :54.40 :54.70 :56.60 :56,6 0 :54.60!56.60 : :54.40 : : :54.40 :54.70 :54.40 :54.70 :56.60 :56.60 :56.60 :54.40 :54.70 :so :so.oo :50.10 :56.60 : :20.50 :2 0.s 0 :20.so : le.so : ls. 70 :!e.so :20.50 :!BolO :ts.so :!SolO :1S.50!18.70 :19.30 :18.50 :18.70 as.so : :20.50!20.50 :20.50 :!S.50 :1So70 :19.30 :19.30 :18.90 :20.50 :14.97 :!4o9U :14.90 :14.90 :14.20 :14.so :14 20 :14.90 :14.20 : 1lt.50 :14.20 :14.20 :14.50 :14.40 :10.20 :14.50 :14.20 : :14.90 :14.90 :14.90 :Ho20 :H.50 :llh~o :14.40 :14 "0 : CE;~TS PER POUND o o e.to tt )0 4B.!O S So oo 46.! o70 1So !SolO le.zo So50 1So So20!So !So o os o o40!So 57 l5ob7!s.eo ! S o !5oS eo oo H.oo lt olo DO lf ~c C 1e.so 19.10!S C!So 60 1e.6o !0 18.so e. eg !0 te.so!e.so !5 16.!5 16.! ! o o o ~ :n.oo 34.oo n.oo ol so G oSO 19.50!9.SO 18.so 1'3.50 l9o eo eo te !So SO l6o !6o o o ! o30 16o o ol o15 1f...QI:; oo :n.oo 37.oo :n.oo oo oo oo n.oo oo lt oo to ' ! te ? l'h40 18.eO ts.eo !e.21!S.25 le l1oso T.so so 17.so oSO 1Ao25 1e.25 1So25 17.so 17.so l7o A.25 27o e eo So e ' o !9o4C l9o ! o62 15o !.30 2!o ! ol 0 18.eo 1S e.70 1S S lr,70 1S.70 1S o oH 25oSO s.eo SO o!O DC S ':'C IS l9o60 1e.9o 1' !Ao90 1S l) e.90 1S o Ho20 21f so 2e "' o40 27.so 21.eo 2S eo so SO o so !5o 50!5o !5.eo ! ts.eo!5.eo o. 0 o. 0 o. 0 o. 0 o eO SO o full ~ ' / THE WHOLES~LE PRIC IS THE PRICE AT WHICH REFINEO SUGAR IS OFFERED TO RETAILERS AND OTHER MAJOR USERSo THE ACTUAL DELIVERED PRICE WH!Ctf INCLUDES ~FREIGHT PREPAYS' HAY BE DIFFERENT FROH THE QUOTED PRICE DUE TO DISCOUNTS ANO ALLOWANCES, THE WHOLESALE PRICE IS LAGGEO TO ALLOW FOR THE MOVEMENT OF <UGARS THROUGH TRADE CHANNELS, WHOLESALE PRICE SHOWN IS FOR THE TUESDAY NEAREST THE 23RD OF TME PREVIOUS HONTHo SSR Vol. 2. No.9. SEPTEMBER Ho !3.eo ! o 2o o C ? og G co llf , 7C oo q eo ? GO oo A.70 te.7g n 15o l4.eo! oSG !0!4. eo so ' so 14.eo ~ ! ~.43 18oS7 18.&7 1So e So6 7 I oOI

34 TABLe S-17--PRICES AND MARKETING SPREADS BY MONTHSt t FLORIDA CANr SUGAR SOLD AT RETAIL, ATLANTAt GAo YEAR AND MONTH : FARM VALUE AND MARKETING SPR~ADS AS A PRICES MARKETING SPREADS PERCENT OF THE RETAIL PRICE : ~ FARM TO DISTRIBU-: RAW DISTRIBU FARM RAW 1/ WHOLE-2/ RAW WHOLE TORS FARM SUGAR WHOLE TORS AND VALUE SUGAR SALE RETAIL SUGAR SALE AND VALUE MILL SALE RETAILERS MILL RETAILERS: SPREAD SPREAD SPREAD 1975 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC WT. AVE.: llo Ho o20 8o oCO lo CENTS PER POUND lo o o40 7.oo & o60 SolO l.n PERCENT ~ o bo ~ & JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC WT. AVE.-: & & o9 0 26o & bo & o30 4o o90 1.oo o40 6o o ol & JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC WT. AVE.: ol o o. 0 o. 0 D.O o & 19.% o2l o o ij & l9o Oo'O o o0& / ADJUSTED FOR REFINING LOSS. 2/ THESE ARE BASIS PRICES NOT DELIVERED PRICES TO OBTAIN DELIVERED PRICESt ADO "FREIGHT PREPAYS AND DEDUCT DISCOUNTS AND ALLOWANCES. FARM VALUE FOR THE MIDDLE OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH. RAW CANE SUGAR PRICE FOR THE 1&TH OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH. WHOLESALE PRICE FOR THE TUESDAY NEAREST THE 23RD OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH. RETAIL PRICE FOR THE FIRST CONSECUTIVE TUESOAYt WEDNESDAY AND THURSDAY OF EACH MONTH. 34 SSR Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

35 TABLE S-l8--pRICES AND MARKETING SPREADS BY MONTHS BEET SUGAR SOLD AT RETAIL CHICAGO ILLo YEAR AND MONTH PRICES MARKETING SPREADS : FARM VALUE AND MARKETING SPREADS AS A PERCENT OF THE RETAIL PRICE : FARM VALUE RAil SUGAR IIHOLE-1/ SALE RETAIL FARM TO RAil SUGAR MILL IIHOLE SALE DISTRIBU-: TORS AND RETAILERS! FARM VALUE RAil SUGAR MILL SPREAD WHOLE SALE SPI'IEAO DISTRIBU TORS AND RETAILERS SPREAD 1975 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC lito AVE.: 31.' '1.80 2lo'IO l8o00 l'lolo llo '1 o.n DoO CENTS PER POUND ' o20 20o o o ' lo lo ' l7 olo llo30 1' ' o Oo90 7ol0 1o20 5o00 6o o8 0 6o20 5o40 'lo55 5'1o51 5'1o'l4 57.9' '15ol9 'l'lo20 '13.99 '18.74 '14.66 '12o09 39o25 '17oR9 PERCENT ' '12.61 '13o08 '13o0 'I ' ol6 13.' '1 3o5' o00 13o'IO 8ol ' JAN FEll MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JT. AVEo! l0o l0o o. 80 llo20 9o o60 20o o20 16.' ' ' o'IC '1o o90 loooo o'IO 9o80 9o'IO o60 8o o50 5o30 5o SolO 'lo o'IO 4.50 'lo lo o4l 4'1.' ' '15 38o '1o '16 36o'l'l ' o o o Ro27 gj :J) <: ~ -"' 2? -"' (/) s m.,. s: m :J) ~ 1! JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC ~ T AVE : o o oA'I 17o8' l8o09 20oll o o '1 5 o5'1 5o ' ' / THESE ARE BASIS PRICES NOT DELIVERED PRlCESo TO 03TAIN DELIVERED PRICESt ADO "FREIGHT PREPAYS" AND DEDUCT OlSCOUNTS AND ALLOwANCES. FARM VALUE FOR THE MIDDLE OF THE PREVIOUS MONTHo RAW CANE SUGAR PRICE FOR THE 16TH OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH. WHOLESALE PRICE FOR THE TUESDAY NEAREST THE 23RD OF THE PREVIOUS MONTHo RETAIL PklCE FOR THE FIRST CONSECUTIVE TUESDAYt IIED~ESDAY AND THURSDAY OF EACH ~ONT~

36 ~ U> U> :D < ~ -"' z?!" U> m ~ m s: "' m :D ~ TABLE S-~9--PRICES AND MARKETI~G SPREADS 9Y MONTHS, , LOUISIANA CANE SUGAG SOLD AT RETAIL, CHICAGO, ILL. YEAR AND MONTH 1975 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC ~T. AVE.: 1976 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC WTo AVEo: 1977 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JU~E JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC WTo AVE.: PRICES MARKETING SPREADS : FAR~ VALUE AND MARKETING SP~EADS AS A PE~CENT OF THE RETAIL PRICE : FARM VALUE 27o20 24o lo9li 9o o 4 0 9o60 9o o90 9o o20 6o o o01 o.c 7.18 RA o 1/ SUGAR <iuolo o% GC u o10 17o o80 1Uo20 11o U o97 12o o.u WHOLE-2/ SALE RETAIL FAi\M TO RAil SUSAR MILL CENTS PER POUND o8C o3C CoO u.c o6 U () b 18o8G &.30 llo a.4o o6C ~ c:,.so 7.6C 1.1c 7.0G C o86 ' WHOLE SALE {) o ' ~.so FAR~ VALUE ~ & , ~ o.c RA\1 SUGAR MILL SPREAD DISTRISU- TORS AliD RETAILERS WHOLE SALE SPREAD PERCENT C c.o ~ o.c DISTRIBU TORS AND RETAILERS SPREAD ' '5o l le.22 1& PC o.c r.o / ADJUSTED FOR REFINING LOSS. 2/ THESE ARE BASIS PRICES NOT DELIVERED PRICES. TO OBTAIN DELIVERED PRICES, ADD "FREIGHT PREPAYS" AND DEDUCT DISCOUNTS AND ALLOWANCES. FARM VALUE FOR THE MIDDLE OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH. RAW CANE SUGAR PRICE FOR THE 16TH OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH. WHOLESALE PRICE FOR THE TUESDAY NEAREST THE 23RD OF THE PREVIOUS ~ONTHo RETAIL PRICE FOR THE FIRST CONSECUTIVE TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY AND THURSDAY OF EACH MONTH.

37 TABLE S-20--PRICES AND MARKETING SPREADS BY MONTHS, , BEET SUGAR SOLD AT RETAILt LOS ANGELESt CALIFo YEAR AND MONTH PRICES MARKETING SPREADS : FARM VALUE AND MARKETING SPREADS AS A PERCENT OF THE RETAIL PRICE : FARM VALUE RAW SUGAR IIHOLE-1/ SALE RETA 11.! FARM TO RAil SUGAR MILL WHOLE SALE DISTRIBU TORS AND RETAILERS FARM VALUE RAW SUGAR MILL SPREAD WHOLE SALE SPREAD DISTRIBU TORS AND RETAILERS SPREAD 1975 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC lit. AVE.: 31.' '1.BO 21.' CENTS PER POUND 52.'10 50.' '1.50 3' ' ' o ' o a.o '1.'10 9o l3o o '1. 7'1 Oo20 1o'IO Oo20 4o'IO o o90 0.'10 1o o ' '16.08 '18.22 ' '18.'12 'l'lo15 '10.78 '18.97 PERCENT '1' '18.25 ' '18.2'1 '16.6'1 '17.72 '15.66 ' ' '10 llo '1 6o69 lo JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC \IT. AVE.: o.8o o o ' a.o 11o00 llooo o'IO o80 llo o60 Oo'IO 1o o00 2o20 1o '15.0'1 '16.38 '16.96 '17.16 ' '1.39 'If,. 96 '18.91 '12o'IO 37ol'l '12.79 '10.20 '17.17 ' o81 ' '1.5' ' '16.09 '1'1.5'1 ' ' '19 ' o ~ <: "' ~!" z 0 :0 V> m ~ m s: "' m "' ~!::l 1977 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC YT. AVE.: '1 8o78 9o15 8o '1.02 J.O I) 0 ~.o llol2 11o o o92 1o oA '10.37 ' ' / THESE ARE BASIS PRICES NOT DELIVERED PRICES. TO OBTAIN DELIVERED PRICES, ADD FREIGHT PREPAYS" AND DEDUCT DISCOUNTS AND ALLOWANCES. FARM VALUE FOR THE MIDDLE OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH. RA~ CANE SUGAR PRICE FOR THE 16TH OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH. ~HOLESALE PRICE FOR THE TUESDAY NEAREST THE 23RD OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH. RETAIL PRICE FOR THE FIRST CONSECUTIVE TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY AND THURSDAY OF EACH MONTH o o

38 II! ~ :n ~ "' z? "' "' ~ m 3: "' m :D... ~ TABLE S-21--PRICES AND MARKETING SPREADS BY MONTHS, , OFFSHORE CANE SUGAR SOLD AT RETAIL, NEW YORKt N.Y. YEAR AND MONTH 1975 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC lito AVE.: 1976 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC WT. AVE.: 1977 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC wt. AVE.: PRICES MARKETING SPREADS : FARM VALUE AND MARKETING SPREADS AS A PERCENT OF THE RETAIL PRICE FARM VALUE RAI-l 1/ SUGAR ' so llo o00 D.O IIHOLE-21 SALE RETAIL CENTS PER POUND B u ' '1 21o FARM TO RAW SUGAR MILL a.o WHOLE SALE o o Oo o10 4o10 3o90 1o70 'lobo o o 'lo o o o oll o49 3o FARM VALUE RAil SUGAR MILL SPREAD DISTRIBU- TORS AND RETAILERS WHOLE SALE SPREAD PERCENT o ' DISTRieU TORS AND RETAILERS SPREAD o (, ' llo / ADJUSTED FOR REFINING LOSS. 2/ THESE ARE BASIS PRICES NOT DELIVERED PRICES. TO OBTAIN DELIVERED PRICES, ADD "FREIGHT PREPAYS" AND DEDUCT DISCOUNTS AND ALLOWANCES. FARM VALUE FOR THE MIDDLE OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH. RAW CANE SUGAR PRICE FOR THE 16TH OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH. WHOLESALE PRICE FOR THE TUES6AY NEAREST THE 23RD OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH. RETAIL PRICE FOR THE FIRST CONSECUTIVE TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY AND THURSDAY OF EACH MONTH.

39 TAB~E S-~2~-PRICES AND MARKETING SPREADS BY MONTHSt , BEET SUGAR SOLD AT RETAILt SEATTLEt WASH. YEAR AND MONTH PRICES MARKETING SPREADS : FAR" VALUE AND MARKETING SPREADS AS A PERCENT OF THE RETAIL PRICE : FARM VALUE RAil SUGAR 1/HOLE-1/ SALE RETAIL FARM TO RAil SUGAR MILL WHOLE SALE DISTRIBU-! TORS AND RETAILERS! FARM VALUE RAW SUGAR "'ILL SPREAD WHOLE SALE SPREAD DISTRIBU TORS AND RETAILERS SPREAD, ~ < 2. "' z? -"' en m -< m " s: "' m, j 1975 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC lito AVEo! 1976 JAN FES "'AR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC lito AVEo! 1977 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JT. AVE.: BO ! l3o80 llo loo!!o o90 8o20 llo o64 8o o c.o CENTS PER POUND ' ' ' n.o u.oo o o e-.20 8o o ' '10 5o o o o00 3o 'looo o o o ' ' '1.62 '1' ' ' o PERCENT ' ' ' 'llo / THESE ARE BASIS PRICES NOT DELIVERED PRICES. TO OBTAIN DELIVERED PRICESt ADD "FREIGHT PREPAYS" AND DEDUCT DISCOUNTS AND ALLOWANCES. FARM VALUE FOR THE MIDDLE OF THE PREVIOUS MONTHo RAil CANE SUGAR PRICE FOR THE 16TH OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH. ~HOLESALE PRICE FOR THE TUESDAY NEAREST THE 23RD OF THE PREVIOUS MONTH. RETAIL PRICE FOR THE FIRST CO~SECUTIVE TUESDAY, ~EDNESDAY ANn THURSDAY OF EACH MONTH ' ' u. 70 ~

40 0 69,374 Table S-23-Trends in corn refinery exports, annual and six months, Primary products By-products Total corn Period Corn oil Other by products refiners Corn starch Glucose Dextrose Corn oil cake and exports meal Total Quantity Thouoand pound G I uten feed J Other _l Calendar year ,311 15,469 24,968 15,551 7,090 N.A. N.A. 1,244,548 1,353, ,150 14,068 52,608 25,870 5,312 1,556, ,520 1,713,816 1,867, ,221 16,080 66,032 20,608 78,306 1,761, ,362 1,991,944 2,242, ,686 20,343 65,953 61,717 15,388 1,426,260 83,690 1,509,950 1,767, ,730 12,543 64,876 45,422 2,799 1,886, ,988 2,050,650 2,247, ,620 54,013 74,265 3,618 2,293, ,298 2,751,102 2,971,992 First 6 months ,013 5,521 27,789 40,660 2,108 1,127, ,282 1,295,836 1,407, ,054 9,146 25,180 28, ,485, ,778 2,241,806 2,34 7,595 Value Thou and dollars calendar year ,343 1,104 2,311 4, N.A. N.A. 35, , ,622 5, ,000 5,344 53,344 71, ,676 1,445 6,608 5,471 5,330 84,837 9,537 94, , ,355 2,604 9,395 27, ,131 4,391 77, , ,652 2,063 12,590 22, ,985 9, , , ,901 1,654 8,432 24, ,614 20, , ,506 First 6 months , ,545 14, ,733 8,749 68,482 96, ,298 1,090 3,770 12, , , ,281 1 Data appears out of line with past trends, but has yet to be revised. N.A.-Not available. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce. 40 SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

41 Table S-24-Corn grind: U.S. estimates for sweeteners and starch, Corn for sweeteners Calendar year ' T I :::::::::::::::::I Corn sirup i Hi~~fruct~~-Other I Total Dextrose Million bushe/6 Total Corn f or 3 starch Total grind These estimates are believed to show the trend in United States grind and are believed to be within 5 percent or less of the actual grind. 2 1ncludes estimates for malta-dextrin and corn sirup solids. 3 1ncludes dextrin. 4 Preliminary. Source: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Table S-25-1 mports of selected sweeteners and molasses, annual and six months total Calendar year Corn sweeteners I Maple Glucose sirup Dextrose Sugar Sirup I I, 000 pounds Honey l Saccharin Molasses Edible I Inedible I, 000 gallons ,096 6,360 11,446 1, ,223 7,829 38,960 1, ,613 8,860 10,658 2, ,453 1,179 8,836 25,999 3, ,499 4,185 1,443 6,696 46,380 3, , ,375 9,771 66,402 2,712 January-June , ,523 32,429 1, I ,957 29,966 1,448 2, ,762 1, ,933 2, ,139 2, ,668 2, ,288 3, , , ,680 1 January only. 2 Less than.5 Source: BLS. SSR-Voi. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

42 TABLE S-26--MOLAS.ES: BLACKSTRAPt SEETo CITRUSo ANO CORN!HYOROLit ANNUAL AVERAGE , ~ITH FIRST TWO QUARTER AVERAGES 1977t PRICE FoOoBo TANK CAR OR TANK TRUCK 1/ BLACKSTRAP BEET MOLASSES CITRUS CORN MOLASSES : MOLASSES YEAR : / QUARTER!... II...,, III... IV...,, NEW SOUTH MINNEAP- CAL!Fo ~!~YO.& ORLEANS : FLORIDA : BAL T!MORE BOSTON OLIS OMAHA PORTS :COLORADO MONTANA COLLARS PER TON - 27 oll o 45 57o2B o ea o o ol H ORE.tUTAH & IDAHO FLORIDA : CHICAGO o (; 'H Ho o ' o25 1/ PER TON PRICES ARE BASED ON 171 GALLONS FOR BLACKSTRAPt BEET ANO CORN MOLASSES AND ON, 175 GALLONS FOR CITRUS MOLASSESo PRICES REPRESENT SALES FoOoBo TERMINAL TO THE GENERAL FEED TRACE AND 00 NOT INCLUDE SALES MACE UNDER VARIOUS PRICING ARRANGEME~TS ABOVE OR BELO~ PRICES GENERALLY AVAILABLE TO THE ULTIMATE USERo TON - 2t000 LBSt GALLON - u.s. GALLON. - 2/ ESTIMATED, MOLASSES MARKET NEWSo ANNUAL SUMHARYo AMSt UoSoOoAo DENVER COLORADOt AND MOLASSES MARKET NE~St WEEKLYo VARIOUS ISSUESo 42 SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

43 TABLE S-21--FEED AND INDUSTRIAL MOLASSES! u.s. PRODUCTION, INSHIPMENTSt IMPORTS, EXPORTS AND UTILIZATION YEAR PRODUCTION : ~ CANE!ESTIMATED: : : u.s.!estimated : REFINERS!!INSHPMNTS! BEET CITRUS : HYDOOL! DOMESTIC! u.s. : ~AINLA~D:AVAILABLE : MAINLAND! BLACK : HA~AII : PUERTO : TOTAL :! SUPPLY IMPORTS! EXPORTS : SUPPLY MILLS : 5TRAP RICO CANE ~ILL! ON GALLONS ~ ~ ~ H ~5 ~ b U ESTIMATED UTILIZATION : INDUSTRIAL YEAR : : HI XED FEEDS : : PHAR~ACEUTI :!DIRECT FEEDING! APPARENT DISTILLED YEAST : CALS & EDIBLE! TOTAL : AND SILAGE 3/! UTILIZATION SPIRITS CITRIC ACID : MOLASSES MILLIO'I GALLONS B f BASED ON MOLASSES ~ARKET NE~S MARKET SUMMARY 1H6 21 ESTIMATED. 31 MOLASSES UTILIZED IN FEEDS IS ESTIMATED BY SUBTRACTI~G MOLASSES U~ED INOUST~ALLY FROM ESTIMATED MAINLA~D SUPPLIES WITHOUT CONSIDERING CHANGES IN STOCKS, SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

44 Table S-28-Soft drinks: Per capita consumption, manufacturers' shipments, sales, and value; with quantity, per capita consumption, and value, of sugar use, Soft drinks Calendar year Manufacturers' Sugar use 2 Per capita Per capita - =-1--~-:-rhlpconsumption Quantity consump- Total Unit value ments tlon value 3 value 4 Million Dollars Million 16-ounces dollars per gallon gallons Gallons Thousand tons Pounds Million dollars Dollars per cwt , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ' 4, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , j' 9, , , , , , , , , , , ,235 1, Data on U.S. soft drink shipments, sates, and unit values, computed from "Products and Product Classes-Quantity and Value of Shipments by all All Producers (Including soft drinks, carbonated waters, and single strength quivalent of flavoring extracts and sirups)" reported in the 1958, 1963, 1967, and 1972 Census of Manufacturers, "Beverages," SIC Industry Groups 2086, Soft Drinks and Carbonated Waters, and 2087, Flavoring Extracts and Sirups, Not Elsewhere Classified, MC-20H Series, published Infrequently by the u.s. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C., Data for noncensus years keyed to trend of soft drink production reported in NSDA/ 1976 Sale Survey of the Soft Drink Industry, National Soft Drink Association, Wahington, D.C., August p Quantity estimated by Economic Research Service, based on data from Fruit and Vegetable Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. 3 Unit value times total use. 4 Annual average price of sugar delivered to U.S. confectionery manufacturers, from "Total Consumption of Selected Ingredients by the u.s. Confectionery Industry," reported annually In Confectionery Manufacturers' Sales and Distribution (Survey ). U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Domestic and International Business Adminstratlon, Washington, D.C., It ts believed that this price paid by U.S. confectioners is a reasonable estimate of the average annual price of s4gar used in soft drinks. 5 Preliminary. 44 SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

45 1,885 Table S-29- Confectionery: Sales, value, and supply and utilization; with quantity, per capita consumption, and value, of sugar use, Confectionery Calendar year U.S. manufacturers' Unit u.s. Sales value shipments MiUion Cents per douars pound Supply and utilization Sugar use 6 Net Domestic Total change in disa;:)pearance 5 Per lmports 2 supply Exports 3 u invisiand capita Total Unit utili- b le" stocks 4 Per Quantity con sump- value 7 value zation Total capita tion Million pounds I Pounds Thousand Pounds MiUion Cents per tons douars pounds , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , l/l l/l :rj < 0 :- "' z 0 "' l/l ft1 ::j ft1 s co ft1 :rj... ""' " ~ , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,551 1 Data on U.S. Confectionery shipments, compiled from "Products and Product Classes-Quantity and Value of Shipments by all Producers (Including confectionery and chocolate-type confectionery for retail sale by chocolate manufacturers)" reported In the 1958, 1963, 1967 and 1972 Census of Manufacturers, "Sugar and Confectionery Products." SIC Industry Groups 2065, and 2066, MC-20F series, published infrequently by U.S. Dept of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C. Data for noncensus years keyed to trend of confectionery shipments reported in "Confectionery Shipments, 125 4, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,662 Sales, Average Value and Per Capita Consumption, ," Confectionery Manufacturers' (Annual) Sales and Distribution (Surveys) 1976, U.S. Dept of Commerce, Domestic and International Business Admlnstratlon, Washington, D.C., June 1977, p Data from U,S, Dept of Commerce, U.S. Imports, FT-246, Statistical Classes, , , and Data from U.S. Dept of Commerce, U.S. Exports, FT-410, Statistical Classes, , and Calculated as a residual. Negatives indicate increases In stock level during year positives signify net withdrawals, 5 Domestic disappearance for food use , , , , , ' , Quantity estimated by Economic Research Service, based on data from Fruit and Vegetable Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. 7 Unit value times total use. 8 Calculated from "Total Consumption of Selected Ingredient by the U.S. Confectionery Industry," reported annually in Confectionery Manufacturers' (Annual) Sales and Distribution (Survey)., U.S. Dept of Commerce, Domestic and International Business Adminstration, Washington, D.C. 9 Preliminary.

46 Table S-30-lmported cocoa beans and cocoa butter prices' Year or quarter '~Bahia" Cocoa beans I uaccra" Cents per pound Imported cocoa butter : I..... II..... Ill..... IV New York Spot. 2 Two months average, May not quoted. 2 Two months average, June not quoted. Source: New York Journal of Commerce. Table S-31-Cocoa and chocolate: Selected comparisons for U.S. imports, grind, and consumption (bean equivalent) Description Million pounds 1976 First 6 months I 1977 u.s. Imports: Cocoa beans Minus reexports Net imports Semi processed 1 Unsweetened chocolate Cocoa butter ' o o I Unsweetened cocoa Other products l Total Consumer products' TOTAL IMPORTS U.S. grind U.S. consumption Per capita (pounds) Reexports of semiprocessed and consumer products are relatively insiglnificant. 2 Estimate. Source: Import and grind data. Bureau of Census; Consumption data, Economic Research Service, USDA. N.A. = Not available. 46 SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

47 MARKET NEWS Principal contributors: James R. Thorpe and Douglas M. Edwards Fruit and Vegetable Division Agricultural Marketing Service SUGAR MARKET HIGHLIGHTS Deliveries July-Sugar deliveries in July 1977 were 961,928 short tons, raw value, down 2 percent from July January-July 1977 deliveries were up slightly over 1 percent from the same period a year ago. July Ending Stocks Inventories --Sugar stocks held by primary distributors on July 30, 1977 were 2.5 million short tons (raw value), down over 10 percent from the end of June, but up over 22 percent from the same time a year ago. Domestic Production Total sugar production for the mainland United States through June was 2.0 million short tons, raw value, down about 10 percent from the first half of Imports U.S. imported raw sugar receipts for January June were 2.4 million short tons, nearly 15 percent ahead of first half The only newcomer to the over-100,000-ton group was Panama, with Brazil closing fast at 96,590 tons. Imported direct con- Table 1-U.S. sugar supply and disposition by primary distributors, January-June 1977 Item Beet processors Importers Mainland cane processors' Refiners Raw \ Refined Net total Short tons, raw value SUPPLY Inventory Jan. 1, ,777, , , ,897 3,340,563 Production and movement Received direct-consumption sugar Produced from beets or cane. Less deliveries to refiners... Receipts of raws by refiners... Less raws melted.... Refined from raws melted... AdJustments 0 0 Sub-total 0 0-1,403, ,089 1,399,259 43, , , ,246 45,938-71>9, ,534, ,724, ,704,199 +1,494-3,392-3, , ,520 3, 705,317 48,16g 2 1,314, ,066 3, 704,199-9,623 4,866,946 Net total supply ,176,481 43, , ,181 3,984,214 8,207,509 Distribution for Continental consumptlon Export Livestock feed Alcohol 0 0. Sub total... 1, 743, , 743,202 43, ,415 DISPOSITION 10,845 5,414 3,601, , ,850 5,414 3,622,221 5,404,447 20, ,425,102 Inventory June 30, ,433, , , ,993 2,782,407 Total distribution and Inventory 0 3,176,481 43, , ,181 3,984,214 8,207,509 1 Establishments that acquire no raw sugar from others for ~eflnlng. Processor-refiners are Included with refiners. Production less deliveries of raw sugar to refiners. 3 1 ncludes 709,265 tons received from mainland cane processors. 4 Receipts of raw sugar by refiners less melt. 5 includes deliveries for United States Military forces at home and abroad. SSR-Vol. 2. No.9, SEPTEMBER

48 sumption sugar increased less than 3 percent and all refined sugar was slightly under the first half of Raw Sugar Prices World-The July average spot price was 7.38 cents per pound, down 0.45 cent per pound from June. The high for the month was on the 29th at 7.75 cents and the low on the 12th at 6.85 cents per pound. Domestic-The domestic spot price for July dropped by 0.13 cent per pound to cents per pound. The high and the low fell on the same days as for the world spot price. The high was on the 29th at cents and the low on the 12th at 9.46 cents per pound. Refined Sugar Prices Wholesale-Prices in July were down in virtually all sections of the country. Refiners in the Northeast showed a decrease of over l 1/2 percent. Cane and beet prices in the Chicago-West region went down 61/2 percent, while those on the Pacific Coast decreased nearly 3 percent. The rate of decrease by Southeast refiners was negligible. Retail-The average U.S. retail price for a 5- pound bag of granulated sugar was 21.7 cents per pound in July, down 0.66 cent from last month. Table 2-Distribution of sugar by primary distributors, January-June 1977 and 1976 Item Change 1976 to 1977 Short tons, raw value Continental United States Refiners' raw Refiners' refined Sub-total.... Beet processors' refined.... Importers' direct consumption.... Mainland sugarcane processors'.... 5,414 3,622,221 3,627,635 1,743,202 43,415 10,850 6,604 3,324,608 3,331,212 1,945,683 48,627 7,525-1, , , ,481-5,212 +3,325 Total 5,425,102 5,333, ,055 For: Alcohol.... Export.... Livestock feed.... Continental consumption' , ,404,447 32,602 5,300,445-11, ,002 Puerto Rico.... Hawaii ,000 19,596 67,897 18,594 +2,103 +1, ncludes deliveries for United States Military forces at home and abroad. 2 Estimated. Table 3-Stocks of sugar held by primary distributors in the continental United States, June 30, 1977 and 1976 Item Change 1976 to 1977 Short tons, raw value Refiners' raw.... Refiners' refined Sub-total.... Beet processors' refined.... Importers' direct consumption.... Mainland sugarcane processors , , ,760 1,433, , , , ,801 1,195, , , , , , ,522 Total ,782,407 2,313, , SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

49 Table 4-Distribution of sugar by primary distributors in the continental United States, July and January-July 1977 and 1976 Item July I January-July Short tons, raw value July 1976 January-July Refiners Beet Processors' refined Importers' direct consumption Mainland sugarcane processors' , ,349 7, ,000 4,274, ,933 2,050, ,315 50,415 4,611 11,850 1,408 3,937,145 2,316,998 53,238 8,933 Total ,928 6,387, ,267 6,316,314 For: Alcohol Export LivestocK feed Continental consumption 3 N.A. N.A. N.A. 961,928 20,607 4, ,366, ,271 37,598 6,278,716 1 Preliminary. 2 Estimated. 3 1nciudes deliveries for U.S. military forces at home and abroad. Table 5-Stocks of sugar held by primary distributors in the continentia! United States, July 30, 1977 and July 31, 1976 Item Change 1976 to 1977 Short tons, raw value Refiners' raw Refiners' refined Sub-total Beet processors' refined..... Importers' direct consumption Mainland sugarcane processors' , , ,735 1,220, , , , , , , ,377-17, , , ,584 Total ,493,388 2,038, ,388 1 Preliminary. 2 Estimated. SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

50 Table &-Mainland Sugar: Production and marketings January-June 1977 and 1976 Item Change 1976 to 1977 Production Cane Florida Louisiana Texas..... Sub-total Domestic Beet ,599 10,254 84, ,923 1,399,259 Short tons, raw value 620,336 78, ,031 1,545,018-93, ,254 +5,375-78, ,759 Total ,020,182 2,244, ,867 Marketings Mainland cane Florida.... Louisiana Texas Sub-total Beef Processors' , ,568 65, ,339 1,743, , , , ,827 1,945,683-54,641-25,576-44, , ,481 Total ,524,541 2,851, ,969 1 Includes 43 tons marketed for feed and 142 tons for export In 1977 and 5,921 tons for export in Table 7-Refined sugar production and month-end stocks Production Month-end stocks Period cane sugar Beet sugar processors Cane sugar Beet sugar refiners refiners processors New crop Total Old crop 1 I I 1, 000 short tons, raw value 1976 monthly average , monthly average , August September October November ,296 December , January ,014 February ,009 March ,843 April ,734 May ,647 June ,433 July 3 0 " ,221 Last 12-month average ,415 1 Beet sugar made from sugarbeets of the prior crop year In the month and year shown. 2 Revised. 3 Preliminary. 50 SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

51 Source of supply Table 8-Sugar receipts of refiners and importers by source of supply January-June 1977 and 1976 Raw sugar Direct consumption sugar Total l I I Short tons, raw value OFFSHORE Foreign Argentina ,423 56,735 38,423 56,735 Australia...,. 18, , , ,307 Belgium Belize ,159 3, ,159 3,292 Bolivia ,032 18, ,032 18,404 Brazil 0 96, ,590 - Canada ,558 24,731 36,558 24,731 China, Republic of. 86,035 57, ,044 57,777 Colombia... 14,249 27, ,249 27,845 costa Rica ,809 48, ,809 48,458 Dominican Republic. 467, , , ,894 Ecuador ,118 28, ,118 28,440 El Salvador 57,194 93, ,194 93,759 France ,240 2,317 3,240 2,317 Germany, West Guatemala 0 202, , , ,718 Haiti , ,218 Honduras... 21,022 4, ,022 4,571 Hong Kong India , , ,979 Korea Malagasy Republic... 12,052 13,400-12,052 13,400 Mauritius 0. 24, ,853 - Mexico Mozambique... 52,756 11, ,756 11,979 Netherlands ,283-1,283 Nicaragua , , , ,215 Panama ,688 78, ,688 78,699 Paraguay ,569-7,569 Peru 0 142, , , ,647 Philippines , , , ,757 South Africa.. 151,804 61, ,804 61,586 Sweden., Thailand. - 44, ,520 United Kingdom west Indies , , , ,230 Total Foreign... 2,361,902 2,060,212 40,494 39,393 2,402,396 2,099,605 Domestic Hawal 0 432, , , , , ,581 Puerto Rico 0 29, ,507 2,921 3,795 32, ,302 Total Domestic , ,852 7,675 9, , ,883 Total Offshore, 2,823,708 2,661,064 48,169 48,424 2,871,877 2,709, Mainland Cane area 2_ 755, , , ,091 Acquired for reprocessing and samples.. 1,167 1, ,167 1,697 GRAND TOTAL... 3,580,078 3,528,852 48,169 48,424 3,628,247 3,577,276 1 Refined sugar received by refiners. 2 Refined sugar produced direct from cane by processor-refiner. SSR-Vol. 2, No. 9, SEPTEMBER

52 Table 9-U.S. exports of raw and refined sugar, second quarter Country or area January March April May June January-June Bahamas' Barbados Bermuda Canada Cayman Islands Short tons, raw value , French Pacific Islands..... Greece Guinea Honduras Hong Kong Indonesia Israel Italy Korea Leeward-Windward Islands Netherlands Ant Illes.... Nigeria Saudi Arabia Sweden Trust Pacific Islands.... 1, ,835 1, ,271 6, United Arab Emirates..... United Kingdom Western Samoa Sub-total g,o29 3,272 1,654 1,394 15,349 Others Total ,084 3, , , ,469 1 Source: U.S. Bureau of Census. 2 Formerly shown as Belize. 3 Countries receiving less than 15 tons. Table 10-Primary distribution of sugar, continental United States, by region, January-June 1977 and 1976 Region 1 Cane sugar refiners 1977 I 1976 I I Beet processors Mainland cane Total all prlsugar mills mary distributors' 1977 l l I 1976 Thousands of hundredweigh ts 2 New England... 3,463 3, Mid-Atlantic ,178 15, North Central ,247 12,388 20,068 Southern... 28,582 26,911 1,543 Western 4,384 4,149 10,213 Unspecified Grand total... 67,854 62,101 32,580 1 New England State include Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Middle Atlantic States- Include New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. North Central States- Include Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. southern States- include Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, ,587 3,643 1, ,727 16,565 18, ,483 30,559 1, ,143 28,711 9,561 14,597 13,710 5, ,308 36, , Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, KentuckY, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. Western States include Alaska, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Wash lngton, Oregon, and CalifornIa. 2 Reported as produced or Imported and delivered except liquid sugar which is on a sugar solids content basis. 52 SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

53 Table 11-World and U.S. raw sugar prices: Annual, , and monthly (Source of spot prices: New York Coffee & Sugar Exchange) Year and month World sugar spot price 1 Transportation I nsu ranee and duty to New York 2 World price New York basis U.S. sugar price (New York spot) Dlfferencel between U.S. and world prices New York basis Cents per pound : January... February... March... April... May... June... July... August... September... October... November... December : January... February... March 0 April... May... June... July... August... September... October... November 0. December F.O.B. and stowed In one of more than 20 Caribbean, South Caribbean ports. 3 Positive values indicate U.S. price is higher American, Oceanic, African and Asian Countries. 2 From greater than World price. SSR Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

54 Year and Month Retail u.s Table 12-U.S. cane and beet sugar list prices: Various marketing territories, annual monthly Northeast I Southeast I Refined cane sugar 1 (Wholesale) Refined beet sugar 1 (Wholesale) Gulf west Coast Eastern I West Coast West I Chicago- I Pacific Chicago-~ Pacific I North- Cents per pound : January February March April 0 May June July August September October November December : January February March April May June July August... September. October... November December l.5g These are basis prices In 10D-pound paper bags, not delivered prices. To obtain delivered prices, add "Freight Prepays" and deduct discounts and allowances. 54 SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

55 Table 13-Wholesale price quotations for sugar, corn sirup and dextrose (Source of dextrose and corn sirup prices-journal of Commerce) Refined Corn sirup Period Sugar New York 3 Wholesale wholesale Quoted I Northeast Dry Basls 2 Cents per pound Average 1g72-76* g76 average... 1g.2o g76 August September October November December January February March April g May June July Last 12-month average corn sirup relative Dextrose Dextrose relative to refined sugar New York 4 to ref I ned sugar Quoted l Dry Basis Quoted l Dry Basis 2 Quoted l Dry Basis Percent Cents per pound Percent g Gross basis price In 100-pound bags subject to a 2 percent cash discount. 2 Assumes price Is for 80.3 percent solids for corn sirup and 92 percent solids for dextrose. Thus dry basis price Is quoted price divided by for corn sirup and divided by 0.92 for dextrose. 3 For regular conversion sirup (38-49 D. E.) In tank cars, N.Y. quoted 43 degree baume unmixed. 4 Hydrate: commercial 600-bag carload F.O.B. New York City. *Data incomplete for dextrose for the last five months of 1974 and the first three months of SSR Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

56 Table 14-Sugar futures average settlement price and open contracts world no. 11 bulk contract 1 Month of contract July 1977 Oct Average monthly sugar futures settling price cents per pound Trading Month 1976 August.... September.... October.... November.... December January.... February March.... April May.... June July Open contracts last trading day of month 1976 August... September 0 October... November.... December... 3,291 5,758 4,925 4,955 6,200 2,297 3,121 3,376 3,269 3,947 7,182 9,877 9,457 1,138 8,844 1,787 9, ,445 1, January... February 0 March... April May... June... July... 8,220 10,347 13,252 20,249 15,310 1,475 4,645 5,664 4,718 6,683 7,248 9,070 7,635 10, , , ,210 1, , ,887 2,513 1,777 14, ,486 3,796 2,946 11, ,164 4,301 3,631 15, ,576 4,762 3,863 15, ,665 5,030 4, ,039 1, Average monthly settlement price for No. 11 contract of the New York Coffee and Sugar Exchange. F.O.B. and stowed in one of more than 20 Caribbean, South American, Oceanic, African and Asian countries. Each contract is 50 metric tons. 56 SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

57 SWEETENER PUBLICATIONS Compiled by: Larry C. Larkin Commodity Economics Division Economic Research Service RECENT SWEETENER PUBLICATIONS* *The following is a list of recent publications relevant to the sweetener industry. Listing of these articles does not necessarily constitute an endorsement by the USDA. Copies of these articles are not available from this office but should be obtained from your library or the publisher. Whenever possible, we have included the addresses of those foreign publications that may not be available in libraries in the United States. For readers not near large libraries, the addresses of the major American sugar and sweetener publishers will be listed in each February's issue of the Sugar and Sweetener Report and may carry additional references to new publishers at that time. Readers who have articles concerning sweetener economics and wish to have them noted in this publication should submit an abstract and two copies of the articles to the Sweetener Group, Economic Research Service, Room 200, th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C Andres, Cal, 4. "SPECIAL REPORT: ALTERNATE SWEET ENER," Food Processing, Vol. 38, No. 5, May 1977, pp Proposed saccharin ban stimulates reformulation work and development. Review of reduced-caloric sweeteners. 2. Atalla, Jorge Wolney, "COPERSUGAR, THE SUGAR AND ALCOHOL COOPERATIVE OF SOUTH- 5. ERN BRAZIL," Sugary Azucar, Vol. 72, No. 4, Apr. 1977, pp. 29. A description of the large Brazilian Sugar Cooperative which will co-sponsor the forthcoming XVI Congress of the International Society of Sugar Technologists. 3. Butler, Larry G. et.al. "THE ENZYME-CATALYZED SYN THESIS OF SUCROSE FROM STARCH," Sugary Azucar, Vol. 72, No. 4, Apr. 1977, pp A report of recent research sponsored by the National Science Foundation of the U.S. "ANIMAL TESTS AND HUMAN CAN CER," Chemical and Engineering News, Vol. 55, No. 26, June 27, 1977, pp , A forum on the D-elaney clause. (Reprint will be available at $2.00 per copy. For 10 or more copies, $1.25 per copy. Send request to: C and En Reprint Department, American Chemical Society, th St. N.W., Washington, D.C ). Crocco, Stephanie C., "POSSIBILITIES FOR SOLVING THE ARTIFICIAL SWEETENER CRISIS," Food Engineering, Vol. 49, No. 5, May 1977, pp The sweetener crisis is a two phase problem: Need for solutions to the demand for low calorie or reduced calorie products and the impending battle between FDA, Congress, consumers and industry over bans on saccharin, cyclomate and aspartane. Deutsch, Ronald M., "SUGAR IN THE DIET OF MAN," Sugar Journal, Vol. 40, No. 1, June 1977, pp SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

58 This paper is a summary of six recently published papers reporting on what is known about sugar's effects on health. Sugar and heart disease; sugar and obesity; sugar and diabetes; sugar and low blood sugar; sugar and dental decay. (Published in World Review of Nutrition and Diebetics, Vol. 22, pp , 1975). 7. Elias, A., "UTILIZATION OF SUGARCANE BY PRODUCTS IN ANIMAL FEEDS: CANE MOLASSES FOR BEEF PRODUCTION." Pan American Health Organization, Scientific Publication No. 295, World Health Organization, rd St., N. W., Washington, D.C , pp This paper communicates the results obtained from the use of molasses and urea in combination in the prodution of beef. 8. Ellis, R. P. "SUGAR FACTORY INSURANCE UPDATE," Sugar Journal, Vol. 39, No. 11, Apr. 1977, pp This article discusses the major problem areas in sugar factory insurance. It stresses the utmost importance that major problem areas be recognized and loss control procedures be implemented and strictly enforced. Physical loss and damage, boiler and machinery; business interruption, workers cooperation, umbrella liability. 9. Food Engineering "NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR 'LESS SUGAR' FOODS," Vol. 49, No. 5, May 1977, pp In Europe a variety of foods containing crystalline fructose (100 percent fructose) are on the market. Crystalline fructose has a relative sweetness of 180 compared with sucrose at 100. In formulations, percent less sweetener is needed. 10. Genotelle, J., et.al. "IMPROVEMENT IN MOLASSES EXHAUSTION," International Sugar Journal, Vol. LXXIX, No. 940, Apr. 1977, pp PART II. The kinetics of crystallization for low-purity products with the application to crystallization by cooling. 11. Henscheid, Thomas H., et.al. "PROCESSING OF FACTORY WASTE BY REVERSE OSMOSIS," Sugar Journal, Vol. 39, No. 12, May 1977, pp Reverse osmosis can be used effectively and efficiently to concentrate steffens filtrate to about 10 degrees Brix. It is also an attractive tool to fractionate and concentrate other waste streams generated in the processing of sugar. 12. Hongisto, H. J., "CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF SUGAR SOLUTIONS," International Sugar Journal, Vol. LXXIX, No. 940, Apr. 1977, pp Discusses the Finnsugar molasses desugarization process. 13. Hongisto, H. J., "CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF SUGAR SOLUTIONS," International Sugar Journal, Vol. LXXIX, No. 941, May 1977, pp The Finnsugar molasses desugarization process, part II. 14. Jesse, Edward V. "BEET SUGAR RESPONSE IN THE UNITED STATES," USDA, ERS, AER No. 371, Apr. 1977, 44 pp. This study examines the production decisionmaking process of sugarbeet growers as the demise of the Sugar Act raised many questions concerning the fate of the domestic sugar industry and, in particular, sugar production in light of record high prices for other farm commodities. (Copies may be obtained from ERS Publications Unit, Room 0054, South Building, USDA, Washington, D.C (202) ). 15. Kampf, Hans, "UNIDO AND THE SUGAR INDUS TRY," Sugar y Azucar, Vol. 72, No. 4, Apr. 1977, pp. 33, 44. Discussion of the organization and field operations of UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization). 16. Keirn, Carroll R., "THE U.S. MARKET FOR HIGH FRUC TOSE CORN SYRUP," Sugary Azucar, Vol. 72, No.5, May 1977, pp , Part of the probable future situations may be: existing HFCS plants will continue operating and developing the market; committed plants and expansions will come on stream, and intense development work will be undertaken in second-generation products. 58 SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

59 17. Mann, Paul J., "NEW FRUCTOSE PLANT," Food Engineering, Vol. 49, No.4, Apr. 1977, pp Describes the triple-enzyme high fructose corn syrup plant of the Amalgamaize Company in Decatur, Alabama. 18. Mishra, S. P., "CONTINUOUS CONDITIONING OF MOLASSES FOR PAN FEEDING," International Sugar Journal, Vol..LXXIX, No. 941, May 1977, pp The new system and mechanism for the conditioning of molasses developed by the author and discussed in this article permits continuous conditioning of the feed material during the short period of its passage through the system without any dilution water. The average boiling time was reduced by about 30 percent with use of new system. 19. Oldfield, J.F.T. et.al. "DIFFUSER STERILITY AND PULP PROCESSING," International Sugar Journal, Vol. LXXIX, No. 941, May 1977, pp This paper discribes a method of controlling juice ph in diffusion so that the benefits of reduced sugar loss in a sterile dry fusion system can be obtained without being offset by the disadvanrages of an accompanying decrease in pressed pulp dry substnace. Part I. Part II. Diffuser pit and pulp pressing. (Vol. LXXIX, No. 942, June 1977, pp ). 20. Piper, N. R., "THE ABSOLUTE DETERMINATION OF SUCROSE IN MILL AND REFINERY PRODUCTS BY ISOTOPE DILUTION," International Sugar Journal, Vol. LXXIX, No. 942, June 1977, pp Part I. Isolation and purification for counting. This part of a two-part paper is concerned with islation and purification and analysis of radioactive sucrose samples. 21. Prada, A., and Gunter, C. G., "OPTIMIZING SUGAR INDUSTRY INVESTMENT DECISIONS," Sugar y Azucur, Vol. 72, No. 6, June 1977, pp , 70-71, The use of linear programming as a tool for the sugar technologist. 22. Prieto, Juan, "THE OKEELANTA SUGAR FACTORY," Sugary Azucar, Vol. 72, No.6, June 1977, pp A report of the recent expansion of Gulf and Western's Florida factory. 23. Schoche, William C., "POLARIS SUGAR CANE RIPENER FIELD PERFOMRANCE IN HAWAII," Sugary Azucar, Vol. 72, No. 4, Apr. 1977, pp , This article is a report on recent field performance results of Polaris in Hawaii under commercial use and in HSPA block trials. 24. Sugar y Azucar, "AMORPHOUS REFINED SUGAR," Vol. 72, No. 5, May 1977, pp A description of Brazil's unique product. 25. USDA "MAPLE SIRUP," Crop Reporting Board, Statistical Reporting Service, May 18, Production, farm use, sales and value, season's average price (Copies may be obtained from room 0005, South Building, USDA, Washington, D.C., (202) ). 26. United States Department of Commerce, "CONFECTIONERY MANUFACTURERS SALES AND DISTRIBUTION, JUNE 1977, 36 pp., DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION." Partial Contents: Industry growth and structure, distribution channels, foreign markets, imports, energy, outlook, sugar-inputs, confectionery product mix. 27. Viton, Albert, "THE UNITED STATES NEEDS A WORLD SUGAR AGREEMENT," Sugary Azucar, Vol. 72, No.5, May 1977, pp The thesis of this article is the fact that an International Sugar Ageement that prevents world prices from falling to levels below the production cost of efficient producers could be a partial remedy for the current U.S. sugar situation. A reasonable International Agreement price range would make possible the survival of the greatest part of U.S. sugar production. 28. Zepp, G. A., "CANE SUGAR SUPPLY RESPONSE IN SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER

60 THE UNITED STATES." USDA, ERS, AER No. 370, Mar. 1970, 35 pp. The purpose of this study is to estimate the domestic cane sugar supply response and net returns to the domestic cane sugar industry at alternative raw sugar prices under a 'no program' or 'free market' situation. (Copies may be obtained from ERS Publications Unit, Room 0054, South Building, USDA, Washington, D.C., (202) ). 29. Ziegler, John G., "PAN SEEDING," Sugar Journal, Vol. 39, No. 12, May 1977, pp Discussed are methods to improve raw sugar quality. The author states that initial formation of clean grain at the start of a strike is one of the requirements in sugar boiling and the use of net ground fondant seems to be superior to less sophisticated techniques. 60 SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER 1977

61 Number S- 1 S- 2 S- 3 S- 4 S- 5 S- 6 S- 7 S- 8 S- 9 S-10 S-11 S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16 S-17 s 18 s 19 S-20 S-21 S-22 S-23 s 24 S-25 S-26 S-27 S-28 S-29 s 30 S-31 SITUATION AND OUTLOOK Title Sugar: World production, consumption, and stocks, raw value, Sugar, cane and beet: Supply and utilization, United States, calendar years, World centrifugal sugar production production in specified countries, raw value, 1972/73 to 1976/ Domestic sugar crops: Acres harvested, yield per acre, and production, , State and area share of 1977 U.S. production and change from 1976/ U.S. sugarcane, sugarbeets, and sugar, raw value: Acres harvested, recovered sugar, yield per acre, and production, September-August crop years, Monthly, quarterly, and annual sugar deliveries to domestic users, change from year ago, previous month, and previous quarter, and 1977 compared with U.S. sugar deliveries to industrial and non-industrial users, calendar years, and first three-month totals, U.S. imports by country, annual1970, and six-month totals, Sugar imports: Monthly, quarterly, and annual raw value totals , with comparisons.... U.S. sugar imports by country compraed with Generalized System of Preference (GSP) duty-free imports, January-June Caloric and noncaloric sweeteners: Per capita U.S. consumption, U.S. mainland sugar stocks held by primary distributors, July 1, 1960, 1965, , and August 1, August 1, Sugar and products containing caloric sweeteners: Retail prices, U.S. average, , and by month 1976 to date.... Liquid sugar (sucrose and invert): Wholesale list prices, selected cites, by months, Granulated sugar: Wholesale list prices, 100 pound paper bags, selected cities, by months, Bulk dry sugar: Wholesale list prices, selected cities, by months, Prices and marketing spreads by months, , Florida cane sugar sold at retail, Atlanta, Ga.... Prices and marketing spreads by months, , beet sugar sold at retail, Chicago, Ill.... Prices and markting spreads by months, , Louisiana cane sugar sold at retail, Chicagi, Ill.... Prices and marketing spreads by months, , beet sugar sold at retail, Los Angeles, Calif.... Prices and marketing spreads by months, , offshore cane sugar sold at retail, New York, N.Y.... Prices and marketing spreads by months, , beet sugar sold at retail, Seattle, Wash.... Trends in corn refinery exports, annual and first six-months, Corn grind: U.S. estimates for sweeteners and strach, Imports of selected sweeteners and molasses, annual and six-months' total, Moloasses: Blackstrap, beet, citrus, and corn (hydro!), annual average , with first two quarter averages 1977, price f.o.b. tank car or tank truck.... Feed and industrial molasses: U.S. production, inshipments, imports, exports, and utilization, Soft drinks: Per capita consumption, manufacturers' shipments, sales, and value; with quantity, per capita consumption, and value, of sugar use, Confectionery; Sales, value and supply and utilization; with quantity, per capita consumption, and value, of sugar use, Imported cocoa beans and cocoa butter prices.... Cocoa and chocolate: Selected comparisons for U.S. imports, grind, and consumption (bean equivalent).... Page SSR-Vol. 2, No.9, SEPTEMBER