A review of fruiting plant species as potential dead-end hosts of Drosphila suzukii. Sam Ardin

Transcription

1 A review of fruiting plant species as potential dead-end hosts of Drosphila suzukii Sam Ardin February 2017

2 Contents 1. Objective 1 2. Identifying potential UK hosts 1 3. Combining evidence to give an overall score Method Results A review of key studies Host attractiveness SWD development in the host Adult emergence from wild-collected hosts Adult emergence from lab-infested hosts Summary of evidence for shortlisted plants 9 6. Other considerations Phenology Growing in the UK Birds: the double edged sword Conclusions 17

3 1 Objective of the review Drosophila suzukii, commonly known as spotted wing drosophila (SWD) is an invasive pest that lays its eggs in healthy soft fruit and cherries, rendering them unmarketable. SWD has a very wide host range, including many noncrop plant species; however, there is evidence to suggest variation in host suitability, with some hosts slowing or preventing the development of SWD eggs [1, 2, 3]. The objective of this review was to identify plant species that may act as dead-end hosts for the eggs/larvae of SWD. The review was undertaken by Sam Ardin who worked with the AHDB as an intern in She examined a number of scientific papers on the subject, identified a list of potential dead-end hosts which could be grown in the UK and ranked their potential efficacy using a method promoted by one of the paper authors. Fruit of these plants should: be attractive to female D. suzukii (preferably more so than the crop fruit), prevent the development of D. suzukii eggs to adulthood, either through toxicity or lack of resources, have a suitable hardiness and growth habit in the UK, have a suitable phenology, such that the fruiting period overlaps with that of the crop. 2 Identifying potential UK hosts 127 plant species across 57 genera were identified as SWD hosts either in field or laboratory studies across Japan [4, 5, 6, 7, 8], North America [1, 9, 10] and Europe [11, 12, 13]. 3 Combining evidence to give an overall score 3.1 Method Numerous studies have considered SWD host properties but each study has a different scope and method. A challenge when trying to combine such studies is finding a way to consolidate the evidence so different hosts can be objectively compared. To this end, a method was adopted similar to Bellamy et al. (2013) [14]. For each piece of available evidence on host attractiveness and/or development, plants were given a score based on the rank of the plant within the specific trial and the number of plants scoring in the trial (see Table 1). 1

4 Table 1. A simplified guide to the scoring system used. Please see [14] for details Host plants in study Plant s rank in study Low High Few Low to medium Score Medium to high score Many Low score High score This scoring was repeated for each piece of evidence (note that a single study can contain multiple pieces of evidence) and averaged the appropriate scores to form a single attractiveness score, a single development score and a single emergence score (Table 2). Table 2. Overview of the three summary scores Score Evidence type Dead-end host= Attractiveness Evidence that directly evaluates host As high as possible attractiveness to gravid SWD females Development Evidence that directly evaluates SWD As high as possible egg development in the host Emergence Evidence that evaluates rates of SWD emergence without an idea of initial infestation As high as possible 3.2 Results There was variation in the attractiveness of hosts and their suitability as SWD hosts. The hosts pictured in Figure 1 below all demonstrated high attractiveness and low egg development. 2

5 Dyer s Madder Bird Cherry Lords and Ladies Portugal Laurel Pokeberry or Pokeweed Scarlet Firethorn Willowleaf Cotoneaster Chenault Coralberry Figure 1. Hosts which demonstrate high attractiveness and low egg development Figures 2 and 3 chart the relative attractiveness of a range of host plant berry species against the development of SWD in the berry. Those species in the shaded box have greatest potential to contribute towards SWD control. In Figure 3, the size of the point is proportional to the rate of SWD emergence from the berry. The species with the small points have lower emergence, therefore offering better potential for controlling SWD. 3

6 Figure 2. The attractiveness and development scores for each host plant. Each attribute is scored based on the host s ranking across all available literature (see section 3 for details). The shaded box highlights hosts in the upper quartile of SWD attractiveness and the lower quartile of SWD development; these plants have the greatest potential to contribute towards SWD control. The size of the point is proportional to the amount of evidence available for that host, such that the positioning of larger points is more certain. 4

7 Figure 3. As for Figure 2, except the size of the point illustrates the emergence score for each plant. The bigger the point, the more adult SWD emerge from fruits exposed to SWD either in the field or lab (+ symbols indicate that no such data is available). 4 A review of key studies This section reviews the potential of the eight most promising dead-end hosts. It describes the most informative studies before summarising all the available evidence for each shortlisted host. 5

8 4.1 Host attractiveness These lab-based studies measure how readily SWD females oviposit in the host with no alternative host present (e.g. [2, 3]). Typically, these studies comprise a series of trials in which picked fruits of an individual host plant are exposed to a given number of gravid SWD females for a set time. With the use of a microscope and/or fruit dissection, the number of egg filaments can be counted. Key study Poyet et al. (2015) [3] sampled fleshy fruit of 67 plant species in France before counting the eggs laid in each fruit after a 24 hour period of exposure to 3 gravid SWD females. Per fruit volume, most eggs were laid in Prunus padus, Phytolacca americana, Prunus mahaleb, Rubia tinctorum, Ribes rubrum and Sambucus ebulus. Figure 3 illustrates the performance of the shortlisted dead-end hosts, relative to blackberry and raspberry. (Raspberry) (Blackberry) Figure 4. The average number of SWD eggs laid per cm 3 of fruit after exposure to 3 mated SWD females for 24 hours [3] Limitations These studies can only evaluate the preference of SWD under very specific conditions. It is not possible to tell how attractiveness might vary over different geographical scales, against different backgrounds or when multiple hosts are present. Furthermore, some evidence suggests that female SWD host preference is influenced by the host in which that SWD developed [15]. 6

9 4.2 SWD development in the host These studies capture some measure of how well SWD eggs can develop in different hosts. Typically, these studies comprise two phases: the number of eggs in a fruit are counted then, after a period of development in the lab, a count of the number of developing larvae or emerged SWD adults can be used to calculate percentage SWD survival. Key study Poyet et al. (2015) [3] counted the number of eggs laid in a range of lab-infested hosts before tracking the number of eggs that developed into larvae and adults. Several species had low or zero levels of SWD development (Figure 5). (Blackberry ) (Raspberry) Figure 5. The percentage of SWD eggs surviving to larval and adult stages in different potential dead-end hosts [3]. Limitations The rate at which fruits lose their vitality once removed from the plant is likely to vary based on fruit properties such as firmness, size and ripeness. This variability might have influenced the survival of SWD eggs reared under lab conditions, with the quality of some hosts degrading more rapidly. 7

10 4.3 Adult emergence from wild-collected hosts In these studies, the fruit of potential host plants are collected from regions with active SWD populations in order to count the number of emerging SWD adults [12, 13], without taking any measure of the number of eggs laid in the host. These studies typically screen large numbers of plants for their suitability as hosts and hence provide an important overview of SWD host use. Key study Kenis et al. (2016) [13], reared SWD adults from wild host fruit collected from sites with known SWD presence. No SWD adult emerged from C.salicifolius, S.x chenaultii or P.coccinea whilst SWD adults did emerge from P.padus, P.americana and P.lusitanica (Figure 6). R.tinctorum and A.maculatum were not included in the study. Figure 6. The number of SWD emerged per number (Italy and Switzerland) or volume (Nether- lands) of fruit collected from sites with SWD present [13]. NA indicates that the plant was not surveyed in that country. Limitations Collecting such a wide breadth of plant species necessitates a wide range of sample sites, both within and across studies. Differences in the size and activity of SWD populations across the different sites may have 8

11 greatly influenced the initial infestation rate, and hence the number of emerging SWD. Furthermore, it is impossible to disentangle the effects of host attractiveness and SWD development in the host (i.e. a host with very few emerging SWD could either be very unattractive to SWD, such that very few eggs were laid in that host, or could be highly attractive but very poor for SWD development). 4.4 Adult emergence from lab-infested hosts In these studies [16, 1, 12], fruit are exposed to controlled infestation regimes in the lab in order to count the number of developing SWD larvae and/or SWD adults for each host. Key study These studies did not include many of the shortlisted plants. However, the SF 145 project trials [17] found that no SWD adults emerged from Pyracantha sp. infested in the lab (however, the specific Pyracantha species tested is not detailed). Limitations Whilst this approach ensures consistent SWD exposure, in a way that is impossible when rearing SWD from wild-collected hosts, these studies are still unable to disentangle the relative effects of host attractiveness and SWD development success. 5 Summary of evidence for shortlisted plants Table 3 lists notes on the suitability of the most promising dead-end hosts. Table 3. Evidence for the suitability of the eight most promising dead-end hosts Plant Notes on Suitability Pyracantha coccinea (Scarlet firethorn) Attractiveness Development [3] Mean number of eggs per fruit was 2.5 after 24 hours of exposure to 3 mated females. This is equivalent to 14 eggs per cm 3 of fruit (approx.), 10 and 4 times more than was laid in raspberry and blackberry, respectively. [3] In two separate lab trials, <1% of eggs reached larval stage and 0% of eggs reached adult stage, compared to 99% and 65% in blackberry. 9 Continued...

12 Plant Notes on Suitability Prunus padus (Bird cherry) Emergence Attractiveness Development [13] SWD did not emerge from P. coccinea col- lected from sites in Italy or the Netherlands where SWD populations were present. [3] Mean number of eggs per fruit was 6.1 after 24 hours of exposure to 3 mated females. This is equivalent to 31 eggs per cm 3 of fruit (approx.), 22 and 8 times more than was laid in raspberry and blackberry, respectively. [3] In two separate lab trials, 2.4% of eggs reached larval stage and 0% of eggs reached adult stage, compared to 99% and 65% in blackberry. Emergence [13] SWD emerged from 67% of samples collected. From samples collect adults emerged per cm 3 compared to 0.4 and 0.2 adults from blackberry and raspberry, respectively. From samples collected in the Netherlands, an average of <0.001 SWD adults emerged per cm 3 compared to 1.6 and 3.5 adults from blackberry and raspberry, respectively. Rubia tinctorum (Dyer s madder) Attractiveness [3] Mean number of eggs per fruit was 2.7 after 24 hours of exposure to 3 mated females. This is equivalent to 41 eggs per cm 3 of fruit (approx.), 29 and 11 times more than was laid in raspberry and blackberry, respectively. Continued... 10

13 Plant Notes on Suitability Development [3] In two separate lab trials, <1% of eggs reached larval stage and 0% of eggs reached adult stage, compared to 99% and 65% in blackberry. Symphoricarpos x chenaultii (Chenault coralberry) Attractiveness Development [3] Mean number of eggs per fruit was 3.0 after 24 hours of exposure to 3 mated females. This is equivalent to 11 eggs per cm 3 of fruit (approx.), 8 and 3 times more than was laid in raspberry and blackberry, respectively. [3] In two separate lab trials, 7% of eggs reached larval stage and 0% of eggs reached adult stage, compared to 99% and 65% in blackberry. Cotoneaster salicifolius (Willowleaf cotoneaster) Emergence Attractiveness Development [13] SWD did not emerge from S. x chenaultii collected from sites in the Netherlands where SWD populations were present. [3] Mean number of eggs per fruit was 1.9 after 24 hours of exposure to 3 mated females. This is equivalent to 7 eggs per cm 3 of fruit (approx.), 5 and 2 times more than was laid in raspberry and blackberry, respectively. [3] In two separate lab trials, 11.1% of eggs reached larval stage and 0% of eggs reached adult stage, compared to 99% and 65% in blackberry. Continued... 11

14 Plant Notes on Suitability Emergence [13] SWD was not found in C. salicifolia across two years in a site where 0.7 and 0.2 SWD emerged per cm 3 of blackberry and raspberry collected, respectively. Arum maculatum (Lords and ladies) Attractiveness Development [3] Mean number of eggs per fruit was 5.6 after 24 hours of exposure to 3 mated females. This is equivalent to 4.9 eggs per cm 3 of fruit (approx.), 3.4 and 1.3 times more than was laid in raspberry and blackberry, respectively. [3] In two separate lab trials, 4% of eggs reached larval stage and 0.8% of ggs reached adult stage, compared to 99% and 65% in blackberry. Prunus lusitanica (Portugal laurel) Emergence Attractiveness [2] A. maculatum is ranked as a poor host (1 on a scale of 0-4) following lab infestation. [16] A single individual emerged from samples of A. maculatum, although the total number of fruit collected is not stated. [1] In lab trials, > 2 times as many eggs were laid per cm 3 of fruit than the average across all hosts. [3] Mean number of eggs per fruit was 5.9 after 24 hours of exposure to 3 mated females. This is equivalent to 15 eggs per cm 3 of fruit (approx.), 11 and 4 times more than was laid in raspberry and blackberry, respectively. Continued... 12

15 Plant Notes on Suitability Development [1] 0% of eggs developed to larvae after lab infestation (the presence of eggs was confirmed). [3] In two separate lab trials, <1% of eggs reached larval stage and 2% of eggs reached adult stage, compared to 99% and 65% in blackberry. Emergence [1] SWD adults emerged from 19% of fruits collected from areas with SWD present. [13] SWD emerged from 100% of samples collected in Italy. An average of 0.16 SWD adults emerged per cm 3 of fruit compared to 0.7 and 0.2 adults from blackberry and raspberry, respectively. Phytolacca Americana (Pokeberry) Attractiveness Development [2] P. Americana is ranked as very attractive (2 on a scale of 0-2), but no method is given so it is unclear what this means. [3] Mean number of eggs per fruit was 10.6 after 24 hours of exposure to 3 mated females. This is equivalent to 20 eggs per cm 3 of fruit (approx.), 14 and 5 times more than was laid in raspberry and blackberry, respectively. [3] In two separate lab trials, 1% of eggs reached larval stage and 2% of eggs reached adult stage, compared to 99% and 65% in blackberry. Continued... 13

16 Plant Notes on Suitability [1] SWD emerged from 74% of fruits collected from areas with SWD present. [2] P. americana is ranked as an adequate host (2 on a scale of 0-4) following lab infestation. Emergence [13] SWD emerged from 100% of samples collected in Italy and Switzerland in No SWD adults emerged from samples collected from Italy in 2015 or the Netherlands in An average of 0.15 and1.2 SWD adults emerged per cm 3 of fruit collected in Italy and Switzerland, respectively (compared to 0.7/0.4 from blackberry and 0.2/0.21 from raspberry). [15] SWD females emerging from P. americana preferred to oviposit into blackberries, while females emerging from blackberry had no preference. SWD that developed in P. americana berries were less fit than those developed in blackberries (based on several measures). [16] P. americana is ranked as an adequate host (2 on a scale of 0-4) as only small numbers of SWD adults emerged from lab infested hosts (not quantified). 14

17 6 Other considerations 6.1 Phenology Figure 7 illustrates the relative timing of berry production of the eight most promising dead-end hosts compared to the highly susceptible commercial fruit crops. Mar Apr May Jun Timing of Fruit Production Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Strawberry Cherry Blueberry Raspberry Blackberry R. tinctorum P. padus A. maculatum P. lusitanica P. americana P. coccinea C. salicifolius S. x chenaultii Figure 7. The fruiting phenology of potential dead-end host plants (pale grey) relative to common crops (dark grey). Note that several factors will affect the persistence of host fruits through the winter, including the popularity of the fruit with birds and mammals, pruning regimes and the weather. 15

18 6.2 Growing in the UK Table 4 provides guidance on the host plant s suitability for growing in the UK. Table 4. The suitability of growing the eight most promising dead-end hosts in the UK. Plant Native to UK Status Hardiness A. maculatum Europe Hardy in the severest European continental climates (< -20 o C) P. padus Europe Native Hardy in all of UK and Parts of Asia northern Europe (-20 to -15 o C) P. lusitanica Iberian peninsula P. coccinea Asia-Temperate S and E Europe Hardy in the severest European continental climates (< -20 o C) P. Americana USA S. x chenaultii N and C America Non-native C. salicifolius China Hardy in all of UK and R. tinctorum Asia-Temperate 6.3 Birds: the double edged sword northern Europe (-20 to -15 o C) It is important to note that the introduction of additional fruiting plants into a habitat may promote bird populations. Of the above shortlisted plants, P. coccinea, P. lusitanica and P. padus are popular with birds. P. americana is popular with American birds, which might extrapolate to UK birds. For many fruit growers, increasing bird populations would be highly undesirable, as birds can steal and damage the crop. In this case, it might be prudent to focus on potential dead-end hosts that are not desirable to birds, such as R. tinctorum, A. maculatum and, possibly, C. salicifolius, P. laurocerasus and S. x chenaultii (although these are sometimes eaten by birds). Conversely, birds might be important natural enemies of SWD, consuming wild fruit in which SWD eggs and larvae are developing. In particular, they may act to reduce residual SWD populations in the cooler late-autumn and winter months in which berries form a predominant part of many birds diets (although this relationship has not been studied). In situations where the crop is routinely protected by netting, the efficacy of dead-end hosts might be increased if they are desirable to both SWD and local bird populations. As such, planting bird-desirable dead-end hosts might be an effective strategy to use alongside SWD netting. 16

19 7 Conclusions Several plant species have shown potential as dead-end hosts during mid- and late-season soft fruit production periods. In particular, Rubia tinctorum (Dyer s madder), Prunus padus (Bird cherry), Arum maculatum (Lords and ladies), Prunus lusitanica (Portugal laurel), Phytolacca Americana (Pokeberry), Pyracantha coccinea (Scarlet firethorn), Cotoneaster salicifolius (Willowleaf cotoneaster) and Symphoricarpos x chenaultii (Chenault coralberry) are attractive to SWD but do not offer suitable conditions for the development of SWD eggs. When used alongside SWD netting of the crop, the use of dead-end host planting could be further supported by natural bird populations which might consume ripe deadend fruit. However, it remains unclear how SWD preference and development might change in different contexts. Further research needs to be done to ascertain: How the environmental conditions and life history experienced by SWD, influences attraction towards and development in different hosts. How SWD preference is affected when there is a choice of hosts. How genetic variation between different SWD and host populations influences SWD:host interactions. Without this understanding, it is hard to predict how the inclusion of a particular dead-end host might influence long term dynamics of SWD populations. References [1] Lee JC, Dreves AJ, Cave AM, Kawai S, Isaacs R, Miller JC, van Timmeren S, and Bruck DJ. Infestation of wild and ornamental noncrop fruits by Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 180(2): , [2] Baroffio C, Fischer S, Kehrli P, Kuske S, Linder C, Mazzi D, and Richoz P. Attractivité des plantes face à la Drosophile suzukii. Technical sheet, Agroscope, October In French. [3] Poyet M, Le Roux V, Gibert P, Meirland A, Prévost G, Eslin P, and Chabrerie O. The wide potential trophix niche of the asiatic fruit fly Drosophila suzukii: The key of its invasion success in temperature Europe? PLoS One, 10(11):e , [4] Kanzawa T. Research into the fruit-fly Drosophila suzukii Matsumura 17

20 (preliminary report). Technical report, In Prefecture Agricultural Experiment Station Report, In Japanese. [5] Kanzawa T. Studies on Drosophila suzukii Matsumura. Technical report, In S. Kawai (Ed), Kofu, Yamanashi Agricultural Experiment Station, In Japanese. [6] Sasaki M and Sato R. Bionomics of the cherry drosophila, Drosophila suzukii matsumura (diptera:drosophilidae) in Fukushima Prefecture. Technical Report 46, Annual Report Plant Protection Northern Japan., pg In Japanese. [7] Yukinari M. Drosophilid flies injurious to the fruits of wax-myrtle, Myrica rubra. Japan J. Appl. Entomol. Zool., 32: , [8] Mitsui H, Beppu K, and Kimura MT. Seasonal life cycles and resource uses of flower- and fruit-feeding drosophilid flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in central Japan. Entomol. Sci., 13:60 67, [9] Plant Inspection Advisory. Update for spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii and potential on blueberries. Technical report, Memo to: Bureau of Plant and Apiary Inspectors and Supervisors, May [10] Loeb G and Carroll J. Phenology and spatial distribution of adult and larval spotted wing drosophila in small fruit, stone fruit, and wild hosts in New York. Project report, Cornell University. New York State IPM Program, [11] Grassi A, Giongo L, and Palmieri L. Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), new pest of soft fruits in Trentino (North-Italy) and in Europe. IOBC/WPRS Bull, 70: , [12] Arnó J, Solà M, Riudavets J, and Gabarra R. Population dynamics, non-crop hosts, and fruit susceptibility of Drosophila suzukii in Northeast Spain. J. Pest Sci., 89: , [13] Kenis M, Tonina L, Eschen R, van der Sluis B, Sancassani M, Mori N, Haye T, and Helsen H. Non-crop plants used as hosts by Drosophila suzukii in europe. J. Pest Sci., 89:735, [14] Bellamy DE, Sisterson MS, and Walse SS. Quantifying host potentials: Indexing postharvest fresh fruits for spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii. PLoS ONE, 8(4):e61227, [15] Diepenbrock LM, Swoboda-Bhattarai KA, and Burrack HJ. Ovipositional preference, fidelity, and fitness of Drosophila suzukii in a co-occuring crop and non-crop host system. J. Pest Sci., 89: , [16] Kehrli P, Chatelain PG, Fischer S, and Linder C. New insights into alternative host plants of Drosophila suzukii and its interaction with native drosophilids and fungal pathogens. Conference paper, Agroscope,

21 [17] Harrison N and Fountain M. SF145: Characterisation of winter SWD (Drosophila suzukii ) gut flora for the development of future control measures. Final report, AHDB,