Effect of number of stems in the production and quality of tomato grown in greenhouse

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1 Revist Mexicn de Ciencis Agrícols volume 9 numer 2 Ferury 15 - Mrch 31, 2018 Effect of numer of stems in the production nd qulity of tomto grown in greenhouse Article Cándido Mendoz-Pérez 1 Crlos Rmírez-Ayl 1 Antonio Mrtínez-Ruiz 2 Jun Enrique Ruiños-Pnt 1 Crlos Trejo 2 Alejndr Griel Vrgs-Orozco 3 1 Postgrdo in Hydroscience-Grdute Collge. México-Texcoco Rod km 36.5, Montecillo, México Ste. CP (cr@colpos.mx; jerpkike@colpos.mx). 2 Postgrdo in Botnic-Grdute Collge. México- Texcoco Rod km 36.5, Montecillo, México Stte. CP (ctre@colpos.mx; mr2883@hotmil.com). 3 Postgrdo in Hydroscience-Grdute Collge. México-Texcoco Rod km 36.5, Montecillo, México Ste. CP (loliux- vrgs@hotmil.com). Corresponding uthor: mendoz.cndido@colpos.mx. Astrct The tomto is one of the most consumed vegetles in the world, its production, qulity nd size is ffected y climtic conditions, wter needs nd mngement of numer of stems. The ojective of this work ws to evlute the tomto production nd some qulity vriles, in three mngement conditions, depending on the numer of stems. The work ws crried out in greenhouse of the Postgrdute School. It ws trnsplnted on April 20, 2015 with tezontle s sustrte, under drip irrigtion. The experiment consisted of three tretments (T1), with one (T1), two (T2) nd three (T3) stems per plnt. Smples were tken in the 1 st, 5 th nd 10 th clusters of the plnt, to determine the yield, size, firmness, totl solule solids, titrtle cidity, ph nd mount of vitmin C. Yields of 6.55, 5.91 nd 5.45 kg pl -1 were otined for T1, T2 nd T3. T1 ws etter with 69, 23, 8 nd 1% of lrge, medium, smll nd very smll size per plnt. In the qulity vriles, totl solule solids nd ph incresed s the numer of stems per plnt incresed compred to the firmness tht decresed. Higher vitmin C content ws found in the 10 th cluster of T3. It ws oserved tht incresing the numer of stems incresed the mount of fruit per plnt, ut the size nd firmness decresed, therefore it is recommended to use T1 for export fruits nd T2 for internl consumption. Keywords: Solnum lycopersicum L., firmness, ph, titrtle cidity, totl solule solids, vitmin C. Reception dte: Ferury 2018 Acceptnce dte: April

2 Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc. vol. 9 num. 2 Ferury 15 - Mrch 31, 2018 Introduction The tomto or red tomto (Solnum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most consumed vegetles in the world (Chpgin nd Wiesmn, 2004) nd the min vegetle grown under greenhouse. The system of intensive tomto production under greenhouse, which is normlly prcticed in Europe nd the United Sttes of Americ, uses vrieties of undetermined hit nd low popultion densities tht vry from two to three plnts per squre meter, where the stems of the plnts frequently they re pruned nd single stem tht reches more thn seven meters in length is left to hrvest 15 or more clusters per plnt, in single crop cycle per yer (Chpgin nd Wiesmn, 2004). This production system in Mexico is reltively new nd hs generted n impct on the increse in cultivted re, productivity, profitility nd qu lity in recent yers. Tomto is helthy sic product due to its low content in kiloclories nd ft nd its content in fier, proteins, vitmins A, C, E nd potssium. It is used throughout the world in different presenttions, either rw s prt of slds, s n ingredient in suces, roths nd stews or processed, in the form of suces, purées, juices or pst (Vitle nd Pomilio, 2010). Tomtoes re climcteric fruits nd their mturtion is ccompnied y chnges in tste, texture, color nd rom. During this process chlorophyll is degrded nd crotenoids re synthesized, such s lycopene (ntioxidnt tht gives the color red) nd β-crotene (precursor of vitmin A), gierellins, quinones nd sterols (Frser et l., 1994). Mrin-Rodríguez et l. (2002) notes tht the fruit loses firmness, due to physicl nd chemicl chnges ssocited with the degrdtion of the cell wll nd the soluiliztion of pectins, y the enzymes pectinesterse (PE), polyglcturonse (PG) nd pecttolise (PL). When the fruit is destined to gro-industry, its min qulity vriles re dry weight, totl solule solids, titrtle cidity (equivlent of citric cid), ph, viscosity (ostwick flow) nd color. Since the vlues of the fruit pulp cn e predicted, from the sme mesurements mde in fresh homogenized fruit lso clled pulp or puree, the nlyzes must e crried out on the fruits t the time of hrvest (Renquist nd Reid, 1998). The qulity of the fruit is evluted y the ppernce, color, texture, nutritio nl vlue, composition in ripeness of consumption, helth, tste nd rom. Flvor is mesured y solule solids nd orgnic cids. The qulity of posthrvest nd the shelf life of the fruits is controlled y the stte of mturity in the hrvest (Alm et l., 2006). The flvor is the result of vrious voltile nd non-voltile romtic components nd complex interction etween them (Yilmz, 2001). Usully, the fruit is consumed with its mximum orgnoleptic qulity, which occurs when the fruit hs completely reched the red color, ut efore excessive softening. Therefore, color is the most importnt externl chrcteristic in the determintion of the point of mturtion nd posthrvest life, nd determining fctor in the purchse decision y consumers. The red color is the result of the degrdtion of chlorophyll, s well s the synthesis of chromoplsts (Frser et l., 1994). 356

3 Rev. Mex. de Cienc. Agríc. vol. 9 num de ferury - 31 de mrch, 2018 There is limited informtion on tomto production under protected conditions. One of the vriles of gronomic mngement ssocited with their productivity is the numer of stems with higher numer of stems, the higher the yield; however, the response vriles tht determine its qulity my e ffected. The ojective of this work ws to evlute the production nd some response vriles tht determine the qulity nd size of tomto fruits, grown in greenhouse, with three mngement conditions, depending on the numer of stems, in three prts of the plnt. Mterils nd methods The work ws crried out in greenhouse locted in the Cmpus Montecillo, of the College of Postgrdutes, stte of Mexico, whose geogrphic coordintes re 19.96º north ltitude nd 98.9º west longitude, with n ltitude of m. The greenhouse used in this study is type of centrl Mexico, with three nves with metl structures nd high density polyethylene plstic covers, with 75% trnsmissivity, with nti-insect mesh on the side wlls, ventiltion is pssive through side vents nd mnul opening zeniths. In the zone n nnul verge temperture of 15.3 ºC nd n nnul pluvil precipittion of 603 mm is registered. The verge nnul evportion is mm. The verge temperture in the hottest month is 18 ºC nd in the coldest month of 11 ºC. The riny seson is from My to Octoer, with n verge mximum in July of 130 mm, nd the dry seson is from Novemer to April. The climte is clssified s temperte-cold. Tomto seeds of Cid F1 vriety of indeterminte growth were used. It ws plnted in germintion trys on mrch 5, trnsplnted on April 20 nd the hrvest ws completed on Septemer 20, The plnts were mintined t 1, 2 nd 3 xes through pruning of lterl uds, nd they sprouted on July 8, 2015, on the tenth florl cluster. The plnttion frme ws stggered, with seprtion of 40 cm etween plnts nd 40 cm etween lines, trnsplnted in cm lck polyethylene gs with red tezontle s sustrte, in eds with dimensions of 1.2 m wide y 20 m long nd, with density of plnttion of 3 plnts m -2. The tretments (T) consisted of three mngement conditions, depending on the numer of stems per plnt: with one (T1), two (T2) nd three (T3) stems per plnt. The re of ech tretment ws 53 m 2 with totl re of 159 m 2. The distriution of the tretments ws done in rndom locks with 4 repetitions whose dimensions were 10 m 2. The irrigtion system ws drip, with superficil irrigtion line of 16 mm in dimeter. Ech irrigting line hd self-compressed drippers seprted t 40 cm nd n expense of 4 L h -1 per dropper, with n operting pressure of 0.7 kg cm -2. Irrigtion ws pplied dily nd its numer nd durtion ws different ccording to the phenologicl stge of the crop t intervls of ech hour. In the first 30 dys fter the trnsplnt, 5 irrigtions were pplied, t 10:00, 12:00, 13:00, 14:00 nd 15:00, with durtion of 3 minutes in ech irrigtion; in the stge of eginning of flowering they were incresed to 8 irrigtions pplied to the 9:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 13:00, 14:00, 15:00 nd 16:00 h, with durtion 4 min. In the stge of mximum demnd nd 357

4 Rev. Mex. de Cienc. Agríc. vol. 9 num de ferury - 31 de mrch, 2018 strt of fruition, 10 irrigtions were pplied t 9:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 13:00, 14:00, 15:00, 16:00, 17:00 nd 6:00 pm, with durtion of 5 minutes per irrigtion. Irrigtions were pplied with Steiner nutrient solution with (osmotic pressure = MP) throughout the crop cycle. Response vriles in tomto qulity To determine the response vriles of fruit qulity, smplings were crried out in three prts of the plnt: the first, in the 1 st cluster; the second, in the 5 th cluster nd the third, in the 10 th cluster. Four fruits were selected per tretment nd firmness, totl solule solids content ( o Brix), titrtle cidity, ph nd vitmin C content were determined. Firmness: it ws mesured in the equtoril zone of the fruits, using digitl texturometer (Universl Force Five), with scle of 0.1 up to 0.32% strength nd conicl strut of 0.8 mm registering the reding in Newton (N) of the pplied force until the penetrtion of the prop. Totl solule solids (ºBrix): were determined in the juice of the fruit y mens of digitl refrctometer, Atgo rnd with scle from 0 to 32% nd were expressed in ºBrix. The ph: the 10 g of pulp were crushed with 50 ml of deionized wter, filtered to remove the remins of plnt tissue nd in n liquot of 5 ml, the ph ws determined with potentiometer. Titrtle cidity: it ws evluted ccording to the methodology of AOAC (1990), for which 10 g of pulp were homogenized in 50 ml of deionized wter. A 10 ml liquot ws tken, which ws neutrlized with 0.1 N (NOH) nd phenolphthlein with indictor. The results were reported s percentge of citric cid, using the eqution. (ml NOH spent)x(n NOH)x(Meq.cid)x(VT)x(100) % Ac. citric= (Weight shows)x(aliquot) Where: N= normlity; VT= totl volume (ml of deionized wter plus fruit weight); Meq= Miliequivlents of the cid found in greter proportion (citric cid= 0.064). Vitmin C (scoric cid): determined ccording to the methodology of AOAC (1990). 20 g of fresh tissue were homogenized in 30 ml of oxlic cid solution (0.5%), n liquot of 5 ml ws tken nd titrted with tilm solution (0.01%) until visile pink color remined for 1 min. The concentrtion ws expressed in mg 100 g -1 using scoric cid s stndrd. Totl solule solids-titrtle cidity rtio: n indictor ws otined, which is the quotient etween totl solule solids (SST or ºBrix) nd titrtle cidity (AT). It ws clculted with the following eqution: SST Brix = AT cidez titulle Where: SST/AT= rtio totl solule solids / titrtle cidity; ºBrix= Brix degree of tomto juice; titulle cidity= expressed in citric cid 358

5 Rev. Mex. de Cienc. Agríc. vol. 9 num de ferury - 31 de mrch, 2018 Evlution of yield nd numer of fruits per plnt After the trnsplnt, seven plnts of ech tretment were selected, to evlute yield nd numer of fruits per plnt, up to the tenth cluster. Once the fruits were hrvested, they were counted nd weighed on scle, to clculte the yield (kg pl -1 ) nd numer of fruits per plnt. Clssifiction of fruit size In ech cut fruits were clssified y size, in this work, the fruit ws elongted (sldette) in the following ctegories (lrge, medium, smll nd very smll), ccording to the minimum nd mximum equtoril dimeter, s mentioned Mexicn Stndrd NMX-FF (Tle 1). Tle 1. Size clssifiction of tomto fruit elongted type (sldette). Size Dimeter (mm) Minimum Mximum Smll Medium Big Extr ig 71 Herefter Sttisticl nlysis of comprison of mens To determine the significnt difference of the vriles evluted for the design of locks t rndom, comprison nlysis of mens ws performed, with the Tukey test with level of significnce of 95%, with the sttisticl pckge MINITAB. Results nd discussion Totl numer of fruits In the Tle 2 presents the totl numer of fruits, which were otined in the repetitions of ech tretment, where on verge 62, 78 nd 84 fruits were otined per plnt for T1, T2 nd T3, respectively. Significnt sttisticl differences were found in the men vlues of the totl numer of fruits in the three tretments. The results otined from this reserch re similr to the results reported y Villegs et l. (2004) with 47.1 tomto fruits vriety Griel with plnting density of 3.8 pl m -2 grown under greenhouse conditions. Tle 2. Totl numer of fruits otined per plnt in the three tretments. Tretments R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 Averge T1 (one stem) T2 (two stems) T3 (three stems) Vlues with the sme letter in ech column, re equl to ech other (Tukey, 0.05). 359

6 Rev. Mex. de Cienc. Agríc. vol. 9 num de ferury - 31 de mrch, 2018 Villegs et l. (2004) mentions tht s the density of plnttion per squre meter increses, the totl numer of fruits per plnt increses, ut the size decreses, with size eing n importnt vrile for the selection nd clssifiction of fruits for export purposes. Clssifiction of fruit size The Figure 1 presents clssifiction of the size of fruits hrvested y tretment. The tretment of stem (T1) ws the est in terms of size ref ers to 69, 23, 8 nd 1% of fruits ctegory (lrge, medium, smll nd very smll) per plnt, respectively. The results otined in this work re similr to those reported y Rodríguez et l. (2008), in tomto under greenhouse, since they found tht 60% corresponded to extr-lrge size, 20% to first, 10% to second nd 10% to loss. In the tretment of two stems (T2) were otined 49, 33, 17 nd 1% fruits of size (lrge, medium, smll nd very smll) per plnt, respectively. The results otined in this work re similr to tht reported y Quintn-Bquero et l. (2010), in tomto under greenhouse they reported tht 9% of extr-lrge size, 52% of first, 27% of second, 11% of third nd 2% of fourth. For the tretment of three stems (T3), 37, 39, 23 nd 2% of fruits of size (lrge, medium, smll nd very smll) were otined per plnt, respectively. No literture review of performnce, size nd qulity of this tretment ws found. Quntity (%) Quntity (%) c c T1 (un tllo) Grnde Medino Chico Muy Pequeño Fruit size c T3 (tres tllos) Grnde Medino Chico Muy Fruit size Pequeño Quntity (%) T2 (dos tllos) Grnde Medino Chico Muy Fruit size Pequeño Figure 1. Clssifiction of fruit size in the three tretments. 360

7 Rev. Mex. de Cienc. Agríc. vol. 9 num de ferury - 31 de mrch, 2018 Tomto qulity response vriles The results of the totl solule solids (ºBrix) were found to e tht T3 (three stems) in the secondry stem 1 hd the highest vlue with 4.6, 4.65 nd 4.83 for the 1 st, 5 th nd 10 th clusters, respectively. No significnt sttisticl differences were found in the vlues of ºBrix in the three tretments or in the clusters Tle 3. The results of this work re similr to tht reported y Csierr-Posd nd Aguilr-Aventño (2008), in tomto, of 4 ºBrix grown under greenhouse conditions. Renquist nd Reld (1998), mentions tht when the fruits hve very low totl solule solids, it is ecuse they re hrvested very erly, without reching their degree of development; these uthors explin the ehvior of the tomtoes in some kind of dilution, y which wter intke during the development of the fruit exceeds the production of sugrs nd orgnic cids. Tle 3. Results of totl solule solids (ºBrix) in the three tretments. T1 (one stem) T2 (two stems) T3 (three stems) Clusters Min Min Min Secondry Secondry Min stem stem stem stem stem 1 stem 2 1 st cluster th cluster th cluster It ws oserved tht crohydrtes, s shown in Tle 3, underwent iochemicl chnges y incresing the numer of stems per plnt, since the degrdtion of the polyscchrides of cell memrnes, mde n importnt contriution to the increse in the content of sugrs is why the smller fruits tht re produced in T3 (three stems) presented etter flvor nd vitmin C content nd re used minly for preprtion of puree nd suce. For the firmness vrile, T1 presented the highest vlue with 4.7, 4.43 nd 475 in the 1 st, 5 th nd 10 th clusters, respectively. Due to the fct tht this tretment hd lower lef re index, the rys of solr rdition reched to the plce where the fruits were, which is why they developed thicker nd stronger cuticle to protect the direct sun dmge. In ddition, protection of the developed cuticle served the fruits to increse their shelf life. In contrst, T3 presented its thinnest cuticle, ecuse its lef re index ws greter thn 6, protecting the entry of direct solr rys towrds the fruits (Tle 4). The result otined in this work is similr to tht reported y Csierr-Posd nd Aguilr-Aventño (2008). Tle 4. Result of the vrile firmness otined in the three tretments. T1 (one stem) T2 (two stems) T3 (three stems) Cluster Min Min Min Secondry Secondry Min stem stem stem stem stem 1 stem 2 1 st cluster th cluster th cluster

8 Rev. Mex. de Cienc. Agríc. vol. 9 num de ferury - 31 de mrch, 2018 Tomto fruits re composed predominntly of prenchym cells nd microfirils of cells suspended in mtrix of glycoproteins, wter, pectin nd hemicellulose polyscchrides (Scheile nd Puly, 2004). These compounds give consistency to the tissues nd therey cquire greter resistnce to the penetrometer; therefore, when the fruits re hrvested in erly degrees of mturtion, the enzymtic ctivity tht dentures the compounds tht give rigidity to the fruits is lower thn in those fruits hrvested in lte stges of development. Totl solule solids- titrtle cidity rtio: (Bllinger nd Mness, 1970, Mrshll nd Spiers, 2002), found tht low rtio of totl solule solids/titrtle cidity (SST/AT) is ssocited with low fruit qulity, which it is relted to wether vriles such s cloudy dys, excess rdition, temperture nd high fruit trnspirtion. In this work n verge SST/AT rtio of 10.57, 9.98 nd ws found for T1, T2 nd T3, which re the vlues suitle for tomto hrvesting since it llows to lengthen shelf life, vrile tht is directly relted to firmness of the fruit (Tle 5). When the frui ts hve firmness vlue of 4.5, their shelf life cn rnge etween 15 nd 25 dys t room temperture of 18 ºC. The results otined in this work re similr to those reported y Sn Mrtín-Hernández et l. (2012) of in tomto grown in hydroponics under protected conditions in different grnulometry of tezontle s sustrte. Tle 5. Results of totl solule solids-titrtle cidity content in the tomto fruit juice for the three tretments. T1 (one stem) T2 (two stems) T3 (three stems) Cluster Min Secondry Second ry Min stem Min stem Min stem stem stem 1 stem 2 1 st cluster th cluster th cluster Some reserchers hve suggested tht SST/AT is importnt to define qulity differences etween vrieties, others indicte tht the qulity of the fruits cn e improved y incresing the totl content of sugrs nd cids. The est wy to define the mturity index in fruit is y estimting the totl solule solids-titrtle cidity rtio, this prmeter indictes the content of sugrs in reltion to the lower mount of cidity present in the fruit (Kushmn nd Bllinger 1967). Gllet et l. (1970) mentions tht the SST/AT rtio is prmeter tht determines the resistnce of the fruit to detch from the plnt, s long s this chrcteristic is not tken in hours of high temperture or luminous intensity. An dequte rtio of totl solule solids-titrtle cidity is prepondernt mesure tht is intimtely relted to the qulity of the fruit to e trnsported to gret distnces (Kushmn nd Bllinger, 1970). Regrding vitmin C, it ws found tht T1 presented mg 100 g-1 of vitmin C content in the 1 st cluster, in the 5 th cluster, T2 presented mg 100 g -1 nd in the 10 th cluster, T3 presented the highest Vitmin C content with mg 100 g -1. Significnt sttisticl differences were found 362

9 Rev. Mex. de Cienc. Agríc. vol. 9 num de ferury - 31 de mrch, 2018 in the men vlues of vitmin C in the clusters (Figure 2). These results re similr to tht reported y Cellos-Aguirre et l. (2012), in fruits of cherry type L., cultivted in field with vlues from 29 to 85 mg 100 g -1. Vitmin C (mg 100 g -1 ) er rcimo 5to rcimo 10mo rcimo Clusters T1 (un tllo) T3 (tres tllos) T2 (dos tllos) T1 (un tllo) T2 (dos tllos) T3 (tres tllos) Figure 2. Content of vitmin C (scoric cid) in the juice of tomto fruits in the three tretments. The disdvntge of T3 is tht only 37% of the fruits were lrge for export, 63% were mediumsized fruits, smll nd very smll. The dvntge from the nutritionl point of view for humns is 63% of the fruits tht were smller hd higher vitmin C content. End consumers prefer this size for fresh consumption such s smoothies, slry preprtion, s condiment (puree), since for them these fruits hve etter rom nd flvor. Finlly, ll the fruits produced y the plnt re used nd wste is voided ecuse it is smller. For ph, T1 presented the highest vlue in the 10th cluster of 4.47 compred to the T3 tht presented the sme vlue of 4.4 (Figure 3). These dt re similr to tht reported y Gomes nd Cmelo (2002), in tomto with ph This implies tht the fruits hrvested efore ripening fil to perform the iochemicl processes tht led to orgnic cids eing trnsformed into other compounds tht determine the flvor nd rom of the fruits. Significnt sttisticl differences were found in the ph vlues etween the clusters. ph 4.5 T1 (un tllo) T2 (dos tllos) T3 (tres tllos) er rcimo 5to rcimo 10mo rcimo Tretments Figure 3. ph vlues in the juice of tomto fruits in the three tretments. 363

10 Rev. Mex. de Cienc. Agríc. vol. 9 num de ferury - 31 de mrch, 2018 For the vrile titrtle cidity, the highest vlue ws presented in the T1 with 0.5% in the 10 th cluster, compred to the T3 tht presented the lowest vlue of 0.38% in the 5 th cluster. No significnt sttisticl differences were found in the vlues (%) of citric cid etween the clusters, nor in the three tretments (Figure 4). Results similr to those found in the present experiment were reported y Gomes nd Cmelo (2002), in tomtoes stored in controlled tmospheres of 0.45%. Citric cid (%) T1 (un tllo) T2 (dos tllos) T3 (tres tllos) er rcimo 5to rcimo 10mo rcimo Tretments Figure 4. Titrtle cidity, expressed s the percentge of citric cid in the juice in the three tretments. Performnce per plnt The yield otined per plnt for ech of the tretments, the highest vlue ws otined in T1, with 6.55 kg pl -1, followed y T2, with 5.91 kg pl -1 nd the lowest ws T3, with 5.45 kg pl -1. The dt otined in this work re similr to those reported y Flores et l. (2007), of 4.65 kg pl -1 (20 kg m -2 ) in tomto sldette, tequil vriety with plnting density of 4.3 pl m -2 with the sme geometric chrcteristics of the greenhouse, sme we ther conditions nd irrigtion mngement nd nutrition. Conclusions Regrding the qulity vriles, totl solule solids nd ph incresed with the increse in the numer of stems per plnt compred with the firmness tht decresed. In the 10 th cluster of T3 (three stems) there ws higher content of vitmin C. In ddition, positive reltion ws found etween totl solule solids/titrtle cidity tht indictes fruits of good qulity nd greter resistnce of the fruits to detch from the plnt. The yield otined ws 6.55, 5.91 nd 5.45 kg pl -1 for T1, T2 nd T3 per plnt, respectively. The T1 ws etter in fruit size with 69, 23, 8 nd 1% of lrge, medium, smll nd very smll ctegory per plnt, respectively. Additionlly it ws oserved tht, when incresing the numer of stems per plnt, the totl numer of fruits increses; however, the size decreses drsticlly, tht is why producers re recommended to use T1 to produce lrge-sized fruits for export purposes nd T2 to produce fruits for domestic consumption (tinguis, supermrkets, etc). In ddition, these two tretments hve lower demnd for lor, etter control of pests nd diseses nd esy gronomic mngement. 364

11 Rev. Mex. de Cienc. Agríc. vol. 9 num de ferury - 31 de mrch, 2018 Cited literture AOAC (1990) Officil Methods nd Anlysis. 14 th ed. Assocition of Officil Anlyticl Chemists. Airlington, VA, EEUU. 689 pp. Alm, M. J.; Rhmn, M. H.; Mmun, M. A. nd Islm, K Enzyme ctivities in reltion to sugr ccumultion in tomto. Proc. Pk. Acd. Sci. 43(4): Bllinger, W. nd Mness, E Anthocynins in ripe fruit of the highush lueerry, Vccinium corymosum L. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 95(3): Bllinger, W. nd Kushmn, Reltionship of stge of ripeness to composition nd keeping qulity of highush lueerries. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 95(2): Csierr, P. F. y Aguilr, A. O. E Clidd en frutos de tomte (Solnum lycopersicum L.) cosechdos en diferentes estdos de mdurez. Agron. Colom. 26(2): Cellos, A. N.; Vllejo, C. F. A. y Arngo, A. N Evlución de contenido de ntioxidntes en introducciones de tomte tipo cerez (Solnum spp.) Act Agron. 61(3): Chpgin, P. B. nd Wiesmn, Z Effect of potssium mgnesium chloride in the fertigtion solution s prtil source of potssium on growth, yield nd qulity of greenhouse tomto. Sci. Hortic. 99(3): Flores, J.; Ojed, W.; López, I.; Rojno, A. y Slzr, I Requerimiento de riego pr tomte de inverndero. Terr Ltinom. 25(2): Frser, P. D.; Truesdle, M. R.; Bird, C. R.; Schuch, W. nd Brmley, P. M Crotenoid iosynthesis during tomto fruit development. Plnt Physiol. 105(1): Gllet, G.; Bllinger, W.; Monroe, R. nd Kushmn, L Reltionships etween fruit cidity nd solule solid level of highush lueerry clones nd fruit keeping qulity. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 96(6): Gómes, P. A.; Cmelo, A. F. L Clidd postcosech de tomtes lmcendos en tmósfers controlds. Horticultur. Brsileir, Brsíli. 20(1): Kushmn, L. nd Bllinger, W Acid nd Sugr Chnges During ripening in Wolcott Blueerries. Plnt Physiol. 92(1): Mrín-Rodríguez, M. C.; Orchrd, J. nd Seymour, G. B Pectte lyses, cell wll degrdtion nd fruit softening. J. Exp. Bot. 53(2): Mrshll, D. nd Spiers, J Incidence of splitting in premier nd tiflue riteye lueerries. Act. Hort. 574(1) Productos limenticios no industrilizdos pr consumo humno-hortlizs frescs-tomte (Lycopersicun esculentum Mill.)-Especificciones. NMX-FF Pulicdo en el DOF 07/01/1998. Rodríguez, D. N.; Cno, R. P.; Figuero, V. U.; Plomo, G. P.; Fvel, C. E.; Álvrez, R. V. P.; Márquez, H. C. y Moreno, R. A Producción de tomte en inverndero con humus de lomriz como sustrto. Rev. Fitotec. Mex. 31(3): Renquist, R. A. nd Reid, J. B Qulity of processing tomto (Lycoperscion esculentum Mill.) fruit from four loom dtes in reltion to optiml hrvest timing. New Zel. J. Crop Hort. Sci. 26(3): Quintn-Bquero, R. A.; Blguer-López, H. E.; Álvrez-Herrer, J. G.; Cárdens- Hernández, J. F y Hernndo-Pinzón, E Efecto del número de rcimos por plnt sore el rendimiento de tomte (Solnum lycopersicum L.). Rev. Colom. Cienc. Hortic. 4(2):

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