Bamboo diversity of Sulawesi, Indonesia

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1 B I O D I V E R S IT A S ISSN: X Volume 20, Number 1, January 2019 E-ISSN: Pages: DOI: /biodiv/d Bamboo diversity of Sulawesi, Indonesia DITA ERVIANTI 1,2,, ELIZABETH A. WIDJAJA 3,4,, AGUNG SEDAYU 1 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta. Jl. Rawamangun Muka, Jakarta Timur 13220, Jakarta, Indonesia. Tel./fax , erviantidita@gmail.com 2 Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia. eawidjaja3003@gmail.com Manuscript received: 24 September Revision accepted: 3 December Abstract. Ervianti D, Widjaja EA, Sedayu A Bamboo diversity of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: Bamboo is one of the important plants in the world. Beside their economic important, bamboo also plays an important role in the environment for climate change. The purpose of this study was to inventory the bamboo diversity in Sulawesi. The methodology used in this study is by observing herbarium specimens kept in the Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) and field experience by the second author (EAW). The result showed that there are 39 species of 12 genera in Sulawesi, i.e. Bambusa blumeana, B. glaucophylla, B. maculata, B. multiplex, B. tuldoides, B. vulgaris, Chloothamnus sp., Dendrocalamus asper, Dinochloa albociliata, D. aopaensis, D. barbata D. cordata, D. erecta, D. hirsuta, D. morowaliensis, D. petasiensis, D. pubiramea, D. truncata, Dinochloa sp.1, Dinochloa sp.2, Dinochloa sp.3, Dinochloa sp.4, Dinochloa sp.5, Dinochloa sp.6, Dinochloa sp.7, Dinochloa sp.8, Dinochloa sp.9, Fimbribambusa sp., Gigantochloa apus, G. atroviolacea, G. atter, Neololeba atra, Phyllostachys aurea, Racemobambos celebica, Schizostachyum brachycladum, S. latifolium, S. lima, Sphaerobambos subtilis, and Thyrsostachys siamensis. Identification keys and descriptions are presented. This data reported will be used as basic information for bamboo conservation and bamboo industry. Keywords: Bamboo, description, diversity, identification key, Sulawesi INTRODUCTION Bamboo is one of the important economic plants for rural people in Indonesia and some others developing countries. Besides these plants is economically important, bamboo is also useful environmentally for preserving the soil erosion, water conservation as well as absorbs greenhouse gases and release oxygen into the atmosphere (Wong 2004; IPCC 2006; Wang et al. 2013; Huang et al. 2014). There are about 1439 species of 116 genera of bamboo grow widely in the world (Clark et al. 2012). Widjaja (2018) reported that Indonesia has 176 species of 24 genera of bamboo. The inventory of Sulawesi bamboos was started by Koorders (1898) when he made inventory list of the flora of North Sulawesi. He mentioned that there were 6 species of bamboo in the North Sulawesi, namely Bambusa blumeana Schult.f., Bambusa lineata Munro var. rhumphiana Kurz, Dendrocalamus sp., Dinochloa cangkoreh Buse, Schizostachyum brachycladum Kurz, and Schizostachyum chiliantum Kurz. He also mentioned there were 12 species could not be identified, but some of them are very closely related to the Javanese bamboo. Then, nobody studies on the bamboo in Sulawesi, although some botanists have collected bamboo specimens from Sulawesi like Eyma, Alston, Kjellberg, etc. Widjaja (1992) mentioned that there were 14 species of bamboo in North Sulawesi. The next inventory was carried out by Lasut (1996) in Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, North Sulawesi. From these regions, there were 9 species of bamboo, namely Bambusa vulgaris Schard. Dinochloa barbata S. Dransf., Dinochloa pubiramea Gamble, Dinochloa sp.2, Dinochloa pussila, Gigantochloa atter (Hassk.) Kurz, Neololeba atra (Lindl.) Widjaja, Schizostachyum brachycladum Kurz (Kurz), and Schizostachyum lima (Blanco) Merr. Based on Widjaja s field work in periods , she published three new species of Dinochloa collected from Sulawesi, namely D. albociliata, D. erecta, and D. truncata (Widjaja 1997). Then, three new species of Dinochloa namely Dinochloa aopaensis, D. morowaliensis, and D. petasiensis (Widjaja 2009). Recently, Ervianti (2015) mentioned that there are 32 species of bamboo in Sulawesi only from the herbarium specimens kept in BO. Liana et al. (2017) found 8 species of bamboo in Selayar Island, South Sulawesi, namely Bambusa blumeana Schult.f., Bambusa maculata Widjaja, Bambusa vulgaris Schard., Bambusa sp.1, Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.) Backer, Gigantochloa atter (Hassk.) Kurz, Schizostachyum brachycladum Kurz (Kurz), and Schizostachyum blumei Nees. The purpose of this study was to inventory the bamboo diversity in Sulawesi, and the description of each species will be presented including the identification key of those species. This study needs to be done to understand the bamboo diversity in Sulawesi, for bamboo identification and also for the bamboo industry that might be developed in Sulawesi. MATERIALS AND METHODS This research was carried by observing 722 bamboo herbarium specimens kept in the Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, West Java from March-June

2 92 B I O D I V E R S I T A S 20 (1): , January Species which are not found in the herbarium specimens but reported by EAW (Elizabeth A. Widjaja) during her field works were included. The herbarium specimens used by Liana et al. (2017) could not be observed because they were kept in the Gadjah Mada University Herbarium, Yogyakarta. However, the identification of Bambusa sp. and Schizostachyum blumei is only based on their pictures and descriptions. Morphological data from all herbarium specimens were collected, and from those data descriptions of each species was made. When the description was completed, followed by identification key based on the genera and the species. The identification of the herbarium specimens was done by using many references, such as Dransfield (1989, 1991, 1996), Widjaja (1987, 1997, 2001a, 2001b, 2005, 2009), Dransfield and Widjaja (1995), and Wong (1995). Beside that, the available type specimens kept in BO and other herbaria which can be accessed through the internet are also used to identify those species. The distribution map of bamboo species and vicinity is also provided based on coordinate point of the specimens using software ArcMap v for Ms. Windows (Bohms et al. 2014). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Based on the study of the herbarium specimens and the field experiences, there are 39 species of bamboo found in Sulawesi from 12 genera. According to Liana et al. (2017), there are a new species of Bambusa sp. (Bulo batti) and Schizostachyum blumei (bulo) in Selayar Island, Sulawesi. The new species is. characterized by the culm is rounded, dark green with brown to black spot when mature and the erect blade. Based on those morphological characters, it is more closely to Bambusa maculata. Another species, S. blumei has never been collected from Sulawesi. Based on the description, it resembles to S. lima, which has a deflexed blade, easily caducous, with incurved auricle, whereas its leaf blade has small auricles (Widjaja 2001). The both latest characters have never found at S. blumei. Most bamboo species are wild status. They grow in the primary or secondary forest, forest margin, and along the river bank in Sulawesi, except for 11 species are cultivated in the garden and near paddy field as ornamental plants or border plants, i.e. Bambusa glaucophylla, Bambusa maculata, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa tuldoides, Bambusa vulgaris, Dendrocalamus asper, Gigantochloa apus, Gigantochloa atter, Gigantochloa atroviolacea, Phyllostachys aurea, Thyrsostachys siamensis (Sharma 1980). Those cultivated bamboos are mostly introduced species, although some species are not known exactly when they were introduced to Indonesia such as Dendrocalamus asper (probably from Myanmar and South China), Gigantochloa apus (probably from Myanmar), and Gigantochloa atroviolacea. Based on the data collected, it was found that some species grow only in a certain area at Sulawesi. Among 39 species, there are 22 species are endemic to Sulawesi (56.4%), namely Chloothamnus sp.2, Dinochloa albociliata, D. aopaensis, D. barbata, D. cordata, D. erecta, D. hirsuta, D. morowaliensis, D. petasiensis, D. truncata, Dinochloa sp.1, Dinochloa sp.2, Dinochloa sp.4, Dinochloa sp.5, Dinochloa sp.6, Dinochloa sp.7, Dinochloa sp.8, Dinochloa sp.9, Dinochloa sp.10, Fimbribambusa sp., Racemobambos celebica, and Sphaerobambos subtilis. Based on this data, it could be predicted that Sulawesi is the center of Dinochloa diversity in Indonesia, because the number of species is more than other areas. The key identification, description of each genus and species found in Sulawesi are presented below. Key to the bamboo genera in Sulawesi 1 a. Simpodial rhizome with short neck.. 2 b. Monopodial rhizome with long neck Phyllostachys 2 a. Culms erect 3 b. Culms scrambling to climbing 8 3 a. Branches subequal Schizostachyum b. Branches with one dominant lateral branch a. Branching in lower culm, culm not straight... Bambusa b. Branching in mid to upper culm, culms straight a. Branching in upper culm only, secondary branches developing from the central (or sole) primary axis, big leaves..... Neololeba b. Branching from mid culm upward, some of the secondary axes no more than one-half the diameter of the central (or sole) primary axis, small to big leaves 6 6 a. Diameter of culm less than 4 cm, often covered with the long persistent sheaths, small leaves... Thyrsostachys b. Diameter of culm more than 5 cm, often covered with the persistent to deciduous sheaths, big leaves a. Lower culm shorter than mid culm, aerial root in lower to mid culm, lower culm with velvety hair Dendrocalamus b. Mid culm longer than lower culm, aerial root only in lower culm, lower culm hairy (not velvety) Gigantochloa 8 a. Culms climbing, scar sheath at the node base rough Dinochloa b. Culms scrambling, without scar sheath a. Nodes with patella/knee... Fimbribambusa b. Nodes without patella/knee a.branches below the upper node, young culm white waxy, culm sheath with big rounded auricle with long bristle Chloothamnus b. Branches on the upper node, young culm not waxy, culm sheath small with shorter bristle a.branches long elongate with the development of the secondary branches, leaves blade linear Racemobambos b.branches elongate without secondary branches, leaves blade narrow lanceolate... Sphaerobambos Description of each genus and species Bambusa Schreb. Genera Plantarum ed. 8. (1789) Closely tufted bamboo. Culms erect with a relatively thick wall. Branch complement with one dominant lateral branch and several secondary branches, usually smaller. Culm sheath covered with dark hairs, with well-developed auricle, blades erect, some erect becoming spreading and deflexed, triangular.

3 ERVIANTI et al. Bamboo diversity Sulawesi, Indonesia 93 Distribution. Native to Southeast Asia, China, Taiwan, the Himalayas, New Guinea, Melanesia, and the North Australia. This genus also reported naturalized in other regions, e.g., Africa, Latin America, and various oceanic islands Habitat. Any soil from the limestone, river bank, dry to wet climate. Identification key to the species of Bambusa 1 a. Branching nodes with spines, deflexed blade B. blumeana b. Branching nodes without spines, erect blade or turning to deflexed afterward a. Young culms green or yellow with stripes b. Young culms green without stripes a. Young culms green with yellow strips, mature culm with spotted brown, culm sheath blade as long as culms sheath proper or longer... B. maculata b. Young culms green or yellow with green strips, mature culm without spotted brown, culm sheath blade shorter than culm sheath proper... B. vulgaris 4 a. Culms green, swollen nodes, culm sheath auricle... asymmetrical B. tuldoides b. Culms green, straight, culm sheath auricle... symmetrical a. Culms sheath auricle curved outward, leaves with white strips.... B. glaucophylla b. Culms sheath auricle rim-like, leaves green B. multiplex Bambusa blumeana Schult.f. Syst. Veg. 7: 1343 (1830) Shoot orange covered with black hairs. Culm erect and zigzag, covered by white wax when young, up to 25 m tall. One lateral branch dominant, other branches smaller; spines in branch nodes. Culm sheath deciduous, auricle rounded sometimes folded out, with short bristle, blade deflexed. Leaves abaxially glabrous, apex acuminate, base truncate; leafsheath auricles rounded, short with bristles; ligules dentate, short with bristles. Distribution. Sulawesi especially Maros, up to North Sulawesi, Sangihe and Selayar Islands. (Figure 1) Habitat. The limestone, sandy soil, forest floor and edge of forest at m asl. Vernacular name. Kalaeng batu (Sangihe), koaëng tabada, oe watu, totoren batu, totoren oe watu, pepusunen (Minahasa), bulo totowang (Makassar), awo maduri, awo tara (Bugis), haduri, Uhu Duri, Bulo Katinting (Selayar) Specimens examined. North Sulawesi. Mt. Lokon, 4 Jan. 1895, Koorders (BO); Sangihe, Sangihe-Talaud, Tambukan Tengah Islands, Biru Village, 27 March 1992, EAW 4953 (BO). Bambusa glaucophylla Widjaja Reinwardtia 11: 59 (1997) Shoots green, glabrous or covered by brown hairs. Culms 5 m tall, straight to slightly zigzag, green with brown hairs when young becoming glabrous, with erect tips; branching just above the ground, branches 3-5 at each node. Culm sheath deciduous, covered by brown to black hairs; auricles slightly curved outward, rounded, with short to long bristles; ligule entire, glabrous to minutely hairy on edge; blade erect, triangular, base narrow, adaxially glabrous. Leaves green with longitudinal white stripes; leafsheath sometimes with black to white hairs, auricles rounded and out curved, glabrous; ligule entire, glabrous. Distribution. Unknown provenance. It is commonly planted in gardens and city parks (Widjaja 1997) (Figure 2). Habitat. Humid tropical areas. Vernacular name. Bambu putih (Indonesia). Bambusa maculata Widjaja Reinwardtia 11 (2): (1997) Shoot green with yellow stripped. Culm erect, green, with brown spots when old, branches one dominant lateral branches with several smaller branches. Culm sheath persistent sometimes deciduous, abaxially covered with black hairs, adaxially glabrous; auricles curved outward, long bristles; extended up to the blade s base, ligules laciniate; blade erect, triangular. On the upper culm, blade spreading to reflexed but not until the blade base. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base angustate; leafsheath auricles inconspicuous, less than 1 mm high without bristles; ligules laciniate, less than 1 mm high. Distribution. North, Central Sulawesi and Selayar (Figure 3). Habitat. Primary and secondary forests. Vernacular name. Kalaeng ngusina (Sangihe), Oro Batti, Tarri (Selayar) Specimens examined. Winowangan, 30 July 1954, Alston (AAH, B, BO); Sangihe Island, Sangihe- Talaud, Tambukan Utara, Bowang Hulu Village, 27 March 1992, EAW 4939 (BO, K, L, US). Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex Schult. Syst. Veg. 7: 1350 (1830) Shoots green, glabrous. Culm erect, branches near the ground, 7-9 subequal branches. Young culms green covered white wax, glabrous. Culms sheath deciduous, glabrous, culm sheath auricle rim-like, short bristles, ligules laciniate, glabrous, blade erect. Leaves linear, abaxial rare hairy, whitish, leafsheath auricle small with short bristles. Distribution. Cultivated all over Sulawesi (Widjaja 1994) (Figure. 4) Habitat. Humid tropical areas. Vernacular name. Bambu cina, bambu pancing (Indonesia) Bambusa tuldoides Munro Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 93 (1868) Shoots green covered with brown until black hairs. Culms erect, until 5 m tall with swollen nodes, branches one dominant with several smaller branches. Young culms glabrous and green. Culms sheath glabrous, deciduous, asymmetrical, auricle rounded with short bristles, culm sheath blade erect, ligules glabrous. Leaves glabrous;, leafsheath auricle incospicuous with bristles, ligule flat, glabrous. Distribution. Cultivated all over Sulawesi (Widjaja 1994) (Figure 5). Habitat. Humid tropical areas.

4 94 B I O D I V E R S I T A S 20 (1): , January 2019 Vernacular name. Buddha belly, bambu blenduk (Indonesia) Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl. Coll. Pl.2: 26 (1808) Culm erect, glossy, green or yellow with green strips, inflated, branches one lateral branches dominant with several smaller branches. Culm sheath deciduous, densely hairy, hair black; auricles curved outward with bristles; ligules dentate irregular without bristles; blade erect, triangular. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base truncate; leafsheath auricles rounded, without bristles; ligules laciniate, short. Distribution. Cultivated all over Sulawesi (Figure 6). Habitat. Humid tropical areas. Vernacular name. Green variety: bulu minjak (Manado), pakayu (Totembuan), wowuhu woidu (Bolaang Mongondow), kalaeng ohose, kalahing (Sangihe), tahaki (Minahasa), bulo banua (Makassar). Yellow variety: bulo gading (Makassar), awo lagading (Bugis). Specimens examined. North Sulawesi. var. vulgaris Winowangan, 4 Km. East of Menado, 3 July 1954, Alston (AAH, BO, K, L); Sangihe Island, Sangihe-Talaud, Tambukan Utara, Bowang Hulu Village, 27 March 1992, EAW 4942 (BO, K, L, US); var. vitata Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Trail to Poniki Mountain, 6 March 1996, INH 006 (BO, K); Trail to Sinombayuga Mountain, 19 March 1996, MTL 036 (BO, K); Near Melangodaa River, Bolaang Mongondow, 19 March 1996, MTL 038 (BO, K). Notes. The species consists of 3 varieties and the identification key to the variety is shown below. The herbarium specimen kept in BO mostly var. vulgaris and var. vitata (=var. striata). The collection of both varieties are also lacking because mostly both varieties are planted by people in their garden, or in the field as land border. The var. wamin is also cultivated in their gardens as ornamental plant and there is no herbarium specimen except reported by Widjaja (1994). Identification key to the variety of Bambusa vulgaris 1 a. Culm swollen... B.vulgaris var. wamin b. Culm straight a. Culm green and glossy... var. vulgaris b. Culm yellow or yellow with green stripes, not glossy var. vitata Notes. Widjaja & Wong (2016) has published that the Malesian Nastus should be Chloothamnus. This statement is also clarified by Chokthaweepanich (2014) and followed by Wong & Dransfield (2016), Wong et al (2016) that the Malesian Nastus species to be a different major lineage from the African Nastus. Therefore the Malesian taxa can be recognized morphologically as three distinct genera: Chloothamnus Buse, Ruhooglandia S.Dransf. & KM Wong and Widjajachloa KM Wong & S Dransf. In the Plant List website, this genus is still put under the genus Nastus. Chloothamnus sp. (Figure 7a-b) Shoot green covered with white wax. Culm erect on the base and scrambling upward, green, glossy, when the young cover with white wax, and becoming glossy when mature, branches one lateral branch dominant with several smaller branches, the lateral branches long elongated, but when the main culm cut off, the lateral branches as big as the main culm. Culm sheath caducous, blade spreading to deflexed, auricle big, curved outward with long bristle more than 10 mm. Leaves glabrous, linear, leafsheath auricles rounded, curved outward, small, without long bristles. Distribution. Mt. Mekongga, from Tinukari village (Figure 7 C). Habitat. Along the river bank. Notes. This species has been put under the Chloothamnus at the time being, due to peculiar bud character. Further study on this species is needed. Specimens examined. Southeast Sulawesi, North Kolaka, Wawo/Ranteangin, Tinukari village, 3 August 2009, EAW 8863 (BO, K, L). Dendrocalamus Nees Linnaea 9: 476 (1835) Culms erect never climbing. Young culm covered with velvety brown hairs, some with white wax, branches with one dominant lateral branches and several smaller branches. Culm sheath with blades deflexed, triangular; culm sheath auricles rounded; leafsheath auricles rounded. Distribution. India, Indochina, southern China, Southeast Asia (Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Jawa, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea). Habitat. Secondary forest or in cultivation. Chloothamnus Buse Pl. Jungh. [Miquel] 3: 386 (1854) Culms scrambling, branches with one dominant lateral branches and several smaller branches, the lateral branches elongated very long and climbing to another neighbouring tree. Culm sheath with blades spreading, triangular; culm sheath auricles rounded, with long bristle. lleaves sheath auricles rounded. Distribution. Southeast Asia (Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, Moluccas), Papuasia Habitat. Mostly grown in the highland forest, ultrabasic soil, limestone. A Figure 7. Chloothamnus sp. A. branch, B. Culm sheath auricle B

5 ERVIANTI et al. Bamboo diversity Sulawesi, Indonesia 95 Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.) Backer ex Heyne Nutt. Pl. Ned.-Ind.ed. 2,1: 301 (1927) Shoot brown purplish with velvety hairs. Culm erect with drooping tips, thick walls, branches one lateral dominant with several smaller branches, 4-7 branches on the middle culm. Lower young culm covered with velvety brown hairs when young or glabrous. Upper young culm covered with white wax. Culm sheath deciduous, hairy, hairs brown to black; auricles rounded with bristles up to 5 mm long; ligules dentate irregular with bristles; blade deflexed, lanceolate or narrowly triangular. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base breve angustate; leafsheath auricles rounded, bristles absent; ligules entire with bristles. Distribution. All over Sulawesi, but based on the herbarium specimens, it is the only representative from North and South East Sulawesi (Figure 8). Habitat. Riverside and garden. Vernacular name. Buluh Jawa (Lotohe), tabadi, buluh patung (Sangihe), bambu pari/ buluh paring (Kendari), bulo patung, buloh jawa (Makassar), awo petung (Bugis). Specimens examined. Southeast Sulawesi, Kendari, Abeli Village, Poasia, 21 June 1978, EAW 472 (BO); North Sulawesi. Tombatoe Tonsawang Amoerang, Rano-Iapo, 1 April 1895, Koorders (BO); Gorontalo, Kabila, Lotohe Village, 18 March 1992, EAW 4873 (BO); Sangihe Island, Sangihe-Talaud, Bowang Hulu Village, 27 March 1992, EAW 4941 (BO). Dinochloa Buse In Miquel, Pl. Junghuhn: 388 (1854) Culms climbing, zig-zag, smooth or rough when young, usually purplish, rarely green or green with white wax. Culm node with scar sheath and very rough base. Branches small, with the dominant branch dormant when the main culm was cut off, the dormant and dominant branch is developed can be big as the main culm. Culms sheath with rugose base; with black hairs or whitish wax adaxially, auricles present or absent; blades erect, spreading or deflexed, triangular-broadly ovate. Leafsheath auricle present or absent; glabrous or hairy. Distribution. Myanmar, Indochina, Hainan, Andaman, Nicobar Islands, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, Philippines, Moluccas Habitat. Primary and secondary forests, in the ultrabasic soil, limestone, volcanic soil, from the lowland up to 1200 m asl. Identification key of Dinochloa 1 a. Culms sheaths blade erect... 2 b. Culms sheaths blade deflexed a. Culms sheath hairy to densely hairy at the sheath base... 3 b. Culms sheath glabrous a. Culm sheath auricle folded with short bristle D. petasiensis b. Culm sheath auricles rounded to outward with long bristle a.culm sheath ligule with short bristle, abaxial leave blade glabrous... Dinochloa sp.6 b. Culm sheath ligule glabrous, abaxial leave blade covered with golden hairs... D. albociliata 5 a. Culm sheath auricle absent... 6 b. Culm sheath auricle present a. Leave petiole long, ligule entire... D. truncata b. Leaves petiole short almost sessile, ligule laciniate Dinochloa sp.3 7 a. Culm sheath auricle not folded... 8 b. Culm sheath auricle folded a. Culm sheath auricle rounded with short bristle Dinochloa sp.1 b. Culm sheath auricle spreading without bristle D. aopaensis 9 a. Culm sheath auricle without bristle... Dinochloa sp.5 b. Culm sheath auricle with bristle a. Culm sheath ligule with long bristle, leaves sheath auricle curved outward... D. cordata b. Culm sheath ligule without bristle, leaves sheath auricle folded a. Culm sheath auricle folded along the sheath apex, with long bristle... D. erecta b. Culm sheath auricle folded and outcurved, with short bristle... D. morowaliensis 12 a. Culm sheath base hairy b. Culm sheath base glabrous a. Culm sheath auricle curved outward b. Culm sheath auricle folded a. Culms sheath covered with pale brown hairs, lodicules absent D. hirsuta b. Culms sheath covered with golden brown hairs, lodicules present... D. barbata 15 a. Leaves sheath auricle inconspicuous without bristle Dinochloa sp.8 b. Leaves sheath auricle folded, with long bristle a. Culm sheath ligule with long bristle... Dinochloa sp.4 b. Culm sheath ligule with short bristle... Dinochloa sp.9 17 a. Culm sheath auricle present... D. pubiramea b. Culm sheath auricle absent a. Petiole almost sessile, abaxial leaves blade glabrous Dinochloa sp.2 b. Petiole 3-6 mm long, abaxial leaves blade covered with pale hairs Dinochloa sp.7 Dinochloa albociliata Widjaja Reinwardtia 11 (2): (1997) Shoots green with white wax. Culm climbing, zigzag, usually solid, branches one dominant with smaller branches, or sometimes the main branch dormant, intravaginal; nodes base rough. Culm sheath deciduous, appressed with white to light brown hairs, auricle small with bristles. Leaves blade abaxially covered golden hairs, apex acuminate, base breveangustate; leafsheath glabrous, auricles folded, with bristles, ligules entire to denticulate with bristles. Distribution. Central Sulawesi (Figure 9). Habitat. Disturbed forest, along the main road, in the valley and wet area, 550 m asl. Specimen examined. Central Sulawesi. Between Kebun Kopi to Poso, 03 Jan. 1988, EAW 3549 (BO). Dinochloa aopaensis Widjaja Reinwardtia 12 (5): (2008)

6 96 B I O D I V E R S I T A S 20 (1): , January 2019 Shoot green with white wax, glabrous. Culm climbing, green and white waxy, branches one dominant lateral branch with smaller branches. Culm nodes bases rough. Culm sheath caducous, margin glabrous, membranous; sheath proper overlapping; auricles spreading along the sheath apex, bristles absent; ligules entire, bristles absent; blade erect, broadly ovate with long acuminate tips, base cordate. Leaves glabrous, abaxially covered scattered pale hairs, apex acuminate, base angustate; auricle small rounded without bristles; ligules entire without bristles. Distribution. Southeast Sulawesi (Figure 10). Habitat. Swamp, m asl. Specimens examined. Southeast Sulawesi. Konawe, Puriala Village, Mt. Tigacabang, Osundolo Samba, 24 July. 2005, EAW 8027 (Holotype: BO, Isotypes: K, L); Kendari Sampara, 31 July. 2009, EAW 8861 (BO, K). Dinochloa barbata S.Dransf. Kew Bulletin 51 (1): (1996) Culm climbing, branches one dominant lateral branch with, 2-6 smaller branches. Culm nodes bases rough. Culm sheath persistent, adaxially cover with golden brown hairs, abaxially glabrous, base hairy, auricles curve outward with bristles; ligules dentate with long bristles up to 16 mm; blade deflexed, triangular-narrowly lanceolate with long tips. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base angustate; leafsheath glabrous, auricles curve outward with very long bristles, ligules laciniate with long bristles. Distribution. Central, North and Southeast Sulawesi (Figure. 11) Habitat m asl. Vernacular name. Wolu palu (Central Sulawesi), augin boyod, bulu maraya, hulapa loudu, buluh tikus, boeloe ingkawak (North Sulawesi). Specimens examined. Central Sulawesi. Palu, Polokaa, 1 May 1979, Darnaedi 1492 (holotype K, isotype BO, KYO, L); Mt. Nokilalaki, Bukit Habuntu, 23 March 1975, Meijer 9471A (BO, K, L); South west Donggala, 15 May 1975, Meijer (BO); Mt. Roroka Timbu, 10 May 1979, de Vogel 5265 (BO, K, L). Donggala, Taweli, Bale, Mt. Kanora, 16 April 1983, EAW 2090; Nopu, Dongi dongi, Poso, 26 Dec. 1988, EAW 2101; Southeast Sulawesi. Kendari, Ranomeeto, Mt. Papalia, 13 Feb. 1986, Amir 141; North Sulawesi. Manado, Koelawi to Lindoe, 6 Nov. 1930, Posthumus 2440; Minahasa, Mt. Klabat, 27 April 1954, Alston 16467, 10 July 1996, MTL 084 (BO), MTL 085 (BO), MTL 086 (BO), MTL 087 (BO); Ratahan, 19 March 1992, EAW 4876; Bolaang Mongondow, Mt. Poniki, 2 March 1996, INH 002 (BO), INH 003 (BO); 3 March 1996, MTL 018 (BO), MTL 019 (BO), MTL 020 (BO), MTL 021 (BO); Mt. Kabila, 4 March 1996, INH 001 (BO), MTL 082 (BO); 4 July 1996, MTL 079 (BO), MTL 080 (BO), MTL 081 (BO), MTL 082 (BO); 11 Sep. 1997, TU 3157 (BO); Mt. Sinombayuga, 17 March 1996, MTL 030 (BO), MTL 29 (BO); Mt. Gambuta, 17 March 1996, MTL 053 (BO); between Tumpah river and Toraut River, 13 March 1996, MTL 069 (BO), MTL 071 (BO); Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, 1 Oct. 1996, INH 012 (BO), INH 013 (BO), INH 014 (BO). Dinochloa cordata S. Dransf. Kew Bulletin 51 (1): (1996) Culm climbing, branches one dominant lateral branches with 2-3 branches smaller; nodes bases rough. Culm sheath deciduous, glabrous, base glabrous, auricles along the sheath apex with bristles; ligules laciniate with long bristles; blade erect, broadly ovate with long tips, base cordate. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base breve-angustate; leafsheath glabrous, auricles curve outward with long bristles; ligules laciniate with very long bristles. Distribution. Central and Southeast Sulawesi (Figure 12). Habitat m asl. Vernacular name. Ora (Southeast Sulawesi). Specimens examined. Southeast Sulawesi. N shore of Lake Matano, Bonemaitu, 11 July 1979 de Vogel 6209a (Holotype: K, Isotypes: BO, L); 22 July 1976, Meijer & Muchtar (BO, L); Soroako, 3 July 1979, van Balgooy 3857 (BO, K, L); 15 July 1979, Darnaedi 2259 (BO, K, KYO, L); Kendari, Ahuma-Umaha, 13 Oct. 1978; Prawiroatmodjo & Maskuri 1116 (BO); Kolaka, Ladongi- Tirawuta, 17 Oct. 1978, Prawiroatmodjo & Maskuri 1243 (BO); Poli poli-tirawuta, 21 Oct. 1978, Prawiroatmodjo & Maskuri 1394 (BO); Kendari, Mt. Khurui, 9 Feb 1986, Amir 128 (BO); Suaka Margasatwa Toronipa, 22 June 1978, Widjaja 495 (BO, K, L, SIN, US). Central Sulawesi. Northeast of Luwuk, 7 Oct. 1989, Coode 5828 (BO, K, L); Luwuk area, between Batui and Seseba, 16 Oct Dinochloa erecta Widjaja Reinwardtia 11 (2): (1997) Shoot orange with white wax, glabrous. Culm climbing, young culm white wax, glabrous, branches one dominant lateral branches, intravaginal. Culm nodes bases rough. Culm sheath deciduous, glabrous, base glabrous; auricles folded with long bristles; ligules entire, glabrous; blade erect, broadly ovate and base cordate. Leaves glabrous, apex obtusus base truncate; leafsheath glabrous, auricles folded with long bristles, ligules laciniate with bristles. Distribution. Central and Southeast Sulawesi (Figure 13). Habitat. Lowland, limestones, 250 m alt. Specimens examined. Central Sulawesi. Donggala, Gouda-gouda Village, 30 Jan 1988, EAW 3542 (Holotype: BO, Isotypes: K, L, US, PNH), EAW 3543 (BO, K,L); Morowali, Petasia Timur, Bungintimbe Village, 3 May 2005, EAW 7669 (BO, K, L); Southeast Sulawesi. Konawe Selatan District, Laepa Subdistrict, Anduna Village, 22 June 2010, EAW 9024 (BO, K, L); North Kolaka District. Pasir Angin Subdistrict. On the way from Tinukari Village to Lasusua, 12 July 2010, EAW 9100 (BO, K, L); Konawe Selatan District, Wolan Subdistrict, Protected Forest Wolasi, 14 April 2011, EAW 94;70 (BO, K, L, US); Kolaka District, Watubangga Subdistrict, Lamedae Village, Nature Reverse Lamedai, 15 April 2011, EAW 9501 (BO, K, L, US). Dinochloa hirsuta S.Dransf. Kew Bulletin 51 (1): (1996) Young shoots densely hairy with pale hairs. Culm climbing, branches one dominant, 2-4 branches, nodes bases rough. Culm sheath deciduous, adaxially covered with palegolden hairs, base glabrous, margin hairy; auricles curve

7 ERVIANTI et al. Bamboo diversity Sulawesi, Indonesia 97 with long bristles, ligules laciniate with long bristles; blade deflexed, triangular-narrowly lanceolate. Leaves, glabrous, apex acuminate, base breve-angustate; leafsheath cover with pale-golden hairs when young, margin hairy; auricles curve outward with bristles; ligules laciniate with bristle. Distribution. South Sulawesi (Figure 14). Habitat m asl. Vernacular name. Buloh Specimens examined. South Sulawesi. Malili, Kp. Paweh, 17 Nov. 1976, D. Darnaedi 1215 (BO, L); Luwu District, Palopo, Ds. Mario, 8 April 1984, Ramlanto 121 (BO, K, L, S, Arb); Wae atue, Manurung, 7 km from Malili, 10 April 1984, Ramlanto 136 (BO, K, L, S, Arb). Dinochloa morowaliensis Widjaja Reinwardtia 12 (5): (2008) Culm climbing, young culm green with white waxy, branches one dominant lateral branch; nodes bases rough. Culm sheath caducous, with white waxy, base of culm sheath glabrous, hairy along the margin; auricles curved outward at the edge and deflexed along the sheath apex, with many bristles and long; ligules entire without bristles; blade erect, broadly ovate with long acuminate tips, base cordate, slightly swollen in the middle and inflated. Leaves blade adaxially covered with pale hairs, apex acuminate, base breve-angustate; leafsheath glabrous, auricles folded with bristles, ligules laciniate with bristles. Distribution. Central Sulawesi (Figure 15). Habitat.Lime stone, Secondary forest, 953 m asl. Specimen examined. Central Sulawesi. Morowali, Petasia Timur, Bungintimbe Village, 3 May 2005, EAW 7943 (BO, K, L) Dinochloa petasiensis Widjaja Reinwardtia 12 (5): (2008) Culm climbing, young culm green with white waxy, branches one dominant. Nodes bases rough. Culm sheath caducous, glabrous, base with scattered hairs, sheath proper overlapping, the hiding basal sheath with scattered pale brown to white hairs till the scar sheath apex; auricles folded along the sheath apex with rarely short bristle; ligules entire, bristles absent; blade erect, broadly ovate with long acuminate tips, base cordate, apex acuminate with long tapering tip, slightly swollen in the middle and inflated. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base breve-angustate; leafsheath glabrous, auricles folded with long bristles; ligules laciniate with long bristles. Distribution. Central Sulawesi (Figure 16) Habitat. Secondary forest, 953 m asl. Specimen examined. Central Sulawesi. Morowali, Petasia Timur, Bungintimbe Village, 3 May 2005, EAW 7941 (BO, K, L). Dinochloa pubiramea Gamble Philippine Journal of Science 5 (4): (1910) Culm climbing, branches one dominant, culm nodes bases rough. Culm sheath persistent, adaxially glabrous; auricles rounded with long bristles; ligules laciniate; blade deflexed, triangular. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base breve-angustate; leafsheath with small rounded auricles with bristles; ligules laciniate with bristles. Distribution. Gorontalo (Figure 17). Habitat. Primary forest on the hill slopes, m asl. Vernacular name. Hulapa loudu (Gorontalo). Specimens examined. Gorontalo. Pinogu Enclave to Taludaa, Bogani Nani Watabone National Park, 13 April 1996, MTL 042 (BO), MTL 046 (BO), MTL 045 (BO); 23 April 1996, MTL 060 (BO), MTL 061 (BO). Dinochloa truncata Widjaja Reinwardtia 11 (2): (1997) Shoot purplish with white wax. Culm climbing, young culm white wax and glabrous when mature, branches one dominant, 4-8 branches. Nodes with rough bases. Culm sheath deciduous, glabrous or sometimes with scattered brown hairs; auricle absent; ligules entire, bristles absent; blade erect, triangular, adaxially glabrous. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base breve-angustate, petiole long more than 3 mm; leafsheath with inconspicuous auricles, bristles absent; ligules entire, glabrous, short. Distribution. Gorontalo (Figure 18). Habitat. Limestone, 50 m asl. Vernacular name. Talelo udu (Gorontalo). Specimen examined. Gorontalo. Tibawa, Molalahu Village, 18 March 1992, EAW 4871 (Holotype: BO). Dinochloa sp.1 (Figure. 19A-C). Culm climbing, branches one dominant, 2-3 branches, nodes bases rough. Culm sheath persistent, adaxially glabrous; auricles rounded small less than 1 mm high with a few and short bristles; ligules laciniate glabrous, short; blade erect, broadly ovate and cordate base. Leaves apex acuminate, base breve-angustate, abaxial cover golden brown hairs; leafsheath with small rounded auricle with bristles; ligules laciniate, glabrous, short. Distribution. Southeast Sulawesi (Figure 19d). Habitat. Secondary and primary forests, m asl. Specimens examined. Southeast Sulawesi, Kendari Sampara, 31 July 2009, EAW 8862 (BO, K); North Kolaka District, Pasir Angin Subdistrict, Tinukari Village, Mekongga Mountainous Range, On the way to Bird and Insect Trap, Point 34, 24 Dec. 2009, EAW 8974 (BO, K, L). A Figure 19. Herbarium specimen of Dinochloa sp.1; A. Leaves, B. Culm sheath; C. Leaf sheath B C

8 98 B I O D I V E R S I T A S 20 (1): , January 2019 Dinochloa sp.2 (Figure 20 A-C). Culm climbing, branches one dominant, 5-6 branches. Nodes bases rough. Culm sheath persistent, adaxially glabrous, base glabrous, auricles absent; ligules entire, without bristles; blade deflexed, triangular to narrowly lanceolate, base cordate. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base angustate, petiole sessile or almost sessile. Leafsheath surface glabrous; auricles absent, ligules entire, very short with few bristles. Distribution. North Sulawesi (Figure 20 D). Habitat. Primary forest along the river bank at 305 m asl. Vernacular name. Tali loudu. Specimen examined. North Sulawesi. Trail to Pinogu enclave to Taludaa. Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, 24 April 1996, MTL 062 (BO, K). Culm climbing. Branches one lateral branches dominant, with 2-3 smaller branches. Nodes bases rough. Culm sheath persistent, without hairs; auricles absent; ligules entire or laciniate without bristles; blade erect, triangular with narrowly base and acuminate apex. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base breve angustate, petiole short almost sessile; leafsheath without auricles and bristles; ligules laciniate, short. Dinochloa sp.3 (Figure 21 A-C) Distribution. Southeast Sulawesi (Figure 21 D). Habitat. Secondary forest, 245 m asl.. Notes. This species resembles D. truncata Widjaja based on characters of erect blades, auricles and absent bristle of its culms sheath. However, it is differed by the absent of lodicules and the shorter floret, 4 mm long. Specimen examined. Southeast Sulawesi, North Kolaka district, Lausua Subdistrict, on the way from Tinukari Village to Lasusua, 11 July 2010, EAW 9075 (BO, K, L) Dinochloa sp.4 (Figure 22 A-C) Culm climbing, young shoot green with white wax, branches one dominant, 2-3 branches, intravaginal. Nodes bases rough. Culms sheath deciduous, adaxially glabrous, base cover with brown hairs; auricles folded, bristles very long; ligules dentate irregular with long bristles; blade spreading to deflexed, triangular with long acuminate tips, base cordate. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base angustatus; leafsheath glabrous; auricles folded with long bristles; ligules laciniate, with long bristles. Distribution. Southeast and South Sulawesi (Figure 22 D). Habitat. Secondary and swamp forest, m asl. Specimens examined. Southeast Sulawesi. Konawe, Puriala Village, Mt. Tigacabang, Osundolo Samba, 24 July 2005, EAW 8010 (BO, K, L); South Sulawesi, Malili to Soroako near PLTA Karaboe, 12 July 2010, EAW 9101 (BO, K, L). Figure 20. A. Herbarium specimen of Dinochloa sp.2.; B. Culm sheath auricle; C. Branch A B Figure 22. A. Herbarium specimen of Dinochloa sp.4; B. Culm sheath; C. Leaf sheath. C C A B C A B D Figure 21. A-B. Herbarium specimen of Dinochloa sp.3; C. Culm sheath auricle Figure 23. A-B. Herbarium specimen of Dinochloa sp.5; C. culm sheath 5; D. leafsheath.

9 ERVIANTI et al. Bamboo diversity Sulawesi, Indonesia 99 Dinochloa sp.5 (Figure 23 A-D) Culm climbing, branches one dominant, nodes bases rough. Culm sheath deciduous, adaxially glabrous; auricles folded along the sheath apex without bristles; ligules laciniate glabrous, very short; blade erect, triangular with cordate base. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base truncate; leafsheath with inconspicuous auricles, a few bristles; ligules laciniate, glabrous, very short. Distribution. Southeast Sulawesi (Figure 23 E). Habitat. Secondary forest, alluvium and sediment rocks, 100 m asl. Specimen examined. Southeast Sulawesi, North Kolaka District. Lalolae Subdistrict, Tinodo Village. On the way from Tinukari Village to Lasusua, 11 July 2010, EAW 9074 (BO, K). Dinochloa sp.6 (Figure 24 Aa-D) Culm climbing, nodes bases rough. Culm sheath persistent, densely hairy covers with white hairs, base hairy, margin hairy; auricles curved outward with long bristles; ligules laciniate, bristles short; blade erect, broadly ovate with cordate base. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base breve-angustate; leafsheath abaxially covered white hairs, auricle folded with long bristles; ligules laciniate, with bristles. Distribution. Central Sulawesi (Figure 24 E ). Habitat. Secondary forest, 953 m asl. Specimen examined. Central Sulawesi, Morowali, Petasia Timur, Bungintimbe Village, 3 May 2005, EAW 7668 (BO, K). C Dinochloa sp.7 (Figure 25 A=D) Culm climbing, branches one dominant, nodes bases rough. Culm sheath deciduous, without hairs; auricles absent; ligules entire or laciniate without bristles; blade deflexed, triangular with long acuminate tips, base narrow. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base breve-angustate; leafsheath with inconspicuous auricles with bristles; ligules dentate irregular. Distribution. Southeast Sulawesi (Figure 25 E). Habitat. Alluvium rocks, 100 m asl. Specimen examined. Southeast Sulawesi, Kolaka Utara District, Lasusua Subdistrict Tinukari Village, 16 Dec. 2009, EAW 8864 (BO, K, L). Dinochloa sp.8 (Figure 26 A-C) Culm climbing. Branches one dominant, infravaginally. Culm covers white waxy. Nodes bases rough. Culm sheath persistent, cover with brown hairs; auricles folded and curve outward at the edge with long bristles; ligules dentate irregular with bristles; blade deflexed, triangular-narrowly lanceolate, base cordate. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base breve-angustate, petioles; leafsheath with inconspicuous auricles with short bristles; ligules laciniate. Inflorescence not available. Distribution. Southeast Sulawesi (Figure 26 D). Habitat. Aluvium and metamorf rocks at m asl. Specimens examined. Southeast Sulawesi, North Kolaka Wawo/Ranteangin, Tinukari Village, 3 Aug. 2009, EAW 8863 (BO, K, L); North Kolaka District, Wawo Subdistrict, Tinukari Village, Masembo Forest of Mekongga Mountainous, 16 Dec. 2009, EAW 8875 (BO); North Kolaka District, Pasir Angin Subdistrict, Tinukari Village, Mt. Mekongga range, on the way to bird and insect trap, point 1, 20 Dec. 2009, EAW 8904 (BO, K, L); North Kolaka district, Pasir Angin subdistrict, Tinukari, Mekongga mountainous range, forest Masembo, above Masembo river plot 2&11, 1 July 2010, EAW 9072 (BO). A B D Figure 24. A-B. Herbarium specimen of Dinochloa sp.6; C. Culm sheath auricle; D. Leafsheath. B C A B D A C Figure 25. A-B. Herbarium specimen of Dinochloa sp.7; C. Culm sheath; D. Leafsheath Figure 26. A. Herbarium specimen of Dinochloa sp.8; B. Culm sheath; C. Branch

10 100 B I O D I V E R S I T A S 20 (1): , January 2019 Dinochloa sp.9 (Figure 27 A-C) Culm climbing. Branches one dominant, many branches on each node, extravaginal. Culm sheath deciduous, adaxially cover with brown hairs; auricle folded with bristles; ligules dentate irregular with bristle; blade deflexed, triangular-broadly ovate. Leaves, apex acuminate, base breve-angustate, abaxial cover with pale hairs, adaxial glabrous; leafsheath cover golden brown hairs when young; folded auricle with long bristles; ligules laciniate, short with bristles. Distribution. Central Sulawesi (Figure 27 D). Habitat. Primary and secondary forests, metamorph and sediment rocks at m asl. Specimens examined. Central Sulawesi. Poso, Pamuna Utara, Batalumpa, Bukitmuda Village, 06 May 2005, EAW 7673 (BO, K, L); Parigi Montong, Parigi Utara, Kebon Kopi Pancuran 4, Km. 7 Tobali. Pangi Bingga Nature Reserve, 04 Nov. 2013, EAW 10037, EAW (BO, K, L). Fimbribambusa Widjaja Reinwardtia 11 (2): Culms scrambling, culm erect when young, when older and taller the culm tips and the branches scramble over nearby trees, nodes with a short to long patella, branches with one dominant branches developed when the main branch was cut off, with several smaller branches grow before the lateral branches developed. Culm sheath auricles horn-like; bristle short to long; blades spreading to folded. Leaves glabrous, leafsheath auricle horn-like. Distribution. East Java, South Sulawesi, Luzon, Papua, Papua New Guinea, Alor. Habitat. Dry soil, lowland up to 950 m asl. Notes. Widjaja (1997) has clarified that Bambusa horsfieldii Munro (syn. of Bambusa cornuta Munro) and Bambusa microcephala (Pilger) Holttum has separated from the genus Bambusa due to its spreading crest on each node (fimbril or patella), the entire lodicules and the ovoid glabrous and not thickened ovary. In the plant list web site this genus is still put under the Bambusa. Fimbribambusa sp. (Figure 28 A-C) Culm scrambling,with patella/knee in nodes, branches one lateral dominant branches with smaller branches. Culm sheath not available. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base breve-angustate; leafsheath auricles horn-like with bristles, ligules dentate irregular, short without bristles. Distribution. South Sulawesi (Figure 28 Dd). Habitat. On the rocks, limestone, 20 m asl. Vernacular name. Bambu nana (Maros). Specimens examined. South Sulawesi. Maros, Tompok Balang, 27 Sept. 1975, Soejatmi Soenarko 319 (BO); Sw Peninsula, NE of Makassar within km on the road, 4 July 1976, Meijer (BO, L, US) Identification key to Gigantochloa 1 a. Culms sheath persistent, auricle rim-like Gigantochloa apus b. Culms sheath deciduous, auricle rounded to curved outward a. Culms green, auricle rounded to curved outward G. atter b. Culms purplish green, auricle rounded G. atroviolacea Gigantochloa Kurz ex Munro Trans. Linn. Soc. 26: 133 (1868) Culms erect, nodes with one dominant lateral branches and several smaller ones. Culm sheath with brown to black hairs; blade erect to deflexed, triangular to lanceolate; auricles rounded to inconspicuous. Leaves glabrous, leafsheath auricle rounded to inconspicuous. Inflorescence indeterminate. Distribution. South and Southeast Asia, Indochina, Myanmar. Habitat. Lowland up to highland 1500 m asl. Gigantochloa apus (Schult.) Kurz Natuurk. Tijdschr.Ned.-Indië 27: 226 (1864) Culm erect, branches one lateral branches dominant, with several smaller branches. Culm sheath persistent, covered with black hairs; auricles rim-like with bristles; ligules dentate; blade deflexed, triangular and narrowly bases. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base angustatus; leafsheath auricles rounded, bristles absent; ligules entire, short. B A B C A C Figure 27. A-B. Herbarium specimen of Dinochloa sp.9; C. Leafsheath Figure 28. A. Herbarium specimen of Fimbribambusa sp.; B. Patella; C. Leafsheath

11 ERVIANTI et al. Bamboo diversity Sulawesi, Indonesia 101 Distribution. Cultivated in the North and Central Sulawesi reported by Widjaja (1994) (Figure 29). Habitat. Volcanic rocks. Vernacular name. Kalaeng Jawa (Sangihe). Specimen examined. North Sulawesi. Talengan Village, Tambukan tengah, Sangihe Island, Sangihe-Talaud, 27 March 1992, EAW 4954 (BO). Gigantochloa atter (Hassk.) Kurz Natuurk. Tijdschr.Ned.-Indië 27: Culm erect, branches one lateral branches dominant with several smaller branches. Culm sheath deciduous, covered with brown or black hairs; auricles rounded with short bristles; ligules dentate; blade deflexed, triangular and narrowly bases. Leaves, glabrous, apex acuminate, base angustatus; leafsheath auricles rounded, bristles absent; ligules entire, less than 1 mm high. Inflorescence not available. Distribution. North, Central, Southeast and South Sulawesi (Figure 30). Habitat. Primary and secondary forests, m asl. Vernacular name. Buluh Pring (Bantimurung), Parin (Rantepao), Bambu Bonda (Poasia), Wolo Awo (Donggala), Talelo (Tibawa), Buluh Pagar (Bolaang mongondow), Amut (Ratahan), Kalaeng Pitung (Sangihe), Bulu Ajer (Minahasa). Specimens examined. North Sulawesi. Minahasa, Manado, 22 April 1895, Koorders (BO); Koorders (BO); Molalahu Village, Tibawa, 18 March 1992, EAW 4869 (BO); Minahasa, Ratahan, 19 March 1992, EAW 4875 (BO); Manado, Baikang Village, Moko, 19 Macrh 1992, EAW 4877 (BO); Bolaang Mongondow, trail to Mt. Poniki, 19 March 1992, INH 013 (BO); Trail to enclave, Bogani Nani Wartanabe National Park, 15 April 1996, INH 008 (BO, K, L); Bolaang Mongondow, trail to Poniki Mountain, 2 March 1996, MTL 007 (BO); MTL 009 (BO); MTL 010 (BO); MTL 013 (BO); MTL 014 (BO); 6 March 1996, INH 005 (BO); Bolaang Mongondow, Mt. Sinombayuga, 19 March 1996, MTL 039 (BO, K); Sangihe- Talaud, Sangihe Island, Bowang Hulu Village, Tambukan, 2 Nov. 2002, EAW 4940 (BO); Cental Sulawesi. Donggala District, Taweli Bale, 16 June 1983, EAW 2069 (BO); Banggai Islands, Bulgagi Utara, Teluk Panentera, Coastal Karst, 16 Sept. 2014, Deden 1902 (BO). Southeast Sulawesi. Kendari, Poasia, Abeli Village, 21 June 1978, EAW 473 (BO); South Sulawesi. Lombasang, 9 May 1921, Bunnenmeijer (BO); Maros, 29 Sept. 1975, Soejatmi Soenarko 337 (BO); Bantimurung, 12 Feb. 1975, EAW 131 (BO); Tana toraja, Laang tanduk, 20 Feb. 1977, EAW 242 (BO); 21 Feb. 1977, EAW 245 (BO). Gigantochloa atroviolacea Widjaja Reinwardtia 10: 323 (1987) Shoots blackish green covered brown-black hairs. Culms erect, until 15 m high, branches grow far away from the ground, one dominant branches. Young culms with brownblack hairs, when old glabrous and purplish. Culms sheath deciduous covered brown-black hairs, culm sheath auricles rounded bristles, ligules short, glabrous, culm sheath blade deflexed. Leaves glabrous, leafsheath auricle small, glabrous; ligules 2 mm high, glabrous. Distribution. Cultivated in Parigi, Central Sulawesi (Widjaja 1994) (Figure 31). Habitat. Humid tropical areas. Vernacular name. Bambu hitam (Indonesia). Neololeba Widjaja Reinwardtia 11 (2): 112 (1997) Culm erect, one dominant lateral branches with few smaller branches. Culms sheath covered with golden brown hairs; auricle rounded with long bristles. Leaves blades large with auricles. Inflorescence indeterminate. Distribution. South Mindanao (Philippines), North Sulawesi, Sangihe Talaud, Moluccas, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Australia (Queensland). Habitat. wet areas, along the river bank, forest margins, lowland up to 1500 m asl. Neololeba atra (Lindl.) Widjaja Reinwardtia 11 (2): (1997) Culm erect. Branches one lateral branches dominant, with 1-3 branches, intravaginal. Culm sheath persistent, covered with brown hairs; auricles rounded with long bristles; ligules dentate irregular with bristles; blade erect, triangular, base cordate. Leaves glabrous, apex acuminate, base angustatus; leafsheath auricles rounded with long bristles; ligules laciniate, short with bristles. Inflorescence indeterminate. Distribution. North Sulawesi (Figure 32). Habitat. Primary and secondary forests, m asl. Vernacular name. Bulu nanap, Tomula laudu, Bualo (Bolang Mongondow), Nena (Sangir). Specimens examined. North Sulawesi. Minahasa, 10 April 1895, Koorders (BO); Mt. Kawatak, 6 July 1954, Alston (BO); Bolaang Mongondow, Dumoga Bone National Park, Toraut, 3 March 1985, de Vogel & Vermeulen (BO); Sangihe-Talaud, Sangihe Island, Duripa Marange, Tambukan Utara, 27 March 1992, EAW 4943 (BO); Totabuan, Bogani Nani Wartabone, 26 June 1995, TU 4804 (BO); Bolaang Mongondow, trail to Mt. Poniki, 2 March 1996, MTL 006 (BO); MTL 012 (BO); Bolaang mongondow, trail to Mt. Sinombayuga, 20 March 1996, MTL 041 (BO); Pinogu enclave to Taludaa, Bogani Nani Wartanabe National Park, 23 April 1996, MTL 058 (BO); MTL 059 (BO); Between Tumpah River and Torout River, Bogani Nani Wartanabe National Park, 13 June 1996, MTL 075 (BO); Bolaang Mongondow, trail to Mt. Kabila, 3 July 1996, MTL 076 (BO); MTL 077 (BO); MTL 078 (BO); Mainakum area, Bogani Nani Wartanabe National Park, 26 May 2002, TU Phyllostachys Sieb. et Zucc. Abh. Akad. Muench. 3 (2): 745. t.5 (1843) Culm erect, straight, monopodial, two asymmetrical branches. Under the branches near nodus always find the groove in young or old culms. Culms sheath thin and deciduous with fine auricle and long bristles. Distribution. China and Japan, elsewhere introduced. Habitat. Area with the cool climate.