Inventorying Plant Diversity in the Homegardens of Kuzhicodu Village, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India

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1 RUT Printer and Publisher Online, Open Access Available at ISSN: (Print); ISSN: (Online) Research Article Science Research Reporter, 6(1):28-43, (April ) Inventorying Plant Diversity in the Homegardens of Kuzhicodu Village, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India P. Subitha 1,2, S. Sukumaran 1 and S. Jeeva 2 1 Department of Botany, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam, Tamilnadu, India Department of Botany, Scott Christian College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, Tamilnadu, India Article Info Received: , Revised: , Accepted: Keywords: Homegardens, Kanyakumari, Kuzhicodu village, Plant diversity, Tamilnadu. Abstract Species richness of plant species of the homegardens of Kuzhicodu village of Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu was studied. A total of 485 plant species belonging to347 genera and 105 families which included 253 herbs, 96 shrubs, 87 trees and 49 climbers.of the 485 plant species, 101 families were Angiosperms, 3 families were Gymnosperms (Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae, Cycadaceae) and a Pteridophyte belongs to the family Davalliaceae is also reported.the dominant and co-dominant families were Poaceae (38 species) and Euphorbiaceae (34 species). The study reveals that the homegarden systems provide cash income, medicine, timber, fuelwood, and edibles for household consumption as well as for sale. The homegardens are the sites of conservation of plants both wild and domesticated, because of their uses to the households.these homegardens serve as asylum for many multipurpose plant species and harbor rich biodiversity. INTRODUCTION Homegarden is a bounded piece of land with a mixture of tended and cultivated plants on which a house is built. One of the important features of homegarden is species diversity, their intimate admixture of plants which includes herbs, shrubs, trees and perennials (Nair, 2006). Farming system provides information about the traditional culture and ecological knowledge of the local community (Kumar and Nair, 2004; Tanjang and Arunachalam, 2009). In addition, integrated farming system produces a variety of foods and agricultural products including staple crops, vegetables, fruits, medicinal plants and so on (Polegri and Negri, 2010; Bajpai et al., 2013). These gardens are often utilized as testing plots for new crops, as nurseries for plantlets later destined for planting in open fields and as sites for domestication of needy forms which may also be used directly within the household (Leiva et al., 2001). Homegardens represent microenvironments within larger systems involving deliberated management of multipurpose trees, shrubs, annual and perennial agriculture crops, herbs, spices, medicinal plants and animals on the same land unit in either a spatial arrangement or a temporal sequence (Michon et al., 1986, Okafor and Fernandes, 1987; Padoch and Jong, 1991). These gardens are important sources of income in many countries around theworld and they maintain crop and agroforestry genetic resources, which may not be found in more extensive agroecosystems. The major functions of homegardens; especially in rural areas are subsistence production and income generation (Soemarwoto and Conway, 1992). Because of high diversity in homegardens, a wide 28 ISSN: (Online)

2 P. Subitha et al., range of products can be produced with relatively low inputs (Christanty, 1990; Hochegger, 1998; Soemarwoto and Conway, 1992). Homegardens can protect soil from erosion, offer a habitat to wild plants and make efficient use of light, water and other resources (Christanty et al., 1986; Jose and Shanmugaratnam, 1993; Torquebiau, 1992). Diversity in homegardens is influenced by ecological factors of gardens and socioeconomic characteristics of gardeners, as well as altitude of homegardens, size and age of homegardens and level of production intensity and market access (Abdoellah et al., 2001; Christanty et al., 1986; Quiroz et al., 2002; Michon and Mary, 1994). Their structure, composition, species and cultivars diversity of homegardens are influenced by changes in the socioeconomic circumstances and cultural values of the households that maintain these gardens. Interdisciplinary studies with attention to socioeconomic and biophysical aspects are necessary for better understanding of homegarden s benefits and function (Budowski, 1990; Landauer and Brazil, 1990; Lok, 1998; Mendez et al., 2001; Nair, 1993). These homegardens inhibit a large number of non-timber forest products including medicinal and aromatic plants and edible plants (Suba et al., 2014; Sukumaran and Parthiban, 2014; Geetha et al., 2015). The literatures revealed that there is a lack of research on plant diversity and economic value of homegardens in Tamilnadu where tradition of homegarden is very old. In view of this fact, the present study aims at analyzing plant diversity and community structure in the selected homegardens of Kuzhicodu village, Kanyakumari district and investigates the contribution of the economically important species grown in the homegardens towards the sustenance of the people. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was conducted in Kuzhicodu village; Kalkulam taluk of Kanyakumari district, at a distance of ca. 20 km away from Nagercoil, the capital of the district. This village lies between and of the eastern longitudes and 8 15 and 8 26 of the northern latitudes. The altitude of the study area is 107m above sea level. People of the area belonged to Nadars, Nayar, Sambavar castes. Most of the people live in concrete houses, others live in thatched huts. Gardening is the main hobby which also yields income to the family. Domesticated cattle and poultry yield additional income. Rice is the staple food of the people. Most of them consume tapioca and other tuberous food crops at evening. The survey of homegardens was undertaken in 2013 and Within the pool of available residences, the homegardens were visited regularly to notice the plant species growing in the households. Sampling took place in plots of 10 10m(200 m 2 ) which has been shown to be a representative sample. The collected plant specimens were dried, processed, mounted and identified with the help of regional floras (Gamble and Fischer , Mathew 1991, Nair and Henry 1983, Henry et al. 1987, Henry et al. 1989). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 485 taxa belonging to 347 genera and 105 families were identified from the rural homegardens of Kuzhicodu village, Kanyakumari District. The habit wise distribution of species revealed that the number of herb species was highest (253 species) and it was followed by shrubs (96 species) trees (87 species) and climbers (49 species). Of the 485 plant species, 101 families were angiosperms, 3 families were Gymnosperm (Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae, Cycadaceae) and one was a Pteridophyte (Davalliaceae) ISSN: (Online)

3 Number of species Science Research Reporter, 6(1):28-43, (April ) The dominant and co-dominant families were Poaceae (39 species) and Euphorbiaceae (34 species) followed by Asteraceae (31 species), Fabaceae (27 species), Acanthaceae (26 species), Rubiaceae (21 species), Araceae (17 species), Amaranthaceae (15 species), Malvaceae (14 species), Convolvulaceae (12 species), Lamiaceae, Solanaceae and Verbenaceae (10 species each), Apocyanaceae and Cucurbitaceae, (9 species each), Caesalpinaceae (8 species), Mimosaceae and Moraceae (7 species each), Arecaceae, Cactaceae, Commenlinaceae and Rutaceae (6 species each), Amaryllidaceae and Nyctaginaceae (5 species each), Agavaceae, Annonaceae, Bignoniaceae, Liliaceae, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae and Rosaceae (4 species each), Araliaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Asparagaceae, Balsaminaceae, Capparaceae, Crassulaceae, Orchidaceae, Oxalidaceae, Portulacaceae, Sapotaceae, Vitaceae and Zingiberaceae (3 species each). Twenty families had 2 species each; however fortyone families were monospecific. Fig. 2 Top ten families of the study area Among the 485 species recorded 171 species were ornamentals, 152 species were used for medicinal purpose, 41 species were edible and medicinal, 38 species were used as fodder, 34 species were edible, 9 species were edible, medicinal and timber, medicinal and also used as fodder, medicinal and timber, 10 species were medicinal and ornamental, 5 species were ornamental and timber, 4 species were timber yielding however 2 species were ornamental and edible, one species was edible and timber, edible, timber and fodder, ornamental and fodder and ornamental, medicinal and timber. Fig. 4 Economic importance of the plant species in the study area 30 ISSN: (Online)

4 P. Subitha et al., A Comparison between the plant diversity of homegardens of Kuzhicodu village was significantly higher (485 species) when compared to homegardens in southwestern Bangladesh 419 species (Kabir and Webb, 2008), Mendez et al. (2001) documented 324 plant species in Nicaragua, 122 species in Assam homegardens (Das and Das, 2005), 103 speciesrural households in Eastern cape province of South Africa (Cocks and Wiersum, 2003), 101 species in Cuba homegardens (Wezel and Bender, 2003), 76 speciesin Savadkouh/Iran homegardens (Khoshbakht et al., 2006), 168 species in Santa Rosa in the Peruvian Amazon (Padoch and Jong, 1991) and 179 species in homegardens of Java (Soemarwoto, 1987). Rugalema et al. (1994) listed 53 tree species from the homegardens of Bukoba, Tanzania and Guillaumet et al. (1990) encountered 60 tree species in Mexican homegardens. Jacob and Alles (1987) recorded 27 tree species in the homegardens of Kandy, Sri Lanka. On the Indian sub-continent, 87 tree species were reported from homegardens in Assam by Das and Das (2005) and Jose and Shanmugaratnam (1993) found a total of 71 tree species in 80 homegardens of a village in Kerala. However, in the present study 87 tree species were recorded. Homegardens in Kuzhicodu village are major sources of ornamental plants, medicinal plants, food plants and plants used for building purposes. Maroyi (2013) reported that vegetables, fruits, ornamental and medicinal plants were the most important useful plants in homegarden. Consequently, food crops including herbaceous plants and vegetable and fruit yielding trees and shrubs abound in the homegardens (Caron, 1995; Mendez et al., 2001; Vogl et al., 2002; Wezel and Bender, 2003). The crop combinations found in the homegardens are strongly influenced by the household and nutritional complementarity with other major food sources, besides ecological and socioeconomic factors (Christanty et al., 1986; Asfaw and Woldu, 1997; High and Shackleton, 2000; Vogl et al., 2002; Alavalapai et al., 2004). Although, interest in homegardens has been mainly focused on producing cash crops and wood production. Krishnankutty (1990) has reported that homegardens provide 74 to 84% of total wood requirements in Kerala, and also generate some additional cash income (Torquebiau, 1992; Dury et al., 1996; Mendez et al., 2001; Yamada and Gholz, 2002; Shanavas and Kumar, 2003; Scherr 2004). The timber yielding plants are Albizia lebbeck, Artocarpus hirsutus, Borassus flabellifer, Tectona grandis, Thespesia populnea, Cocos nucifera, Mangifera indica, Schleichera oleosa, Syzygium cumini, Syzygium jambos, Tamarindus indica, Terminalia catappa, Artocarpus altilis, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Areca catechu, Azadirachta indica, Ficus benghalensis, Morinda coreia, Cassia fistula, Magnolia champaca, Bambusa vulgaris, Bauhinia acuminata, Delonix regia, Ficus callosa, Ficus religiosa, Hevea brasiliensis, Tephrosia purpurea, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium. Some of the plants used in construction purposes Artocarpus hirsutus, Tectona grandis, Cocos nucifera, Mangifera indica, Tamarindus indica, Artocarpus altilis and Artocarpus heterophyllus. It is concluded that these homegardens were found to be complex systems with plant diversity conserved through their use. The results suggest considerable potential for the establishment and development of homegardening systems for the sustainable supply of subsistence livelihoods, while contributing to biodiversity conservation. Table 1: List of plants found in Kuzhicodu homegardens in Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India. Sl. No Botanical Name Family Common Name Habit Uses 1 Abelmoschus esculentus(l.) Moench Malvaceae Lady's Finger Shrub Edible, Medicinal 2 Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae Crab's Eye Climber Medicinal 3 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Malvaceae Indian Mallow Herb Medicinal 4 Acacia auriculiformis Benth. Mimosaceae Earleaf Acacia Tree, Ornamental 5 Acacia mangium Willd. Fabaceae Mangium Tree, Ornamental 6 Acalypha amentacea Roxb. Euphorbiaceae Wilkes Copperleaf Shrub Ornamental 7 Acalypha hispida Burm. f. Euphorbiaceae Red Hot Cat's Tail Shrub Ornamental 8 Acalypha indica L. Euphorbiaceae Indian Acalypha Herb Medicinal 9 Acalypha lanceolata Willd. Euphorbiaceae Indian Copperleaf Herb Ornamental 10 Acalypha wilkesiana Mull. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Copper Leaf Shrub Ornamental 31 ISSN: (Online)

5 11 Acanthocereus tetragonus (L.) Hummelinck Cactaceae Triangle Cactus Shrub Medicinal, Fodder 12 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Asteraceae Kanti Herb Medicinal 13 Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Prickly Chaff Flower Herb Medicinal 14 Acorus calamus L. Araceae Sweet Flag Herb Medicinal 15 Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult Apocynaceae Desert Rose Shrub Ornamental 16 Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze Asteraceae Clubwort Herb Medicinal 17 Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Amaranthaceae Mountain Knot Grass Herb Medicinal 18 Agave cantula Roxb. Agavaceae Cantula Shrub Medicinal 19 Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Asteraceae Pumpillu Herb Medicinal 20 Aglaonema commutatum Schott Araceae Aglaonema Herb Ornamental 21 Aglaonema costatum N.E.Br. Araceae Chinese Evergreen Herb Ornamental Aglaonema crispum (Pitcher & 22 R.F.Manda) Nicolson Araceae Silver Queen Herb Ornamental 23 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Mimosaceae Lebbeck Tree Tree Medicinal, 24 Allamanda blanchetii A.DC. Apocynaceae Purple Allamanda Climber Ornamental 25 Allamanda cathartica L. Apocynaceae Yellow Bell Climber Ornamental 26 Allium cepa L. Liliaceae Onion Herb Edible, Medicinal 27 Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf Poaceae Summer Grass Herb Fodder 28 Alocasia cardieri Chantrier Araceae Aluminium Plant Herb Ornamental Elephant's Ear 29 Alocasia micholitziana Sander Araceae Plant Herb Medicinal 30 Alocasia odora (Lindl.) K.Koch Araceae Night-Scented Lily Herb Medicinal Black Elephant's Ear Herb Ornamental 31 Alocasia sanderiana W.Bull Araceae 32 Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Liliaceae Aloe Herb Medicinal 33 Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K.Schum. Zingiberaceae Red Ginger Herb Ornamental 34 Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze Amaranthaceae Joy Weed Herb Medicinal 35 Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) Sm. Amaranthaceae Joseph's Coat Herb Ornamental 36 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Amaranthaceae Khaki Weed Herb Medicinal 37 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. Amaranthaceae Dwarf Copperleaf Herb Medicinal Alysicarpus mahabubnagarensis Ragh. Rao & al. Fabaceae Chatta Kighas Herb Fodder Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) DC. Fabaceae Jhuhi Ghas Herb Fodder 40 Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Spiny Amaranth Herb Edible, Medicinal 41 Amaranthus tricolor L. Amaranthaceae Mexican Fire Plant Herb Edible, Medicinal 42 Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Green Amaranth Herb Edible, Medicinal 43 Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson Araceae Elephant Foot Yam Herb Edible, Medicinal 44 Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae Cashew Tree Tree Edible, Medicinal 45 Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Bromeliaceae Pine Apple Herb Edible, Medicinal 46 Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees Acanthaceae False Waterwillow Herb Medicinal 47 Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees Acanthaceae King of Bitters Herb Medicinal 48 Angelonia biflora Benth. Plantaginaceae Angel Flower Herb Ornamental 49 Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. ex Sims Lamiaceae Peyameratti Herb Medicinal Prickly Custard 50 Annona muricata L. Annonaceae Apple Tree Edible, Medicinal 51 Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae Custard Apple Tree Edible, Medicinal Anthurium andraeanum Linden ex 52 Andre Araceae Flamingo Lily Herb Ornamental 53 Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Polygonaceae Railway Creeper Climber Ornamental New Caledonian Pine Tree Ornamental 54 Araucaria columnaris (G.Forst.) Hook. Araucariaceae 55 Areca catechu L. Arecaceae Kamugu Tree Medicinal, 56 Argyreia nervosa (Burm. F.) Bojer Convolvulaceae Elephant Creeper Herb Medicinal 57 Aristida setacea Retz. Poaceae Threeawn Herb Fodder 58 Aristolochia littoralis Parodi Aristolochiaceae Calico Flower Climber Medicinal Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg Moraceae Semapila Tree Edible, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae Jack Fruit Tree Edible,, Fodder 61 Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Moraceae Anjili Tree Edible, Medicinal, 32 ISSN: (Online)

6 62 Asclepias curassavica L. Asclepiadaceae Scarlet Milkweed Herb Ornamental 63 Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop Asparagaceae Asparagus Climber Ornamental 64 Asparagus racemosus Willd. Asparagaceae Indian Asparagus Climber Ornamental 65 Asparagus setaceus (Kunth.) Jessop Asparagaceae Lacy Asparagus Fern Climber Ornamental 66 Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson Acanthaceae Creeping Foxglove Herb Medicinal Asystasia gangetica subsp. micrantha 67 (Nees) Ensermu Acanthaceae Chinese Violet Herb Ornamental 68 Averrhoa bilimbi L. Oxalidaceae Bilimbi Tree Edible 69 Averrhoa carambola L. Oxalidaceae Star Fruit Tree Edible 70 Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv. Poaceae Blanket Grass Herb Fodder 71 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae Neem Tree Medicinal, 72 Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Scrophulariaceae Nirpirami Herb Medicinal 73 Bambusa heterostachya (Munro) Holttum Poaceae Bamboo Herb Fodder 74 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Poaceae Buddha's Common Bamboo Tree Ornamental, 75 Barleria buxifolia L. Acanthaceae Box-Leaved Barleria Herb Medicinal 76 Barleria cristata L. Acanthaceae Blue Bell Barleria Herb Medicinal 77 Barleria prionitis L. Acanthaceae Barleria Herb Medicinal 78 Basella alba L. Basellaceae Creeping Spinach Climber Edible, Medicinal Dwarf White 79 Bauhinia acuminata L. Fabaceae Bauhinia Tree Ornamental, 80 Bauhinia tomentosa L. Fabaceae Kanchini Shrub Ornamental Angel-Wing Begonia Herb Ornamental 81 Begonia coccinea Hook. Begoniaceae 82 Begonia malabarica Lam. Begoniaceae Janaam-Kolli Shrub Ornamental 83 Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Cucurbitaceae Ash Guard Climber Edible 84 Beta vulgaris L. Chenopodiaceae Beet Root Herb Edible 85 Biophytum reinwardtii (Zucc.) Klotzsch Oxalidaceae Reinwardt's Plant Herb Medicinal 86 Bixa orellana L. Bixaceae Butter-Seed Tree Tree Ornamental 87 Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) B.Heyne ex Roth Acanthaceae Creeping Blepharis Herb Medicinal, Fodder 88 Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Pigweed Herb Medicinal 89 Boerhavia erecta L. Nyctaginaceae Erect Spiderling Herb Medicinal Edible, Medicinal, 90 Borassus flabellifer L. Arecaceae Palm Tree Tree 91 Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A.Camus Poaceae Indian Blue Grass Herb Fodder 92 Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Nyctaginaceae Paper Flower Shrub Ornamental 93 Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf Poaceae Armgrass Millet Herb Fodder 94 Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf Poaceae Browntop Millet Herb Fodder 95 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Brassiceae Mustard Herb Edible, Medicinal 96 Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston Euphorbiaceae Breynia Shrub Medicinal 97 Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C. Fisch. Euphorbiaceae Kattuniruri Shrub Medicinal 98 Brugmansia suaveolens Bercht. & J.Presl. Solanaceae Angel's Trumpet Shrub Ornamental 99 Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken Crassulaceae Malaikalli Herb Ornamental 100 Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Caesalpinaceae Peacock Flower Shrub Ornamental 101 Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. Araceae Fancy-Leaf Caladium Herb Ornamental 102 Calendula officinalis L. Caesalpinaceae Pot Marigold Herb Ornamental 103 Calliandra surinamensis Benth. Mimosaceae Pink Powder Puff Shrub Ornamental 104 Calophyllum inophyllum L. Clusiaceae Alexandrian Laurel Tree Medicinal 105 Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. Apocynaceae Milkweed Shrub Medicinal 106 Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. Fabaceae Broad Bean Climber Edible 107 Canna indica L. Cannaceae Canna Herb Ornamental, Ediple Plant 108 Canthium coromandelicum (Brum.f.) Alston Rubiaceae Coromandel Canthium Shrub Edible, Medicinal 109 Capsicum annuum L. Solanaceae Chilli Herb Edible, Medicinal 33 ISSN: (Online)

7 110 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sapindaceae Balloon Vine Climber Medicinal 111 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Papaya Tree Edible, Medicinal 112 Carissa carandas L. Apocynaceae Karaunda Shrub Medicinal 113 Caryota urens L. Arecaceae Fish Tail Palm Tree Ornamental 114 Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold Apocynaceae Yellow Oleander Tree Ornamental 115 Cassia fistula L. Caesalpinaceae Indian Laburnum Tree Tree Ornamental, Medicinal, 116 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Casuarinaceae Casuarina Tree Ornamental 117 Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don Apocynaceae Periwinkle Herb Medicinal, Ornamental 118 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Malvaceae Silk-Cotton Tree Tree Medicinal 119 Celosia argentea L. Amaranthaceae Cocks Comb Herb Ornamental 120 Celosia argentea var. plumosa Amaranthaceae Cock Comb Plumed Herb Ornamental 121 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Apiaceae Water Pennywort Herb Edible, Medicinal 122 Centratherum punctatum Cass. Asteraceae Brazilian Button Flower Herb Ornamental 123 Centrosema pubescens Benth. Fabaceae Butterfly Pea Herb Medicinal, Fodder 124 Cereus hildmannianus K.Schum Cactaceae Hedge Cactus Shrub Ornamental 125 Chloris barbata Sw. Poaceae Swollen Finger Grass Herb Fodder 126 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Asteraceae Siam Weed Herb Medicinal, Ornamental 127 Chrysanthemum indicum L. Asteraceae Chrysanths Herb Medicinal, Ornamental Chrysothemis pulchella (Donn ex 128 Sims) Decne. Gesneriaceae Sunset Bells Herb Ornamental 129 Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume Lauraceae Wild Cinnamon Tree Medicinal 130 Cinnamomum verum J.Presl Lauraceae Ceylon Cinnamon Tree Medicinal 131 Cissampelos pareira L. Menispermaceae Velvet Leaf Climber Medicinal Edible Stemmed 132 Cissus quadrangularis L. Vitaceae Vine Climber Medicinal 133 Cissus vitiginea L. Vitaceae Tree Bine Climber Medicinal Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai Cucurbitaceae Wild Watermelon Climber Medicinal Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Rutaceae Lemon Tree Edible, Medicinal 136 Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Rutaceae Lemon Tree Edible, Medicinal 137 Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Rutaceae Pomelo Tree Edible 138 Cleome aspera J.Koenig ex DC. Cleomaceae Spider Flower Herb Medicinal 139 Cleome gynandra L. Capparaceae 140 Cleome rutidosperma DC. Capparaceae Wild Spider Flower Herb Medicinal Fringed Spider Flower Herb Medicinal Asian Spider Flower Herb Medicinal 141 Cleome viscosa L. Capparaceae 142 Clerodendrum cordatum D.Don Verbenaceae Karukanni Shrub Ornamental 143 Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. Verbenaceae Glory Bower Shrub Medicinal 144 Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Verbenaceae Hill Glory Bower Shrub Medicinal 145 Clerodendrum paniculatum L. Verbenaceae Pagoda Flower Shrub Medicinal 146 Clitoria ternatea L. Fabaceae Butterfly Pea Climber Medicinal Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) 147 I.M.Johnst. Euphorbiaceae Spinach Tree Tree Edible, Medicinal 148 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Cucurbitaceae Ivy Gourd Climber Edible, Medicinal Edible, Medicinal, 149 Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae Coconut Palm Tree Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex 150 A.Juss. Euphorbiaceae Croton Shrub Ornamental 151 Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae Kafe Shrub Edible, Medicinal 152 Coix lacryma-jobi L. Poaceae Job's Tears Herb Ornamental 153 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Araceae Coco Yam Herb Edible, Medicinal 154 Combretum indicum (L.) Defilipps Combretaceae Rangoon Creeper Climber Ornamental 155 Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae Benghal Dayflower Herb Medicinal, Fodder 156 Commelina paleata Hassk. Commelinaceae Scurvy Weed Herb Medicinal 157 Commelina wightii Raizada Commelinaceae Raizada Herb Medicinal 158 Corchorus aestuans L. Tiliaceae East Indian Mallow Herb Medicinal 34 ISSN: (Online)

8 159 Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A.Chev. Asparagaceae Hawaiian Ti Plant Shrub Ornamental 160 Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. Asteraceae Cosmos Herb Ornamental 161 Cosmos sulphureus Cav. Asteraceae Yellow Cosmos Herb Ornamental 162 Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore Asteraceae Thick Head Fire Weed Herb Fodder Grand Crinum Lil;y Herb Medicinal, Ornamental 163 Crinum asiaticum L. Amaryllidaceae 164 Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees Acanthaceae Crossandra Herb Ornamental 165 Crossandra nilotica Oliv. Acanthaceae Crossandra Orange Herb Ornamental 166 Crotalaria juncea L. Fabaceae Sunn Hemp Herb Medicinal 167 Crotalaria pallida Aiton Fabaceae Striped Crotalaria Shrub Medicinal 168 Crotalaria verrucosa L. Fabaceae Blue Rattle Weed Herb Medicinal 169 Croton bonplandianus Baill. Euphorbiaceae Bon Thusi Herb Medicinal 170 Croton hirtus L'Her. Euphorbiaceae Hairy Croton Herb Medicinal 171 Cucumis sativus L. Cucurbitaceae Cucumber Climber Edible, Medicinal 172 Cucurbita maxima Duchesne Cucurbitaceae Pumpkin Climber Edible, Medicinal 173 Cupressus sempervirens L. Cupressaceae Italian Cypress Tree Ornamental 174 Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Hypoxidaceae Golden Eye Grass Herb Medicinal 175 Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Turmeric Herb Medicinal 176 Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. Fabaceae Cluster Bean Herb Edible 177 Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D.Don ex Sweet Commelinaceae Blue Ears Herb Medicinal, Fodder 178 Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob. Asteraceae Little Ironweed Herb Medicinal Ornamental, Ediple Plant 179 Cycas circinalis L. Cycadaceae Queen Sago Tree 180 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae Bermuda Grass Herb Medicinal, Fodder 181 Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Purple Nut Sedge Herb Medicinal 182 Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum (Steud.) Stapf Poaceae Septic Weed Herb Fodder 183 Cyrtococcum trigonum (Retz.) A.Camus Poaceae Short Leaf Grass Herb Fodder 184 Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Poaceae Crowfoot Grass Herb Fodder 185 Datura innoxia Mill. Solanaceae Moon Flower Herb Medicinal 186 Datura metel L. Solanaceae Downy Thorn- Apple Shrub Medicinal 187 Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Caesalpinaceae Flame Tree Tree Ornamental, 188 Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh. Loranthaceae Honey Suckle Mistletoe Climber Medicinal, Ornamental Sal Weed Desmodium Herb Medicinal 189 Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Fabaceae 190 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. Fabaceae Begger Weed Herb Medicinal 191 Dianthus caryophyllus L. Caryophyllaceae Carnation Herb Ornamental 192 Dianthus chinensis L. Caryophyllaceae Dianthus Herb Ornamental 193 Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf Poaceae Marwell Grass Herb Fodder 194 Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. Mimosaceae Sickle Bush Tree Medicinal 195 Dieffenbachia amoena Bull. Araceae Dump Cane Herb Ornamental 196 Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Amaranthaceae False Amaranth Herb Medicinal Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult Poaceae Asian Crap Grass Herb Fodder Dioscorea bulbifera L. Dioscoreaceae Pannu Kizhangu Climber Edible, Medicinal 199 Dioscorea oppositifolia L. Dioscoreaceae Chinese Yam Climber Edible, Medicinal 200 Dracaena reflexa Lam. Agavaceae Pleomele Shrub Ornamental 201 Duranta erecta L. Verbenaceae Golden Dewdrop Shrub Ornamental 202 Dypsis lutescens (H.Wendl.) Beentje & J.Dransf. Arecaceae Madagascar Palm Tree Ornamental 203 Ecbolium ligustrinum (Vahl) Vollesen Acanthaceae Green Shrimp Plant Shrub Medicinal 204 Echeveria elegans Rose Crassulaceae Maxican Snow Ball Herb Ornamental 205 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Poaceae Jungle Rice Herb Fodder 206 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Asteraceae False Daisy Herb Medicinal 207 Ehretia microphylla Lam. Boraginaceae Carmona Shrub Medicinal 208 Elephantopus scaber L. Asteraceae Elephant Foot Herb Medicinal 209 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Poaceae Goose Grass Herb Fodder 210 Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex DC. Asteraceae Tassel Flower Herb Medicinal, Fodder 35 ISSN: (Online)

9 211 Epipremnum aureum (Linden & Andre) G.S.Bunting Araceae Devil's Claw Ivy Climber Ornamental 212 Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. Araceae Cereus Crenatus Shrub Ornamental 213 Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arn. Poaceae Feather Love Grass Herb Fodder 214 Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C.E.Hubb. Poaceae Tropical Cup Grass Herb Fodder 215 Eryngium foetidum L. Apiaceae African Mally Herb Edible 216 Euphorbia cyathophora Murray Euphorbiaceae Maxican Fire Plant Herb Medicinal 217 Euphorbia heterophylla L. Euphorbiaceae Fire Plant Herb Medicinal 218 Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Fire Plant Herb Medicinal 219 Euphorbia milii Des Moul. var. milii Euphorbiaceae Christ Thorn Herb Ornamental 220 Euphorbia milii Des Moul.var. splendens (Bojer ex Hook.) Ursch & Leandri Euphorbiaceae Crown of Thorns Herb Ornamental 221 Euphorbia nivulia Buch. Ham. Euphorbiaceae Leafy Milk Hedge Tree Ornamental 222 Euphorbia tirucalli L. Euphorbiaceae Firestick Plant Shrub Ornamental 223 Euphorbia tithymaloides L. Euphorbiaceae Devil's Back Bone Shrub Ornamental 224 Euphorbia umbellata (Pax) Bruyns. Euphorbiaceae African Milk Bush Shrub Ornamental 225 Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Dwarf Morning Glory Climber Medicinal Roundleaf Bindweed Climber Medicinal 226 Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. Convolvulaceae 227 Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae Banyan Tree Medicinal, 228 Ficus callosa Willd. Moraceae Garud Tree 229 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Sacred Fig Tree 230 Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Salicaceae Governor's Plum Shrub Edible 231 Gaillardia fanfare Foug. Asteraceae Fanfare Herb Ornamental 232 Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis Rubiaceae Gardenia Shrub Ornamental 233 Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook.f. Asteraceae Gerber Daisy Herb Ornamental 234 Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Fabaceae Gliricidia Tree Ornamental, Fodder 235 Gloriosa superba L. Liliaceae The Glory Lily Climber Medicinal 236 Gomphrena celosioides Mart. Amaranthaceae Bachelor's Button Herb Ornamental Prostrate Gomphrena Herb Ornamental 237 Gomphrena decumbens Mart. Amaranthaceae 238 Gomphrena globosa L. Amaranthaceae Vadamalli Herb Ornamental 239 Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. Acanthaceae Jamaican Croton Shrub Ornamental 240 Hamelia patens Jacq. Rubiaceae Fire Bush Shrub Ornamental 241 Helianthus annuus L. Asteraceae Sunflower Shrub Medicinal 242 Heliconia psittacorum L.f. Heliconiaceae Parakeet Flower Herb Ornamental 243 Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pav. Heliconiaceae Lobster Claw Herb Ornamental 244 Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae Tree Heliotrope Herb Ornamental 245 Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. ex Schult. Asclepiadaceae Indian Sarasaparilla Climber Medicinal 246 Hemigraphis alternata (Burm.f.) T.Anderson Acanthaceae Red Flame Ivy Herb Ornamental 247 Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Mull. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Rubber Tree Tree 248 Hibiscus mutabilis L. Malvaceae Changeable Rose Tree Ornamental 249 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Malvaceae China Rose Shrub Medicinal, Ornamental 250 Hibiscus schizopetalus (Dyer) Hook.f. Malvaceae Fringed Rosemallow Shrub Ornamental 251 Hibiscus surattensis L. Malvaceae Bush Sorrel Shrub Ornamental 252 Hippeastrum reticulatum (L' Her.) Herb. Amaryllidaceae Netted-Flowered Lily Herb Ornamental 253 Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. Violaceae Spade Flower Herb Medicinal Big Leaf 254 Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea Herb Ornamental 255 Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle Hydrocharitaceae Hydrilla Herb Ornamental 256 Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine. Acanthaceae Hygrophila Herb Medicinal 257 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae Pig Nut Herb Medicinal 258 Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae Garden Balsam Herb Ornamental 259 Impatiens pulcherrima Dalzell. Balsaminaceae Handsome Flowered Balsam Herb Ornamental 36 ISSN: (Online)

10 260 Impatiens walleriana Hook.f. Balsaminaceae Busy Lizzie Herb Ornamental 261 Indigofera linnaei Ali Fabaceae Birdsville Indigo Herb Ornamental 262 Indoneesiella echioides (L.) Sreem. Acanthaceae False Water Willon Herb Ornamental 263 Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Convolvulaceae Water Spinach Herb Ornamental 264 Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Convolvulaceae Sweet Potato Climber Edible, Medicinal 265 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Convolvulaceae Bush Morning Glory Shrub Ornamental 266 Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. Convolvulaceae Obscure Morning Glory Climber Ornamental 267 Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. Convolvulaceae Tiger Foot Morning Glory Climber Ornamental, Medicinal 268 Ipomoea quamoclit L. Convolvulaceae Cypress Vine Climber Ornamental 269 Ipomoea turbinata Lag. Convolvulaceae Purple Moon Flower Climber Ornamental 270 Iris domestica (L.) Goldblatt & Mabb. Iridaceae Blackberry Lily Herb Ornamental 271 Ixora coccinea L. Rubiaceae Ixora Red Shrub Ornamental 272 Ixora finlaysoniana Wall. ex G.Don Rubiaceae White Ixora Shrub Ornamental 273 Ixora lobbii Loudon Rubiaceae Gloosy Pink Ixora Shrub Ornamental 274 Ixora pavetta Andr. Rubiaceae Torch Tree Shrub Ornamental 275 Ixora singaporensis Hort. Rubiaceae Ixora Tree Ornamental 276 Jasminum angustifolium (L.) Willd. Oleaceae Wild Jasmine Climber Ornamental 277 Jasminum grandiflorum L. Oleaceae Royal Jasmine Climber Ornamental Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) 278 Andrews Oleaceae Downy Jasmine Shrub Ornamental 279 Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton. Oleaceae Jasmine Climber Ornamental 280 Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Physic Nut Shrub Medicinal 281 Jatropha gossypiifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Wild Cassanda Shrub Medicinal Buddha Belly Plant Herb Medicinal 282 Jatropha podagrica Hook. Euphorbiaceae 283 Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae Adatodai Shrub Medicinal 284 Justicia carnea Lindl. Acanthaceae Flamingo Plant Shrub Ornamental 285 Justicia glauca Rottler Acanthaceae Glaucous Justicia Herb Medicinal 286 Justicia japonica Thunb. Acanthaceae Justicia Herb Medicinal 287 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. Crassulaceae Kallanchoe Herb Ornamental 288 Kleinia grandiflora (Wallich ex DC.) N.Rani Asteraceae Ear of Deer Shrub Ornamental 289 Rhynchospora colorata (L.) H.Pfeiff. Cyperaceae Whitehead Spikesedge Herb Ornamental 290 Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet Fabaceae Lab-Lab Bean Climber Edible 291 Lagerstroemia indica L. Lythraceae Crape Myrtle Shrub Ornamental 292 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Spanish Flag Shrub Edible, Medicinal 293 Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Henna Tree Tree Medicinal 294 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Lamiaceae Common Leucas Herb Medicinal Two Flowered Leucas Herb Medicinal 295 Leucas biflora (Vahl) Sm. Lamiaceae 296 Limonia acidissima Groff Rutaceae Wood Apple Tree Edible 297 Ludwigia perennis L. Onagraceae Marshy Jasmine Herb Medicinal 298 Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.Roem. Cucurbitaceae Nurai Peerkku Shrub Medicinal 299 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Solanaceae Tomato Herb Edible, Medicinal 300 Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill.ex Pierre Magnoliaceae Yellow Jade Orchid Tree Tree 301 Malus domestica Borkh. Rosaceae Apple Tree Edible Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) 302 Garcke Malvaceae Clock Plant Herb Medicinal 303 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae Turk's Cap Shrub Ornamental Malvaviscus penduliflorus Moc. & Pendulous 304 Sesse ex DC. Malvaceae Sleeping Hibiscus Shrub Ornamental Ornamental, Medicinal, Edible, Medicinal, 305 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Mango Tree Tree 306 Manihot esculenta Crantz Euphorbiaceae Cassava Shrub Edible 307 Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen Sapotaceae Sapota Tree Edible West Indian 308 Maranta arundinacea L. Marantaceae Arrow Root Herb Edible 309 Melampodium divaricatum (Rich. Ex Asteraceae Butter Daisy Herb Ornamental 37 ISSN: (Online)

11 Rich.) DC. 310 Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka Poaceae Rose Natal Grass Herb Fodder 311 Melochia corchorifolia L. Sterculiaceae Chocolateweed Herb Ornamental, Medicinal 312 Mentha arvensis L. Lamiaceae Wild Mint Herb Medicinal 313 Merremia emarginata (Burm. f.) Hallier f. Convolvulaceae Kidney Leaf Morning Glory Herb Medicinal Kidney Leaf 314 Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f. Convolvulaceae Morning Glory Herb Medicinal Creeping Sebastiana Herb Medicinal 315 Microstachys chamaelea (L.) Mull.Arg. Euphorbiaceae 316 Millingtonia hortensis L.f. Bignoniaceae Indiaan Cork Tree Tree Ornamental 317 Mimosa pudica L. Mimosaceae Sensitive Plant Herb Medicinal 318 Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Spanish Cherry Tree Edible 319 Mirabilis jalapa L. Nyctaginaceae Four o'clock Herb Ornamental 320 Mollugo pentaphylla L. Molluginaceae Itch Flower Herb Medicinal 321 Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae Bitter Guard Climber Edible, Medicinal 322 Morinda coreia Buch.-Ham. Rubiaceae Morinda Tree Tree Medicinal, 323 Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Drumstick Tree Tree Edible, Medicinal 324 Morus alba L. Moraceae Mulberry Shrub Edible Madras Pea Pumpkin Climber Medicinal 325 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.Roem. Cucurbitaceae 326 Muntingia calabura L. Muntingiaceae Jamaica Cherry Tree Edible 327 Murraya Koenigii (L.) Spreng. Rutaceae Curry Leaf Tree Edible 328 Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae Banana Herb Edible, Medicinal Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. Rubiaceae Red Flag Bush Shrub Ornamental Mussaenda frondosa L. Rubiaceae Mussaenda Shrub Ornamental 331 Mussaenda indica L. Rubiaceae Queen Sirikit Shrub Ornamental 332 Mussaenda philippica A.Rich. Rubiaceae White Mussaenda Shrub Ornamental Goanese 333 Naregamia alata Wight & Arn. Rutaceae Ipecacuanha Herb Medicinal 334 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nelumbonaceae Lotus Herb Ornamental, Medicinal Nephrolepis hirsutula (G.Forst.) C.Presl Davalliaceae Scaly Swordfern Herb Ornamental, Medicinal Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae Oleander Shrub Ornamental 337 Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. Nymphaeaceae Indian Water-Lily Herb Ornamental 338 Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze Menyanthaceae Chinnambal Herb Ornamental Mickey Mouse Plant Shrub Ornamental 339 Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. Ochnaceae 340 Ocimum americanum L. Lamiaceae Hoary Basil Herb Medicinal 341 Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Lamiaceae Holy Basil Herb Medicinal 342 Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Rubiaceae Diamond Flower Herb Medicinal 343 Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. Rubiaceae Indian madder Herb Medicinal 344 Oldenlandia umbellata L. Rubiaceae Chay Root Herb Medicinal 345 Gomesa flexuosa (Lodd.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams Orchidaceae Dancing Doll Orchid Herb Ornamental 346 Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. Poaceae Running Mountain Grass Herb Fodder 347 Opuntia elatior Mill. Cactaceae Prickly Pear Shrub Medicinal 348 Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Cactaceae Dropping Prickly Pear Shrub Medicinal Australian Pest Pear Shrub Medicinal 349 Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. Cactaceae 350 Orthosiphon thymiflorus (Roth) Sleesen Lamiaceae Chilantippatam Herb Medicinal 351 Oryza sativa L. Poaceae Asian Rice Herb Edible, Medicinal 352 Pachystachys lutea Nees Acanthaceae Lollipop Plant Herb Ornamental 353 Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Pandanaceae Ramba Herb Medicinal 354 Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze Pandanaceae Umbrella Tree Tree Medicinal 355 Panicum repens L. Poaceae Torpedo Grass Herb Fodder 356 Panicum sumatrense Roth Poaceae 357 Parthenium hysterophorus L. Asteraceae 358 Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A.Camus Poaceae Barefoot Panic Grass Herb Fodder Santa Maria Feverfew Herb Medicinal Yellow Watercrown Grass Herb Fodder 38 ISSN: (Online)

12 359 Passiflora edulis Sims Passifloraceae Passion Fruit Climber Edible, Medicinal 360 Passiflora foetida L. Passifloraceae Strinking Passionflower Climber Edible 361 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K.Heyne Caesalpinaceae Copper Pod Tree Ornamental 362 Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. Poaceae Mission Grass Herb Fodder Egyptian 363 Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers Rubiaceae Starcluster Herb Ornamental 364 Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Piperaceae Shiny Bush Herb Medicinal 365 Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC Cactaceae Rose Cactus Shrub Ornamental 366 Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. Asclepiadaceae Pergularia Climber Medicinal 367 Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze Poaceae Indian Comet Grass Herb Fodder 368 Phoenix pusilla Gaertn. Arecaceae Ceylon Date Palm Tree Edible 369 Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Euphorbiaceae Star Gooseberry Tree Edible, Medicinal 370 Phyllanthus amarusschumach. & Thonn. Euphorbiaceae Stone Breaker Herb Medicinal 371 Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd. Euphorbiaceae Niruri Herb Medicinal 372 Phyllanthus emblica L. Euphorbiaceae Aamla Tree Edible, Medicinal 373 Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Wight) Mull. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Mousetail Plant Shrub Medicinal 374 Physalis minima L. Solanaceae Wild Cape Gooseberry Herb Medicinal 375 Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. Myrtaceae All Spice Plant Tree Edible, Medicinal 376 Piper nigrum L. Piperaceae Black Pepper Climber Medicinal 377 Pisonia umbellifera (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Seem. Nyctaginaceae Evergreen Tree Tree Ornamental 378 Pistia stratiotes L. Araceae Water Lettuce Herb Ornamental 379 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Mimosaceae Madras thorn Tree Edible Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Lamiaceae Cuban Oregano Herb Medicinal Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br. Lamiaceae Coleus Herb Ornamental 382 Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack. Poaceae Baby Bamboo Herb Fodder 383 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites Annonaceae Ashok Tree Tree Ornamental 384 Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms Araliaceae Ming Aralia Shrub Ornamental 385 Polyscias guilfoylei (W.Bull) L. H. Bailey Araliaceae False Coffee Shrub Ornamental 386 Polyscias scutellaria (Burm.f.) Fosberg Araliaceae Shield Aralia Shrub Ornamental 387 Portulaca grandiflora Hook. Portulacaceae Moss-Rose Herb Ornamental Wing Pod Purslane Herb Ornamental 388 Portulaca umbraticola Kunth Portulacaceae 389 Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni Sapotaceae Egg Fruit Tree Edible 390 Proiphys amboinensis (L.) Herb. Amaryllidaceae Cardwell Lily Herb Ornamental 391 Prunus avium (L.) L. Rosaceae Sweet Cherry Tree Edible 392 Pseudarthria viscida (L.) Wight & Arn. Mimosaceae Salaparni Herb Medicinal 393 Pseuderanthemum carruthersii (Seem.) Guillaumin Acanthaceae Golden Pseuderanthemum Shrub Ornamental 394 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Guava Tree Edible, Medicinal 395 Psydrax dicoccos Gaertn. Rubiaceae Nallamantharam Tree Medicinal 396 Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Pomegranite Tree Edible, Medicinal 397 Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn. Strelitziaceae Traveller's Palm Tree Ornamental Remusatia pumila (D.Don) H. Li. & A. Hay. Araceae Mini Mask Herb Ornamental Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz Acanthaceae Snake Jasmine Shrub Ornamental 400 Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Euphorbiaceae Snout-Bean Climber Edible 401 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Caster Oil Plant Shrub Medicinal 402 Rivina humilis L. Phytolaccaceae Pigeon Berry Herb Ornamental 403 Rosa chinensis Jacq. Rosaceae China Rose Shrub Ornamental 404 Rosa indica L. Rosaceae Rose Shrub Ornamental 405 Ruellia elegans Poir. Acanthaceae Brazilian Petunia Herb Medicinal 406 Ruellia tuberosa L. Acanthaceae Minnie Root Herb Medicinal 407 Ruellia tweediana Griseb. Acanthaceae Maxican Blue Ball Herb Medicinal Russelia equisetiformis Schltdl. & 408 Cham. Plantaginaceae Firecracker Plant Shrub Ornamental 409 Saccharum officinarum L. Poaceae Sugarcane Herb Edible 39 ISSN: (Online)

13 410 Saccharum spontaneum L. Poaceae Kans Grass Herb Fodder 411 Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase Poaceae Sacolepis Herb Fodder 412 Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. & Schult.f. Agavaceae Indian String Hemp Herb Medicinal 413 Sansevieria trifasciata Prain Agavaceae Snake Plant Herb Medicinal 414 Santalum album L. Santalaceae Sandal Wood Tree Medicinal 415 Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. Fabaceae Asoka Tree Tree Ornamental 416 Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. Euphorbiaceae Sweet Leaf Shrub Edible 417 Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr. Sapindaceae Gum Lac Tree Tree Edible, Medicinal, 418 Scoparia dulcis L. Scrophulariaceae Seweet Broom Weed Herb Medicinal 419 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Caesalpinaceae Candle Bush Shrub Ornamental 420 Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Fabaceae American Hairy Senna Shrub Ornamental Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & 421 Barneby Fabaceae Ring Worm Plant Herb Ornamental 422 Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Fabaceae Coffee Weed Shrub Medicinal 423 Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Caesalpinaceae Siamese Cassia Tree Ornamental 424 Setaria palmifolia (J.Koenig) Stapf Poaceae Palm Grass Herb Fodder 425 Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Poaceae Yellow Fox Tail Herb Fodder Common Wireweed Herb Medicinal 426 Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae 427 Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss. Waalk. Malvaceae Country Mallow Herb Medicinal 428 Sida cordifolia L. Malvaceae Heart Leaf Sida Herb Medicinal 429 Solanum americanum Mill. Solanaceae Black Nightshade Herb Medicinal 430 Solanum melongena L. Solanaceae Brinjal Herb Edible 431 Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae Turkey Berry Shrub Medicinal 432 Solanum trilobatum L. Solanaceae Thoodhuvalai Climber Medicinal 433 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Asteraceae Rough Sow- Thistle Herb Ornamental 434 Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. Bignoniaceae African Tulip Tree Ornamental 435 Spathoglottis plicata Blume Orchidaceae Philliline Orchid Herb Ornamental 436 Spermacoce articularis L.f. Rubiaceae Jointed Button Weed Herb Medicinal Purple Leaved Button Weed Herb Medicinal 437 Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.f. Rubiaceae 438 Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski Asteraceae Singapore Daisy Herb Ornamental 439 Sphagneticola calendulacea (L.) Pruski Asteraceae Chinese Wedelia Herb Ornamental 440 Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br. Poaceae Smut Grass Herb Fodder 441 Stachytarpheta mutabilis (Jacq.) Vahl Verbenaceae Coral Porterweed Herb Medicinal Shrubby Pencil Flower Herb Ornamental 442 Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Alston Fabaceae Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) 443 G.L.Nesom Asteraceae Newyork Aster Herb Ornamental 444 Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Asteraceae Cinderella Weed Herb Medicinal Edible, Medicinal, 445 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae Jambul Tree Edible, Medicinal, 446 Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston Myrtaceae Malabar Plum Tree Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) 447 R.Br.ex Roem. & Schult. Apocynaceae Crape Jasmine Shrub Medicinal 448 Tagetes erecta L. Asteraceae Mexican Marigold Shrub Ornamental 449 Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss. Portulacaceae Cylon Spinach Herb Edible Edible, Medicinal, 450 Tamarindus indica L. Caesalpinaceae Tamarind Tree Tarlmounia elliptica (DC.) "H.Rob., 451 S.C.Keeley, Skvarla & R.Chan" Asteraceae Curtain Creeper Climber Fodder 452 Tecoma capensis (Thunb.) Lindl. Bignoniaceae Cape Honeysuckle Shrub Ornamental Yellow Trumpet Bush Shrub Ornamental 453 Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth Bignoniaceae 454 Tectona grandis L.f. Verbenaceae Teak Tree Medicinal, 455 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Fabaceae Wild Indigo Herb 456 Terminalia catappa L. Combretaceae Tropical Almond Tree Edible, Medicinal, 40 ISSN: (Online)

14 457 Themeda cymbaria Hack. Poaceae Elephant Grass Herb Fodder 458 Themeda triandra Forssk. Poaceae Kangaroo Grass Herb Fodder 459 Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol.ex Correa Malvaceae Portia Tree Tree Medicinal, 460 Thuja occidentalis L. Cupressaceae Thuja Tree Ornamental 461 Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T.Anderson Acanthaceae King's Mantle Shrub Medicinal Mexican 462 Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.)A.Gray Asteraceae Sunflower Shrub Ornamental Maxican Sunflower Shrub Medicinal 463 Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) S.F.Blake Asteraceae 464 Trachys muricata (L.) Pers. ex Trin. Poaceae Buffel Grass Herb Fodder 465 Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R.Hunt Commelinaceae Purple Heart Herb Ornamental 466 Tradescantia spathacea Sw. Commelinaceae Oyster Plant Herb Ornamental 467 Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Cucurbitaceae Chinese Cucumber Climber Edible 468 Tridax procumbens (L.) L. Asteraceae Coat Buttons Herb Medicinal 469 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Tiliaceae Bur Bush Herb Medicinal 470 Urochloa setigera (Retz.) Stapf Poaceae Herringbone Grass Herb Fodder South Indian Uvaria Shrub Medicinal 471 Uvaria narum A.DC. Annonaceae Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex 472 G.Don Orchidaceae Checkered Vanda Herb Ornamental 473 Verbena hybrida Groenl. & Rumpler Verbenaceae Verbena Herb Ornamental 474 Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper Fabaceae Black Gram Herb Edible 475 Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek Fabaceae Green Gram Herb Edible 476 Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Fabaceae Cow Pea Herb Edible 477 Vitex negundo L. Verbenaceae Chaste Tree Tree Medicinal 478 Vitis vinifera L. Vitaceae Grape Climber Edible, Medicinal 479 Zephyranthes citrina Baker Amaryllidaceae Yellow Rain Lily Herb Ornamental 480 Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. Amaryllidaceae Rose Rain Lily Herb Ornamental 481 Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae Zinger Herb Edible, Medicinal 482 Zinnia angustifolia Kunth Asteraceae Creeping Zinnia Herb Ornamental 483 Zinnia elegans L. Asteraceae Zinnia Herb Ornamental 484 Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Rhamnaceae Chinese Date Tree Edible 485 Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae Jackle Jujube Shrub Edible REFERENCES Abdoellah OS, Takeuchi K, Parikesit D, Gunawamand B and Hadikusumah HY, Structure and function of homegarden: A Revisted. Proc. Seminar Toward Harmonisation between Development and Environmental Conservation in Biological Production, February University of Tokyo, Japan, pp Alavalapati JRR, Shrestha RK, Stainbackand GA and Matta JR Agroforestry development: An environmental economic perspective. Agrofor. Syst., 61: Asfaw, Z and Woldu Z, Crop associations on homegardens in Welayta and Gurage in southern Ethiopia. Sinet (Ethiop.J. Sci.), 20: Bajpai S, Sharma AK and Kanungo, VK Traditional homegardens: A preserve of medicinal plants. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 1(2): Budowski G, Homegardens in tropical America: A review. In Landauer, K. and Brazil, M. (eds). Tropical Homegardens.United Nations University Press, Tokyo, Japan, pp.3-8. Caron CM, The role of non-timber tree products in household food procurement strategies: profile of a Sri Lankan village. Agrofor. Syst., 32: Christanty L, Homegardens in Tropical Asia, with special reference to Indonesia. In: Landauer, K. and Brazil, M. (eds). Tropical Homegardens, United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan, pp Christanty L,.Abdoellah OS, Marten GG and Iskandar J, Traditional agroforestry in West Java: The pekarangan (homegardens) and kebun-talun (annual-perennial rotation) cropping systems. In Marten, G.G. (ed.). Traditional Agriculture in Southeast Asia, Boulder, Colorado, USA, pp Cocks ML, and Wiersum KF, The significance of plant diversity to rural households in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 13: Das T and Das AK, Inventorying plant biodiversity in homegardens: A case study in Barak Valley, Assam North East India. Curr. Sci., 89: Dury S, Vilcosqui L and Mary F, Durian trees (Durio zibethinus Murr.) in Javanese homegardens: their importance in informal financial systems. Agrofor. Syst., 33: ISSN: (Online)