Food Trees Project: Background and general introduction

Transcription

1 Food Trees Project: Background and general introduction Food trees for diversified diets, improved nutrition, and better livelihoods for smallholders in East Africa: Kenya and Uganda Stepha McMullin, Project Leader 19 th July 2017

2 Global Malnutrition Source:

3 Fruit consumption gaps Fruit consumption, grams per person per day Source: Ruel, M. T., N. Minot, and L. Smith Patterns and determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption in sub-saharan Africa.

4 Consumption of fruits and vegetables Past and projected fruit and vegetable consumption globally World United States WHOrecommended 146 kg Middle East + North Africa Eastern Europe + Central Asia East Asia + Pacific South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa change Kenya: 114 kg (78%) Latin Amer. + the Caribbean Kg fruit and vegetables/person per year Figure 1, Modified from Msangi and Rosegrant Feeding the Future s Changing Diets; Ruel et al Patterns of fruit & vegetable consumption in SSA. Figure 2, Ruel et al Patterns of fruit & vegetable consumption in SSA

5 Fruit and vegetable consumption in Kenya Country level data available for Kenya (1997) Source: Collated from Ruel, M.T, Minot,N and L.Smith. Patterns and determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption in sub-saharan Africa. Background paper for the Joint FAO/WHO Workshop on Fruit and Vegetables for Health, 1-3 September 2004, Kobe Japan. Source: ICRAF Fruiting Africa Data, Western Kenya, 2014

6 Production Dietary Gaps Food production trends in sub Saharan Africa 2003/2009 Source: Herforth 2010

7 Fruit Tree Portfolios: year-round fruit harvest for food and dietary gaps

8 Developing fruit tree portfolios The portfolio approach recommends the optimum number and combination of ecologically suitable tree species to provide for household food and nutrition gaps year round Each month at least 1 fruit species is ready for harvest, even during the hunger gap (green shade = harvest season) Example from Eastern Kenya, Machakos County, Fruiting Africa Project, EC/IFAD

9 Hunger gap Vitamin contents: +++ very high; ++ high; + good; (+) intermediate 2 IFT available during the food insecure months (Pro)vitamin A and C supply possible yearround if the 10 species are grown on farm Supply of nutrients year-round, access to food & nutrition during hunger gap (direct & indirect), income from surplus fruits The portfolio can be developed to include suitable and complementary vegetables, as well as annual and staple crops to provide for a whole diet approach

10 An agroforestry approach: the portfolio recommends a combination of ecologically suitable tree species and crops to provide for HH food and nutrition gaps year round Fruit tree and crop portfolio for Rumuruti, Laikipia County Months of food insecurity ( hunger gap ) identified, January + February Specific food and nutrient gaps identified (food consumption data) - low fruit consumption, low Vit A rich fruits consumed, low diversity of fruit consumed English names Scientific Names Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Maize** Zea mays Potatoes** Solanum tuberosum Yams Dioscorea alata Millet Pennisetum glaucum Cassava Manihot esculeta Beans** Phaseolus vulgaris Runner beans Phaseolus coccineus Dolichos Lablab purpureus Groundnuts Arachis hypogaea Peas Pisum sativum Malabar gourd Cucurbita ficifolia Cowpeas leaves Vigna unguiculata Black night shade Solanum nigrum Pumpkin leaves Cucurbita maxima Stinging nettle Urtica mqassaica Cat thorn Scutia myrtina Bush plum** Carissa spinarum Bananas** Musa x paradisiaca Avocado** Persea americana Mangoes** Mangifera indica Oranges** Citrus sinensis Guava** Psidium guajava Mulberry Morus alba Pawpaw Carica papaya Magic gwarra Euclea divinorum Annona Annona reticulata Grewia Grewia similis Wild berry Rhus natalensis/vulgaris Notes: Portfolios based on 4 FDGs and HH surveys on 150 farms, 83% of HHs had experienced food scarcity in the last 12 months, **most consumed crops/vegetables & fruits according to FDGs Food Insecure Months Baseline Data Food Insecure Months FDGs Harvest Periods Protein (g/100g) Carbo. (g/100g) Vit. A (ug/100g) (+) is Low; + is Moderate; ++ is High; and +++ is Very High Nutrient content data not available Folic acid (ug/100g) Vit. C (mg/100g) Iron (mg/100g) Zinc (mg/100g) (+) (+) +++ (+) + ++ (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) +++ (+) (+) (+) (+) + + (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+)

11 Fruit trees already on farms, in production but there are gaps Frequency Mean abundance English name Species name Origin (plots with spp.) on farms with spp. Recommendation Tickberry Lantana camara Pawpaw Carica papaya Exotic 65% 16 (commercial) increase frequency Mango Mangifera indica Exotic 92% 29 (commercial) check varieties Banana Musa x paradisiaca Loquat Eriobotrya japonica Exotic 10% 4 promote Mulberry Morus alba Exotic 24% 2 promote Tamarind Tamarindus indica Waterberry Syzygium spp. Exot/indig. 23% 1.5 promote Custard apple Annona reticulata Exotic 13% 2 promote Guava Psidium guajava Exotic 31% 4 promote Pomegranate Punica granatum White sapote Casimiroa edulis Exotic 19% 1.5 promote Wild medlar Vangueria madagascariensis Lemon Citrus limon Exotic 50% 5 (commercial) increase frequency Orange Citrus sinensis Exotic 39% 11 (commercial) increase frequency Chocolate berry Vitex payos Indig. 6% 6 promote Avocado Persea americana Passionfruit Passiflora edulis Exotic 14% 5 promote Jacket plum Pappea capensis Desert date Balanites aegyptiaca Indig. 18% 11 increase frequency Bush plum Carissa edulis Some species dominant on farms, potential for varietal diversity (nutrient content, harvest/maturation) Some species are not yet frequent or abundant on farms Need to promote cultivation of certain species, particularly the indigenous spp. Machakos County, Data from Fruiting Africa Project, EC/IFAD, for Machakos County, Lower Eastern Kenya

12 An agroforestry approach: fruit tree and crop portfolios, year-round harvest for food and nutrition gaps Communication tools with integrated agriculture and nutrition information for dissemination to farmers, extension agents and interested partners Innovation Hubs for distribution of quality tree planting material, demonstration plots and farmer training on agroforestry and tree management

13 Community Agroforestry Innovation Hubs Group nurseries in Machakos County, Eastern Kenya. Pictures: S.McMullin

14 e.g Nutrition-sensitive value chain: Fruits Input Production Postharvest /Storage Processing /Export Retail/ Market Varieties with highest nutrient content, e.g. vitamin A Early and late maturing varieties to extend the harvest period Portfolios of diverse fruit spp. yearround fruit production Optimal soil fertility to produce nutrient-rich fruits Tree mgt & cropping systems Picking fruits at the right ripening stage with the highest nutrient content Cold storage to maintain nutrients Reduce waste + loss Improved processing techniques to maintain the nutrient content Better packaging to support nutrient retention Product Dev. Kehlenbeck et al Enhanced marketing pathways to get the product to consumers in short time to retain nutrients Awareness creation among consumers Consumer Access Domestic & Int

15 A. Trees for Products The Right Trees for the Right Place fruit firewood medicine income Sawn wood fodder B. Trees for Services Soil fertility Carbon erosion watershed shade biodiversity C. Trees for right place Simple as ABC!?

16 vegetationmap4africa New version with web-based, Google Earth and mobile maps

17

18 Thank you