Salt Tolerance Value Ranges for Selected / Example Western Reclamation and Forage Species
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1 Salt Tolerance Value Ranges for Selected / Example Western Reclamation and Forage Species (K. Lair, unpublished data adapted and compiled from literature reviews on salinity tolerance see selected references citations below) Ratings represent upper limits of plant survival. Productivity and vigor of plants may be initially affected at lesser salinity values typically 40-50% of the highest survival rating. Very high (>12 ds m -1 ) Agropyron spp. Cynodon dactylon Distichlis spicata Elymus canadensis Elymus macrourus Elymus trachycaulus Festuca arundinacea Leymus angustus Leymus triticoides Muhlenbergia asperifolia Pascopyrum smithii Pseudoroegneria spicata X Elymus repens Puccinellia nuttaliana Spartina gracilis Sporobolus airoides Thinopyrum ponticum Triglochin maritima Forbs Haplopappus acradenius Heliotropium curassavicum Salicornia spp. Suaeda spp. Trifolium fragiferum Allenrolfia occidentalis Atriplex canescens Atriplex confertifolia Atriplex corrugata Atriplex gardneri Atriplex lentiformis Atriplex nuttallii Atriplex polycarpa Sarcobatus vermiculatus Crested wheatgrass Bermuda grass Inland saltgrass Canada wildrye Thickspike wheatgrass Slender wheatgrass Tall fescue Altai wildrye Beardless wildrye Alkali muhly Western wheatgrass Hybrid (RS) wheatgrass Nuttall s alkaligrass Alkali cordgrass Alkali sacaton Tall wheatgrass Arrowgrass Alkali goldenbush Salt heliotrope Glasswort Seepweed Strawberry clover Iodinebush Fourwing saltbush Shadscale Mat saltbush Gardner saltbush Quailbush Nuttall s saltbush Desert saltbush Greasewood 1
2 High (8-12 ds m -1 ) Alopecurus arundinaceus Bromus commutatus Bromus inermis Bromus marginatus Dactylis glomerata Elytrigia intermedia Elytrigia intermedia trichophora Lolium perenne Panicum obtusum Paspalum dilitatum Paspalum distichum Psathyrostachys juncea Sporobolus wrightii Forbs Astragalus cicer Atriplex patula Kochia americana Lotus corniculatus Machaeranthera spp. Medicago sativa Melilotus officianalis Melilotus alba Stanleya pinnata (Baccharis spp.) (Chilopsis linearis) (Frankenia spp.) (Isocoma heterophylla) (Pluchea sericea) (Prosopis pubescens) Moderate (4-8 ds m -1 ) Achnatherum hymenoides Alopecurus pratensis Bothriochloa barbinodes Bouteloua spp. Danthonia spp. Leymus racemosus Panicum virgatum Pleuraphis jamesii Pleuraphis rigida Stipa, Achnatherum, Nassella, and Hesperostipa spp. Creeping foxtail Meadow bromegrass Smooth bromegrass Mountain bromegrass Orchardgrass Intermediate wheatgrass Pubescent wheatgrass Perennial ryegrass Vine mesquite Dallis grass Knotgrass Russian wildrye Giant sacaton Cicer milkvetch Spearleaf fathen Green molly Birdsfoot trefoil Woody aster Alfalfa Yellow sweetclover White sweetclover Prince s plume Seep willow Desert willow Alkali heath Rayless goldenrod Arroweed Screwbean mesquite Indian ricegrass Meadow foxtail Cane bluestem Grama grasses Oatgrass Mammoth wildrye Switchgrass Galleta grass Big Galleta Needlegrasses 2
3 Forbs Oenothera spp. Sanguisorba minor Shepherdia canadensis Sphaeralcea spp. Trifolium spp. Artemisia tridentata tridentata Chrysothamnus spp. Ephedra spp. Fallugia paradoxa Krascheninnikovia lanata Larrea spp. Lycium spp. Prosopis spp. Purshia spp. Rhus spp. Symphoricarpos spp. Tetradymia spinosa Evening primrose Small burnet Buffaloberry Globemallow Clover Basin big sagebrush Rabbitbrush Mormon tea Apache plume Winterfat Creosotebush Wolfberry Mesquite Bitterbrush Sumac Snowberry Horsebrush Mild or light (<4 ds m -1 ) Soil salinity values less than 4 mmhos cm-1 are typically considered to exhibit little or no impact on survival or productivity of most commonly used, native reclamation plant species. Selected References - Salt Tolerance in Reclamation and Forage Plant Species American Society of Civil Engineers Agricultural salinity assessment and management. ASCE Man. and Rep. on Eng. Pract. No. 71. New York, NY. 619pp. Bernstein, L Salt tolerance of grasses and forage legumes. USDA Agric. Info. Bull. No pp. Bernstein, L Salt tolerance of plants. Agric. Res. Serv., Washington, DC. 23pp. Branson, F.A., R.F. Miller and S.K. Sorenson Tolerances of plants to drought and salinity in the western United States. U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Resources Invest. Rep pp. Brown, P.L., A.D. Halvorson, F.H. Siddoway, H.F. Mayland and M.R. Miller Saline-seep diagnosis, control and reclamation. USDA Agric. Res. Serv. Conserv. Res. Rep. No pp. 3
4 Byron, J Salt tolerance of landscape species evaluated. California Agric. (July- August). pp Cervinka, V A farming system for the management of salt and selenium on irrigated land (agroforestry). California Dep. Food and Agric., Sacramento, CA. 17pp. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (FWPCA) Water quality criteria report to the National Technical Advisory Coomittee to the Secretary of the Interior. Fed. Water Poll. Control Admin., Washington, DC. 234pp. Follett, R.H., W.T. Franklin and R.D. Heil Salt-affected soils (saline and sodium problems). Colorado St. Univ. Coop. Ext. Pamphlet 99. 4pp. Kotuby-Amacher, J., R. Koenig and B. Kitchen Salinity and plant tolerance. Utah St. Univ. Coop. Ext. Publ. AG-SO-03. 8pp. Majerus, M.E Plant materials for saline-alkaline soils. Plant Materials Tech. Note No. 26 (revised). U.S. Dep. Agric., Nat. Resources Conserv. Serv., Bridger, MT. 5pp. Majerus, M.E. Undated. Sprigging rhizomatous grasses in saline-alkaline soils. USDA- NRCS Plant Materials Cen., Bridger, MT. 10pp. McWilliams, D Soil salinity and sodicity limits efficient plant growth and water use. New Mexico St. Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv. Guide A pp. National Technical Advisory Committee Water quality criteria. Fed. Water Pollution Contr. Admin., Washington, DC. (pp ). Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Soil salinity management Nonirrigated. Conservation practice standard 571. U.S. Dep. Agric., Nat. Resources Conserv. Serv., Bozeman, MT. 13pp. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Conservation practice standard and specification no. 571 soil salinity management. USDA-NRCS Tech. Guide, Sect. IV (State-specific). ( Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Plant materials for salinealkali soils. NRCS Montana Plant Materials Tech. Note No. 26 (rev). USDA-NRCS, Bridger, MT. 5pp. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Salt tolerance of plants. NRCS Idaho Plant Materials Tech. Note No. 9 (rev). USDA-NRCS, Boise, ID7pp. Ogle, D Salt tolerance of plants. Plant Materials Tech. Note No. 9. U.S. Dep. Agric., Nat. Resources Conserv. Serv., Boise, ID. 7pp. 4
5 Rhoades, J.D Reclamation and management of salt-affected soils after drainage. Soil and Water Manage. Sem. Proc., First Ann. West. Prov. Conf. on Rationalization of Water and Soil Research and Management. Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. pp Richards, L.A. (ed) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. U.S. Salinity Lab., USDA Agric. Handbook No pp. Swift, C.E Salt tolerance of various temperate zone ornamental plants. Colorado St. Univ. Coop. Ext. Tri-River Area Factsheet. 10pp. U.S. Salinity Laboratory Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Agric. Handbook No. 60 (Chap. 4, pp ). 5
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