Spring Transition From Perennial Ryegrass To Bermudagrass and Poa annua Management. Fred Yelverton, PhD Professor & Extension Specialist, NCSU

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1 Spring Transition From Perennial Ryegrass To Bermudagrass and Poa annua Management Fred Yelverton, PhD Professor & Extension Specialist, NCSU

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7 Sulfonylurea Herbicides Certainty Manor or Blade Revolver Monument Tranxit

8 Sulfonylurea Herbicides Interfere with acetolactate synthase (ALS Inhibitor) Readily absorbed by foliage and roots and translocated to meristematic region. Growth is inhibited in sensitive plants, followed by chlorosis and death of growing points. Usually takes about 10 to 21 days.

9 Characteristics of SU Herbicides Favorable environmental profile Low use rates Short-lived in soils (1/2 life 6-20 days) Warm-season grasses tolerant, cool-season grasses sensitive High water solubilities Weed sensitivity varies greatly

10 SU Herbicides in the Southwestern US Removal of perennial ryegrass Control of Poa annua Sedge control

11 Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus)

12 % Control Purple Nutsedge Control With Dismiss and Quicksilver Combinations cd a-d cd bcd ab a May 30 Application; Sep 14 Evaluation 2006: Plymouth Country Club Dismiss 4F 8 oz/a Dismiss 4F 12 oz/a Quicksilver 1.9EW 2 oz/a Dismiss 4F + Quicksilver 1.9EW oz/a Certainty 1.25 oz/a + NIS 0.25% Monument 0.56 oz/a + NIS 0.25% Check

13 Bermudagrass Bermudagrass has a high light requirement and does not grow well under low light or shady environments Increased light intensity and daylength increase rhizome, stolon, and leaf growth

14 Shade Tolerance of Various Turfgrasses Warm-Season Species St. Augustine zoysiagrass centipedegrass bermudagrass Shade Tolerance excellent good medium very poor

15 Bermudagrass Under low light (<60% full sunlight), bermudagrass develops narrow, elongated leaves, thin upright stems, elongated internodes, and weak rhizomes

16 Response of TifEagle to Shade % Shade Turf Quality a 3.85 b % Lateral Regrowth 69 a 34 b

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18 Bermudagrass The Problem Turf-type cool-season cultivars that perform well during the autumn overseeding establishment and winter playing season tend to persist well into the spring and early summer Canopy shading results in impaired bermudagrass greenup and possible stand loss

19 Bermudagrass spring transition (cont.) Minimizing spring transition problems Lower mowing height Increased nitrogen fertility Light vertical mowing Core aerification

20 Treatments Ammonium nitrate (4-25 & 6-13) -applied at 2 lbs / 1000ft 2 to wet turf foliage Core cultivation * Pronamide -applied at 1 lb ai/a Scalping * Vertical mowing * Vertical mowing / scalping * Nontreated * Treatments repeated every 2 weeks

21 Summary Verticutting, core cultivating and later ammonium nitrate application did not affect ryegrass transition.

22 Summary The perennial ryegrass in all treatments transitioned out at the same rate as the nontreated plots Thus environmental conditions ultimately dictated transition of overseeded perennial ryegrass to bermudagrass

23 Bermudagrass - Overseeding Trend to hold perennial ryegrass too long in the spring and overseed too early in the fall

24 How Much Growth Does Bermudagrass Need (w/o ryegrass competition)? About 100 days (Observation) Anything less will lead to a gradual decline of bermuda over time

25 Spring Transition- What Happens to Bermudagrass? Plant Competition: Light most plants compete for this Nutrients H 2 O CO 2

26 Spring Transition- What Happens to Bermudagrass? Bermudagrass is aggressive so is perennial ryegrass. In spring, competitive edge heavily favors perennial ryegrass. It s all about plant competition!

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30 Will There Be A Successful Spring Transition Without Herbicides? Depends on where you are: NC No Florida Yes South TX Yes Arizona No California Mostly No

31 Spring Transition- What Happens to Bermudagrass? Long-term health of bermudagrass will hinge on successfully growing it back in prior to overseeding in the fall.

32 Summary It s all about light/shade

33 Spring Transition- What Happens to Bermudagrass? Bermudagrass that is not wellestablished should not be overseeded.

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37 What Is The Best Herbicide To Use? Kerb Manor or Blade Revolver Monument Tranxit Certainty

38 Rates (Based on Results) Kerb 1.0 lb ai/a Manor or Blade 0.5 oz/a + NIS Revolver 0.4 oz/m or 18 oz/a Monument 0.3 oz/a + NIS Tranxit 1.0 oz/a + NIS Certainty 1.33 oz/a + NIS

39 What Are The Issues With Herbicide Use? Costs: ranges from $40- $100/acre How fast do you want to kill it? Dead and dying ryegrass is not pretty Herbicides are mobile

40 What Is The Best Herbicide To Use? All five are effective in removing ryegrass (some also kill Poa annua) The speed that they remove ryegrass differs

41 Speed Of Kill with Transition Herbicides Revolver = Monument = Tranxit are faster than Manor which is faster than Kerb.

42 Speed Of Kill with Transition Herbicides Revolver, Monument, Tranxit days Manor or Blade days Kerb days

43 Sulfonylurea Herbicide Effects on Quick Trans Perennial Ryegrass Removal Revolver 17 oz Certainty 1.33 oz* Monument 0.27 oz* TranXit GTA 1 oz* Manor 0.5 oz* Flazasulfuron 1 oz* Jun Application date Apr 27, 2004

44 Movement (ft) Movement of SU Herbicides and Kerb WSP Following Irrigation on a 28o Slope Monument 0.33 oz/a* Monument 0.56 oz/a* Kerb WSP 3 lb/a* TranXit GTA 2 oz/a* Manor 0.5 oz/a* Revolver 17 oz/a Check 0 18-Mar

45 Many new herbicides are mobile

46 trifloxysulfuron 29.5 g ai/ha

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48 Nontreated

49 trifloxysulfuron 29.5 g ai/ha

50 rimsulfuron 35 g ai/ha

51 foramsulfuron 29 g ai/ha

52 metsulfuron 21 g ai/ha

53 pronamide 1.7 kg ai/ha

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57 To Reduce Tracking Risk Spray after traffic has left for the day Water lightly (5 minutes) to remove dew. Should be done next morning prior to traffic.

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59 Growth Bentgrass and Poa annua Growth Bentgrass Annual Poa Perennial Poa Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Month

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61 % Control Annual Bluegrass Control a 94a 80 71abc Barricade bc 45c Barricade.5 Ronstar 2 Pendulum 2 20 Dimension.5 0 Rates are lb ai/a applied 8 WBO, ratings taken 5-8

62 Nontreated Barricade.5 8WBO

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65 Poa annua control Revolver (left side) Monument (right side) Applied Nov 30, 2004 Photo Feb 24, 2005

66 % Control Annual Bluegrass Control Prior to Overseeding Bermudagrass a d a ac cd a a e 24-Apr 2007: Lake Wheeler Field Lab Barricade 65WG 0.5 lb ai 8 WBO TranXit + NIS 0.5 oz % 2 WBO TranXit + NIS 0.5 oz % 1 WBO TranXit + NIS 0.5 oz % 3 DBO TranXit + NIS 1 oz % 2 WBO TranXit + NIS 1 oz % 1 WBO Oct 9 Overseed Date

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68 TranXit 25DF 1 oz/a + NIS 2 WBO

69 Revolver 0.19SC 0.4 oz/m 2 WBO

70 Monument 75WG 0.47 oz/a + NIS 2 WBO

71 Prograss 1EC 0.66 (11-22) fb 0.66 (12-13) lb ai/a

72 Prograss 1EC 1 lb ai/a (11-22)

73 Annual Bluegrass Trials Prior to Overseeding GA, NC, SC Fall 2005 Percent Control Product: lb AI/A: Product: lb AI/A: Rim Rim Nic Rim Rim Nic Rim Nic Rim Nic Nic Foram Rim PR PR PR Rim Nic Rim Rim Nic Rim Nic Rim Nic Nic Applied Late SEP to Early OCT Applied Mid- to Late OCT Foram 0.013

74 Desert Mountain Poa annua Management on Putting Greens

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76 Paclobutrazol EPA Signal Word: Caution Chemical Class: Triazole Toxicity (acute oral): 5,346 mg/kg (non-toxic) Carcinogenicity: No evidence Eco-Toxicity: non-toxic to bees non-toxic to birds slightly toxic to fish slightly toxic to invertebrates

77 Treatments for Poa annua Control in Bentgrass Treatment Timing Date Paclobutrazol 0.25, 0.38, 0.5 lbs ai/a Cutless 0.5 lbs ai/a Every 4 wk 2-3 apps in fall apps in spring (applied during active growth periods for bentgrass and Poa) Primo 0.05 lbs ai/a

78 Poa annua ssp. annua Incidence in Bentgrass Nontreated Primo 0.05 Cutless 0.25 TGR 0.25 TGR TGR * * 36 * * Denotes significance from Nontreated All rates are lb ai/a Applications: 10-15, 11-12, 3-12, % Poa annua (May 25) Quail Ridge,

79 Poa annua ssp. annua Incidence in Bentgrass TGR 0.5 TGR TGR 0.25 Nontreated % Poa annua (May 15) All rates are lbs ai/a applied every 4 wks Applications: 10-18, 11-15, 12-15, 2-8, 3-8, 4-20 Quail Ridge GC, 99-00

80 Poa annua ssp. annua Control in Bentgrass TGR 0.5 TGR TGR 0.25 Nontreated Turf Quality (1-9) May 15 All rates are lbs ai/a applied every 4 wks Applications: 10-18, 11-15, 12-15, 2-8, 3-8, 4-20 Quail Ridge GC, 99-00

81 Poa annua ssp. annua Incidence in Bentgrass TGR 0.25 TGR Nontreated All rates are lbs ai/a applied every 2 wks Applications: 10-18, 11-1, 11-15, 11-30, 12-15, 1-6, 2-8, 2-22, 3-8, 3-23, 4-20 % Poa annua (May 15) Quail Ridge GC, 99-00

82 Poa annua ssp. annua Control in Bentgrass TGR 0.25 TGR Nontreated Turf Quality (1-9) May 15 All rates are lbs ai/a applied every 2 wks Applications: 10-18, 11-1, 11-15, 11-30, 12-15, 1-6, 2-8, 2-22, 3-8, 3-23, 4-20 Quail Ridge GC, 99-00

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87 Using PGRs to Suppress Poa annua in Bentgrass

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90 grams/1800 cm³ Seasonal Penncross Root Biomass Jan. Feb March April May June July Aug LSD (0.05) = Sept. Oct Nov. Dec Fagerness & Yelverton, 2001 Crop Sci. 41:

91 PGRs effects Penncross Root Biomass Nontreated TGR lb ai/a TGR 0.25 lb ai/a TGR 0.5 lb ai/a Primo 0.04 lb ai/a LSD (0.05) = grams/1800cm³ Fagerness & Yelverton, 2001 Crop Sci. 41:

92 Main effects of Primo on Penncross Fresh Root Biomass Primo No Primo Pr>F = grams Averaged over temperature

93 Amicarbazone for Poa annua Control in Bentgrass Fred Yelverton, PhD Professor & Extension Specialist

94 Amicarbazone 5.3 oz Amicarbazone 2.65 oz Sprayed Sep 5, photo Sep 11 NIS applied at 0.25%

95 Injury A1 Bentgrass Tolerance at DA-A. NCSU: Flu 2.4 Ami 2.6 Ami 5.3 Ami 7.95 Ami 10.6 Ami 2.65 fb 2.65 Ami 5.3 fb Clip ht in. Sept. 5 Oct. 15 (fb Nov. 5) Apr. 2 (fb Apr. 24) Application Date

96 Crenshaw Bentgrass Belvedere Plantation Amicarbazone Induce 3/28 & 4/17

97 Amicarbazone Induce 3/28 & 4/17

98 % POAAN Control Poa annua (POAAN) Control in Penncross Green, NSCU/Sandhills Ami 2.5 (4/7) Ami 2.5 fb 2.5 (4/7 fb 4/29) Ami 2.5 fb 2.5 (4/7 fb 5/12) Veloc 1.3 fb 1.3 (4/29 fb 5/12) st Veloc. appl Days After A Application POAAN treated at 100% seedhead stage 0.25% v/v added to all treatments

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