Biological flora of the Tuscan Archipelago islets (Tyrrhenian Sea)

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1 Webbia 64(1): Biological flora of the Tuscan Archipelago islets (Tyrrhenian Sea) BRUNO FOGGI, TOMMASO GUIDI, MARIA CAPECCHI, RICCARDO M. BALDINI & ANDREA GRIGIONI 1 Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale dell Università Via G. La Pira, 4, I Firenze 1 Orto Botanico - Museo di Storia Naturale dell Università Via P.A. Micheli, 3, I Firenze Accepted for publication 11 December 2008 Flora biologica degli isolotti dell Arcipelago Toscano (Mar Tirreno) Vengono presentati i dati floristici di 14 isolotti appartenenti all Arcipelago Toscano: Isola dei Gabbiani, Scoglietto di Portoferraio, Isola dei Topi, Palmaiola, Cerboli, Isole Gemini, Scola, Scarpa, Sparviero, Formica Grande di Grosseto, Argentarola, Isolotto di Porto Ercole, e Formiche di Burano. Tra questi, 12, escludendo La Scarpa e La Scola, sono stati studiati di recente: Scoglietto di Portoferraio, Isole Gemini e Formiche di Burano. La flora totale è costituita da 275 specie di cui 89 non ritrovate da molto tempo, mentre 49 risultano nuove segnalazioni. La flora attuale consiste in 185 specie. Le famiglie più rappresentate sono: Poaceae con 20 specie, Asteraceae con 19 specie e Fabaceae con 16 specie, rappresentando complessivamente ca. il 24% del totale. L analisi corologica evidenzia la dominanza dell elemento Mediterraneo con il 60% dell intero contingente floristico. Lo spettro biologico rivela una elevata percentuale di Terofite (48%). Le strategie eco-biologiche sono rappresentate da un elevato numero di specie ruderali (49%), mentre i tipi di diffusione sono rappresentati per lo più da strategie di lunga distanza (ca. 80%). Key words: Tyrrhenian Sea, islets, Tuscan Archipelago, Italy, life-strategies. islands are not simply miniature continents Nunn, 2004: 311. The Tuscan archipelago is formed by seven big islands: Elba, Giglio, Capraia, Montecristo, Pianosa, Giannutri and Gorgona; in addition there are various small islands, inferior to 10 ha in size. The first study concerning the flora of the Tuscan Archipelago is the one by Sommier ( ). Starting from the mid-1900s, various revision works followed, among which: the completion of the floristic list of Elba Island of Fossi Innamorati ( ), the contrubutions by Baldini (1998, 2000, 2001) on Giglio, Pianosa (excluding the islets of La Scola and La Scarpa) and Giannutri, respectively, and Foggi et al. (2000) on Capraia. Presently, the flora of the Tuscan Archipelago comprises just over 1300 species, subdi- vided among the various islands (Arrigoni et al., 2003), even though the information regarding most part of the islets is missing from this list. The vegetation of the Tuscan islands has slso been the subject of recent investigations in addition to the few and generic observations presented by Caruel (1871) in the Statistica Botanica della Toscana. Among these, a mention should be made to the cartographic contributions by Arrigoni & Di Tommaso (1981) on Giannutri, Filipello & Sartori (1980) on Montecristo, Foggi & Grigioni (1999) on Capraia, Foggi et al. (2006) on Elba, Foggi & Pancioli (2008) on Giglio, and Foggi et al. (2008) on Pianosa. The first contributions concerning the flora of the small islets go back to Sommier (1898) where some data on the Isola dei Gabbiani (the Perajola or Prajola) are reported and, successively, in the Flora dell Arcipelago

2 24 Toscano (Sommier, ) where data on Palmaiola and Cerboli are presented. The works by Baldini (1990, 1991, 1998, 2000, 2001) on the Formiche di Grosseto and on the islets surrounding the Argentario (Argentarola and Porto Ercole), respectively, represent the first and only revisions of the flora of these islets. In the last years the biota of the Tuscan Archipelago islets has undergone a severe change caused mostly by the socio-economic transformations, which have interested the coastal area above all and that are common to all Mediterranean islands (Delanoe et al, 1996). The consequences of these processes can be generalized as follows: loss of the low and sandy ecosystems; increase of the exotic flora and fauna species; massive increase of the seagull population. The latter has especially affected the biota of the small islets where a direct anthropic effect is lacking. In fact, the Yellow-legged Gull (Larus michahellis) nests occurring in the Tuscan Archipelago have passed from slightly more than 8000 couples in 1983 to ca. 18,000 (17,607) in 2007 (Baccetti et al., 2008). The impact of these colonies on the plant communities present on the small islets has been partially presented in Foggi et al. (2000). The aim of this work is to furnish a further contribution to the knowledge on the flora of 14 islets: Isola dei Gabbiani, Scoglietto di Portoferraio, Isola dei Topi, Palmaiola, Cerboli, Isole Gemini, Scola, Scarpa, Sparviero, Formica Grande di Grosseto, Argentarola, Isolotto di Porto Ercole, and Formiche di Burano, which are distributed around the seven principal Tuscan islands or near the coast. Along with their presence, also the main bio-ecological characteristics of the species are reported in order to underline the principal bio-ecological models of the flora. Study area The Tuscan Archipelago is formed by seven main islands: the Elba Island, 224 Km 2 wide, Capraia and Giglio, both ca. 20 Km 2, and Gorgona, Montecristo, Pianosa, Giannutri, all between 5 and 10 Km 2. Beyond these, about twenty islets of sizes between a little over half an hectare and ca. 10 ha occur, including some of only a few hundred m 2 which lack a stable flora. The islets are distributed throughout the Tuscan Archipelago although the highest number is located around the Elba Island (Fig. 1). B. Foggi, T. Guidi, M. Capecchi, R.M. Baldini, A. Grigioni In Table 1 (from Foggi et al., 2000) the main geographical and ecological features of the 14 examined islets are reported. As expected, considering the small size, local thermo-pluviometric stations are missing. A brief climatic outline was derived from the data of the nearest stations (Capraia, Elba: Portoferraio and Punta Calamita, Pianosa, Argentario). In general, the examined islets belong to the Mediterranean bioclimate (Biondi & Baldoni, 1995); following the Thornthwaite & Mather (1957) climatic types, in Table 1 it is possible to note the tendency towards a higher summer drought and lower precipitations, in particular in the winter-spring, passing from the NW islets to the extreme SE ones. The data concerning the lithologic substrate reveal a great heterogeneity: Formica di Burano, Argentarola, Formica Grosseto, Gemini Terra, Scoglietto di Portoferraio, and the two islets around Pianosa (La Scarpa and La Scola) are calcareous; Cerboli is made up of limestone and breccia; Sparviero, Palmaiola and Isola dei Topi of sandstone; Gemini Mare of diabase; Isola dei Gabbiani of volcanic rock; Porto Ercole of limestone, breccia and sandstone. According to the classification by Arrigoni & Bocchieri (1996), the examined areas can be divided into 11 small islands (size between 1 and 10 ha) and 3 islets (inferior to 1 ha). For the vegetation types occurring on the various islets, the information is available in Foggi et al. (2001). Materials and methods In this study we present the floristic information concerning the following islets: Isola dei Gabbiani (GAB), Scoglietto di Portoferraio (SCO), Isola dei Topi (TO), Palmaiola (PAL), Cerboli (CER), Gemini Terra (GETE), Gemini Mare (GEMA), Scarpa (SCA), Scola (SCL), Sparviero (SPA), Formiche di Grosseto (FG), Argentarola (AG), Isolotto di Porto Ercole (PER) and Formiche di Burano (FOBU). Regarding the Argentarola, Porto Ercole and Formiche di Grosseto islets the data was implemented from Baldini (1990, For the other islands the new data are unpublished and represent revisions to the information present in Sommier ( ); in the case of Formiche di Burano, Sparviero, Gemini Terra and Gemini Mare, Topi and Scoglietto di Portoferraio, and Isola dei Gabbiani, the data are unpublished and derive from surveys for the vegetation study (Foggi et al., 2000) and from addi-

3 Biological flora of the Tuscan Archipelago islets (Tyrrhenian Sea) 25 tional observations carried out in Unfortunately it was not possible to carry out surveys on the islets surrounding Pianosa, La Scarpa and La Scola; for these, the data reported here refer to Sommier ( ). In order to give information on the modifications of the floristic component, the available data was divided between 1900 flora and 2000 flora. The floristic list was therefore built up through bibliographical sources and field observations. In particular, concerning the sources in literature, the principal references for the 1900 flora are: Santi (1768: PER); Baroni (1899: AG, PER); Sommier (1898, 1910: GAB); Sommier (1902: TOPI); Sommier, : CER, PAL, FG, AG, PER, SCA, SCL); for the 2000 flora : De Dominicis et al. (1988: SPA); Baldini ( : FG, AG, PER); Foggi et al. (2000: GAB, POR, TOPI, PAL, CER, GEMA, GETE, SPA, FG, PER). The recent surveys also refer to the vegetation works by De Dominicis & al. (1988) for Sparviero (SPA) and by Foggi et al. (2000) for the islets: Gabbiani (GAB), Topi (TOPI), Scoglietto di Portoferraio (POR), Palmaiola (PAL), Cerboli (CER), the two Gemini (GEMA e GETE), Sparviero (SPA) once again, Formiche di Grosseto (FG), the islet of Porto Ercole (PER), Formiche di Burano (FOBU), and to the floristic Fig. 1 - The study area. The islets investigated are highlighted in the details (scale 1:25.000).

4 26 B. Foggi, T. Guidi, M. Capecchi, R.M. Baldini, A. Grigioni works by Baldini (1990, 1991) concerning the Formiche di Grosseto (FG) and the islets surrounding the Argentario (Argentarola: AG, and the islet of Porto Ercole: PER), respectively. The floristic surveys refer to the above cited works; the data from GAB, TOPI, POR, PAL, CER, GEMA, GETE, SPA, FG, PER and FOBU also account for personal observations not present in Foggi et al. (2000). To this effect, in the floristic list the collected data from this study and the unpublished data are for simplicity referred to Foggi & Grigioni The plants collected in these islets refer to the surveys carried out in the months of May and June, between 1998 and In Table 2, the collectors are grouped according to the divisions 1900 flora and 2000 flora. The presence of each species is signalled by a report from the 1900 flora and one from the 2000 flora in order to verify its continuity. The exsiccata are conserved in the herbarium of the Botanical Garden of the University of Florence. For the islands of Palmaiola (PAL) and Cerboli (CER), the data also considers unpublished information provided by F. Garbari (Pisa) and C. Del Prete (Modena) to whom we are grateful. The systematic order and delimitation of the families follows Pichi Sermolli (1977) for the Pteridophytes, Dahlgren (1983) for the Dicotyledon Angiosperms and Dahlgren et al. (1985) for the Monocotyledons. Nomenclature follows Pignatti (1982), Tutin et al. Table 1 - Geographical, geological and ecological data of the islets. Area Altitude Distance from: Climatic Substrate Seagull Tuscan coast Type nests Elba * Elba * Capraia ** Argentario ** Pianosa*** Capraia *** Pianosa**** ha m m n. GAB 1, ** B'3b'4C1W Trachytes Isola dei Gabbiani *** POR 0,56 16, * B'3b'4C1W2 Limestone Scoglietto Portoferraio * TOPI 1, * B'3b'4C1W2 Sandstone Topi * CER 8, B'3b'4C1W2 Limestone, mixed Cerboli * PAL 8, B'3b'4C1W2 Sandstone Palmaiola * GETE 1,8 23,4 100 * B'2a'C1W2 Limestone Gemini Terra * GEMA 1,9 40,5 240 * B'2a'C1W2 Diabases Gemini Mare * SCL 1, *** B'2a'Dd Limestone? Scola **** SCA 0, *** B'2a'Dd Limestone? Scarpa **** SPA 1, B'2b'4C1W2 Sandstone Sparviero ** FG 9, B'2b'4C1W2 Limestone Formica Grande ** AG 1, B'2b'4C1W2 Limestone Argentarola ** PER 6,3 67,5 300 B'2b'4C1W2 Limestone, mixed, Isolotto Porto Ercole ** sandstone FOBU 0, B'2b'4C1W2 Limestone Formica di Burano **

5 Biological flora of the Tuscan Archipelago islets (Tyrrhenian Sea) 27 ( ; 1993), Greuter et al. ( ), Kerguelen (1999 ff.), Conti et al., (2006) and Jeanmonod & Gamisans (2007). For each species, the information is presented in the following order: chorological type; plant life-form; biological strategy, according to the indications in Grime (2001) e Grime et al. (1986); fecundation and dispersal (Julve, 1998 ff.) types; observations. Afterwards, the presence in the various islets is indicated including the first and last report in bibliography, or in the latter case, the observer and the observation year (in italics). Table 2 - Collectors grouped according to the 1900 flora and 2000 flora ; in bold the islets visited in the two periods. Islets "1900 flora" "2000 flora" GAB Sommier, 1902, 1908 (partial) Foggi & Grigioni, POR Foggi & Grigioni, TOPI Foggi & Grigioni, PAL Sommier, Garbari & Del Prete, Foggi & Grigioni, CER Sommier, Garbari & Del Prete, Foggi & Grigioni, GETE Foggi & Grigioni, GEMA Foggi & Grigioni, SPA De Dominicis et al., 1988 Foggi & Grigioni, SCL Sommier, SCA Sommier, FG Sommier, 1903 Baldini, 1990 Foggi & Grigioni, AG Baroni, 1898 Baldini, 1991 Sommier, 1902 Foggi & Grigioni, PER Santi, 1768 Baldini, 1991 Arcangeli, 1883 Foggi & Grigioni, Baroni, 1898 Sommier, 1903 FOBU Foggi & Grigioni, LIST OF TAXA Legend to floristic list: Name (Principal synonyms) plant life-form chorological type life strategy fecundation dispersal. The islets are listed from N to S: GAB; POR, TOPI, PAL, CER, GETE, GEMA, SCL, SCA, SPA, FG, AG, PER, FOBU, together with bibliographical reference or the name of the first and the last signaller/s in italics. Presence in the Red List/Regional Law. Eventual observations.the geographical and bio-ecological data is given, at least for one islet, for the species report during the recent investigations grouped in 2000 flora. The species that were no longer reported are in italics. ADIANTACEAE Adiantum capillus-veneris L.

6 28 B. Foggi, T. Guidi, M. Capecchi, R.M. Baldini, A. Grigioni ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium onopteris L. H Holarctic S Ane mo - philous PAL (Garbari & Del Prete, 2000). CUPRESSACEAE Juniperus turbinata Guss. (J. phoenicea Auct. Fl. Ital, non L.) - Mediterranean C Pcaesp Endozoochory CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Foggi & Grigioni, ). PINACEAE Pinus halepensis Miller Pcaesp Mediterranean C/S Anemogamy PER (Baldini, RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus sardous Crantz Clematis flammula L. Plian Mediterranean R Entomogamy PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PER (Baldini, PAPAVERACEAE Papaver somniferum L. (Papaver somniferum L. subsp. somniferum (incl. subsp. hortense); Papaver somniferum L. var. hortense (Hussenot) Corb.) CER (Sommier, ) Papaver rhoeas L. Tscap Euro-Mediterranean R Entomogamy Ballistic; Endozoochory GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ); SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Sommier, 1902) Glaucium flavum Crantz Mediterranean S Hscap Entomogamy Barochory FG (Sommier, 1903; Baldini, 1990); PER (Baldini, FUMARIACEAE Fumaria barnolae Sennen et Pau Tscap Mediteranean R Autogamy Barochory FG (Baldini, 1990); AG (Baldini, 1991); PER (Baldini, Fumaria bastardii Boreau Tscap Mediterranean R Autogamy Hydrochory; Barochory AG (Baldini, Fumaria bicolor Sommier ex Nicotra (Fumaria capreolata L. var. bicolor Sommier) Tscap Meditterranean R Autogamy Barochory GAB (Sommier, 1908); SCL (Sommier, ); AG (Baldini, Obs.: Central-Mediterranean specie described for the island Isola del Giglio (Nicotra, 1897), well-represented in the Tuscan Archipelago and the nearby Tyrrhenian coast (Baldini, 1995, 1998, 2000a). Fumaria capreolata L. Tscap Mediterranean R Autogamy Myrmecochory; Hydrochory; Barochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ); SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Baldini, Fumaria flabellata Gasp. (Fumaria capreolata L. var. flabellata (Gasp.) Fiori) Fumaria officinalis L. Tscap Euro-Mediterranean R Autogamy Myrmecochory GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ). MORACEAE Ficus carica L. Pscap Mediterranean C Entomogamy Zoochory (Avifauna) PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ). URTICACEAE Urtica dubia Forskaal (Urtica membranacea Poir.; Urtica caudata Vahl.) Tscap Mediterranean R Anemo - gamy Epizoochory PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ). Urtica urens L. Tscap Cosmopolitan R Anemogamy Epizoochory CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); AG (Baldini 1991); PER (Foggi & Grigioni, ) Parietaria judaica L. (Parietaria diffusa Mert. et Koch) Hscap Euro-Mediterranean R Anemogamy Epizoochory GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); FG (Sommier, 1903 sub: P. officinalis L.; Baldini, 1990); SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); AG (Sommier 1903; Baldini, 1991); PER (Sommier, 1903; Baldini, 1991; Foggi & Grigioni, ). AIZOACEAE Carpobrotus acinaciformis (L.) L. Bolus Chsuffr Adventitious C/R Entomogamy Mixed PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ). L.R. 56/2000: the cultivation of the specie is prohibited in the regional territory. Obs.: Ornamental specie; very invasive, especially along the rocky coasts all along the Tuscan Archipelago, threatening the Crithmo-Limonietum (cf. Baldini, 2001).

7 Biological flora of the Tuscan Archipelago islets (Tyrrhenian Sea) 29 Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L. - Tscap Tethydic R Entomogamy ; Zoochory; Barochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); SCO (Sommier, ); SPA (De Dominicis et al. 1988; Foggi & Grigioni, ); AG (Baldini, L.R. 56/2000: the cultivation of the specie is prohibited in the regional territory. CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium album L. Tscap Cosmopolitan R Anemogamy Endozoochory CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); POR (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Chenopodium murale L. Tscap Cosmopolitan R Anemogamy PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, , Baldini, 1991); AG (Baldini, 1991); PER (Baldini, Chenopodium vulgare L. Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) Moris Chfrut Mediterranean S Anemogamy FG (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Atriplex hastata L. (Atriplex prostrata DC.) Tscap Olartica R Autogamy GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); POR (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); SPA (De Dominicis & Al. 1988; Foggi & Grigioni, ); FG (Sommier, 1903; Baldini,1990); FOBU (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Atriplex patula L. Atriplex portulacoides L. (Obione portulacoides Moq.; Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen) Hscap Holarctic R Autogamy PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); FG (Sommier, 1903; Baldini, 1990); FOBU (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris Beta vulgaris L. subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang. Tscap Mediterranean R Anemogamy SPA (De Dominicis & al. 1988; Foggi & Grigioni, ). Salsola soda L. Tscap Eurasian S Anemogamy Barochory FOBU (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Suaeda vera L. Chsuffr Mediterranean R Anemo - gamy Hydrochory SPA (De Dominicis & al. 1988; Foggi & Grigioni, ). PORTULACACEAE Portulaca oleracea L. subsp. granulato-stellulata (Poellen) Danin & H.G. Baker Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean R Entomogamy Hydrochory; Endozoochory (Avifauna) POR (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ); FG (Baldini, 1990); PER (Baldini, CARYOPHYLLACEAE Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Tscap Cosmopolitan - R/S Entomogamy CER (Sommier, ); SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Baroni, 1898). Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. PER (Baroni, 1898). Cerastium semidecandrum L. CER (Sommier, ); Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. CER (Sommier, ) Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood (Dianthus prolifer L.; Tunica prolifera Scop.) Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean - R/S Entomogamy Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link subsp. saxifraga SCL (Sommier, ) Petrorhagia velutina (Guss.) P.W. Ball & Heywood (Dianthus velutinus Guss.) Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. Tcsap - Euro-Mediterranean R Entomogamy Barochory GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Sagina maritima L. Silene gallica L. Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean R Entomogamy Silene latifolia Poir. subsp. alba (Miller) Greuter et Burdet (Lychnis alba Mill.; Silene alba (Miller) E.H.L. Krause) Hscap Holarctic R Entomogamy Silene neglecta Ten. (Silene nocturna L. subsp. neglecta (Ten.) Arcang.) Tscap Mediterranean R Entomogamy Silene nocturna L. (Silene capraria Somm.; Silene nocturna L. var. permixta Jord. ) Silene sedoides Jacq. Tscap Mediterranean - R/S Entomogamy AG (Baroni, 1898; Baldini, 1991); PER (Baroni, 1898; Baldini, Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke subsp. angustifolia (Silene inflata Smith; Silene cucubalus Wib.) Hscap Holarctic C/R Entomogamy PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ). Spergularia rubra L.

8 30 SCL (Sommier, ); SCO (Sommier, ). Spergularia salina J. et C.Presl (Lepigonum marinum Wahlb.; Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb.) Tscap Holarctic S Autogamy POR (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCO (Sommier, ); FG (Sommier, 1903; Baldini,1990); SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PER (Baldini, Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (Stellaria media Cyr. var. apetala Ucria) POLYGONACEAE Polygonum aviculare L. PER (Baldini, Rumex pulcher L. Hscap - Euro-Mediterranean R Anemogamy Epizoochory POR (Foggi & Grigioni, ); TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); FG (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PER (Foggi & Grigioni, ). LIMONIACEAE Limonium doriae (Sommier) Pignatti Chsuffr - Endemic S Entomogamy Barochory FG (Sommier, 1903; Pignatti, 1982; Baldini, 1990; Rizzotto, 1999). Note: Red List of Tuscany (VU) Obs.: endemic specie described only for the Formica Maggiore di Grosseto (Sommier, 1902; Baldini 1990; Rizzotto, 1999). Limonium ilvae Pignatti Chsuffr - Endemic S Entomogamy Barochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); POR (Foggi & Grigioni, ); TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ) Note: Red List of Tuscany (LR) Obs.: endemic species described for the Isola d Elba (Pignatti, 1982b) belonging to L. multiforme Pignatti complex (Baldini, 2000b). Limonium multiforme Pignatti Chsuffr Endemic S Entomogamy Barochory SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ; De Dominicis & al. 1988); AG (Sommier 1903b: sub Statice minuta L; Baldini, 1991); PER (Sommier 1902: sub Statice minuta L.; Baldini, Note: Red List of Tuscany (LR). Obs.: endemic species distributed only along the Tuscan coasts from Leghorn (Ardenza) to Grosseto (Ansedonia) and related to L. sommieriaum (Fiori) Arrigoni & Di Tommaso present at the Giglio, Giannutri and Montecristo islands (Baldini, 2000b). Limonium planesiae Pignatti B. Foggi, T. Guidi, M. Capecchi, R.M. Baldini, A. Grigioni SCL (Sommier, ); SCO (Sommier, ). CLUSIACEAE Hypericum perforatum L. Hscap Holarctic C/R Entomogamy Hypericum quadrangulum L. (Hypericum tetrapterum Fries) Hscap Euro-Mediterranean C/R Entomogamy Anemochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ). MALVACEAE Malva parviflora L. (Malva microcarpa Desf.; Malva parviflora L. var. microcarpa (Desf.) Fiori) PAL (Sommier, ); Malva sylvestris L. (Malva silvestris L. var. erecta (Presl) Fiori) Hscap Holarctic R Entomogamy Hydrochory; Zoochory; Anemochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ). Lavatera arborea L. HP Mediterranean R/S Entomogamy Hydrochory; Barochory POR (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); FG (Sommier, 1903; Baldini, 1990); SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); AG (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, 1991); FOBU (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Lavatera cretica L. CISTACEAE Cistus creticus L. subsp. eriocephalus (Viv.) Greuter & Burdet P Mediterranean R Entomogamy GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PER (Santi, 1768: sub C. incanus L.; Foggi & Grigioni, ). Cistus monspeliensis L. NP Mediterranean R Entomogamy PER (Baroni, 1898; Baldini, Cistus salvifolius L. NP Mediterranean R Entomogamy PER (Baldini, Fumana arabica (L.) Spach Chsuffr Mediterranean R Entomogamy Epizoochory PER (Baroni, 1898; Baldini, Fumana thymifolia (L.) Spach PER (Baroni, 1898). FRANKENIACEAE Frankenia pulverulenta L. Tscap Tethydic R Entomogamy Barochory SCO (Sommier, ); FG (Baldini,1990); PER (Baldini,

9 Biological flora of the Tuscan Archipelago islets (Tyrrhenian Sea) 31 BRASSICACEAE Brassica incana Ten. Chsuffr Mediterranean R Entomogamy AG (Baroni, 1897; Baldini, Brassica montana Pourret Tscap Chsuffr R Entomogamy PAL (Sommier, , sub B. oleracea L.; Foggi & Grigioni, ). Obs.: Very fragmented W-Mediterranean distribution specie (Snogerup et al., 1990) belonging to the Brassica oleracea L. s.l. complex. Recently a population was confirmed in the Promontorio di Piombino in front of the Elba Island (R.M. Baldini & B. Foggi, unpublished data) and the chromosome number 2n = 18 was counted. On continental Tuscany its presence is known also on the Apuan Alps (Ferrarini et al., 1994). Arabis hirsuta Scop. PER (Sommier, 1903). Cakile maritima (L.) Scop. Tscap Mediterranean R Entomogamy GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss. (Erucastrum incanum Koch) PAL (Sommier, ). Hornungia petraea (L.) Rchb. (Hutchinsia petraea R.Br.) Hymenolobus procumbens (L.) Nutt ex Schinz Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. (Clypeola marítima L.; Koniga marítima R. Br.; Alyssum maritimum Lam.) Chsuffr Tethydic R Entomogamy PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PER (Baroni, 1897; Baldini, Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. Chsuffr Mediterranean R/S Entomogamy PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ). Succowia balearica Medikus Tscap Mediterranean S Entomogamy Epizoochory Obs.: rare W-Mediterranean species also present on the pro - montory of the Monte Argentario (Baldini, 1995). Sisymbrium polyceratium L. Tscap Mediterranean R Entomogamy Barochory CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PER (Baldini, Sisymbrium orientale L. (Sisymbrium columnae Jacq.) PAL (Sommier, ). RESEDACEAE Reseda luteola L. (Reseda luteola L. var. gussonei (Boiss. et Reuter) Fiori) ERICACEAE Erica arborea L. Erica multiflora L. Pcaesp Tethydic C Entomogamy PER (Baroni, 1901; Baldini, Arbutus unedo L. P Mediterranean C Entomogamy Endozoochory PAL (Garbari & Del Prete, 2000); PER (Baroni, 1901). PRIMULACEAE Anagallis arvensis L. (Anagallis arvensis L. var. phoenicea Gouan.; Anagallis arvensis L. var. latifolia L.; Anagallis arvensis L. var. coerulea Gouan) CER (Sommier, ); Anagallis foemina L. Tscap Cosmopolitan R/S Entomogamy PER (Arcangeli, 1883; Baldini, Asterolinon linum-stellatum (L.) Duby PER (Baroni, 1901). CACTACEAE Opuntia ficus-indica L. Psucc Adventitious - R/S Entomogamy Epizoochory; Endozoochory PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ). CRASSULACEAE Umbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC. Gbulb Mediterranean S Entomogamy AG (Baldini, Umbilicus rupestris (Salisb.) Dandy (Umbilicus pendulinus DC.; Cotyledon umbilicus-veneris L. var. tuberosa L.; Cotyledon pendulinum DC.) Gbulb Mediterranean S Entomogamy GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ); Sedum rubens L. Tscap Euro-Mediterranean R/S Entomogamy CER (Sommier, ); SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Baldini, Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau Tscap Mediterranean R/S Entomogamy PER (Baroni, 1898; Baldini, Sedum stellatum L. ROSACEAE Rosa sp. P Adventitious C/R Entomogamy Endozoochory/Ornithochory PER (Baldini, Prunus spinosa L. Pcaesp Eurasian - C/R Entomogamy Ornithochory PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ).

10 32 Rubus ulmifolius Schott (Rubus fruticosus L. var. ulmifolius (Schott) Fiori; R. discolor sensu Sommier non Weih. & Nees) Plian Mediterranean - C/R Entomogamy Ornithochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ). Sanguisorba minor Scop. subsp. muricata (Bonnier & Layens) Briquet (Poterium sanguisorba L.) Hscap Euro-Mediterranean S Entomogamy Barochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ). Sorbus domestica L. (Pirus sorbus Gaertn.; Pirus domestica Ehrh.) PAL (Sommier, ). MIMOSACEAE Acacia dealbata Link P Adventitious C Entomogamy Barochory PER (Baldini, Acacia meissneri Lehm P Adventitious C Entomogamy Barochory PER (Baldini, FABACEAE Anthyllis barba-jovis L. Pcaesp Mediterranean - C/R Entomogamy Zoochory TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PER (Baroni, 1898; Baldini, Anthyllis vulneraria L. PER (Baroni, 1898). Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirt. PER (Baroni, 1898). Cytisus lanigerus (Desf.) DC. (incl. Calicotome spinosa var. inermis Sommier) Chfrut Mediterranean - C/S Entomogamy GAB (Sommier, 1902 sub: Calicotome villosa var. inermis Sommier; Foggi & Grigioni, ); TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Obs.: Sommier (1920) describes Calicotome villosa var. inermis Sommier for the Isolotto dei Topi; this variety was found by himself at Perajola (GAB) (Sommier, 1910). The on-field and exsiccate exam of the plant do not show evident differences from the Elba and Capraia ones, with the only exception of the non or poorly spiny branches, therefore this variety has no systematic value. Nomenclature follows Cristofolini & Troia (2006). Coronilla scorpioides (L.) Koch Coronilla valentina L. Ch frut Mediterranean C/S Entomogamy AR (Baldini, 1991); PER (Baroni, 1898; Baldini, Dorycnium hirsutum (L.) Ser. Chfrut Mediterranean - B. Foggi, T. Guidi, M. Capecchi, R.M. Baldini, A. Grigioni C/R Entomogamy Epizoochory GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PER (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, Lathyrus clymenum L. Tscap Mediterranean R Entomogamy AG (Sommier, 1903b; Baldini, Lotus cytisoides L. subsp. cytisoides (Lotus creticus L. var. cytisoides (L.) Fiori ) Chsuffr Mediterranean - C/S Entomogamy Barochory GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); POR (Foggi & Grigioni, ); TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Lotus edulis L. Tscap Mediterranean - C/S Entomogamy Epizoochory AG (Baroni, 1898; Baldini, 1991); PER (Baroni, 1898). Lotus ornithopodioides L. Medicago lupulina L. Medicago littoralis Loisel Medicago secundiflora Dur. PER (Arcangeli, 1883). Medicago truncatula Gaertn. (Medicago tribuloides Desr.; Medicago truncatula Gaertn. var. tribuloides (Desr.) Fiori). Melilotus elegans Salz. Tscap Mediterranean R Entomogamy Epizoochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); FG (Sommier, 1903; Baldini, 1990); AG (Baroni, 1898; Baldini, 1991); PER (Baroni, 1898). Melilotus indicus (L.) All. (Melilotus parviflorus Desf.). CER (Sommier, ); Melilotus italicus (L.) Lam. Melilotus sulcatus Desf. Ononis ornithopodioides L. PER (Baroni, 1898). Pisum sativum L. subsp. elatius (Bieb.) Asch. & Graebn. (Pisum elatius Bieb.) Tscap Tethydic R Entomogamy Barochory; Zoochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); AG (Sommier, 1903b; Baldini, Scorpiurus muricatus L. (Scorpiurus subvillosus L.; Scorpiurus muricata L. var. subvillosa (L.) Fiori) Spartium junceum L. Pcaesp Mediterranean C Entomogamy Barochory

11 Biological flora of the Tuscan Archipelago islets (Tyrrhenian Sea) 33 Trifolium angustifolium L. Trifolium arvense L. Trifolium campestre Schreber (Trifolium agrarium Poll.; Trifolium campestre Schreb. var. thionanthum Hausskn.) Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean - R/S Entomogamy Epizoochory Trifolium scabrum L. Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean - R/S Entomogamy Epizoochory Trifolium stellatum L. Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean - R/S Entomogamy Epizoochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ). Vicia altissima Desf. Vicia benghalensis L. (Vicia atropurpurea Desf.) Tscap Mediterranean C/R Entomogamy Epizoochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ). Vicia bithynica (L.) L. Vicia hybrida L. THYMELEACEAE Thymelaea hirsuta L. Ch suffr Mediterranean - R/S Entomogamy Endozoochory PER (Sommier, 1903 sub Passerina hirsuta L.; Baldini, Libro Rosso della Toscana (LR). MYRTACEAE Myrtus communis L. Pcaesp Tethydic C Entomogamy Ornithochory CER (Sommier, ); PER (Santi, 1768; Baldini, RAFFLESIACEAE Cytinus ruber (Fourr.) Komarov Grad Mediterranean S Entomogamy PER (Sommier, 1903 sub C. hypocistis (L.) L. var. kermesinus Guss.; Foggi & Grigioni, ). EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia dendroides L. Pcaesp Mediterranean R Entomogamy Epizoochory; Mirmechory AG (Baroni, 1902; Baldini, Euphorbia peplus L. Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean R Anemogamy - Epizoochory; Mirmechory FG (Baldini, 1990). Euphorbia pinea L. (Euphorbia segetalis L. var. pinea (L.) Fiori) Chsuffr Mediterranean R Entomogamy Epizoochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Santi, 1768; Baldini, Mercurialis annua L. Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean - R/S Entomogamy Mirmechory GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); FG (Baldini, 1990); AG (Baldini, 1991); PER (Foggi & Grigioni, ). RHAMNACEAE Rhamnus alaternus L. Pcaesp Mediterranean C Anemogamy Ornithochory TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ); PER (Santi, 1768; Baldini, LINACEAE Linum strictum L. (Linum strictum L. var. cymosum Gren. & Godr.; Linum strictum L. var. spicatum Pers.) Tscap Mediterranean R Entomogamy Barochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); PER (Baroni, 1898; Baldini, RUTACEAE Ruta angustifolia L. PER (Baroni, 1898). Ruta chalepensis L. (Ruta bracteosa DC. ; Ruta chalepensis L. var. latifolia (Salisb.) Fiori) PAL (Sommier, ); ANACARDIACEAE Pistacia lentiscus L. Pcaesp Mediterranean C Anemogamy Endozoochory TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); FG (Baldini,1990); PER (Baroni, 1898; Foggi & Grigioni, ). GERIANACEAE Geranium molle L. Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean - R/S Entomogamy Epizoochory; Ornithochory Geranium purpureum Vill. Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean - R/S Entomogamy Epizoochory CER (Sommier, sub G. robertianum L.); SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Baroni, 1898 sub G. robertianum L.; Foggi & Grigioni, ).

12 34 Geranium rotundifolium L. CER (Sommier, ); Erodium lebelii Jordan subsp. marcucci (Parl.) Guittonneau (Erodium marcuccii Parl.; Erodium cicutarium (L.) L Her. subsp. bipinnatum Tourlet) Erodium malacoides (L.) L Her. in Aiton ARALIACEAE Hedera helix L. Plian Euro-Mediterranean - C/S Entomogamy Ornithochory; Endozoochory APIACEAE Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. Crithmum maritimum L. Hscap Mediterranean S Entomogamy GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); SCO (Sommier, ); SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); FG (Sommier, 1903; Baldini, 1990); AG (Sommier, 1903b; Baldini, 1991); PER (Baroni, 1899; Baldini, 1991); FOBU (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Daucus maximus Desf. Hscap Mediterranean R Entomogamy GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); FG (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Daucus gingidium L. s.l. Hscap Mediterranean - R/S Entomogamy TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); SPA (De Dominicis et al. 1988); FG (Sommier, 1903; Baldini, 1990); AG (Sommier, 1903b; Baldini,1991); PER (Baroni, 1898; Baldini, Obs.: polymorphic specie with two subspecies of not easily definable taxonomy: subsp. mauritanicus (L.) Onno e subsp. gummifer (L.) Onno. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Foeniculum officinale All.; Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. capillaceum (Gilib.) Fiori) Hscap Tethydic R Entomogamy Barochory Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A.W. Hill (Petroselinum sativum Hoffmg.; Petroselinum hortense Hoffmg.) GENTIANACEAE Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Huds. (Chlora perfoliata L.) B. Foggi, T. Guidi, M. Capecchi, R.M. Baldini, A. Grigioni Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean R/S Autogamy CER (Sommier, ); PER (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, Centaurium erythraea Rafn. (Erythraea centaurium Pers.) Hbienn - Euro-Mediterranean R/S Entomogamy Anemochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ); PER (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, Centaurium pulchellum (Swartz) Druce (Erythraea ramosissima Pers.; Erythraea pulchella Horn.) SOLANACEAE Solanum luteum Miller subsp. alatum (Moench) Dostàl Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean - C/R Entomogamy Endozoochor FG (Baldini,1990); PER (Baldini, Solanum nigrum L. Tscap Adventitious - C/R Entomogamy Hydrochory (Rain), Ornithochory; Endozoochory FG (Baldini, 1990). Hyoscyamus albus L. (Hyosciamus albus L. var. major (Mill.) Fiori) CER (Sommier, ); CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus althaeoides L. Grhiz Mediterranean - C/R Entomogamy PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ) Convolvulus arvensis L. Grhiz Mediterranean - C/R Entomogamy FG (Sommier, 1903; Baldini, 1990; Foggi & Grigioni, ). BORAGINACEAE Echium parviflorum Moench (Echium calycinum Viv.) Hbienn Mediterranean R Entomogamy Barochory CER (Sommier, ); SCL (Sommier, ); FG (Baldini, 1990). Heliotropium europaeum L. Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean R Entomogamy Hydrochory; Barochory FG (Sommier, 1903; Baldini, 1990). Lithospermum purpureo-coeruleum L. H Euro- Mediterranean C/S/R Entomogamy Myrmechory- Barochory PAL (Garbari & Del Prete, 2000); CER (Garbari & Del Prete, 2000).

13 Biological flora of the Tuscan Archipelago islets (Tyrrhenian Sea) 35 LAMIACEAE Lamium amplexicaule L. Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean R Entomogamy Barochory Clinopodium vulgare L. H Euro-Mediterranean C/S/R Entomogamy Myrmechory-Barochory PAL (Garbari & Del Prete, 2000). Prasium majus L. Chsuffr Mediterranean C Entomogamy Barochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ) ; GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); AG (Sommier, 1903b; Baldini, 1991); PER (Baroni, 1901; Baldini, Rosmarinus officinalis L. NP Mediterranean C Entomogamy - Myrmechory, Barochory CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PER (Baroni, 1901; Baldini, Salvia verbenaca L. (Salvia multifida Sibth. et Sm.; Salvia verbenaca L. var. clandestina (L.) Fiori) Hscap Mediterranean R Entomogamy Barochory Sideritis romana L. (Sideritis romana L. var. approximata Gasp.) Tscap Mediterranean R Entomogamy Epizoochory Teucrium fruticans L. P Mediterranean C Entomogamy Barochory PER (Santi, 1768; Baldini, Teucrium flavum L. Chsuffr Mediterranean C Entomogamy Epizoochory TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Baroni, 1901; Baldini, PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago afra L. subsp. afra Plantago lanceolata L. Hros Cosmopolitan CSR Anemophilous - Pluri PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PER (Baroni, 1901). OLEACEAE Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris Brot. - Pcaesp Mediterranean C Entomogamy Ornithochory TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ) ; PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Sommier, 1902; Foggi & Grigioni, ). Phillyrea angustifolia L. (Phillyrea variabilis Timb. et Lor., p.p.)- Pcaesp Mediterranean C Entomogamy Endozoochory; Ornithochory CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); PER (Baroni, 1901; Baldini, Phillyrea latifolia L. (Phillyrea variabilis Timb. et Lor., p.p.) Pcaesp Mediterranean C Entomogamy Endozoochory PER (Baroni, 1901; Baldini, SCROPHULARIACEAE Scrophularia peregrina L. Antirrhinum latifolium Mill. Chsuffr Mediterranean - R/S Entomogamy PAL (Sommier, ); CER (Sommier, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); AG (Baroni, 1901; Baldini, 1991); PER (Baroni, 1901; Baldini, Linaria capraria Moris et De Not. Chsuffr Endemic S Entomogamy Barochory; Anemochor GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ) Obs.: endemic species to the Tuscan Archipelago present in all the islands except for Giannutri (cf. Baldini, 2001) and Gorgona (pers. obs.). Linaria simplex (Willd.) DC. PER (Baroni, 1901). Misopates orontium (L.) Rafn. (Antirrhinum orontium L.) Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean R Entomogamy Epizoochory Veronica arvensis L. GLOBULARIACEAE Globularia alypum L. - Ch frut Mediterranean C Entomogamy Epizoochory PER (Baroni, 1901; Baldini, OROBANCACEAE Orobanche lavandulacea Rchb. PER (Sommier, 1902). Orobanche minor Sm. in Sowerby (Orobanche barbata Poir.) Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean R Entomogamy ; Idrochory; Epizoochory; Endozoochory PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ); SCL (Sommier, ); AG (Sommier, 1902). Orobanche ramosa L. Tscap Mediterranean R Entomogamy ; Hydrochory; Epizoochory; Endozoochory FG (Baldini, 1990). CAMPANULACEAE Campanula erinus L. CER (Sommier, );

14 36 RUBIACEAE Rubia peregrina L. (Rubia peregrina L. var. anglica (Huds.) Fiori) Plian Mediterranean C Entomogamy Hydrochory; Endozoochory TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); AG (Sommier, 1903b; Baldini, 1991); PER (Baldini, Galium aparine L. - Tscap Olartica - R/S Entomogamy Ornithochory; Anemochory; Epizoochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); Galium corrudifolium Vill. Tscap Mediterranean - R/S Entomogamy Epizoochory PER (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, Galium murale (L.) All. (Callipeltis muralis Moris) Galium verrucosum Huds. (Galium saccharatum All.; Galium vaillantia Weber; incl. G. verrucosum var. halophilum Ponzo reported by Baldini (1990) for the Formiche di Grosseto) Tscap Mediterranean - R/S Entomogamy Epizoochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); FG (Baldini,1990). Obs.: Baldini (1990) reports G. verrucosum Huds. var. halophilum Ponzo for the Formiche di Grosseto and for the Giglio Island (Baldini, 1998); it is certainly an ecotype referrable to brackish environments and comparable to the equally interesting Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth var. halophila Sommier present on the Argentarola islet (Baldini, We consider both taxa at the rank of variety so as to give an uniform taxonomic treatment. Sherardia arvensis L. Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean R Entomogamy Epizoochory Valantia muralis L. Tscap Mediterranean - R/S Entomogamy Epizoochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ); SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Baroni, 1899; Baldini, CAPRIFOLIACEAE Lonicera etrusca Santi Plian Mediterranean S Entomogamy Endozoochory PER (Baldini, Lonicera implexa Aiton Plian Mediterranean S Entomogamy Endozoochory PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); PER (Baroni, 1899; Baldini, Sambucus ebulus L. P Eurasian - C/R Entomogamy B. Foggi, T. Guidi, M. Capecchi, R.M. Baldini, A. Grigioni Endozoochory (Ornithochory) PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ). VALERIANACEAE Centranthus calcitrapa (L.) DC. PER (Baroni, 1899); ASTERACEAE Aetheorhiza bulbosa (L.) Cass. (Crepis bulbosa L.) CER (Sommier, ); Anthemis cotula L. Anthemis maritima L. Asteriscus aquaticus (L.) Less. Calendula arvensis L. (Calendula officinalis L. var. arvensis (L.) Fiori) - Tscap Mediterranean R Entomogamy Anemochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ). Carduus cephalanthus Viv. Hbienn - Mediterranean R Entomogamy GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ); SCL (Sommier, ); FG (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Carduus pycnocephalus L. Hbienn Tethydic R Entomogamy GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ); Carlina corymbosa L. Hscap - Mediterranean R Entomogamy GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Garbari & Del Prete, 2000). Chrysanthemum segetum L. Chondrilla juncea L. Coleostephus myconis (L.) Cass. (Chrysanthemum myconis L.; Chrysanthemum hybridum Guss.) - Tscap - Mediterranean R Entomogamy PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ); FG (Baldini, 1990). Crepis leontodontoides All. Hros Mediterranean S Entomogamy CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ). Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter Tscap - Mediterranean - R Entomogamy FG (Baldini, 1990). Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter (Inula viscosa L.; Cupularia viscosa (L.) Gren. & Godr.) Hscap Tethydic R En-

15 Biological flora of the Tuscan Archipelago islets (Tyrrhenian Sea) 37 tomogamy PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Baldini, Helichrysum litoreum Guss. Chsuffr Mediterranean - C/S Entomogamy Barochory TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PER (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, 1991 sub H. pseudolitoreum (Fiori) Brullo). Hedypnois cretica (L.) Dum-Courset (Hedypnois polymorpha DC.; Hedypnois rhagadioloides (L.) Willd.; Hedypnois globulifera Lam.; Hedypnois globulifera L. var. rhagadioloides (F.W. Schm.) Fiori; Hedypnois globulifera Lam. var. tubaeformis (Ten.) Fiori). Hyoseris radiata L. Hros Mediterranean R Entomogamy Epizoochory Hypochoeris achyrophorus L. Tscap Mediterranean - R/S Entomogamy PER (Sommier, 1902 sub Seriola aetnensis L.; Foggi & Grigioni, ). Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. (Asteriscus spinosus Gren. et Godr.) Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass. Chsuffr Mediterranean - C/S Entomogamy Phagnalon sordidum DC PER (Baroni, 1901). Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. Hscap Mediterranean R Entomogamy PER (Baldini, Pulicaria odora (L.) Rchb. Hscap Mediterranean S Entomogamy Ornitochory; Anemochor PAL (Sommier, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth (Picridium vulgare Desf.; Reichardia picroides Roth var. vulgaris Fiori; incl. R. picroides var. halophila (Sommier) Fiori reported for FG (Baldini, 1990) and AG (Baldini, 1991) and Foggi et al. (2001) for Capraia) Hscap Mediterranean R Entomogamy Barochory TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); FG (Baldini, 1990); AG (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, 1991); PER (Baroni, 1901; Baldini, Obs.: R. picroides shows typical morphologic adaptations when growing near the sea as succulent and glaucous leaves etc.. some populations have been considered as R. picroides var. halophila (Sommier) Fiori. An accurate study on these forms is lacking even if the field and experimental observations of R.M. Baldini seem to confirm the taxonomic validity of the variety described by Sommier (1901). For the moment we prefer to treat these varieties within R. picroides, promising to return on this interesting topic in the near future. Senecio cineraria DC. Chsuffr Mediterranean - C/S Entomogamy GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); AG (Sommier, 1903; Baldini, 1991); PER (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, Senecio leucanthemifolius Poir. Tscap Mediterranean R Entomogamy TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); POR (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ); SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Senecio lividus L. CER (Sommier, ) Sonchus asper (L.) Hill - Tscap Holarctic R Entomogamy ; Ornithochory; Epizoochory; Barochory SCL (Sommier, ); AG (Baldini, Sonchus oleraceus L. (Sonchus levis Bartal.; Sonchus oleraceus L. subsp. levis L.; Sonchus oleraceus L. var. ciliatus (Lam.) Fiori; Sonchus oleraceus L. var. lacerus (Willd.) Fiori) Tscap Holarctic R Entomogamy ; Ornithochory; Epizoochory; Barochory SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); POR (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); FG (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PER (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, Taraxacum sp. H ros Holarctic R Entomogamy Anemochory; Ornithochory; Epizoochory; Barochory PER (Baldini, Tyrimnus leucographus (L.) Cass. Urospermum dalechampii (L.) Schmidt PER (Baroni, 1901). Urospermum picroides (L.) Schmidt PAL (Sommier, ); SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Sommier, 1902). DIOSCOREACEAE Tamus communis L. Grad - Euro-Mediterranean - C/R Entomogamy Ornithochory; Epizoochory; Endozoochory SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Foggi & Grigioni, ).

16 38 B. Foggi, T. Guidi, M. Capecchi, R.M. Baldini, A. Grigioni ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus acutifolius L. Grhiz Mediterranean S Entomogamy TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ). NOTE: Legge RT 56/2000, Allegato C1. SMILACACEAE Smilax aspera L. (Smilax aspera L. var. mauritanica (Poir.) Fiori) Plian Tethydic C Entomogamy Ornithochory; Endozoochory; Myrmecochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, HIACYNTHACEAE Muscari comosum (L.) Miller (Bellevalia comosa Kunth; Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl.) Gbulb - Euro-Mediterranean S Entomogamy Barochory ALLIACEAE Allium ampeloprasum L. Gbulb Mediterranea - R/S Entomogamy CER (Sommier, ; Garbari & Del Prete, 2000); PAL (Sommier, ; Garbari & Del Prete, 2000); SCL (Sommier, ). Allium commutatum Guss. Gbulb Mediterranean - R/S Entomogamy Hydrochory GAB (Sommier, 1908 sub: A. ampeloprasum L.; Foggi & Grigioni, ); POR (Foggi & Grigioni, ); TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); FG (Sommier, 1903 sub: A. ampeloprasum L.; Baldini, 1990); SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); AG (Baldini, 1991); PER (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, Allium sphaerocephalon L. SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Sommier, 1902). Allium subhirsutum L. Gbulb Mediterranean - C/R Entomogamy SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, AMARYLLIDACEAE Narcissus tazetta L. (Narcissus elatus Guss.) Gbulb Mediterranean C Entomogamy Barochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); FG (Baldini, 1990); AG (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, 1991); PER (Baldini, NOTE: Legge RT 56/2000, Allegato C1. Pancratium maritimum L. IRIDACEAE Gladiolus italicus Miller (Gladiolus segetum Gawl.) Gbulb - Euro-Mediterranean S Entomogamy ; Barochory ORCHIDACEAE Orchis papilionacea L. PER (Arcangeli, 1883). NOTE: Red List of Tuscany (VU). Orchis anthropophora (L.) All. (Aceras antropophorum (L.) R. Br.) PER (Sommier, 1902). Ophrys sphegodes Mill. s.l (Ophrys aranifera Huds.) PER (Sommier, 1903a). Ophrys crabronifera Mauri (Ophrys exaltata Auct., non Ten.) PER (Arcangeli, 1883). NOTE: Red List of Tuscany (LR) Ophrys fusca Link s.l. PER (Sommier, 1903a). Serapias parviflora Parl. PER (Sommier, 1902). ARACEAE Arisarum vulgare Targ.Tozz. Grhiz Mediterranean S Entomogamy SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); FG (Baldini, 1990); AG (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, 1991); PER (Baldini, CYPERACEAE Carex distachya Desf. PER (Sommier, 1902). Carex flacca Schreb. Grhiz Mediterranean S Anemogamy TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Carex hallerana Asso Schoenus nigricans L. - Hcaesp Cosmopolitan S Anemogamy Hydrochory; Barochory PER (Santi, 1768; Baldini, POACEAE Ampelodesmos mauritanicus (Poir.) Durand. & Schinz Hcaes Mediterranean - C/S Anemogamy PER (Baldini, Arundo donax L. Grhiz Adventitious R Anemogamy FG (Sommier, 1903; Baldini, 1990).

17 Biological flora of the Tuscan Archipelago islets (Tyrrhenian Sea) 39 Avena barbata Pott. ex Link in Schrader (Avena barbata Pott. subsp. eu-barbata Maire; Avena sativa L. var. barbata (Pott.) Fiori) Tscap Tethyidic R Anemogamy Anemochory GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ) ; GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); FG (Baldini, 1990); AG (Sommier, 1903); PER (Sommier, 1902; Foggi & Grigioni, ). Avena sterilis L. ( Avena sativa L. var. sterilis (L.) Fiori) Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv. (Brachypodium distachyum P. Beauv. var. gracile Pospich.; Brachypodium distachum P. Beauv. var. asperum (Roem. et Schult.) Fiori) Tscap Tethydic R Anemogamy GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ); CER (Sommier, ); SCL (Sommier, ); AG (Sommier, 1903; Baldini, 1991); PER (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, Brachypodium plukenetii (All.) P. Beauv. (Brachypodium ramosum Roem. et Schult.; Brachypodium pinnatum P. Beauv. var. ramosum (R. et S.) Fiori; Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) P. Beauv. Hcaesp Mediterranean - C/S Anemogamy TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, Brachypodium rupestre (L.) P. Beauv. PAL (Sommier, ); CER (Sommier, sub Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv.) Briza maxima L. Bromus hordaceus L. (Serrafalcus mollis Parl.; Bromus mollis L.; Bromus hordaceus L. var. mollis (L.) Fiori) Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean R Anemogamy SCL (Sommier, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ). Bromus madritensis L. (Bromus sterilis L. var. madritensis (L.) Fiori) Tscap - Europeo-Mediterranean R Anemogamy GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); FG (Baldini,1990); PER (Baldini, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Grhiz Cosmopolitan R Anemogamy SCL (Sommier, ); FG (Baldini, 1990). Dactylis glomerata L. s.l. Hcaesp Holarctic - C/R Anemogamy GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ) ; CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); AG (Sommier, 1903; Baldini, 1991); PER (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, Obs.: Even if most part of the collected specimens may be considerd as D. glomerata L. var. marina Borrill, we prefer to uniform the treatment considering this variety within D. glomerata L. s.l. for the moment. Desmazeria marina (L.) Druce (Catapodium loliaceum Link; Catapodium marinum (L.) C.E. Hubbard) Tscap Mediterranean - R/S Anemogamy GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); TOPI (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GETE (Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); SPA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); AG (Sommier, 1903; Baldini, 1991); PER (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, Desmazeria rigida (L.) Tutin subsp. rigida (Scleropoa rigida Griseb.; Sclerochloa rigida Link; Catapodium rigidum (L.) C.E. Hubb.) Tscap Holarctic - R/S Anemogamy Anemochory PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ); SCL (Sommier, ); FG (Baldini, 1990); PER (Sommier, 1902). Gaudinia fragilis L. Tscap Mediterranean R Anemogamy Epizoochory PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Hordeum leporinum Link Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean R Entomogamy ; Epizoochory; Barochory GAB (Foggi & Grigioni, ); PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); FG (Foggi & Grigioni, ); AG (Baldini, Lagurus ovatus L. Tscap Mediterranean R Anemogamy PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); GEMA (Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Sommier, 1902). Lolium rigidum Gaudin (Lolium strictum Presl; Lolium perenne L. var. rigidum (Gaud.) Fiori) Tscap - Euro- Mediterranean R Anemogamy Barochory Melica ciliata L. Hscap - Euro-Mediterranean - C/S Anemogamy PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ). Parapholis incurva (L.) C.E.Hubbard (Lepturus incurvatus Trin.; Lepturus incurvus Druce) Tscap - Euro-Mediterranean R Entomogamy Barochory POR (Foggi & Grigioni, ); CER (Foggi & Grigioni,

18 40 B. Foggi, T. Guidi, M. Capecchi, R.M. Baldini, A. Grigioni ); SCL (Sommier, ); SCO (Sommier, ); FG (Baldini, 1990); PER (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss. (Milium multiflorum Cav.; Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Asch. et Schw.; Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Asch. et Schw. var. thomasii Asch. et Godr.) Hcaesp Mediterranean R Anemogamy PAL (Sommier, ; Foggi & Grigioni, ); SCL (Sommier, ); PER (Sommier, 1902; Baldini, Polypogon maritimus Willd. (Polypogon monspeliensis Desf. var. maritimus (W.) Fiori) NOTE: Red List of Tuscany (VU). Psilurus incurvus (Gouan) Scjinz & Thell. Tscap Mediterranean R Entomogamy Epizoochory PER (Baldini, Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzelev (Lophochloa cristata (L.) Hyl., Koeleria phleoides Pers.) Setaria pumila (Poir.) Schult. Tscap Adventitious R Anemogamy Epizoochory FG (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Vulpia ciliata (Danth.) Link PER (Sommier, 1902). ARECACEAE Chamaerops humilis L. P Mediterranean - C/S Entomogamy Barochory PAL (Sommier, ; Bussotti & al. 1999); CER (Foggi & Grigioni, ) NOTE: Red List of Tuscany (VU); Legge RT 56/2000, Appendix C. AGAVACEAE Agave americana L. Pcaesp Adventitious S Entomogamy PAL (Foggi & Grigioni, ). Conclusions The flora signalled during the time span for the entire group of examined islets is formed by 275 species; of the 226 species signalled in the first part of the 1900s, 89 (ca. 1/3) are species that were no longer found, while 49 are signalled for the first time, which is a low number considering that 4 islets are investigated for the first time (POR, GEMA, GETE, FOBU), while others had very little information available: GAB (Sommier, 1898 e 1902), TOPI (Sommier (1910) and SPA (De Dominicis et al., 1988). We can therefore affirm that for 7 islets the data is new; these islets show the following number of species: GAB: 23, POR: 12, TOPI: 26, GETE: 29, GEMA: 21, SPA: 22 e FOBU: 5. The present flora is therefore represented by 185 species. The data reported hereafter is referred uniquely to the present flora. The most numerous families are the Poaceae (20 species), Asteraceae (19 species) and Fabaceae (16 species); together they make up more than 24% of the total. No species is present in all the islands, the most common being Crithmum maritimum that is found in Fig. 2 - Chorological spectrum relative to the present flora (185 species).

19 Biological flora of the Tuscan Archipelago islets (Tyrrhenian Sea) 41 Table 3 - Number of common species to one or more islets. The data is referred to the total of the species reported in 1900 and 2000 and uniquely to the 2000 flora. Number of islets Common species (all % Common species Common species % Common species) (present flora) species ,4 1 0, ,2 6 3, ,7 2 1, ,6 7 3, ,6 7 3, ,3 9 4, ,9 15 8, ,8 11 5, , , , , islets; on the other hand, many are the species which occur in one islet only: 90, representing almost 50% of the total. This could indicate a strong floristic autonomy of each islet. Confronting this fact with the flora signalled for each islet in the various years, it is clear that the number of species occurring in one islet is higher, reaching 170 species on 275, which represents ca. 62% of the total; Crithmum maritimum remains the most common species, even though its percentage rises from 0.4 to 0.5%. Tab. 3 suggests, therefore, that in time the examined islets show a trend towards a loss of floristic identity. The chorological spectrum (Fig. 2) highlights the dominance of the Mediterranean and Tethydic elements, together reaching 76% of the entire flora. Endemism is scarce and reaches only 2%; it is represented by three species of the Limonium genus: L. doriae, exclusive of FG, L. ilvae of the islets surrounding Elba Island, L. multiforme of the southern islands, and Linaria capraria, common endemism to most Tuscan Archipelago islands. L. planasiae, signalled at Scola and Scarpa (Sommier, ), islets that were not revisited, should be added to the endemics. Interesting is the 12% of wide-distribution and adventitious species, which indicate a certain banalization of the flora, even if direct human impact is practically absent. Among these, 10 species (5.3%) are alien to the Mediterranean flora and are recorded only in the recent explorations. The plant life-form spectrum (Fig. 3) shows a clear prevalence of Therophytes, which is explained by the typical Mediterranean climate; however, a high percentage of woody flora (P and Ch), reaching 31%, is also evident and related to scarce human impact on the islands. Fig. 3 - Plant life-form spectrum referred to the present flora (185 species). The life strategy spectrum (sensu Grime, 2001) highlights a clear predominance of ruderals (sensu Grime, 2001) that reach 48%, but also a high presence of stress-tolerant (18%) and competitive species (11%) (Fig. 4). The entomogamous fecundation is the dominant type (Fig. 5). The prevalent dispersal models (Fig. 6) are the long-distance ones: anemochory (39%), endozoochory (13%), ectozoochory (17%) and hydrochory (1%), which altogether reach 70% of the total; adding to these those species which have more than one typologies (pluri-: 14%) shows that only 15% is represented by species that have short-distance dispersal models (barochory: 14%) and myrmecochory (1%). Ornithochory species were included in endozoochory, but sameone of these are ectozoochory.

20 42 B. Foggi, T. Guidi, M. Capecchi, R.M. Baldini, A. Grigioni Fig. 4 - life strategy spectrum (Grime, 2001) of the present flora (185 species). Fig. 5 - Types of fecundation of the present flora in percentage (185 species). According to Foggi et al. (2000), the vegetation of these islets is formed by high and low macquis (with competitive woody species), formations of aerohaline chamaephytes (stress tolerant species) and nitrophyle grasses penetrating even the closed macquis. Sobey & Kenworthy (1979), Hogg & Morton (1983) and Gillham (1956), and in particular for the Mediterranean islands, Laguna & Jimenez-Perez (1995) on the Columbretes Archipelago in Spain, Paradis & Lorenzoni (1996) on some islets of Corsica, Vidal et al., (1998a) on the Riou Archipelago in France, and Höner & Greuter (1988) on some islets of the southern Aegean, have all proved the disturbance caused by the sea bird colonies. In particular, the effect of the herring-gulls can be synthesized in the following actions: direct mechanical damage on the vegetation, changes to the physical and chemical characteristics of the soils (especially caused by the nutrient and salt supply from the guano and the droppings), and supply of allochtonous plant diaspores. The above actions provoke alterations in the competition processes between plants and, in time, bring to variations in the floristic composition (chorological spectrum, plant life-form spectrum, ecological strategy spectrum sensu Grime (2001) together with alterations in the aspect of the phytocoenoses. All in all, the seagulls exert a strong selective action, favouring species which are efficient in nutrient gain (halo-nitrophiles and halo-phospho-nitrophiles) and are less susceptible to the damages provoked by the birds on the plantlets in renewal. The analysis of the data on the recent flora of the islets seems to confirm this situation: on one hand, a flora of environments which are undisturbed or scarcely disturbed by human impact and characterized by an elevated presence of woody species, stress-tolerant species (on the sea-facing cliffs) and competitive species (woody flora), and by an elevated presence of disturbed environment species: therophytes, wide-distribution ruderals, and adventitious plants. The woody vegetation tends to resist to the effect of the seagulls, but its renewal is put in serious danger since the plantlets are not capable of tolerating the competition with the ruderals that are transported by the seagulls. At the same time, the dispersal of wide-distribution plants, which are less dependent upon the strictly insular environment, causes a loss of specificity of the biota of these little islands and their homogenization demonstrated by the diminishing floristic peculiarity with time. The changes which are taking place in the flora of these

21 Biological flora of the Tuscan Archipelago islets (Tyrrhenian Sea) 43 Fig. 6 - Dispersal models of the present flora in percentage (185 species). small islands were also observed by Bocchieri (1990) on the islet of Toro (SW Sardinia); Bocchieri (1990) suggests that respect to the observations by Pampanini & Martinolo (1946), a higher number of nitrophile-ruderal species is noted, together with alien species like Nicotiana glauca, and attributes their presence to the increase of seagull nests. The flora and vegetation of the Tuscan Archipelago, as in all the Mediterranean islands, is obviously undergoing deep transformations and as a measure of the intensity of this variation it is sufficient to mention that in areas with scarce human impact like these islets, at least 1/3 of the species is no longer found after 100 years and only 49 species are new considering that 7 islets were investigated ex-novo. Of the 6 orchid species signalled in the islet of Porto Ercole (PER) in the first part of the 1900s, not even one was recovered in the last years despite that the islet was visited three times by different scholars! How much this change is caused by external forces to the islets or by the effect of the natural dynamics in small islands is still debatable. At present, a monitoring program which is able to record and control these variations and to address eventual conservation measures, is still lacking. Acknowledgements We are especially grateful to Paolo Sposimo (Nemo sas, Firenze) and Nicola Baccetti (INFS, Ozzano Emilia) for the data on the consistency of herring-gull colonies. This research was financed by Life NAT 1998 project Capraia e isole minori della Toscana: tutela della biodiversità, and Life NAT 2005 project Isole di Toscana: nuove azioni per uccelli marini e habitat and by the University of Florence. REFERENCES ARRIGONI P.V., Rapporti floristici tra l Arcipelago Toscano e le terre vicine. Lavori della Società Italiana di Biogeografia, n.s., 25: (1974). ARRIGONI P. V. & DI TOMMASO P. L., Carta della vegetazione dell Isola di Giannutri (Provincia di Grosseto). C.N.R., Coll. Progr. Final. Promozione della qualità dell Ambiente, AQ/1/130. ARRIGONI P. V. & BOCCHIERI E., Caratteri fitogeografici della flora delle piccole isole circumsarde. Biogeographia 18: ARRIGONI P.V., BALDINI R.M., FOGGI B. & SIGNORINI M.A., Analysis of the floristic diversity of the Tuscan Archipelago for conservation purposes. Bocconea 16(1): (2001). BACCETTI N., LEONE M.L. & SPOSIMO P., Il gabbiano corso e il gabbiano reale nell Arcipelago Toscano: pochi dell uno e troppi dell altro. In: ZANICHELLI F. & GI- ANNINI F. (eds.), Progetto Life-Nat. Isole di Toscana. Nuove azioni per uccelli marini e habitat. Quaderni del Parco, Documenti Tecnici 1: Parco Nazionale