Recent Advances in Winegrape

Transcription

1 Recent Advances in Winegrape Variety and Clonal l Evaluations in Temperate Climates Jim Wolpert Viticulture Extension Specialist Department of Viticulture and Enology University it of California, i Davis Ohio Grape and Wine Conference p February 11-12, 2008

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3 Varieties 4 varieties account for about 80% of all varietal labeled bottled wine: Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Zinfandel (including White Zin ) First three are referred to as the International Varieties

4 Sources of Variety Information in California California Grape Acreage Grape Crush Report Grape Trends Gomberg-Fredrikson Report Market Update Newsletter, Turrentine Wine Brokerage p Unified Symposium (late January) Wine Institute

5 Ruby Caberne net California Red Wine Grapes bearing nonbearing varieties accounting for 90% of the total Sauvigno on Me erlot Zinfan ndel Pinot noi oir Sy yrah Rubi bired Barbe bera Grenac ache Cabern rnet Total Total Acres in 2006

6 California Red Wine Grape Bearing Acres Total red wine variety acres cres A 0 Barbera Cabernet Sauvignon Zinfandel Pinot noir Merlot Rubired Syrah

7 A Short Sidebar: A date to remember Of what significance is the date: November 17 th, 1991?

8 A date to remember Of what significance is the date: November 17 th, 1991? Hint: it was a Sunday.

9 A date to remember Of what significance is the date: November 17 th, 1991? Hint: it was a Sunday. ANSWER: On 60 Minutes Morley Safer introduced Americans to the French Paradox And wine sales, mostly red, increased by 40%+

10 California White Wine Grapes bearing nonbearing varieties accounting for 90% of the total Chardonn nnay Frenc ch Colomba ard Sauvign gnon blanc Che enin blanc Pinot gris Muscat of Alexandr dria Ries sling Total Total Acres in 2006

11 California White Wine Grape Bearing Acres California Red Wine Grape Acerage Acres Chardonnay Sauvignon blanc French Colombard Chenin blanc Year

12 Table 1. Varieties listed in California statistics in 1982 but not in 2003 (includes correct primary name, if learned since 1982) White Emerald Riesling Feher Szagos Flora Folle Blanche Grey Riesling Green Hungarian Pedro Ximenes Sauvignon vert St Emilion Sylvaner Red Early Burgundy = Abouriou Grand Noir Muscat Hamburg Napa Gamay = Valdiguie Pinot St. George = Negrette Red Veltliner Salvador St Macaire Tinta Madeira

13 Table 2. Varieties listed in California statistics in 2003 but not in 1982 White Catarratto Grenache blanc Marsanne Pinot gris (Grigio) Roussanne Tocai Friulano Viognier Red Counoise Dolcetto Lagrein Lambrusco Petite Verdot Pinot Meunier

14 New Varieties: Is There a Role? Interest in New Varieties Consumer interest excitement of discovery of new varieties/regions Core consumers say ABC: Anything but Chardonnay Winemaker interest t Capture new consumers Blend new varieties with traditional varieties to add richness and interest: flavor, color, tannin SJV winemakers are skeptical of new varieties as stand alone wines because names not recognizable by consumers

15 New Varieties They are traditional varieties, but new to California Southern Europe focus P t l S i F d It l ibl Portugal, Spain, France and Italy, possibly Greece

16 Alternative Varieties - Italian North Teroldego (R) Freisa (R) Sagrantino (R) Gargagena (W) Timorasso* (W)

17 Alternative Varieties - Italian South Nero d Avola (R) Negroamaro (R) Aglianico (Taurasi, Vulture) (R) Montepulciano d Abruzzo (R) Malvasia Nera (R) Inzolia (W) Cattarrato (W) Falanghina (W) Fiano (W)

18 Alternative Varieties - Portuguese Trincadeira Touriga Nacional Touriga Francesca Tinta Cao Tinta Roriz

19 Alternative Varieties - France Grenache blanc/gris Tannat Carmenere Malbec (Cot) Cepages of Rhone

20 Alternative Varieties - Spanish Tempranillo (R) Graciano (R) Monastrell (R) Mencia (R) Verdejo (W) Verdehlo (W) Albariño (W)

21 Information on Alternative Varieties Bastianich, Joseph and David Lynch Vino Italiano: The Regional Wines of Italy. Mitchell Beazley, London, 528 p. Belfrage, Nicolas, Barolo to Valpolicella: The Wines of Northern Italy. Faber and Faber, London, 368p. Belfrage, Nicolas Brunello to Zibibbo: The Wines of Tuscany, Central and Southern Italy. Mitchell Beazley, London, 493 p. Mayson, Richard The Wines and Vineyards of Portugal. Mitchell Beazley, London, 354 p. Radford, John The New Spain: A complete guide to contemporary Spanish wine. Mitchell Beazley, London, 224p.

22 Current Work Variety Trial (est. 2003) Kearney Ag Center, Parlier (near Fresno) Aglianico Carmenere Cabernet Sauvignon Cinsaut Durif Freisa Grenache noir Malbec Montepulciano Petit Verdot Ruby Cabernet Souzao Syrah Tannat Tempranillo Tinta Amarella Tinta Francisca Tinta Madeira Tinto Cao Touriga Nacional

23 Yield of 20 Red Wine Varieties, 2006 (Separated into sound grapes and grapes that were unusable) harvested shrivel or rot Car CS Cin Dur Fre Grn Mal Mont PV Ref Sou Syr Tan Temp TAm TFran TMad TCao TNac Ag Yield (p otential to ns acre -1 )

24 Future Activities Import more varieties selectively - $$, clones Request name approval from the TTB Coordination of Evaluation NE-1020 National Variety and Clone y Evaluation Project (NY, VA, OH, PA, IN, IL, IA, MO, MI, CO, TX, CA, ID)

25 Opportunity for Ohio Winegrowers Variety list is growing Proprietary names are increasing Consumers are more adventurous, and more likely l to try a new variety that t they have not heard before Opens the door wider for Traminette or Chardonnel or other Eastern varieties

26 Evaluation of Winegrape Clones A sign of maturation of an industry No longer asking what variety; that has already been answered, the question is not whether to plant Chardonnay or Riesling but which Chardonnay or Riesling to plant Clonal evaluation is more difficult because differences are often more subtle Some differences are not objective and absolute, but are subjective and a matter of taste or winery style

27 Definition of a clone A group of genetically identical plants arising from a single mother vine by vegetative propagation.

28 How clones arise Mutations take place in buds and are retained at pruning time

29 How clones arise If shoots arising ii from the mutated buds are unique and desirable, they can be saved through propagation.

30 How clones arise Vines propagated from mutants will carry the original, desired characteristic

31 Clone in Industry Field Selection(s) Budwood from many vines in a vineyard, probably from multiple clonal origins French term massale selection Local names are difficult to trace: FPS clone goes to Mr. Smith s vineyard; Mr. Jones gets budwood and calls it the Smith Clone

32 Examples of clonal differences Cluster size Berry size Cluster architecture (rot susceptibility) Vine growth habits Grape color Mutation of noir gives rise to blanc and gris, i.e. Pinot noir, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris Flavor (Chardonnay musque) Wine quality attributes

33 How many clones are there? How readily does a variety mutate How long has it been grown How diligently have clones been looked for How many selections have been made

34 Clonal Studies in CA Completed Chardonnay Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Malbec Pinot noir Sparkling (2) Chardonnay Sparkling

35 Clonal Studies In progress Zinfandel Heritage Vineyard w/zap Cabernet Sauvignon Syrah Under discussion Pinot noir (red) Petite Sirah

36 Chardonnay clones: FPMS 4 (left) and 16 (right)

37 Pinot noir growth habit contrast: Esp 374 (foreground, upright) vs FPMS 13 (background, downward)

38 Oakville Station Merlot Clones d (kg vine -1 ) FPS 1 FPS 3 FPS 6 FPS 8 FPS 9 Yiel 3 0 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 Year

39 Oakville Station Merlot Clones er -1 Ber rry Cluste FPS 1 FPS 3 FPS 6 FPS 8 FPS 9 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 Year

40 Oakville Station Malbec Clones vine -1 ) Yield (kg FPS 4 FPS 6 FPS 8 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00

41 Oakville Station Malbec Clones eight (g) FPS 4 FPS 6 FPS 8 Cluste er W '96 '97 '98 '99 '00

42 Oakville Station Malbec Clones le Solid ds ( 캛 rix x) Solub '97 '98 '99 '00 Yield (kg vine -1 ) '97 '98 '99 '00 Year FPS #4 Year FPS #6 FPS #8 FPS #8 Thinned

43 10 Chardonnay Clones Sonoma County Yie eld (kg Vin ne -1 ) WEN WEN WEN WEN Year

44 Yield : Prun ning Weight FPS Merlot Clone Oakville Station Merlot Clones Yield (kg vine -1 ) Pruning Weight (kg vine -1 )

45 Pruning Weight (k kg vine -1 ) (g cluster -1 ) Cluste ers Vine -1 Cluster Wt. Cabernet Sauvignon Clones 5 O6 A 4 O2 3 L6 L2 O8 2 L8 1 H6 H2 H B L6 L2 L8 O2 80 O6 O8 60 H6 H2 H8 200 C O8 150 H8 100 O6 O2 H2 L8 L2 H6 L Yield (kg vine -1 ) Influence of pruning weight (A), cluster number per vine (B) and cluster weight (C) on yield of three Cabernet Sauvignon clones from Foundation Plant Materials Service: 2, 6 and 8, in three locations: Howell Mountain (H), Lodi (L) and Oakville (O).

46 Pruning Weight (kg vine -1 ) r 2 = Relationship of yield and pruning 666 weight ratio 33 for 20 clones of 389 2A Pinot noir grown for sparkling wine Yield (kg vine -1 )

47 Relationship of yield: pruning weight ratio and delay of harvest for 20 clones of Pinot noir grown for sparkling wine (Yield: r 2 = 0.42, Pwt: r 2 = 0.36)

48 Sources of Cabernet Sauvignon in test in Oakville, Napa Valley Clone ID Clone Source FPS 02 CA, Oakville FPS 04 Argentina, Mendoza FPS 06 CA, Jackson FPS 08 CA, Concannon FPS 14 Chile FPS 24 CA, Laurel Glen FPS 26 Italy, Conegliano FPS 27 Italy, Conegliano FPS 29 CA, from LV8901 Niebaum-Coppola FPS 30 CA, from LV8909 Disney Silverado FPS 31 CA, from LV8914 Mondavi, To-Kalon LV8901 CA, Niebaum-Coppola? ORIGINAL VIRUS LV8909 CA, Disney Silverado - ORIGINAL VIRUS LV8914 CA, Mondavi, To-Kalon - ORIGINAL VIRUS ENTAV ENTAV via Sunridge Nursery

49 Clone Yield Clusters Cluster Berries per Vine Weight per (kg vine -1 ) (g) Cluster FPS ± ± ± ± 7 FPS ± ± 1 91 ± 5 92 ± 5 FPS ± ± 1 80 ± 6 98 ± 8 FPS ± ± ± ± 6 FPS ± ± ± ± 5 FPS ± ± 0 92 ± ± 8 FPS ± ± 0 98 ± ± 4 FPS ± ± ± ± 4 FPS ± ± ± ± 6 LV ± ± 2 80 ± 5 85 ± 8 FPS ± ± ± ± 7 LV ± ± ± ± 3 FPS ± ± 1 79 ± 6 78 ± 9 LV ± ± 1 57 ± 2 58 ± 1 ENTAV ± ± ± ± 7

50 Clone Yield Brix (kg/v) FPS LV FPS LV FPS LV

51 Conclusions for Clones Yield is driven primarily il by cluster weight. Low-yielding clones compensate with higher growth, sometimes but not always. Insufficient research information is currently available to choose clones on a basis of wine quality Selection of clone is an important t consideration, particularly as the bottle price of wine increases, especially above $20. Preference of clone is often winery- dependent

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