Review of literature on camellia flower blight caused by Ciborinia camelliae

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1 New Zealand Jurnal f Crp and Hrticultural Science ISSN: (Print) (Online) Jurnal hmepage: Review f literature n camellia flwer blight caused by Cibrinia camelliae C. H. Taylr & P. G. Lng T cite this article: C. H. Taylr & P. G. Lng (2000) Review f literature n camellia flwer blight caused by Cibriniacamelliae, New Zealand Jurnal f Crp and Hrticultural Science, 28:2, , DOI: / T link t this article: Published nline: 22 Mar Submit yur article t this jurnal Article views: 585 Citing articles: 10 View citing articles Full Terms & Cnditins f access and use can be fund at

2 New Zealand Jurnal f Crp and Hrticultural Science, 2000, Vl. 28: /00/ $7.00 The Ryal Sciety f New Zealand Review Review f literature n camellia flwer blight caused by Cibrinia camelliae C. H. TAYLOR P. G. LONG Institute f Natural Resurces Massey University P. O. Bx Palmerstn Nrth, New Zealand P.G.Lng@massey.ac.nz Abstract Cibrinia camelliae Khn is the mst destructive pest r disease prblem f camellias (Camellia spp.) The pathgen is related t cmmn and widespread plant pathgens in the genera Sclertinia and Btrytinia (anamrph=btrytis). Sclertia frm in infected petals and remain drmant in plant debris until the next seasn. In early spring, apthecia are prduced frm the sclertia and release windbrne ascspres. Infectin causes the petals t turn brwn and the flwers t fall prematurely. The disease has been identified in Japan (1919), the United States (1938), New Zealand (1993), and parts f Eurpe (1999). It has nw spread ver the lwer Nrth Island and upper Suth Island f New Zealand, with islated utbreaks in Christchurch and Auckland. Cntrl f this disease has prved difficult even thugh: (1) nly camellia flwers are infected, (2) there is n secndary infectin, and (3) ascspres are present fr nly 2-3 mnths each year. T date, fungicides have given less than satisfactry cntrl f the disease and pssible cntrl measures are reviewed. Interest in ptential bicntrl agents is grwing but remains an unexplred alternative. Resistant varieties ffer the best management ptin fr the future. H99051 Received 9 December 1999; accepted 30 March 2000 Keywrds Cibrinia camelliae; camellia flwer blight; distributin; epidemilgy; apthecia; sclertia; cntrl INTRODUCTION The family Theaceae cntains abut 30 genera (Kbuski 1978), f which the mst imprtant is the genus Camellia. Only ne (C. lancelata (Bl.) Seem) f the 267 species listed in the Internatinal Camellia Register (Savige 1993) riginated utside Asia. This species is a native f the muntainus areas f the Philippines and Indnesia (Durrant 1982; Chang & Barthlmew 1984; Macby 1992). Sme members f the genus are grwn fr their ecnmic value (Chang & Barthlmew 1984). The crushed seeds f sme species prduce high quality ils, which are used in csmetics (Nucci 1975; Durrant 1982; Xia et al. 1993) r as cking ils (Sealy 1958; Durrant 1982; Chang & Barthlmew 1984; Gumei 1986; Xia et al. 1993). The pharmaceutical and manufacturing industries als use camellia prducts (Chang & Barthlmew 1984; Xia et al. 1993) but the mst imprtant ecnmic prduct tea is made frm the leaves f C. sinensis L. var. sinensis Kuntze and C. sinensis var. assamica (Mast.) Kitamura. Camellia cultivatin has a lng histry and the wide range f flwer frms (e.g., single, anemne, frmal), clurs, and sizes (~1 23 cm diameter) is the result f many centuries f selectin fr desirable characteristics, first in China and Japan (Sealy 1958; Durrant 1982; Chang & Barthlmew 1984; Gumei 1986), then in Eurpe, and breeders cntinue t prduce new varieties. Althugh many rnamental species are available, the three mst ppular are the autumn/winter flwering C. sasanqua Thunb., and the winter/spring flwering C. japnica L. and C. reticulata Lindl. Interspecific hybridisatin is pssible, with c hybrids registered (cited by Hagiya 1997).

3 124 New Zealand Jurnal f Crp and Hrticultural Science, 2000, Vl. 28 CAMELLIA FLOWER BLIGHT AND ITS DISTRIBUTION Camellia flwer blight is caused by the fungus Cibrinia camelliae Khn. It is a specialist pathgen, attacking nly the flral parts f species belnging t the genus Camellia (Raabe et al. 1978; Khn & Nagasawa 1984). There is n published evidence that any ther part f the plant can be infected (Hansen & Thmas 1940; Yung & Milbrath 1950a,b) and the general health f the plant des nt appear t be affected. Hwever, there is tentative evidence that the pathgen can spread a shrt distance int the stem frm infected flwers (P. G. Lng, 1999 unpubl. data). Infected petals turn brwn and flwers fall early (Khn & Nagasawa 1984). Since camellias are specifically cultivated fr their beautiful flwers, the depredatins f C. camelliae detract frm their aesthetic value. All varieties and species are thught t be susceptible t the disease, but n prgramme f resistance screening has been carried ut. Camellias are relatively untrubled by multiple pest and disease prblems (Bieleski 1991; Bnd 1994) cmpared with ther flwering plants such as rses. Hwever, where flwer blight ccurs, it is cnsidered the mst serius disease prblem f the genus Camellia (Raabe et al. 1978). Althugh discvered in Japan in 1919 (Hara 1919), the disease was nt widespread there until the mid 1970s (Matsumt 1995). In the United States, it was fund n camellias in a nursery near Hayward, Califrnia in 1938 (Hansen & Thmas 1940, 1994) and later, at a secnd Califrnian nursery (Hansen & Thmas 1946; Thmas & Hansen 1946; Hansen & Thmas 1994). After its identificatin, nurserymen reprted that, befre 1938, infected flwers had been seen in "scattered areas in nrthern Califrnia" (Raabe et al. 1958). Bth nurseries imprted camellia plants frm Japan and it is likely that the disease was intrduced n these imprted plants (Hansen & Thmas 1940; Hansen & Thmas 1946; Thmas & Hansen 1946; Hansen & Thmas 1994). The disease spread t ther states, first Gergia, (Gill 1948; Gill & Ridley 1954; Gill & Ratcliffe 1956) althugh Wilby (1954a,b) reprted he had seen it in Gergia in 1938; then Oregn (Richmnd 1949; Nance 1950), Luisiana (Plakidas 1950a,b; Harris 1954; Plakidas 1955; Anzalne& Plakidas 1958a,b; Alfrd et al. 1961; Gch 1966), Nrth Carlina (Watsn 1950; Haasis 1953; Haasis & Nelsn 1953; Winstead et al. 1954), Virginia (Brwn 1954; Baxter & Epps 1958), Suth Carlina (Baxter & Berly 1956), Texas (Plakidas 1957), and Mississippi (Cchran 1962). It has been reprted in Flrida (Raabe et al. 1978; Dingley 1993) and is prbably als in ther suthern states (Raabe et al. 1978). Thus, within 20 years f its arrival in the United States, C. camelliae spread t mst regins where camellias are grwn (the "camellia belt" f the United States). In the Gergia, Luisiana, and Texas utbreaks, the wners f the gardens r nurseries where the disease was initially fund had all imprted camellias frm Califrnia (Gill 1948; Plakidas 1950a,b; Plakidas 1957). The rigin f the infectins in ther states is nt knwn. In 1993, the disease was fund in a garden in Wellingtn, New Zealand and was identified by Stewart & Neilsn (1993) wh believed it had been there at least tw seasns. A survey cnducted by the Ministry f Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF) (C. F. Hill, 1993 unpubl. data) fund the disease t be widespread in Wellingtn and n eradicatin r cntainment measures were undertaken (R. Framptnpers. cmm. t T. Stewart 1993). In 1996, the disease was reprted in Waikanae, Wanganui, and frm a farm at Kauangara, 22 km east f Wanganui (Neall et al. 1998). Human activity was suspected f intrducing it t these lcatins and it was thught t be limited t these sites. Hwever, a survey in 1997 (Lng & Taylr 1998 ; Taylr & Lng 1998a) shwed that it was well established in the lwer Nrth Island f New Zealand and indicated that windbrne dispersal was prbably the principle methd f spread. A secnd survey in 1998 (Taylr 1999; Taylr & Lng 1999a; Taylr et al. 1999) fund the disease in the nrth f the Suth Island, with islated utbreaks in Christchurch, Kaiapi, and Auckland prbably attributable t spread n planting material. Mre recently, the disease has been reprted in suthern and suth-western England (Ck 1999; Sctt 1999), in Prtugal and Spain (Mansilla et al. 1999a,b), and in Bretagne (France), Italy, Switzerland, and Germany (Peper 1999). The infectins in Luisiana, United States, ccurred n plants imprted frm Califrnia in vilatin f Luisiana State quarantine (Plakidas 1950a). The rigin f the New Zealand utbreak is nt knwn but distances frm nearest surces f infectin and wind currents suggest that airbrne ascspres were nt respnsible. The imprtatin f infected flwers, f plants with infected flwers, f sclertia in ptting mix r f sclertia adhering t items such as shes r ther imprted gds is mst likely. New Zealand imprts thusands f used cars frm Japan each year and sclertia embedded in tyre treads are anther pssible surce f the pathgen.

4 Taylr & Lng Review f camellia flwer blight 125 As sclertia can be imprted in the absence f camellia plants, quarantine measures aimed slely at camellia material wuld nt appear t be a ttally effective barrier. TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY OF CIBORINIA CAMELLIAE Cibrinia camelliae is an inperculate Discmycete f the Sclertiniaceae; a family in which apthecia are prduced frm strma r sclertia (Alexpuls & Mims 1979; Agris 1988). In 1945, Whetzel subdivided the family int 14 genera. Frmerly classified as Sclertinia camelliae Hara, Whetzel erected the genus Cibrinia t cntain species in which either whlly r partly digested hst tissue is incrprated int the sclertial medulla. Sclertia f the genus Sclertinia d nt cntain hst tissue (Whetzel 1945). Hara (1919) named the pathgen Sclertinia camelliae Hara. Hansen & Thmas ( 1940) identified it frm camellias in Califrnia in Unaware f Hara's wrk they believed it t be a new species, which they described as Sclertinia camelliae Hansen & Thmas. In 1946, nw aware f Hara's descriptin, Thmas & Hansen (1946) recgnised S. camelliae Hara, but nted that the dimensins f asci and ascspres were smaller in their samples than thse recrded by Hara. When Khn (1979) cmpared Hara's hltype with fresh samples cllected in Califrnia, she cncluded that the tw species were nt the same and described the Califrnian specimens as Cibrinia camelliae Khn. After studying the hltypes f S. camelliae Hara and C. camelliae Khn, Khn & Nagasawa (1984) prpsed the tw t be synnymus. Althugh Hara's epithet has pririty in Sclertinia, because it is best accmmdated in the genus Cibrinia, the crrect name fr this species is C. camelliae Khn. The life cycle f C. camelliae is shwn in Fig. 1. Infectin ccurs in spring, when an ascspre germinates n a petal and successfully penetrates hst tissue (Fig. 1A). Each infectin causes an irregular, small brwn spt n the petal and these infectins enlarge and calesce until the entire petal is brwn. When the infectin reaches the base f the petal, it spreads t, and up, ther petals f the flwer until the entire flwer shws symptms f the blight. At the base f the flwer, a white r grey ring f mycelium can be seen when the calyx is remved and fungal pseudparenychema in the base f the petals eventually frm sclertia and micrcnidia (Fig. IB). Sclertia in fallen flwers lie drmant n the grund r in plant debris ver summer, autumn, and winter (Fig. 1C). Twards the end f winter, the sclertia begin t germinate, prducing apthecia frm which ascspres are released (Fig. ID). One study has shwn that the appearance f apthecia in the spring is linked t lw ambient and sil temperatures cupled with high relative humidity and sil misture (Ykhama 1980). Fur t eight apthecia per aggregate sclertium is cmmn (Jhnsn 1971) althugh Haasis & Winstead (1954a) recrded ne aggregate sclertium with 45 apthecia. In New Zealand, sclertial germinatin ccurs ver 2-3 mnths in spring but in Califrnia the fungus is mstly active in winter (Richardsn pers. cmm.). Nt all sclertia germinate the seasn fllwing frmatin; they may remain viable in the sil fr at least 4 years (Baxter & Thmas 1995a,b). Dingley (1993) reprted that the same sclertium may germinate in mre than ne seasn, but this has nt been bserved elsewhere, and may be based n Hansen & Thmas (1946, 1994) and Thmas & Hansen's (1946) reprt that a tray f sclertia prduced apthecia in successive seasns. Hwever, it is nt clear whether the same sclertia, r different nes in the same tray, germinated the secnd year. Twenty Cibrinia species are knwn, and all are hst-specific pathgens. Mst are limited t ne hst species r t several species within a genus. In general, they attack the leaves r flral parts f their hst, althugh sme als infect twigs, bark, bulbs, and stlns (Grves & Bwerman 1955; Batra & Krf 1959; Batra 1960). The life cycle is annual, with sclertia frming in infected hst tissues ver summer and autumn, then prducing apthecia the fllwing spring. Micrcnidia have been recrded fr mst species (Grves & Bwerman 1955; Batra & Krf 1959; Batra 1960). Macrcnidia have nt been recrded in any Cibrinia species (Khn 1979). Little research has been carried ut n members f the genus, as they are generally nt ecnmically imprtant pathgens. The islatin, culture, and lng-term strage f C. camelliae have been studied by a number f wrkers. Plakidas (1950a), Haasis & Winstead (1954a), Winstead & Haasis (1954), Anzalne (1959), Alfrd (1961), Zumm (1960), Alfrd & Sinclair (1962), and Fullertn et al. (1998) reprted that C. camelliae is readily recvered frm diseased petals whereas thers (Watsn 1950; Winstead et al. 1954; Taylr 1999) have fund it difficult t islate in this way. Barnett & Lilly (1948) and Jhnsn (1971) demnstrated an abslute requirement fr

5 126 New Zealand Jurnal f Crp and Hrticultural Science, 2000, Vl. 28 L A, Ascspre infectin f camellia petal leads t rapid spread f a brwn rt. M D, Apthecia develp n sclertia in spring. Ascspres are spread by wind. B, Sclertia (S) and micrcnidia (M) develp after blighted flwers fall t the grund. C, Flwers rt and sclertia verwinter in plant debris. Fig. 1 Illustrated disease cycle diagram f camellia (Camellia spp.) flwer blight caused by the fungal pathgen Cibrinia camelliae.

6 Taylr & Lng Review f camellia flwer blight 127 bitin and a partial requirement fr thiamine; Barnett & Lilly (1948) als recrd a partial deficiency fr insitl. Ptat Dextrse Agar (PDA) is the mst cmmnly-used agar medium (Hansen & Thmas 1940; Watsn 1950; Haasis 1953; Haasis & Winstead 1954a; Winstead & Haasis 1954; McCain 1963; Khn & Nagasawa 1984; Hlcmb 1994; Fullertn et al. 1998; Taylr 1999), but ptat sucrse agar (PSA) (Alfrd 1961; Alfrd & Sinclair 1962), water agar (WA) (Watsn 1950), malt extract agar (MEA) (Khn & Nagasawa 1984), bean pd agar (Alfrd 1961), atmeal agar (Alfrd 1961), Lenian's Medium (LM) (Khn & Nagasawa 1984), hme-made camellia petal agars (Fullertn et al. 1998; Taylr 1999), and sterilised wheat grains (Hansen & Thmas 1940; Haasis 1953) have all been used t successfully culture the pathgen. The surce f PDA can be imprtant. Taylr & Lng (1998b) fund that it grew well n Difc PDA and n ne batch f Oxid PDA but did nt frm typical clnies n an ld batch f Oxid PDA r hmemade PDA, and frequently failed t grw at all n Merck PDA. The fungus may be stred in ptat sucrse brth (195 days) (Alfrd & Sinclair 1962), n PDA (9 mnths) (McCain 1963), and n wheat seeds (168 mnths) (Hlcmb 1980, 1994b). Mlecular studies f C. camelliae have nt been dne, althugh sme wrk n ther members f the genus has been carried ut (Hist-Jensen et al. 1997a,b). These studies investigated the phylgeny f varius members f the family Sclertiniaceae based n a cmparisn f ribsmal DNA sequences. They shwed that C. erythrnii was less clsely related t C. fliicla and C. whetzelii than t varius ther members f the family, althugh the relatinship changed accrding t the DNA sequence cmpared (i.e., Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS), 5.8S rdna, and 18S rdna) and parsimny and tree analyses used. In a cmparisn f the ITS1 sequences f C. cibrium and C. erythrnii, Carbne & Khn (1993) cncluded that the genus Cibrinia was a hetergeneus gruping f species and in "need f mngraphic revisin". CONTROL When Hansen & Thmas (1940) described this "new" disease f camellias, they cncluded that there was "little danger f the disease becming established in parks r private gardens" and that it wuld be "a relatively simple matter t cntrl the disease and eradicate the pathgen by gathering and destrying all fallen flwers". They did nt bserve apthecia under plants grwn in the pen withut mulching. Hwever, by 1943, the disease was knwn t ccur in parks and gardens (Stut, letter t Andersn, quted by Alfrd et al. 1961) but since infectin was by ascspres, and nly the flwers were infected, it was thught that it culd be eradicated thrugh the destructin f infected flwers cmbined with grund fungicide sprays t kill r inhibit the sclertia (Hansen & Thmas 1940; Thmas & Hansen 1946). Hwever, the disease cntinued t spread within the United States and the current distributin demnstrates that nce the disease is established in an area, eradicatin is unlikely and even cntrl can be prblematic. Althugh its appearance in a new area may be attributed t the imprtatin f diseased material, spread within an area is mst likely t be thrugh windbrne ascspres. These have been estimated t travel anywhere frm several metres t several kilmetres in a viable state (Baxter & Epps 1957; Zumm & Plakidas 1959; Zumm 1960; Zumm & Plakidas 1960; Plakidas 1961; Zumm & Plakidas 1961; Baxter 1971; Baxter & Fagan 1975; Iriyama 1980; Baxter& Epps 1981; Baxter & Segars 1989b; Hlcmb 1990; Stewart & Neilsn 1993; Stewart 1994b; Zumm & Plakidas 1994a,b; Baxter & Thmas 1995a,b; Bnd 1996). Only Zumm (1960), Zumm & Plakidas (1960), and Zumm & Plakidas (1961) appear t have based their estimate n experimental evidence. Brwn (1977,1983) reprts anecdtal evidence which suggests that ascspres may be blwn 8-10 km and pssibly up t 25 km. Taylr (1999) bserved ne instance where an infected prperty was 20 km distant frm the nearest knwn infectins. Zumm & Plakidas ( 1959) called petal blight a "cmmunity prblem" as new infectins can be blwn in frm neighburing prperties despite the wner's precautins. In sme parts f the United States, plants are sld with all flwers and buds remved (infected r nt) and the public are recmmended t change the upper 5 cm f sil and replace it with a sterile medium (Raabe et al. 1958). Alternatively, many nurseries in the United States used t ship plants bare-rted (Westctt 1971; Brwn 1977; Brwn 1983). These measures aim t prevent ld sclertia in the sil, r new sclertia frmed in flwers, frm being transprted alng with the plant. Such precautins are imprtant in limiting the spread f the disease in an endemic area, as well as fr preventing intrductin t new areas. Once the disease is established in a regin, then a range f chemical and cultural methds have been

7 128 New Zealand Jurnal f Crp and Hrticultural Science, 2000, Vl. 28 suggested fr management f the disease (Milbrath 1950; Yung & Milbrath 1950a,b; Brwn 1954; Wilby 1954a; Baxter & Epps 1957; Raabe et al. 1958; Paulus & Raabe 1959; Zumm & Plakidas 1959;Plakidas 1961;Baxter 1971; Raabe et al. 1978; Baxter & Epps 1979). The disease can be avided cmpletely by grwing autumn-flwering species r varieties that flwer early in the seasn, befre flwer blight is present. The majrity f camellias, hwever, flwer during the blight seasn and will becme infected if ascspres are present. By keeping the grund under the camellia plant bare f vegetatin, the grund dries ut mre rapidly t the detriment f the sclertia and apthecia (Baxter et al. 1987; Baxter & Segars 1989a). In additin, apthecia are mre readily bserved and can be remved as they appear. Smetimes, treating plants with gibberellins ("gibbing") can be used t bring plants int flwer befre the blight seasn starts. All infected flwers shuld be cllected and burned. A plastic grund sheet laid underneath a plant makes cllectin f fallen flwers easier, and prevents apthecial develpment flwers ldged in branches must be remved by hand (Baxter et al. 1983). Where the terrain is steep r many camellias are planted, these measures are frequently impractical, especially when the grwer is unable, r is disinclined, t carry them ut. Flwers shuld nt be cmpsted as the sclertia can survive this prcess (L. W. Baxter pers. cmm. t T. Stewart 1994). Cuncil r private green-waste cmpsting schemes may cntribute t the spread f the disease within the cmmunity if sclertia survive the high temperatures and lengthy cmpsting prcedure. In the past 60 years, varius fungicides have been evaluated fr cntrl f C. camelliae in trials ranging frm small labratry tests, t large field trials, cnducted ver several years. There are tw appraches fr fungicide use: they can be used as sprays r drenches n sclertia in the sil (t kill r inhibit sclertia r apthecial frmatin) r as flwer sprays (t kill ascspres and prevent infectins in the petals). Frequent fungicide applicatins are required, as bth apthecial frmatin and flwering are cntinuus thrughut the seasn. Key features f fungicide tests that have been carried ut against C. camelliae are detailed in Tables 1 and 2. Several small-scale fungicide tests and recmmendatins by camellia enthusiasts are nt included in these tables (Zumm 1960; Parsns 1964a,b; Weiss 1964; Baxter & Fagan 1975; Baxter & Thmas 1992; Htchkiss & Baxter 1995; Matsumt 1995; Baxter 1996; Edwards 1996; Scheibert 1996; Baxter & Thmas 1998; Htchkiss 1998). N fungicide has been fund t give ttal cntrl f the disease. Several (e.g., pentachlrnitrbenzene and tebucnazle) have prduced mderately satisfactry results in trials but Hlcmb (1990) fund that the level f disease fluctuates thrugh ut the seasn and between years, thus gd results ne year are nt necessarily indicative f cnsistent cntrl. Hlcmb (1977, 1997) and Htchkiss et al. (1997) have als nted this variatin in effectiveness in fungicide trials. One undesirable side effect, which ccurred using Alt (tebucnazle) and Shirlan (fluazinam) as flwer sprays, was an increase in the number f Btrytisinfected flwers (Fullertn et al. 1999). The systemic fungicides have nt prved any mre successful than prtectants, and Baxter & Thmas (1994) have shwn that they are nt translcated int the flwer. The camellia enthusiast, therefre, must decide whether the reductin in disease is wrth the cst in materials and effrt. Cibrinia camelliae infectin ccurs n petals f the genus Camellia, but nthing is knwn abut the infectin prcess (pre-penetratin, penetratin, pstpenetratin events) f this pathgen r f ther Cibrinia species. Similarly, there has been n published study f resistance in the genus Camellia. N list f cultivars r species knwn t be susceptible (r resistant) is currently available and n camellia varieties are knwn t be resistant (Baxter & Segars 1989b; Baxter & Thmas 1992). Hansen & Thmas ( 1940) reprted that mre than 50 varieties f camellia (in a nursery) appeared t be equally susceptible and Baxter & Berly (1956) reprted mre than 100 varieties (in private gardens) shwed n resistance t C. camelliae. Presumably these were the mre cmmn cultivars and species (i.e., C. japnica, C. reticulata, C. saluenensis Stapf, ex Bean, and hybrids) that are widely distributed. Baxter (unpubl. data, cited in Baxter & Epps 1981) reprted that 'Betty Sheffield' and 'Rev. Jhn G. Draytn' did nt appear t be quite as susceptible as ther cultivars, althugh they culd be infected by C. camelliae. Opinins differ as t whether the autumn-flwering C. sasanqua are susceptible t the disease. Framptn (1994), Haasis (1953), Hansn (1955), and Dingley (1993) stated that C. sasanqua is susceptible, whereas Matsumt (1995) stated that it is immune. He als stated that wild japnicas (in Japan) are nt "as damaged as ther cultivars" by this pathgen. There is increasing interest in replacing synthetic chemical pesticides with bilgical cntrl agents

8 Table 1 Summary f fungicide trials against sclertia, stipes, r apthecia f Cibrinia camelliae. All applicatin rates have been cnverted t ml/100 litres, kg/ ha, r kg/100 m 2. Trade name Chemical/cmmn name Rate f applicatin Methd f applicatin Results* Reference Alt Chlr IPC Cyanamid Ferbam/Fermate Flicur 250EC Flicur430SC Krenite-26 Orthcide Shirlan Sulphur cyprcnazle isprpyl-n-(3chlrphenyl) carbamate calcium cyanamid ferbam tebucnazle tebucnazle 19% sdium dinitrcresylate, 5% sdium butylnapthalene sulfnate, 2% sdium chrmate captan fluazinam sulphur 400 ml/100 litres 400 ml/100 litres 22.4 kg/ha 224 kg/ha 448 kg/ha 896 kg/ha 490 g/100 litres 336 kg/ha 2.93 kg/100 m 2 + wetting agents 250 ml/100 litres 400 ml/100 litres 1887 litres/ha 7548 litres/ha 336 kg/ha 240 g/100 litres 4 litres/100 litres 1.9 kg/100 m 2 nt specified sil spray nt specified sil drench sil drench nt specified sil spray 1% sluble drench 1% sluble drench sil drench sil drench sil spray nt specified 46:336 (86%) "highly effective" 22:46 (53%) 11:62(82%) 1:40(97.5%) l f :46 (98%) "seemed t inhibit frmatin f... apthecia" 15:306(95%) "sclertia... have been suppressed" 42:268 (84%) "less effective than either Alt r Shirlan" 7:69 (90%) 4:72 (94.5%) 41:306(87%) 90% reductin "highly effective" "effective in suppressing apthecia" Cper et al. (1997a,b) Fullertn et al. (1998) Hansen & Thmas (1940) Anzalne & Plakidas (1958a,b; 1994) Harvey & Hansen (1950) Cper et al. (1997a,b) Fullertn et al. (1998) Anzalne & Plakidas (1958a,b; 1994) Hansn(1955) Fullertn et al. (1998) Harvey & Hansen (1950) O IQ CD S; 3 lia a CD an" OQ f Sumisclex 25 Sumisclex 25 TCA Terrachlr prcymidne prcymidne sdium trichlracetate pentachlrnitrbenzene 336 kg/ha 250 ml/100 litres 250 ml/100 litres 11.2 kg/ha 22.4 kg/ha 44.8 kg/ha 336 kg/ha 1.25 kg/100 litres 56 kg/ha 112 kg/ha 224 kg/ha 1.46 kg/100 litres g detergent sil drench nt specified nt specified sil drench sil drench grund spray r sil drench (223:306 = 27%) 97:203 (42%) 97:203 (42%) 6:38 (84%) 5:102(95%) 5:61 (92%) 2:306 (35%) 75% cntrl 25:71 (65%) 7:25 (72%) 1:53(98%) "has given excellent cntrl" Anzalne & Plakidas (1958a,b; 1994) Cper et al. (1997a,b) Cper et al. (1997a,b) Anzalne & Plakidas (1958a,b; 1994) Tuije(1958) Raabeetal. (1978) * Where data are given, they are presented as: n. f apthecia prduced in treated area : n. in cntrl area (= % kill). f Stipe nly.

9 Table 2 Summary f fungicide trials against infectin f camellia (Camellia spp.) flwers r preventin f sclertial frmatin by Cibrinia camelliae. All applicatin rates have been cnverted t ml/100 litres, kg/ha, r kg/100 m 2. Trade name Chemical/cmmn name Rate f applicatin Methd f applicatin Results* Reference Abund Acti-dine RZ Acti-spray Agrimycin Alliette Arasan 428 Baycr Bayletn Bayletn Bay Meb W Benlate BTH Chipc Cleary 3336 Cyprex Dacnil W Dacnil EC Enable Endmycin Fermate cyclheximide cyclheximide streptmycin thiram bitertanl triadimefn triadimefn benmyl ddine chlrthalnil chlrthalnil ferbam ml/100 litres + 66 ml Silwet ml/100 litres 10 ppm a.i. loppma.i. 1OO ppm a.i. 599 g/100 litres + 66 ml Silwet 1700 ppm a.i kg/100 litres 120g/100 litres ml/100 litres + Ivry detergent 59 g/100 litres 60 g/100 litres ml/100 litres 1.06 litres/100 litres + Ivry detergent g/100 litres ml/100 litres + 66 ml Silwet 1.06 litres/100 litres + Ivry detergent 1000 ppm a.i. 90 g/100 litres 180 g/100 litres 90 ml+ 210 ml/100 litres ml/100 litres ml/100 litres ml/100 litres 125 ml/100 litres ml ml/100 litres 66 ml/100 litres + 66 ml Silwet 1700 ppm a.i. saked saked saked saked saked 61%:70% "excellent cntrl" 40%:25% 45%:25% 40%:25% 70%:70% 30%:25% 35%:57% 28%:54% 0-4%:58-90% 10%:43% + 27%:68% * 45%:69% + 21%:72% + 29%:54% + 47%:68% + 50% 88%:96%" 11.4%:48.5% 20%:64% 28%:64% 34%:72% -50% all shwed symptms* 77%:93% 78%: 70% all shwed symptms* 35%:25%«40%:64% 45%:64% 43%:68% 7.5%:48.5% 34%:64% 36%:64% 55%:72% 47%:68% 80%: 70% 20%:25% 35%:25%«Htchkiss et al. (1997) Mathews(1975) Alfrd(1961) Alfrd(1961) Alfrd(1961) Htchkiss et al. (1997) Alfrd(1961) Hlcmb(1990) Hlcmb(1981) Hlcmb(1990) Hlcmb(1990) Hlcmb(1990) Hlcmb(1990) Hlcmb(1990) Hlcmb(1990) Hlcmb(1990) Htchkiss & Baxter (1994) Hlcmb(1997) Hlcmb(1976) Hlcmb(1977) Hlcmb(1977) Hlcmb(1977) Baxter et al. (1987) Hlcmb(1990) Htchkiss & Baxter (1994) Hlcmb(1997) Htchkiss et al. (1997) Htchkiss & Baxter (1994) Alfrd(1961) Hlcmb(1977) Hlcmb(1977) Hlcmb(1990) Hlcmb(1976) Hlcmb(1977) Hlcmb(1977) Hlcmb(1977) Hlcmb(1990) Htchkiss et al. (1997) Alfrd(1961) Alfrd(1961) ft N 2 g 3 EL O -i a - O g

10 rlicur Flicur Flicur + Alliette Grisefulvin Manzate Nabac 25EC Ornalin Orthcide Parzate Rnilan Shirlan Tilt Tpsin M 70W Zyban 75W tebucnazle tebucnazle terbcnazle + fsetylaluminium manczeb captan nabam vinclzlin fluazinam prpicnazle benzimidazle 15% thiphanate methyl; (60% maneb) - madine disulphide g/100 litres 264 ml/100 litres + 33 ml liquid detergent saked 264 ml/100 litres + Ivry detergent saked 264 ml/100 litres 264 ml/100 litres + 2 ml litre sactrn B ml/100 litres + 66 ml Silwet ml/100 litres + 66 ml Silwet 264 ml/100 litres + 66 ml Silwet ml/100 litres g + 66 ml Silwet 10 ppm a.i ppm a.i. 59 g/100 litres 264 ml/100 litres + Ivry detergent g/100 litres 125 ml/100 litres 100 g/100 litres 90 g/100 litres 30 g/100 litres 60 g/100 litres 240 g/100 litres 100 ppm a.i. 500 ppm a.i ppm a.i ppm a.i ppm a.i. 100 ppm a.i. saked 0% 0% 0% 88%:96%" 11%:36% 29%:36% 82%:70% 32%:70% 29%:70% 69%:70% 45%:25%«45%:25% 24.6%:48.5% 20.6%:48.5% 32%:84% all shwed symptms* 40%:25%5-50% 92%:96%" -50% 30.9%:48.5% 28.2%:48.5% 10.3%:22.26%1 1O.4%:22.26%1 6.98%:22.26%1 4.16%:22.26%1 40%:25% 0%:25% 30%:25% 35%:25%S 40%:25% 45%:25% Baxter et al. (1987) Baxter & Thmas ( 1994) Htchkiss & Baxter (1994) Hlcmb(1997) Htchkiss et al. (1997) Htchkiss et al. (1997) Htchkiss et al. (1997) Htchkiss et al. (1997) Htchkiss et al. (1997) Htchkiss et al. (1997) Alfrd(1961) Alfrd(1961) Hlcmb(1976) Hlcmb(1976) Hlcmb(1990) Htchkiss & Baxter ( 1994) Alfrd(1961) Baxter et al. (1987) Hlcmb(1997) Baxter et al. (1987) Hlcmb(1976) Hlcmb(1976) Jhnsn & Kimes (1975) Jhnsn & Kimes (1975) Jhnsn & Kimes (1975) Jhnsn & Kimes (1975) Alfrd(1961) Alfrd(1961) Alfrd(1961) Alfrd(1961) Alfrd(1961) Alfrd(1961) Taylr 99 r 10 < a? ki * Where given: treatment infectin rate (%) : untreated cntrl infectin rate (%). + Trials cnducted ver 6 successive years. t When subsequently dipped in tebucnazle stpped advance. % blighted flwers 16 days after spraying. 11 Averaged ver last tw readings. 1 Averaged ver five readings.

11 132 New Zealand Jurnal f Crp and Hrticultural Science, 2000, Vl. 28 (BCAs). This interest is driven by: (1) the increasing cst f pesticides, (2) pathgen resistance t pesticides, and (3) the perceived negative effects f pesticides n the envirnment and human health. There has been n published wrk n bilgical cntrl f C. camelliae but there wuld appear t be tw useful appraches. The first wuld be t test fungi shwn t attack sclertia f ther fungal plant pathgens, and ne grup in New Zealand (Jnes & Stewart 1995; Jnes & Stewart 1997) is testing this apprach. The secnd apprach wuld be t evaluate BCAs fr use n flwers t prevent infectin. This apprach is als being investigated by ur grup using the prcedures develped by Ck et al. (1997a,b) fr Btrytis cinerea. One study has indicated that there may be surces f resistance within the genus Camellia (Taylr 1999; Taylr & Lng 1999b) but further wrk is required t understand the extent and mechanisms f this resistance and hw it culd be applied t the develpment f camellia varieties resistant t C. camelliae. Sme preliminary studies f techniques required fr genetic engineering f camellia have been cmpleted (Haldeman 1995; Shults & Haldeman 1995; Haldeman & Lcker 1996; Shults & Haldeman 1996; Haldeman & Sprenne 1998) but d nt appear t have reached the stage f practical applicatin. Further general references t the disease nt already cited in this review are: Ann. (1950), Plakidas (1950b), Hume (1951), Gill (1954), Haasis & Winstead (1954b), Hertrich (1954), Yung (1954), Turje (1956), Westctt (1957), Ann. ( ), DuBrul ( ), Miller & Mullin ( 1975), Treseder & Hyams (1975), Brks (1979), Nunmura (1980), Hlcmb (1983), Raabe (1983), Hlcmb (1991), Baxter et al. (1994), Rlf (1992), Stewart (1994a), Stewart & Neilsn (1994), Nathan & Nathan (1995), McLennan (1995), Cper et al. (1996), Baxter (1997), Baxter et al. (1997), Macby (1998), Trehane (1998), and Lng & Taylr (1999). The majrity f these are shrt articles written fr American camellia enthusiast magazines and are intended fr the general public. They cver basic facts abut camellia flwer blight, its life cycle, and cntrl measures. Sme are reprints f articles published in ther camellia publicatins. Three websites cntaining infrmatin n camellia flwer blight include ur wn( research/cibrinia/), thse f the Internatinal Camellia Sciety ( med_fak/physil2/camellia/hme.htm), and Klaus Peper's German site ( hme.htm). Mre general infrmatin n camellias and flwer blight can be fund n a number f American University extensin sites. The fllwing references were nt btained fr this review: Hara (1919,1927), Trmey (1949), Baxter & Epps (1958), Alexander et al. (1962), and Baxter & Jnes (1994). CONCLUSION Very little is knwn abut the genus Cibrinia. C. camelliae is the mst studied species, but the majrity f these studies have been largely limited t fungicide trials, bservatins f the infectin cycle, and grwth in culture. Little is knwn f the pathgen basic bilgy (e.g., whether it is hmthallic r heterthallic) r f hst/parasite relatinships. Further wrk is urgently required t prvide a scientific basis fr frmulating mre effective disease-management strategies. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknwledge with thanks the financial supprt f the New Zealand Camellia Memrial Trust and Massey University fr this research. REFERENCES Agris, G. N. 1988: Plant pathlgy. Third editin. San Dieg, United States, Academic Press. 803 p. Alexander, P. M.; Baxter, L. W.; Epps, W. M. 1962: Camellia flwer blight. Mime Series 5, Clemsn Cllege, Luisiana, United States. Alexpuls, C. J.; Mims, C. W. 1979: Intrductry myclgy. Third editin. New Yrk, United States, Jhn Wiley & Sns. 482 p. Alfrd, D. M. 1961: Studies n camellia flwer blight. Unpublished MSc thesis, Luisiana State University, Batn Ruge, Luisiana, United States. 37 P- Alfrd, D. M.; Sinclair, J. B. 1962: Sclertinia camelliae cultures remain viable in liquid medium. Phytpathlgy 52: Alfrd, D. M.; Sinclair, J. B.; Pirne, T. P : Spread and distributin f camellia flwer blight in Luisiana. Plant Disease Reprter 45: Annymus 1950: Camellia flwer blight survey, December 1949-March Plant Disease Reprter 34:

12 Taylr & Lng Review f camellia flwer blight 133 Annymus : Camellia flwer blight. American Camellia Yearbk : Cmbined reprint f parts f Zumm & Plakidas (1959), Baxter & Epps (1957), and Anzalne & Plakidas (1958b) articles. Anzalne, L. 1959: Studies n flwer blight f camellia and Cercspra leaf spt f Phtinia serulata. Unpublished PhD thesis, Luisiana State University, Batn Ruge, Luisiana, United States. 84 p. Anzalne, L.; Plakidas, A. G. 1958a: Cntrl f flwer blight f camellias in Luisiana with fungicides. Plant Disease Reprter 42: Anzalne, L; Plakidas, A. G. 1958b: Cntrl f flwer blight f camellias in Luisiana with fungicides. American Camellia Yearbk 1958: Anzalne, L.; Plakidas, A. G. 1994: Cntrl f flwer blight f camellias in Luisiana with fungicides. American Camellia Yearbk 1994: Reprint f Anzalne & Plakidas (1958a). Barnett, H. 1.; Lilly, V. G. 1948: The interrelated effects f vitamins, temperature, and ph upn vegetative grwth f Sclertinia camelliae. American Jurnal f Btany 35: Batra, L. R. 1960: The species f Cibrinia pathgenic t Salix, Magnlia, and Quercus. American Jurnal f Btany 47: Batra, L. R.; Krf, R. P. 1959: The species f Cibrinia pathgenic t herbaceus angisperms. American Jurnal f Btany 46: Baxter, L. W. 1971: The 1970 status f camellia flwer blight caused by Sclertinia camelliae Hara. American Camellia Yearbk 1971: Baxter, L. W. 1996: A cmparisn f camellia flwer blight with ther related diseases. The Camellia Jurnal 51(4): 5-6. Baxter, L. W. 1997: Azalea vs. camellia diseases. American Camellia Yearbk 1997: 65. Baxter, L. W.; Berly, J. A. 1956: Flwer blight f camellia in Suth Carlina. Plant Disease Reprter 40: 831. Baxter, L. W.; Cruickshank, B.; Cruickshank, C. 1994: Let's make better use f an ld plant disease cntrl methd, escape, fr camellia flwer blight cntrl. The Camellia Jurnal 49(4): 21. Baxter, L. W.; Epps, W. M. 1957: Camellia flwer blight. American Camellia Yearbk 1957: Baxter. L. W.; Epps, W. M. 1958: Camellia flwer blight. Clemsn, Suth Carlina Mime Series 5. As cited in Zumm ( 1960). Baxter, L. W.; Epps, W. M. 1979: Camellia flwer blight cntrl pssibility r prbability. The Camellia Jurnal 34(4): Baxter, L. W.; Epps, W. M : Camellia flwer blight caused by Cibrinia camelliae Khn. American Camellia Yearbk 1981: Baxter, L. W.; Fagan, S. G. 1975: Camellia flwer blight American Camellia Yearbk 1975: Baxter, L. W.; Fagan, S. G.; Mitchell, P. A. 1983: Observatins n camellias. The Camellia Jurnal 38(3): Baxter, L. W.; Htchkiss, B.; Thmas, C. 1997: Camellia flwer blight, an ld disease. The Camellia Jurnal 52(1): 7-8. Baxter, L. W.; Jnes, R. K. 1994: Camellia diseases. Jurnal f the Atlantic Cast Camellia Sciety 1: Baxter, L. W.; Segars, S. B. 1989a: A nte n the camellia flwer blight fungus. The Camellia Jurnal 44(4): 9. Baxter, L. W.; Segars, S. B. 1989b: Thughts n camellia flwer blight. The Camellia Jurnal 44(4): Baxter, L. W.; Segars, S. B.; Fagan, S. G. 1987: Better cntrl f camellia flwer blight caused by Cibrinia camelliae Khn. The Camellia Jurnal 42(3): Baxter, L. W.; Thmas, C. A. 1992: Camellia flwer blight, American Camellia Yearbk 1992: Baxter, L. W.; Thmas, C. A. 1994: Studies with Lynx fr cntrlling camellia flwer blight and rse black spt. The Camellia Jurnal 49(2): Baxter, L. W.; Thmas, C. A. 1995a: Cntrl f certain camellia and rse prblems, especially camellia flwer blight (with Lynx). The Camellia Jurnal 50(1): 24. Baxter, L. W.; Thmas, C. A. 1995b: Cntrl f certain camellia and rse prblems, especially camellia flwer blight (with Lynx). New Zealand Camellia Bulletin 120: Reprint f Baxter & Thmas (1995a). Baxter, L. W.; Thmas, C. 1998: Mre n camellia flwer blight: American Camellia Yearbk 1998: Bieleski, R. L. 1991: Camellia diseases. In: Bieleski, V. ed. Grwing better camellias in the 1990s. New Zealand Camellia Sciety, Inc. Pp Bnd, R. 1994: Diseases f camellias. The Camellia Jurnal 49(2): 6-8. Bnd, R. 1996: Answers t camellia questins, part 2. The Camellia Jurnal 51(1): Brks, A. 1979: Camellia flwer blight. Garden UK 104(5):

13 134 New Zealand Jurnal f Crp and Hrticultural Science, 2000, Vl. 28 Brwn, A. C. 1954: Camellia flwer blight. American Camellia Yearbk 1954: Brwn, M. H. 1977: Camellia flwer blight. The Camellia Jurnal 32(4): Brwn, M. H. 1983: Camellia flwer blight what is it? The Camellia Jurnal 38(3): Carbne, I.; Khn, L. M. 1993: Ribsmal DNA sequence divergence within Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 f the Sclertiniaceae. Myclgia 85: Chang, H. T.; Barthlmew, B. 1984: Camellias. Prtland, Oregn, Timber Press in cperatin with the American Camellia Sciety, Frt Valley, Gergia, United States. 304 p. Cchran, J. H. 1962: A reprt f the ccurrence f camellia flwer blight in Mississippi. Plant Disease Reprter 46: 617. Ck, R. 1999: Fight the blight. Hrticulture Week August 12: Ck, D. W.; Lng, P. G.; Ganesh, S.; Cheah, L.-H. 1997a: Attachment micrbes antagnistic against Btrytis cinerea bilgical cntrl and scanning electrn micrscpe studies in viv. Annals f Applied Bilgy 131: Ck, D. W.; Lng, P. G.; Ganesh, S.; Neilsn, H. F. 1997b: Develpment f an apparatus and prtcl fr the efficient islatin f bacteria and yeasts that attach t Btrytis cinerea germlings. Annals f Applied Bilgy 131: Cper, K.; Manning, M.; Fullertn, B. 1996: Camellia petal blight. New Zealand Camellia Bulletin 125: Cper, K.; Manning, M.; Fullertn, B. 1997a: Camellia petal blight: an update f research in prgress. New Zealand Camellia Bulletin 126: 5-7. Cper, K; Manning, M.; Fullertn, B. 1997b: Camellia flwer blight. Internatinal Camellia Sciety Cngress, Auckland, New Zealand, 29 August-2 September. Technical papers. Pp Dingley, J. M. 1993: Let's nt panic abut camellia petal blight. New Zealand Camellia Bulletin 116: DuBrul, G : Camellia flwer blight American Camellia Yearbk : Durrant, T. 1982: The camellia stry. Auckland, New Zealand, Heinemann Publishers. 159 p. Edwards, J. K. 1996: Petal blight cntrl. The Camellia Jurnal 51(4): Framptn, R. 1994: New disease n camellias in Wellingtn. New Zealand Camellia Bulletin 117: 4-5. Fullertn, R. A.; Hurst, R.; Byrne, R. 1999: Use f fliar applied fungicides t cntrl camellia flwer blight {Cibrinia camelliae Khn). Reprt t the Camellia Memrial Trust. HrtResearch Client Reprt N. 1999/ p. Fullertn, R. A.; Rberts, Y. J.; Hurst, R. 1998: Studies n the bilgy and cntrl f camellia petal blight {Cibrinia camelliae Khn). Reprt t the Camellia Memrial Trust. HrtResearch Client Reprt N. 1998/ p. Gill, D. L. 1948: Camellia flwer blight in the suth. Plant Disease Reprter 32: Gill, D. L. 1954: Camellia flwer blight. Camellian 5: 12, 13, 15,25. Gill, D. L.; Ratcliffe,T. J. 1956: Camellia flwer blight in Gergia thrugh the seasn. American Camellia Yearbk 1956: Gill, D. L; Ridley, J. 1954: An utbreak f camellia flwer blight in Gergia. Plant Disease Reprter 38: 673. Gch, F. S. 1966: The ccurrence f camellia flwer blight in suthwest Luisiana. Plant Disease Reprter 50: 525. Grves, J. W.; Bwerman, C. A. 1955: The species f Cibrinia n Ppulus. Canadian Jurnal f Btany 33: Gumei, F. 1986: Btanical characteristics f Yunnan camellias. In: Yu Ba ed. Yunnan camellias f China. Beijing, Kunming Institute f Btany, Academia Sinica, Science Press. Pp Haasis, F. A. 1953: Flwer blight f camellias. American Camellia Yearbk 1953: Haasis, F.; Nelsn, E. G. 1953: Cntrl f the flwer blight disease f camellias with eradicant fungicides. American Camellia Yearbk 1953: Haasis, F. A.; Winstead, N. N. 1954a: Sme characteristics f tw Sclertinia pathgens and their relatinship t flwer blight f camellia. American Camellia Yearbk 1954: Haasis, F. A.; Winstead, N. N. 1954b: Distributin, disseminatin and cntrl f flwer blight f camellia. Camellian 5: 6-7, 13, 16. Hagiya, K. 1997: Bright future f camellias by hybridizing distant relatives. New Zealand Camellia Bulletin 127: 2-9. Haldeman, J. H. 1995: Prspects fr using genetic engineering t btain disease resistance in camellias. The Camellia Jurnal 50(1): 7-8. Haldeman, J. H.; Lcker, K. J. 1996: Attempting the infectin f Camellia japnica leaf discs with Agrbacterium tumefaciens. The Camellia Jurnal 51(1):

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15 136 New Zealand Jurnal f Crp and Hrticultural Science, 2000, Vl. 28 Khn, L. M. 1979: A mngraphic revisin f the genus Sclertinia. Myctaxn 9: Khn, L. M. 1982: A preliminary Discmycete flra f Macarnesia: Part 5, Sclertiniaceae. Myctaxn 16: Khn, L. M.; Nagasawa, E. 1984: A taxnmic reassessment f Sclertinia camelliae Hara (=Cibrinia camelliae Khn), with bservatins n flwer blight in Japan. Transactins f the Myclgical Sciety f Japan 25: Leu, L-S.; Wu, H-G. 1985: Welsh nin sclertial disease incited by Cibrinia allii and its ascspric dimrphism characters in Taiwan. Plant Prtectin Bulletin (Taiwan) 27: Lng, P.; Taylr, C. 1998: 1997 survey f camellia flwer blight in the central and suthern Nrth Island. New Zealand Camellia Bulletin 129: Lng, P.; Taylr, C. 1999: Research n camellia flwer blight in New Zealand. Internatinal Camellia Cngress 1999, March, Miyazaki, Japan. Pp Macby, S. 1992: The clur dictinary f camellias. Furth editin. Neutral Bay, New Suth Wales, Australia, Stirling Macby Bks. 208 p. Macby, S. 1998: What camellia is that? Sydney, Australia, Lansdwne Publishing Pty Ltd. 304 p. Mansilla, J. P.; Pints, C; Saliner, C. 1999a: Deteccin en Espafia de Cibrinia camelliae Khn. Phytma 109: (In Spanish.) Mansilla, P.; Pints, C; Saliner, M. C. 1999b: Cibrinia camelliae Khn: Marchitamient de la flr de camelia. Leaflet prduced by the Estacin de Fitpatlgia "D Areeir". Servici Agrari. Excma. Diputacin Prvincial de Pntevedra. (In Spanish.) 4 p. Matthews, R. 1975: Blm blight at shw time. American Camellia Yearbk 1975: Matsumt, S. 1995: Hw we are cping with flwer blight in Japan. New Zealand Camellia Bulletin 122: McCain, A. H. 1963: Lngevity f Sclertinia camelliae cultures. Plant Disease Reprter 47: 444. McLennan, B. 1995: A blight n yur camellias. New Zealand Camellia Bulletin 120: (Reprinted frm The Dminin 14 Octber 1994.) Milbrath, D. G. 1950: Camellia flwer rt cntrl. Camellia Research: Miller, H. N.; Mullin, R. S. 1975: Camellia diseases in Flrida. American Camellia Yearbk 1975: Nance, N. W. 1950: Sme new r ntewrthy plant disease recrds and utstanding develpments in the United States in Plant Disease Reprter Supplement 194: Nathan, Dr; Nathan, Mrs 1995: Camellia diseases. The Camellia Jurnal 50(3): 5. Neall, V. E.; Stewart, T. M.; Bieleski, R.; Cper, K. 1998: Camellia blight causing cncern. Cmmercial Hrticulture, January: Nucci, J. 1975: Camellia culture. In: Dnnan, W. W. ed. Beautiful camellias f Descans Gardens. Califrnia, United States, Suthern Califrnian Camellia Sciety and the Descans Gardens Guild, Inc. Pp Nunmura, K. 1980: Cllectin ntes n Sclertinia camelliae. Transactins f the Myclgical Sciety f Japan 21: (In Japanese.) Palmer, J. T. 1992: The rehabilitatin f Sclertinia bresadlae. Persnia 14: Parsns, A. J. 1964a: Learning t live amid petal blight. In: Griffin, F. ed. Camellian. Clumbia, Suth Carlina, United States, Frank Griffin, Sr. Pp Parsns, A. J. 1964b: Misting with Acti-Dine RZ. The Camellia Jurnal 19(4): 34. Paulus, A. O.; Raabe, R. D. 1959: Symptms and cntrl f camellia blight. Flrists Exchange 132: 43. Peper, K. 1999: Die Braunfaulen der Kamelienbliite: Cibrinia camelliae Khn. die Kamelie Nr. 1 Nvember p. Plakidas, A. G. 1950a: Camellia flwer blight in Luisiana. Plant Disease Reprter 34: 188. Plakidas, A. G. 1950b: Camellia flwer blight. Luisiana Agricultural Extensin Publicatin p. Plakidas, A. G. 1955: Camellia petal blight in Luisiana in Plant Disease Reprter 39: 519. Plakidas, A. G. 1957: Camellia petal blight fund in Texas. Plant Disease Reprter 41: 547. Plakidas, A. G : Present status f cntrl f camellia petal blight. Camellian 12: 4-6. Raabe, R. D. 1983: Sme diseases f camellias. The Camellia Jurnal 38(3): Raabe, R. D.; McCain, A. H.; Paulus, A. O. 1978: Diseases and pests. In: Feathers, D. L.; Brwn, M. H. ed. The camellia. Its histry, culture, genetics and a lk int its future develpment. Clumbia, Suth Carlina, United States, American Camellia Sciety. Pp Raabe, R. D.; Plakidas, A. G.; Baxter, L. W. 1958: Flwer blight f camellia. In: Turje, E. C. ed. Camellia culture. Califrnia, United States, Suthern Califrnian Camellia Sciety, Inc. Pp Richmnd, R. G. 1949: Camellia flwer spt in Oregn. Plant Disease Reprter 33: 404. Rlf, J. 1992: Gardening with camellias: a New Zealand guide. Auckland, New Zealand, Gdwit Press Ltd. 176 p.

16 Taylr & Lng Review f camellia flwer blight 13' Savige, T. J. 1993: Internatinal Camellia Register. Vlume I. Sydney, Australia, The Internatinal Camellia Sciety p. Scheibert, D. 1996: Camellia petal blight cntrl. The Camellia Jurnal 51(4): Schumacher, T.; Khn, L. M. 1985: A mngraphic revisin f the genus Myrisclertinia. Canadian Jurnal f Btany 63: Sctt, M. 1999: Camellia flwer blight Cibrinia camelliae. Hrticultural Develpment Crpratin News 57: 18. Sealy, J. R. 1958: A revisin f the genus camellia. Lndn, United Kingdm, Ryal Hrticultural Sciety. 239 p. Shults, A. M.; Haldeman, J. H. 1995: Callus prductin frm petal tissue f Camellia japnica. The Camellia Jurnal 50(1): Shults, A. M.; Haldeman, J. H. 1996: Mre n callus prductin frm Camellia japnica. The Camellia Jurnal 51(1): 19. Stewart, T. M. 1994a: Btrytis vs flwer blight hw t tell the difference? New Zealand Camellia Bulletin 117: Stewart, T. M. 1994b: Camellia flwer blight life histry and cntrl. New Zealand Camellia Bulletin 118: Stewart, T. M.; Neilsn, H. 1993: Flwer blight, a new disease f camellias in New Zealand. New Zealand Camellia Bulletin 116: Stewart, T. M.; Neilsn, H. 1994: Camellia flwer blight pstal survey we need yur help! New Zealand Camellia Bulletin 117: 2-3. Taylr, C. H. 1999: Studies f Camellia Flwer Blight {Cibrinia camelliae) in New Zealand. Unpublished MAppSc thesis, Massey University, Palmerstn Nrth, New Zealand. 187 p. Taylr, C. H.; Lng, P. G. 1998a: Camellia flwer blight in New Zealand. Prceedings f the 51st Plant Prtectin Cnference: Taylr, C. H.; Lng, P. G. 1998b: Islatin and culture f Cibrinia camelliae. Prceedings f the 51st Plant Prtectin Cnference: 264. (Pster, Abstract.) Taylr, C; Lng, P. 1999a: 1998 camellia flwer blight survey. New Zealand Camellia Bulletin 132: 2-5. Taylr, C. H.; Lng, P. G. 1999b: Screening fr resistance t camellia flwer blight. Prceedings f the 52nd Plant Prtectin Cnference: 273. (Pster, Abstract.) Taylr, C. H.; Lng, P. G.; Bradshaw, R. E. 1999: 1998 survey shws camellia flwer blight is widespread in New Zealand. Prceedings f the 52nd Plant Prtectin Cnference: Thmas, H. E.; Hansen, H. N. 1946: Camellia flwer blight. Phytpathlgy 36: Trmey, J. S. 1949: Reprt n camellia petal blight Sclertinia camelliae. Hme Gardening 19: Turje, E. C. 1956: A blssm fell in Carlina! Camellian 7:6-7. Turje, E. C. 1958: Camellia flwer blight: reprt n cntrl measures. American Camellia Yearbk 1958: Trehane, J. 1998: Camellias. Prtland,Oregan, United States, Timber Press Ltd. 174 p. Treseder, N.; Hyams, E. 1975: Grwing camellias. Lndn, United Kingdm, Thmas Nelsn and Sns Ltd. 197 p. Watsn, A.J.I 950: Fungi assciated with camellia flwers. Plant Disease Reprter 34: Weiss, F. A. 1964: Where next in the camellia flwer blight prblem? In: Griffin, F. ed. Camellian. Clumbia, Suth Carlina, United States, Frank Griffin, Sr. Pp Westctt, C. 1957: The stry f camellia petal blight. Flwer Grwer Prgress Reprt: 52, Westctt, C. 1971: Plant disease handbk. Third Editin. New Yrk, van Nstrand Reinhld C. 843 P- Whetzel, H. H. 1945: A synpsis f the genera and species f the Sclertiniaceae, a family f strmatic inperculate discmycetes. Myclgia 37: Wilby, R. B. 1954a: Sme ntes n culture f camellias. American Camellia Yearbk 1954: , Wilby, R. B. 1954b: The camellia blight and me. Camellian 5: 12. Wilsn, M.; Waldie, J. S. L. 1927: An ak leaf disease caused by Sclertinia candlleana (Lev.) Fuckel. Annals f Applied Bilgy 14: Winstead, N. N.; Haasis, F. A. 1954: A flwer blight f camellias in Nrth Carlina incited by Sclertinia sclertirum. Phytpathlgy 44: Winstead, N. N.; Nelsn, E. C; Haasis, F. A. 1954: Distributin f Sclertinia camelliae in Nrth Carlina. Plant Disease Reprter 38: Xia, L. F.; Zhang, A-L.; Xia, T-J. 1993: An intrductin t the utilizatin f camellia il in China. American Camellia Yearbk 1993: Ykhama, D. M. 1980: Epidemilgy f camellia flwer blight incited by Sclertinia camelliae Hara. Unpublished MAppSc thesis, Califrnia State Plytechnic University, Pmna, United States. 40 p. Yung, R. A. 1954: Disseminatin f plant pathgens n nursery and rnamental plants. Plant Disease Reprter 38: