East Hill Tree Farm. Fruit trees, nuts, and berries for Central Vermont. Plant List for 2010

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1 East Hill Tree Farm Plant List for 2010 Fruit trees, nuts, and berries for Central Vermont. East Hill Tree Farm East Hill Rd Plainfield, VT Nicko Rubin

2 East Hill Tree Farm East Hill Tree Farm provides the resources to empower and enable communities in the Winooski Valley to reestablish the garden of Eden. East Hill Tree Farm offers a wide range of fruit trees, seedling nut trees, and berries. We manage organically and grow our plants in living soil. We strive to garden like the forest, endeavoring not to plant single trees, but to establish whole ecologies. We provide landscape consultation, design, and planting. We recognize that we are an integral part of nature working and work to engage our environment enhancing the physical and spiritual vitality of the landscape and its inhabitants. Fruit trees APple Pear Plum cherry NUT TREES CHESTNUT SPP. BLACK WALNUT HAZELNUT SPP. OAK NUT PINE $29-69 $10-20 $10-20 $8-16 $10-25 $15-25 VINES Arctic KIWi HARDY KIWI GRAPE ADDITIONAL SHRUB SPECIES ARONIA FORSYTHIA RED TWIG DOGWOOD RUGOSA ROSE SIBERIAN PEASHRUB NATIVE VIBURNUM SPP. $12-25 $12-25 $18 $25 $18 $18 $16-25 $8-20 $15-25 Berry PLants Blueberry Currant Elderberry Gooseberry HoNEYBERRY Seaberry Serviceberry $12-45 $15-30 $12-25 $12-20 $20 $25 $15-25 ADDITIONAL TREE SPECIES BLACK LOCUST FLOWERING CRAB APPLE BIRCH SPP. NORTHROP MULBERRY Looking for something else? Additional species are available. Let us know what you are looking for, we may have it or be able to find it for you. $15-25 $50 $16 $39 East Hill Tree Farm East Hill Rd Plainfield, VT Nicko Rubin narubin@gmail.com

3 APPLES (Malus spp.) Apples, though native to Central Asia, have become an integral member of the New England community. Once established, an apple tree can produce fruit for generations. You need to have at least two trees for pollination. Apples are common enough in Vermont that you can often get away with planting one if a neighbor has a few trees or there are a few wild trees growing nearby. There are thousands of named apple varieties, and new varieties being discovered all the time. Many of the new varieties have been selected for resistance to disease, making it easier to grow high quality, attractive fruits. I recommend these disease resistant varieties highly. We also offer trees on dwarfing and semidwarfing rootstock; these trees come into bearing sooner, do not grow as large (easier picking), and are typically highly productive. Apples like a well drained location, with soil PH of around 6.5. The trees should receive as close to full sun as possible, flowers and fruit will form on branches in the sun. Full size trees should be planted feet apart, Semi-dwarf as close as 15 feet, and dwarf trees as close 6-8 feet. Centennial Crabapple on standard rootstock:.a red over orange crab apple, excellent for fresh eating. Good for a front yard where fruit litter may be a nuisance. Hardy to -40. Ripens mid to late August. Chestnut Crabapple on standard rootstock: The Chestnut crabbapple is a vigorous and disease resistant tree. Beautiful white blooms yield a sweet and tasty fruit with an awesome nutty flavor. Great in a yard where the mess of large fruit may be unwanted. Hardy to -40. Ripens late August Cortland on standard rootstock: A very popular crisp flavorful old variety. The red apples are excellent for eating and cooking. They hold their color well after being cut. Ripens late September. Crimson Crisp on semidwarf rootstock (M.7): Beautiful crimson red fruit are firm crisp with a tart flavor. The fruit store very well. Good scab resistance and an open growth pattern make the trees very grower friendly. Crimson Topaz on semidwarf rootstock (M.7): An exciting new disease resistant variety. Producese medium size crisp, juicy fruit, with good flavor. Attractive orange and red over yellow fruit ripen in late September. Florina on semidwarf rootstock (B.118 or M.7): Resistant to scab and fireblight. Bears beautiful purple red over yellow fruit in late September. The medium to large fruit keep well. Medium to strong vigor. Precocious. It is a terminal bearer. It is somewhat crisp, very juicy, with a good mild buttery flavor. Freedom on semidwarf rootstock (M.7): Freedom is immune to apple scab and resistant to most major apple diseases making it an excellent choice for the organic home orchard. The bright red fruit is crisp, juicy, and tart, good for fresh eating, sauces and juice. The trees are vigorous and productive. Fruits keep well in cold storage. Hardy. Ripens late September. Galarina on semidwarf rootstock (M.7): Crisp and sweet, similar in flavor and appearance to the gala apple, but with greater hardiness and disease resistance. Ripens late September. Haralred on standard rootstock: A red selection of haralson. A natural semidwarf tree, which produces hard crisp apples which can keep through the winter. Good for cooking and fresh eating. Quick to start bearing, though prone to biennial bearing once mature. Hardy to -40. Ripens early october. Hazen on standard rootstock: Large dark red fruit are juicy and good for fresh eating. Natural Dwarf (about 15 feet). Good annual bearer. Hardy. Does well with no spraying. Hardy to -40. Ripens late August. Honeycrisp on standard rootstock: Exciting super crisp and juicy new apple variety. Large tasty attractive fruit stores through winter. Ripens late September. Liberty on standard or semidwarf rootstock (MM.111): Productive new variety, resistant

4 to scab and cedar apple rust. Crisp juicy and flavorful. Keeps well. Does very well with no spraying. A truly excellent apple for a home orchard. Ripens late eptember. Murray on semidwarf rootstock (G.30): Medium-large fruit ripens early to mid season. Attractive dark red fruit are very juicy with a good sugar/acid balance. Not for cooking. Productive. Immune to scab; resistant to cedar apple rust. Nova Easygro on standard rootstock: A midseason apple with sweet not tart flavor. The fleshy is white and crunchy. Good scab resistance. Novaspy on dwarf rootstock (G.11) A scab-resistant Spy-type apple. It is a juicy, firm-fleshed red apple. It is moderately susceptible to rusts and only lightly susceptible to powdery mildew. The fruit are attractive, moderate high quality, long keeping, and similar to Northern Spy. Fruit are medium in size. The flesh is creamy yellow, fine, very firm, crisp, and juicy. It is an excellent processing cultivar. The tree is upright and moderately vigorous. Pristine on semidwarf rootstock (M.111): The earliest of the disease resistant apples (ripens mid August). Crisp very sweet apples are excellent for fresh eating and baking. One of the easiest apples for home orchards. Prima on dwarf rootstock (B.9): Medium to large fruit with dark red blush over yellow. Juicy white flesh with a mild slightly tart flavor. Tree Characteristics: Disease-resistant variety which is immune to scab and resistant to fire blight, cedar apple rust and mildew. Primevere on semidwarf rootstock (G.30): Dark cardinal red fruit with very pale green flesh, juicy, firm, and crisp. Spicy, rich sprightly acid flavor peaks after one month of storage. A good keeper. Immune to scab. Hangs well on the tree even when over-ripe. Priscilla on dwarf rootstock (B.9) Priscilla is immune to apple scab and resistant to fire blight, powdery mildew and cedar-apple rust. Fruits mature in August. Pinkish-red color over a greenishyellow background. Fruits are medium size. Flavor is slightly acidic. In cool seasons, this variety is firm and tastes fair to good, Red Baron on standard rootstock: Very hardy and productive, quick to start bearing. Medium yellow red fruit are sweet but mild good for fresh eating, pies and sauce. Resistant to fireblight. Redfree on semidwarf rootstock ((M.7): A bright red early season apple. Highly resistant to apple scab, cedar apple rust, and moderately resistant to fireblight and powdery mildew. Firm fleshed fruits store well for an early season apple. Tasty dessert quality white flesh. Snowsweet on semidwarf rootstock (M.7) Sweet and crisp, with a hint of tart. A fantastic apple for fresh eating. Attractive red apples with firm white flesh which is slow to brown. Ripens mid to late season. Sweet Sixteen on standard or semidwarf rootstock (MM.111): A red striped apple with excellent unusual flavor like cherry candy. Resistant to fireblight and somewhat resistant to scab. Can be slow to start bearing. Ripens late September. Wealthy on semidwarf (M.7) and standard rootstock: Excellent multi-purpose apple. an old variety. Quick to start bearing often in 1-2 years. Ripens mid September Williams Pride on semidwarf rootstock (M.7): A bright red apple with a spicy full flavor. The medium to large fruit are immune to scab. Ripens late August or early September. Wolf River on standard rootstock. An dld variety popular around central Vermont. The large fruit is excellent for cooking and drying. Ripens mid September. Yellow Transparent on standard rootstock: The first apples of the year. A very hardy old variety with good resistance to scab. The fruit are best for fresh eating a day or so before fully ripe, when they are a crisp and tart. Once ripe they become very sweet with almost transparent flesh; perhaps the best sauce apple. Zestar! on standard or semidwarf rootstock (M.7). An exceptionally sweet and flavorful new variety. Excellent for fresh eating and cooking. Stores

5 very well for an early apple (7-8 weeks). Resistant to powdery mildew, and fireblight. Ripens late August. Apple Rootstock Information: B.9 = Budagovsky 9: Full dwarf, extremely hardy. Highly resistant to fire blight. B.118 = Budagovsky 118: Semi dwarf (70-80 percent size). Hardy and productive. G.11 = Geneva 11: Full dwarf, very productive precocious and disease resistant. May need support. G.30 = Geneva 30: Half size tree highly productive, well anchored but may need support in early years, disease resistant. M.7 = EMLA 7: Semi Dwarf (50-65 percent standard size). Moderate disease resistance. Free standing. Performs relatively well in wet soil. Reliably productive. Hardy. MM.111 = Malling Merton 111: Semidwarf (80 percent standard). Relatively tolerant of difficult soil conditions. Not overly precocious. Pears (Pyrus Communis) Pears are a great fruit to grow in central Vermont. While we are all familiar with old apple trees throughout our hills, the pears are sadly rare. Though some varieties are not well suited to our cold climate, many are. Pears suffer from far fewer pests and diseases than apple trees, making it easier to grow high quality fruit many varieties can be slow to start bearing. Plant at least two trees for pollination. Let s cover our hillsides with pears! Blakes Pride on semidwarf rootstock (OHF.87): A midseason pear. The fruit is medium in size with an attractive yellow color and excellent aromatic flavor. Blake s Pride produces annual crops and has a high degree of resistance to fire blight. Early Gold on semidwarf rootstock: Very hardy golden yellow pear, small 1.5 inch fruit are tasty, good for fresh eating and preserves. A good pollinator Flemish Beauty on standard rootstock :Very hardy, sweet, and similar to seckel. Self fertile though will likely produce larger fruit with a pollinator The fruit are very attractive and keep well. Picking time should be precise, late september, before the fruits begin to turn yellow. Harrow Delight on standard rootstock: A highquality, early, fresh market pear with excellent blight resistance. Also resistant to pear scab. Fruit is medium size and similar to Bartlett in appearance with excellent flavor and smooth flesh. Ground color is yellow with a red blush. Early bearing. Honeysweet on standard rootstock: A smooth, buttery pear, similar to the well-known seckel pear, but larger, Honey Sweet ripens to a golden russet late in the season (mid to late September). Trees will set fruit without a pollinizer, but fruit will be bigger if cross-pollinated. Honey Sweet is resistant to fireblight and to leaf spotting diseases, making it great for home gardens and local markets. Gourmet on semidwarf rootstock (OHF.333). Medium size yellow-green fruit are sweet, crisp and juicy. Not a good pollinator. Ripens late September. Luscious on standard or semidwarf rootstock (OHF.333) Hardy, exceptionally delicious pears. Sweet juicy fruits a bit smaller than bartletts. Everything I have ever wanted in a pear. Bears heavily. The medium sized fruits have smooth flesh, with almost no grit cells. Some disease resistance. Bears in early fall. Not a good pollinator. Parker on standard or semidwarf rootstock (OHF.333). Large yellow-bronze fruit are tender and juicy. Fine grained. A good pollinator for Luscious. Bears in Late August. Patten on semidwarf rootstock (OHF.333): Ripens in September. The large fruit are very tender and juicy. A good pollinator. Seckel on standard rootstock: Firm sweet fruit are very well suited to cooking and canning. the fruit store well for a pear, often into late December. Attractive white blossoms in the spring are an added bonus. Ripens in September. Summercrisp on standard or semidwarf rootstock (OHF.333): Ripens in August. The fruit should be harvested

6 and eaten before they fully ripen while the flesh is still firm and before they begin to yellow. The fruits are crisp and Juicy with a mild flavor. Trees have good disease and pest resistance. The fruit can store up to two months when picked early. Plums (Prunus spp.) Plums grow well in central Vermont. Many varieties are are very quick to start bearing fruit, in as little as one or two years after planting. The biggest challenge to growing plums is getting adequate pollination. Though some varieties are selffertile, planting three or more varieties relatively close together (8-15 feet) will increase chances of pollination. Seedling American plums are also good pollinators for the grafted varieties. Alderman: Produces red plums are good for fresh eating and cooking. Fruit are soft and sweet. Trees are quick to start bearing and the trees grow relatively large. Also makes an attractive ornamental tree. Pollinate with Toka or Superior. Ripens late August. Greengage: Green-yellow skin with golden flesh. Very sweet and interesting flavor. Self-fertile. Ripens early August. La Crescent: High quality yellow smallish plums are excellent for fresh eating and preserves. Vigorous grower. Ripens early August. Mount Royal: An excellent blue plum, good off the tree for cooking or preserves. Flesh is tender and juicy. Self fruitful. Ripens late August Pipestone: This very hardy plum yields excellent sweet juicy plums. Fruits are red and very large. Hardy to -40. Ripens late August. Superior: Hardy, vigorous, and productive trees. Goldenred fruits are excellent for fresh eating. Trees are quick to begin bearing and bear heavily. Toka is best for pollination. Ripens late August. Toka: An excellent pollinator. Rich flavored lovely orange fruits. Very hardy, to Ripens mid- August. Waneta: Produces large red plums. Quick to begin bearing (one or two years). Fruit are large, sweet, and juicy. Hardy to -40. Ripens early August. American Plum Seedlings: These are vigorous seedlings, often growing into multistemmed thickets. They are excellent pollinators for the grafted plum varieties. The fruit quality is inconsistent, often with smaller fruit and tart skin. Cherries (Prunus spp.) Most cherries hardy in central Vermont are considered tart cherries or pie cherries but many are worth eating fresh. They are attractive small trees, with early spring flowers. Cherries like very well drained soils and as close to full sun as possible. All varieties are selffertile. Evans Bali: Very hardy. Perhaps the sweetest hardy cherry, excellent for fresh eating and baking. Fruits in august, very late for a cherry, often making it easier to get to the fruits before the birds. Mesabi: Trees grow only to about 12 feet and produce fruit about halfway between a sweet and tart cherry. Meteor: A hardy cherry good for eating right off the tree. Sweet for a tart cherry. Also good for pies and freezing. A natural dwarf. Montmorency: Large tart red fruit. Excellent for pie or preserves. Vigorous and productive. North Star: A natural dwarf, grows to only about 10 feet. Very productive. Tart cherries with small pits. SMALL FRUITS: We can grow a tremendous variety of berries here in the Winooski Valley. They are highly nutritious and delicious. They

7 can fit in small yards or on the edge of the orchard. There is a plant for nearly any set of growing conditions Established berry plants are beautiful and can require very little maintenance and can be highly productive. Hardy Kiwi (Actinidia spp.) These woody vines produces magically delicious small (1 diameter) smooth skinned kiwiberries. Hailed as a superfood it is a good source for over 20 vitamins and minerals including in potassium and vitamins C and E. Often used as an ornamental because of the lustrous foliage. Male and female plants are required for fruit. Reportedly grows over 100 in native China. Can be grown on an arbor, trellis, porch, or standing dead. Two different species are available, the arguta which are hardy to around -25 degrees, and the kolomikta which is hardy to -40. The kolomikta is slightly less vigorous and slightly less productive, though fruits are still very delicious. It is the variety more often selected for its ornamental qualities. Arguta Varieties: Anna: Probably the most popular variety, good production and great fruity flavor. Hardy Red: Delicious sweet tart red fruits with red flesh. Geneva: Hardy plant and prolific producer. Bears late in the season. MSU: A new variety which produces larger fruit (also delicious). Meader Male: Needed for pollination. Extra Hardy Argutas: Natasha, Tatyana, and Andrey for a male pollinator. Kolomikta Varieties (Very Hardy): Red Beauty Female: The fruit are slightly smaller. Plants are a bit less vigorous, and a bit less productive. showy reddish foliage. September Sun Female: Large tasty fruit, ripen in late september Arctic Beauty Male: This is the male pollinator for the female red beauty. It is often planted as an ornamental vine for its attractive foliage which has splashes of white and pink. Juneberry (Amelanchier sp.) Also know as serviceberry, saskatoon, or shadbush, this native berry producing shrub is rapidly gaining popularity as a landscape plant and can be seen in plantings throughout downtown Montpelier. It has some of the earliest spring flowers (before most trees have leafed out), beautiful fall color, and early summer berries. The berries are edible and can be delicious (the flavor varies from apple to blueberry to almond), enjoyed by both people and wildlife. The fruit is now under commercial production on several farms in Canada. Selected strains for higher quality fruit set are available. We offer shrub varieties. The plants are adaptable to a wide range of site but do not like wet soils. Regent Juneberry: A Good flowering and fruiting from of service berry. Grows to 4-8 feet. Seedlings: Flower and fruit less consistently, excellent for wildlife. Grows 6-12 feet. Sea Berry (Hippophae Rhamnoides) This rugged nitrogen fixing shrub species is native to northern Europe and Asia. Prized for its remarkable nutritional value the berries are touted as a superfood, and used for a variety of medicines, cosmetics and nutritional supplements. Colorful orange berries and silvery foliage, make for an attractive hedge. Male and female plants needed for fruit set. Plants grow 8-12 feet tall. Askola Sea Berry: Produces juicy berries exceptionally high in Vitamin C and E. Hergo Sea Berry: Abundant crops of flavorful orange berries cover the branches of this popular variety. Sunny Sea Berry: Slightly smaller and less vigourous. Produces excellent crops of tasty sweet fruit. Good for fresh eating. Male Sea Berry: An excellent flowering male pollinator for the female sea berry varieties. One male can pollinate several female plants.

8 Honey Berry (Lonicera caerula var. edulis) Long valued in its native Eastern Siberia. This member of the honeysuckle family produces tasty elongated blue berries, similar to wild blueberries. Very hardy with few disease or pest problems. One of the first berries to ripen in the summer. Two different varieties are needed for pollination. Blue sky Honeyberry: Compact attractive shrub bears large very sweet and flavorful berries. Blue lightening Honeyberry: Earlier ripening, bears good crops of sweet tart berries. Northrop Mulberry (Morus Rubra) Mulberry trees can produce huge crops of sweet black berries. Further south they are known as a weed tree but they are uncommon in Vermont. This is the hardiest of varieties, it may suffer some winter damage, but given a little protection will grow into a productive tree. The northrop mulberry is self-fertile. Currant and Gooseberry (Ribes spp.) Currants and gooseberries have long been popular in Europe, but following attempts at eradication due to fears of the white pine blister rust they are hardly known here in the US. They can be found throughout the woods in Vermont. Many named varieties have been chosen for high fruit quality. The low shrubs produce clusters of delicious sweet tart fruits which are high in pectin so excellent for preserves. One of the only berries that will produce fruit in the shade. Cherry Red Currant: Tart red currant, excellent for jams and preserves. Very hardy and very productive. Resistant to disease and can be used as an edible ornamental. Red Lake Currant: A highly productive red currant. Excellent for jellies, pies, and fresh eating. Highly resistant to white pine blister rust. White Imperial Currant: Beautiful, medium sized translucent white fruit. Sweet, high in vitamin C, flavorful, and productive. Crandall Black Currant: Sweeter than most black currants with less of the black currant spice. A burst of very early small yellow flowers have an exciting clove-like fragrance. Good ornamental value. Black September Black Currant: Easy to grow, with large flavorful black berries. Slitsa Black Currant: Disease resistant, sweet and flavorful. This variety ripens relatively early. Hinnomaki Red Gooseberry: Bears large, sweet dark red fruit. skin is tangy and the flesh is sweet. Good resistance to mildew. Invicta Gooseberry: Produces huge amounts of very large deliciously sweet pale green fruit. Bush is spreading. I recommend this variety very highly. Pixwell Gooseberry: Produces large, long-stemmed, green berries that turn pink when ripe. Almost thorn free. great for pies and preserves. Jostaberry: An unusual cross between black currant and gooseberry bears very large sweet tart berries with excellent flavor like raspberries and cherries. Jahn s Prarie Gooseberry: A highly disease resistant variety. Produces large crops of flavorful red-pink berries. Elderberry (Sambucus Canadensis) Elderberry is rapidly gaining popularity for its edible and medicinal qualities. It is of high value to wildlife and pollinators as well. Edible fruits and flowers. These selected varieties have improved flavor and fruit set. Plants should begin to produce two years after planting. Johns: High yields of sweet tangy beries. Nova: Ripens earlier than York. Large sweet blue fruit. York: Juicy sweet purple black berries. High yields. Lower sambucens content. Unnamed varieties from local sources: We also have our own rooted

9 elderberry cuttings from high performing local plants. Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) A delicious and much loved North American native, blueberries are worth planting by the dozen. Everyone and their grandparents should have put in a blueberry hedge 15 years ago. The least we can do is plant one toady. A number of select varieties are available. Blue Gold Blueberry: High yielding and very easy to pick. Ripens uniformly with large clusters of fruit. Good flavor and firm fruit. Somewhat more adaptable to different soils. Fruits Midseason. Bluecrop: Excellent all around variety, consistent yields, disease resistance, and high quality medium-large fruit. Excellent ornamental qualities as well. Sweet fruits ripens over a long period, pleasant tart flavor. Excellent for grazing. Fruits midseason. Blueray: Large berries with excellent flavor, consistent producer. Fruits midseason. Also has fantastic fall color, outdoing the burning bush with glistening reds. Elliot: This is the best late season variety, producing fruit into October. the medium sized fruits are excellent fresh or processed. Upright plants with long lasting fall color make excellent ornamentals as well. Jersey: Easy to grow and heavy producing. Very large and very sweet berries. Very good for baking. Excellent for home gardeners. Ripens later into the season. Northland: A highly productive half-high variety with small berries. Very hardy. Fruit ripens early. Patriot: Excellent flavor on an open vigorous plant. Slightly flat berries. Fruit early in the season. Nuts We offer a wide range of nut trees. Nuts provide essential food for a wide range of mammal and bird species in Vermont. Currently many of the beech and butternut trees are dying from disease and the northern forests are losing a vital source of nutrition for many species. Animals are beginning to move nut trees (mostly red oaks, though some white oak and hickory) deeper into our northern forests. However their capacities and ranges are limited. Thanks to the work of hundreds of breeders (as well as the somewhat more mild winters of the past few years), there are a wide range of nut trees we can plant to enrich our local ecology. In addition to being delicious, nuts can provide very high quality fat and protein difficult to find in a local diet that does not include meat. Many nut trees are tap-rooted, making it difficult to transplant large trees (however small trees are inexpensive and easy to transplant). They may also be slow growing until the taproot is established. Most nut trees also produce high quality timber, and may be coppice managed. No one ever regrets planting a nut tree. Shagbark Hickory (Carya Ovata) Hickories are on their way north. Slow to get established and start producing nuts (2-4 years of taproot growth and years for nut production), hickories are beautiful landscape or forest trees with broad lush foliage and exfoliating bark. The trees produce flavorful nuts and the sap was reportedly used for making sugar. The wood is highly valued for its strength and durability and also produces the highest BTU s per cord. American Chestnut (Castenea dentata) American Chestnuts were once the dominant forest tree east of the Mississippi. In 1904 the chestnut blight arrived from China and within 20 years a combination of disease and preemptive logging caused the tree to nearly go extinct. However, small and large scale breeders all over the country have been working to bring back the American chestnut. Today we have hybrids available that contain some genetics from Chinese chestnuts but exhibit the characteristic traits of the American parents. Chestnuts are sweet and nutritious they store well and may be eaten raw or cooked. Chestnuts are easy to harvest and process, and can be of tremendous value to wildlife. No species has adequately filled the gap left by the American Chestnut, its return is a blessing on the land. American X: Robust trees from diverse parentage. An excellent

10 choice for bringing back the American Chestnut. Chinquapin X: A complex cross that grows to only 20. Nuts are small sweet and abundant. Layeroka X: Large attractive nuts, can be quicker to start bearing (hardy to -25). Prolific American X: From highly productive parent trees. Timburr X: A vigorous variety that exhibits a very straight growth pattern with a dominant central leader. May begin bearing later than other varieties. John Wires Seedlings: Sprouted nuts from trees growing in Plainfield. Lovely tree, with straight American Chestnut growth pattern. Parent trees may be from one of the early Douglas crosses with the Chinese chestnut selected for disease resistance. Could also be pure American. Disease resistance is uncertain. Hazelnut filbert Hybrids (Hazelberts) (Corylus X) European Filberts have been crossed with the more hardy and disease resistant American hazels to create Filazels and hazelberts. These suckering shrubs begin to produce nuts in 4-6 years. Hazelberts have perhaps the greatest immediate potential as a nut for food source on the small farm or homestead. They are also an excellent species for hedges, plant at least two plant 4-6 feet apart for pollination. Black Walnut (Juglans Nigra) These beautiful trees are cherished for their high quality timber. Walnuts make beautiful yard trees but are not commonly planted due the long taproot which makes large trees very difficult to transplant. Once the taproot is established trees can grow quickly. Walnuts also respond well to fertilizer. The rich oily nuts are high in protein and are appreciated by people and wildlife alike. Nut production begins in 6-12 years. Korean Nut Pine (Pinus Koraiensis) Most commercial pine nuts come from Korean pines. The trees look similar to white pines but have a more graceful spreading habit. They produce nuts in 6-10 years. Plant more than one for pollination. Nut pines want living soil, and should be inoculated with appropriate mycorrhizae. Oak (Quercus sp) A common tree in the woodlands of Massachusetts and southern Vermont, occasionally found along the river valleys further north as the birds carry nuts north. Beautiful and regal trees can live hundreds of years. Several species are available. Native, Ornamental, and Wildlife Plants Autumn Magic Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) White flowers bloom in may, followed by large edible dark purple berries. Leaves are dark green through the summer, with brilliant reds and purples in the fall, consider as an alternative to burning bush. Siberian Peashrub (Caragana Arborescens) This rugged nitrogen fixing shrub also provides high protein fodder for chickens in the form of its small peas. Plant several to form a hedge. Attractive fine foliage, yellows in the fall, yellow flowers in may. Red-twig Dogwood (Cornus alba) The lovely red stems are one of the most attractive things found an any Vermont garden come November. Available with deep green foliage that goes to red purple in fall or with variegated creamy white and green foliage making it a stand out in summer as well. Northern Gold Forsythia (Forsythia) Outstanding golden yellow flowers, on an upright plant growing to 6-8 feet. Hardy. Hydrangea (Hydrangea) Upright rounded hardy

11 hydrangea. Flowers open in late summer with a rich cream color and gradually turn a rich shade of pink. Flowering Crab Apples (Malus spp.) Spring flowers, lustrous foliage, and colorful fruit that persists through the winter providing food for birds all make for a plant that provides year round interest, a big plus in a landscape that with only three months of summer. They are structurally interesting as well, their spreading branch pattern will reach a mature height of around 20 feet, making it a great tree close to a house or in a yard. These selections are also resistant to a range of diseases that often affect crab apples, making them easy to grow. Indian Magic Pink Crab Apple Deep pink flowers in spring, dark green foliage in summer and attractive small red-orange fruits persisting from fall into the winter. Dolgo Crab Apple A hardy white flowering crab apple which produces large crops of small sweet juicy deep red apples with a unique and delicious flavor. They are good for jam, or as an addition to an apple sauce. Unharvested fruit will be enjoyed by wildlife. Sargent Crab Apple A spreading dwarf crab apple with red buds that open to pure white flowers. Birds enjoy the small bright red fruits. Prairiefire Red Crab Apple Dark purple-red flowers arriving in late spring. The shiny dark red bark and persistent maroon fruits make this a an exceptionally attractive tree for the many cold months when the leaves are off. Black Locust (Robina Pseudoacacia) A loved and loathed nitrogen fixing early succession tree. Excellent for shifting oldfield to forest, or replanting recently cleared areas. In addition to being edible, the sweet aromatic flowers in the spring provide an excellent pollen source. The dappled shade of a locust grove can exude serenity on a summer day. Black Locusts have been planted around homes to draw lightning away from structures. This species is vigorous and fast growing, it can also send up shoots into surrounding areas from its roots. Rugosa Rose (Rosa Rugosa) A hardy vigorous rose, which forms thickets, providing excellent habitat for birds. The pink flowers which bloom for months are an excellent pollen source. The hips are excellent food source for wildlife. Mohican Viburnum (Viburnum lantana) Compact shrub grows 6-8 feet. Covered in white flowers in early May, followed by red-orange fruit which turns to black in fall. Purple and red fall foliage. Excellent food for birds. Nannyberry (Viburnum Lentago) A native plant which produces edible berries. Clusters of sweetly scented white flowers provide nectar for beneficial insects. Grows as a spreading shrub. Tolerates shade and naturalizes nicely. Blackhaw (Viburnum Prunifolium) This native viburnum grows as a small tree, and produces reportedly delicious berries. Fragrant white flowers, and fall color make this an attractive small landscape tree. Bless up the Earth.