Co-operatives in small-scale aquaculture

Transcription

1 Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics Co-operatives in small-scale aquaculture A case study of the yellow croaker aquaculture fishery in Ningde City of Fujian Province in China Tianyu Yu Master thesis in International Fisheries Management August 2015

2 Cover&picture:& Showingthecommunityoflargeyellowcroakeraquaculturefisherywithfishing raftmadeoffishingcagesinningdecity,fujian,china.thepictureis downloadedfrommailonline: /ChinasCTankaCboatCpeoplesCfloatingChomes.html TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement i

3 & Table&of&Contents& Table&of&Contents&...&ii List&Of&Figures&...&iv List&Of&Tables&...&v Abbreviations&and&Acronyms&...&vi Acknowledgement&...&vii Abstract&...&viii Chapter&1 Introduction&...&1 1.1 Background&...& Collapseofmarineresources Riseofaquaculture Globaldistributionoffisheriesworkers Organizationandcollectiveactionandfisheriescooperatives ThelargestaquaculturecountryCChina Research&questions,&methods&and&frameworks&...& Questions Methods Framework...8 Chapter&2 Organizations&and&collective&action&in&fisheries&...& Specification&of&global&fishery&...& Specification&of&fisheries&workers&in&SSF&...& Strengthen&organizations&and&collective&action&in&SSF&...& Elements&in&organizations&and&collective&action&...& Fisheries&cooperatives&...&17 Chapter&3 Governance&and&governability&...& Theory&and&components&...& Importance&of&governing&interaction&...&21 Chapter&4 Governability&assessment&of&a&case&study&of&large&yellow& croaker&aquaculture&fishery&in&ningde&city,&china&...& Background&of&LYC&aquaculture&fishery&...& Naturaladvantage Culturingequipmentandscale Fishfarmersandstakeholders Governorsandtheirresponsibility Export&crash&in&2007&and&its&impacts&...& Mainfactorscausingthecrash Implementation&of&fisheries&cooperatives&approach&in&governance&of&LYC& aquaculture&fishery&...& Goals Measurements Outcomes Relationchangesinfishfarmers,stakeholdersandgovernors Interactionsbetweenfishfarmers,stakeholdersandgovernors Summery&...&42 Chapter&5 Discussion&...&43 TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement ii

4 Chapter&6 Conclusion&...&47 Reference&...&51 & & TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement iii

5 List&Of&Figures& Figure1Worldfishutilizationandsupply(FAO,2014)...1 Figure2Worldcapturefisheryandaquacultureproduction(FAO,2012)...2 Figure3Interactive governance perspective of a societal system (Maartenet al, 2013)...21 Figure4ViewofLYCaquaculturefisheryinNingdeCity,China(NDFA,2015)...24 Figure5GeographiclabelofLYCinNingdeCity,China(NDFA,2015)...37 & & TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement iv

6 List&Of&Tables& Table1matrixofgovernabilityassessment...22 Table2STOWanalysisoffisheriescooperativesapproachinSSF...44 & & TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement v

7 Abbreviations&and&Acronyms& FAOFoodandAgricultureOrganization GAPGoodAquaculturePractices GSPGoodSafetypractices ICAInternationalcooperativealliance LCYLargeyellowcroaker MCSMonitoring,ControllingandSurveillance NDFANingdeCityFisheriesAssociation NOFBNingdeOceanandFisheriesBureau SSFSmallCscalefishery & & TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement vi

8 Acknowledgement& ThetwoyearsstudyingandwritingthesisinTromsøwouldbethebesttimein mylifefillingwithchallengesandremarkableexperience.thanksall. IwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetomyadvisorProf. Jentoft,Sveinforthecontinuoussupportofmymasterstudyandrelated research,forhispatience,motivation,andimmenseknowledge.hisguidance helpedmeinallthetimeofresearchandwritingofthisthesis.icouldnothave imaginedhavingabetteradvisorandmentorformymasterstudy. IwouldalsoliketoshowmygratitudetoPhD.Borit,Melania,Prof.Eide,Arne, Prof.Santos,Jorge,Prof.Hersoug,Bjørn,Prof.Johnsen,JahnPetter,Prof.Aschan, Prof.MichaelaandProf.Peruzzi,Stefanoforsharingtheirpearlsofwisdomwith usduringthecourseofthisresearch.ithankallmyclassmatesforthecourse discussions,forthehappytimewewerestudyingandworkingtogether,andfor allthefunwehavehadinthelasttwoyears. TromsøCNorway,25August2015 TianyuYu TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement vii

9 & Abstract& & TheSSFcontributedalottothewholeworldforhumfoodconsumptionand employment.howevertheproblemsofpovertyandfoodsafetyandsecurityin SSFalsocatchmanypeople sattentiontotheirlivelihoodnowandinfuture. Coupledwiththefishresourcescollapseincoastalareaandthedecreaseofuse ofcoastalforfishing,theirsituationbecomeworse.faorecommendedthe fisheriescooperativesapproachthatisoneofformsoforganizationsand collectiveactiontohelpthegovernanceinssf.butthemixedrecordsoffisheries cooperativesinhistorynegativelyimpacttheirgovernanceinssf. TheproblemsIamtryingtosolveinthispaperiswhataretheeffectsoffisheries cooperativesimpactonssfgovernances,whatcansustainafisheries cooperativeinthechangingworldtoachievealongtermgovernancebyfisheries cooperativesandtheimportanceoftheinteractionsfunctioninginthessf governance.agovernabilityassessmentoflargeyellowcroakeraquaculture fisheryinningdecity,chinaisappliedinthispapertoanalyzetheeffectsof fisheriescooperativesonssfgovernanceatthenatural,social,economicaland politicalperspectives.thendiscussionoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesof fisheriescooperativeswouldbepresentedbyaswtoanalysis.finally,the resultisthatitisnotdifficulttoorganizeandfunctionafisheriescooperatives andkeypointstosustaintheirlifeareconstantinnovationwiththechangingof theworldandparticipationofallpeopleinvolvinginthessf. TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement viii

10 Chapter&1 Introduction& 1.1 Background& Withthegrowingnumberofhumanpopulationontheearth,demandforfoodis increasingonbothqualityandquantity.foodfishsupplyincreasingatan averageannualrateof3.2percent,outpacingworldpopulationgrowthat1.6 percent(fao.2014).fish,eitherproducedthroughfishfarming/aquaculture activityorcaughtfromwildmarineorfreshwaterstocks,isaprimarysourceof proteinandessentialnutrients,andthereisagrowingrecognitionofits nutritionalandhealthcpromotingqualities(hlpe,2014). Inmanypeople sdailymeals,fishmoreorlessisapartoftheirfood consumption.worldpercapitaapparentfishconsumptionincreasedfroman averageof9.9kginthe1960sto19.2kgin2012(fao.2014).moreover,fishis alsoamajorsourceoflivelihoodsandincome,particularlyindeveloping countries(hlpe,2014).insomewhereontheworld,peoplearehighly dependentonfishtomaintaintheirlifeorfindawayoutofpoverty.fishisnot onlytheirmaindailyfood,butalsobringthemtheincomeforotherlivingcost. Figure&1World&fish&utilization&and&supply&(FAO,&2014)& Collapse&of&marine&resources& However,thesituationofwildresourcesisoppositetohuman sdemandand expectation.faocategorizesfishstockseitherasunderexploited,moderately exploited,fullyexploited,overexploited,depletedorrecovering.analysesof TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 1

11 worldmarinestocksshowanincreaseinthepercentageofoverexploitedand depletedstocksovertime,whilethenumberofunderexploitedormoderately exploitedstocksdecreases(hlpe,2014).meanwhile,overallglobalcapture fisheriesproductioncontinuestoremainstableatabout90milliontones(fao. 2012). Figure&2&World&capture&fishery&and&aquaculture&production&(FAO,&2012)& Rise&of&aquaculture& Soitseemsthatisitimpossibletomeettheincreasingoffishdemandsonlyby capturefishingproductions,nottomentionthatpartsofthatarenotproduced fordirectlyhumanconsumptions.itisnowwidelyrecognizedthattheforeseen futureincreaseindemandforfishwillhavetobesatisfiedthroughaquaculture production(hlpe,2014).inthelastthreedecades,aquaculturehasalready shownusitsgiantproductivity.accordingtothelatestavailablestatistics collectedgloballybyfao,worldaquacultureproductionattainedanotherallc timehighof90.4milliontonnes(liveweightequivalent)in2012(us$144.4 billion),including66.6milliontonnesoffoodfish(us$137.7billion)and23.8 milliontonnesofaquaticalgae(mostlyseaweeds,us$6.4billion)(fao,2014). ThecontributionofsmallCscaleaquaculture(SSA)tosustainablerural development(srd)include,forexample,securingfood,efficientuseofwater, farmmaterialsandotherresources,creatingwealth,diversifyinglivelihoods, generatingruralemploymentandincome,utilizingfamilylabor,fosteringsocial TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 2

12 harmonyandempoweringwomen(bondadcreantaso&prein,2009).itcanbe seenthatsmallcscaleaquaculturealmostactivesinallpartsinfishproduction.it isacompletechainoffishproduction. However,theachievementonproductionyieldofaquaculturecannotcoverthe problemsasaresultofitsovercrapiddevelopmentandmismanagement.the unstablequalityoffishproducts,pollutiontoenvironmentduetomisusingof fishmealandfishmedicine,andinsecurityoffishfarmers livelihoodfollowedthe significantoutcomesofaquaculture.poorlymanagedaquaculturecanleadtoa stringofunintendedimpactsthatplacehumansandwildlifeinharmsway (WWF,2015).FAOhasdeterminedthattheenvironmentalimpactsof aquaculturearemainlyassociatedwiththehighcinputhighcoutputintensive systems(fao,2005a).meanwhile,thesituationofthessafishfarmersisnot reassuring.itisworthytoconsiderthatthegovernanceofssafisheryneedsto bestartedassoonaspossiblebeforeitistoolatetosavetheenvironmentand ouraquaculturesociety Global&distribution&of&fisheries&workers& Itisestimatedthatmorethan158millionpeopleintheworlddependdirectlyon fishcrelatedactivities(fishing,fishfarming,processing,trading)(hlpe,2014). Thesefishers,bothmanandwoman,contributetheirtimeandlaborinfishing harvesting,fishfarming,fishprocessing,fishprecprocessingandetc.among them,morethan90percentofglobalfishersaresmallcscalefishingoperators livingindevelopingcountries(hlpe,2014).thesmallcscalefishersare presentedinmanyfisheriesliteratureasthe poorestofthepoor,assertsthat theywillneverbecompetitive;theyaretoopoor,vulnerableandmarginalized. Eventually,aspartofa natural modernizationprocess,theywillbereplacedby largercscaleactivities,whichareabletoengageintheglobalmarket(hlpe, 2014).Actually,therearealotofpovertycaseshappeningaroundtheworld.In harvesting,fishers saccesstonaturalresourcesisreducedbecauseofthe competitionwithlargescaleorcommercialfishingoperationsthatownhighly fishingefficiency.inaquaculture,themarketingcompetitionabilityofsmallc scalefishersisnowherenearthatofthelargecscaleaquaculture. TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 3

13 1.1.4 Organization&and&collective&action&and&fisheries&cooperatives& FisheriesorganizationsandcollectiveactionsareimplementedinSSF governanceforsolvingthepovertyandfoodsafetyandsecurityproblems.these organizationarenormallyorganizedbyfishers,fishfarmersandstakeholders andsupportedbygovernment,noncgovernmentorganizationsandother authoritiesintheformoffinanceandotherskindsofhelpforthecommon purposeofsolvingproblemsfromfishers,fishfarmersandstakeholders.the formoffisheriesorganizationsdiffersfromtimeandspace.theywerecreated bytheageandcontributedtoreformthessfsothatthefisherywasableto developfollowingtheneedofglobalchanging.customaryorganizations, cooperativesandsocieties,associationsandunions,new supported organizationalformsandhybridandnetworkedarrangementsareseveralforms offisheriesorganizationsrunninginthessfgovernanceuntilnow. FisheriescooperativesremainactiveinthegovernanceofSSF.Theyundertook manysuccessesandfailuresandgainedtheexperienceofmixedreviews.the generallynegativeexperiencewithcooperativesmadecertainthatthe revivalist endeavor wasalittlemore bottomcup andmadeseriousattemptstobe genuinelyparticipatory(j.kurien,2014). Then,the2008GlobalConferenceonSmallCscaleFisheriesrecognizedthat whileforhistoricalreasonstheterm cooperatives canhaveanegative connotation,itisgenerallyacceptedthatcooperativescouldimprovethe resilienceandstabilityoffishingcommunities (FAO,2009).Itconfirmedthat contributionandfunctionalityoffisheriescooperativesinthessfgovernance. Theconferencealsoraisedthefunctionsoffisheriescooperatives i)increase fishers pricecnegotiatingpowerwithmarketintermediaries,helpstabilize markets,improvepostcharvestpracticesandfacilities,providemarketing logisticsandinformation,andfacilitateinvestmentinsharedstructuressuchas iceplantsandfishprocessingfacilities;ii)increasemarketcompetitionby settingupauctioningsystems;iii)usetheirgreaternegotiatingpowertomake costcsavingbulkpurchasesoffishinggear,engines,equipmentandfuelandto advocatewithgovernment;andiv)facilitatemicrocreditschemesforfishers,to reducetheirdependencyonintermediariesandgivethemgreaterfreedomin selectingbuyers(fao,2012a).thesearethecommoncontributionthatfisheries TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 4

14 cooperativesdidinssfgovernancesoastohelpthefisheriescommunitieshad betterlifeandhope. However,fisheriescooperativesstillneedtoimprovethemselvestoavoidthe problemscausedbytheirweaknessforthesustainablessfgovernance.the internationalyearofcooperativesthoughttheattentionsofimprovementof fisheriescooperativesshouldbepaidon:acollectivedecisioncmakingprocess towardsacommongoal;institutionalresponse;enablinglegislation;enabling legislation;financialresources;marketingissues;andlinkagesamongfactors (FAO,2012a). Inaword,fisheriescooperativesarealwaysanapproachforSSFgovernance. Theyconstantlylearntlessonsfrombothsuccessesandfailuresandcontinueto walkonthewaytossfgovernance,nomatterwhattheywillface The&large&st&aquaculture&countryYChina& Chinaisoneofthebiggestdevelopingcountriesontheworldwiththelargest population.fisheriesaquaculturecreatedveryexcellentcontributionto economicandsocialtochina.fishfromcapturefisheriesandaquacultureasa proportionoftotalanimalproducts(meat,egg,milkandfish)increasedfrom20 percentin1985to32percentin2002(fao,2005).besidethelocalconsumption aquaculturefishproducts,aquacultureexportsarethemostdynamicforce behindtherapidincreaseofchineseseafoodexports(fao,2005). Themajor aquacultureproductsexportedwereshrimp(frozenorbreaded),bakedeel, tilapia(guttedandfrozenorfilleted),yellowcroaker(liveorfrozenwhole),crab (live,frozenorcut),seaweedsorderivedproducts,fish(liveoriced)and shellfish(fao,2005). WhilethescaleofSSFinChinaisnotthelargestandthemostseriousonthe world,thessfstillreceivedattentionfromthecommunityandappropriate pathwayscontinuestobesoughttopreventthefishersinvolvinginthessffrom hardlivelihoodandevenpovertywhilefacingthenaturalresourcescollapse. Withthedevelopmentofthescienceandtechnologyonaquaculture,Chinahas beenthechampionoftheproducingthelargestaquacultureyieldsince1990s. Theaquaculturenotonlyreleasedthefishingpressureonthewildmarineand TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 5

15 freshwaterfishresourcetohelptheresourcerecovery,butalsoprovided developingopportunitiestofishers. Chinaownsaverylonghistoryinaquaculturethatcouldbedatedback2,400 yearsoffreshwateraquacultureand1700c2000yearsofmarinefishand shellfishfarming(fao,2005).whenitcomestofisheriescooperatives,china onlycanbeseenasakidcomparedwithotherexperiencedcountries.beforethe endofthesecondworldwarandthecivilwar,fishcultureinchinahasalways beenafamilybusinessbasedonexperienceaccumulatedovergenerations(fao, 2005).Thesefamilybusinessesmainlyengagedinsmalltradesthatenabledto affordtheirdailylifeandsupplythenearbymarketduetolimitedoutputand transportationconditions. Since1950 s,newculturemethodscharacterizedbytheremarkable technologicalbreakthrough(fao,2005)wereimplementedonfisheries aquacultureinordertodevelopthefisheriesaquacultureindustry.avarietyof voluntaryfisheriesassociationsorfisheriescooperativesbegantoappearin fisheriesaquaculture.but,lessofthemareabletobebuiltandoperatenormally becausethedevelopmentofthesefisheriescooperativesorassociationsin 1950 sand1960 sdeviatedfromthebasicgeneralprinciplesofthecooperatives. ThosecooperativeswerebuiltbasedoncooperativestheoryofMarxisttheory andthetheoryofchinesetransformationonpeasanteconomy.undersuch circumstance,allproductionmeansbelongedtocollectiveandtheproductswere alsopurchasedcollectively.theproducersworkedwithoutoperational autonomy.later,thiskindofcollectivesystemunderthecentraleconomyturned intofamilycruncontractsystemthattheproducerwouldberesponsiblefortheir profitandloss,whichispreferredbytheproducers,includingfishersandfish farmers.theycouldgettheirmarketingadvicetoselectthemostappropriate andprofitablespeciestheythoughtforbreeding,processingandmarketing. Relativetofisherycooperativesincentraleconomy,familyCruncontractsystem providedmoredevelopmentfreedomspace. Overmanyyears,especiallyafter1990swhenthereformandopeningofChina began,manyproblemsfromfamilycruncontractsystemsprangupfromthe marketmechanism,includingtheinabilitytocopewiththefiercecompetitionin theinternationalmarketduetotheweakerscatteredindividualoperations,low TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 6

16 abilitytowithstandmarketrisks,lackofadequatetechnicalguidancetothe fishersandinabilitytosafeguardtheinterestoffishers.facingthelarge demandsfromlargemarket,itistimetogatherthesesmallfamilycrun aquacultureinordertoturningsmalltobig.fisherycooperativesacrossthe countrywereslowlyorganized.however,manyofthemdevelopedveryslowly andevensomelastedonlyfewyearsbecauseofmanyfactors.theirinsufficient selfcmanagementabilityandcrashfrommarketandenvironmentandkilled manyfisheriescooperativesandtheyfadedoutofpeople ssight. Inrecentyears,fisheriescooperativesappearedonthegovernancestageinthe newformtryingtopreformbetteraftersumminguptheirlessonsfromtheir ownandothersexperience. 1.2 Research&questions,&methods&and&frameworks& Questions& InthelongtermofSSFgovernance,manyorganizationalformsimplementing collectiveactionwereappliedandgottheoutcomesofbothsuccessandfailure. OrganizationsandcollectiveactioninSSFhavebeenrecognizedoftheir contributiontomaximizinglongctermcommunitybenefitsandtodealingwith thethreatsoffisheriesmismanagement,livelihoodinsecurityandpoverty (Kalikoski&Franz,2014).Aquaculturefisherypreformeditsamazing productivityforglobalfishproduction.italsoprovidedalargeamountof employmentopportunitiesfortheentiresociety.but,atthesametimeofits rapiddevelopment,italsobroughtmanyproblemsthatmadeusheadache. Nowadays,thefisheriescooperativesapproachisalsoappliedongovernancein SSFaquaculturefishery.Samegovernanceapproachimplementedindifferent contextwillpresentdifferentefficiency.thus,inordertoinvestigatethe governabilityoffisheriescooperativesapproachingovernanceofssf aquaculturefishery,theresearchquestionswillbeplacedon: HowdofisheriescooperativesimpactthegovernanceofSSFaquaculture fishery? WhataretheconsandprosoffisheriescooperativesingovernanceofSSF aquaculturefishery? TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 7

17 Howshouldthefisheriescooperativesdotobesustainableinaquaculture fishery? Methods& Literaturereview Inthepreviousstudy,Papers,reviews,monographsrelatingtoglobalfisheries cooperativesarecollectedandanalyzedinordertoprovideatheoretical frameworkforthisthesis.readingthoseliteraturestofindingouttheoverview offisheriescooperativeapproachinorganizationsandcollectiveactionasa governingmodeinfishery.andbuildtheoreticalfoundationsforlaterswot analysisandgovernabilityanalysis. Governabilityassessmentofacasestudy Thegovernabilityassessment,orgovernabilitymatrix,isusedtopresentthe governanceoflargeyellowcroakeraquaculturefisheryinchinaandthefurther interactionamongthedifferentsystemsinthegovernance. SWOTanalysis ThoughtaSWOTanalysis,astructuredplanningmethodisusedtoevaluateand understandthestrengths,weaknesses,opportunitiesandthreatsinvolvedin implementationoffisheriescooperativeapproachasagoverningmodeinsmallc scaleaquaculturefisheryindiscussion Framework& Chapter1Introduction Thischapterprovidedthebackgroundofglobalfisheriessituation,thethreatof resourcescollapseandtheincreasedhumanconsumption,theriseof aquacultureinrecentyears,thelargestaquaculturecountryofchina,problems causedbylargenumberofssffishers,fishfarmersandstakeholders,the organizationsandcollectiveactionusedtosolvetheirproblemsaswellasthe researchquestions,methodsandframeworkofthisthesis. Chapter2 Thischapterprovidedoverviewoftheglobalfisheryandorganizationsand collectiveactioninssfgovernance.thespecificationsoffishery,fisheries TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 8

18 workersandtheconceptionoforganizationsandcollectiveactionalongwith fisheriescooperativeswillalsobepresented. Chapter3 Thischapterprovidedthetheoryofgovernanceandgovernabilityandthe importanceofgoverninginteractionsinthessfgovernance. Chapter4 Thischapterprovidedagovernabilityassessmentoffisheriescooperative approachimplementedingovernanceoflargeyellowcroakerfisheryinningde City,Chinawillbetakentopointthedevelopmentoffisheriescooperativesand theirmeasurementsandtheoutcomes.therelationsandinteractionsinthe governancewillbeelaboratedaswell. Chapter5Discussion ThischapterprovidedaSWOTanalysisofstrength,weakness,opportunityand threatsoffisheriescooperativeapproachingovernanceofssfaquaculture fisherytodiscusstheresultsofresearchquestionsinthisthesis. Chapter6Conclusion Thischapterprovidedtheconclusionoftheresearch.Itsumupthepresent utilizationoffisheriescooperativesingovernanceofssf,thenewdiscoveryand prospectsoffisheriescooperatives. TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 9

19 Chapter&2 Organizations&and&collective&action&in&fisheries& 2.1 Specification&of&global&fishery&& Fisheryisaindustrythathaslimitationsduringtheproductionprocessesand restrictionsfrombothenvironmentpressureandglobalmarkets.bothfish harvestingandaquaculturebelongtoaratherweekindustryduetothehigh natureriskandseasonalproduction.theperishabilityoffisheriesproducts causesthehighrequirementofstorageandtransportincirculationinentire fisheriessystem. Besides,thefisheryoperatesinaspecificaquaticenvironmentthatisdifferent fromtheterrestrialone.itprovidesdeeperstereoscopicspaceunderthewater thatcanbedividedintosurface,deepandbottomlayers.harvestinginvarious waterdepthsrequiresmultiplefishinggearsandtools,includingpelagicand deepcwatertrawler,danishseine,gillnetandlongclinefishing.effective aquaculturemethodssuchashighcdensityculturingandmultiplecspecies culturingforincreasingproductionefficiencyareusedinfisheriesaquaculture dependingonthepresentwatercontext.inaddition,theutilizationofwater spaceisalsocomplexsuchasthatharvestingright,aquaculturerightandother rightstousethewaterspacearegraduallydefinedfordifferentpurposessothat itisnoteasytosolvetheproblemsastheresultofthechangingofwaterspace utilization. Thefisheryisrestrictedbyitsbiologicalnature.Somefishspeciesaremigratory.. Theywillgathertogetherforspawning,feedingandwinteringfollowing migrationroutesindifferentseasonsandgrowthstages.itisbesttotakethe knowledgeabouttheirmigrationforeffectiveharvesting.secondly,qualityof freshfishproductsarerequestedbythemarket,buttheyaredifficulttobe storedduetoperishabilitythatlimitthedevelopmentoffisheriesindustryin somecountries,especiallytheislandcountriesthatareshortoftransport condition. ThefisheryisahighCcostindustrywithhighproductivity,especiallyinlargeC scalefishery.costoffishvessel,fishgearsandtoolsandfuelforharvestingand persistentcostoffishinggearsandtools,fishmealandfishmedicinesfor aquaculturearehigherthantheterrestrialfarming.meanwhile,thepriceoffish TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 10

20 productsisrelativelyhigherthanotherfoodsothatfisheryhasaquitehigh inputcoutputratio.butinssf,itisusuallyassociatedwithpoverty.manyssf fishersfishonlyforfoodandhavenootherjobssothatitisdifficultforthemto getincomeiftheyjustfocusonfishingineveryday. Thefisheryisanunstableindustrywithhighrisk.Intermsofharvesting, fisheriesresourcessometimescollapseisthemosthappenedsituationthat bringsconstantpressureonfisheriesproductionandfishers lifeifthefisheries resourcesarenotgiventorecover.ontheothersideoffisheriesaquaculture, largescaleculturingactivitiesinlakesandcoastalareafaceinstabilityfrom naturalenvironmentandunsuitableoperationsduetolackofsuitable management.moreover,naturaldisastersthatwillthreatfishers lifeandbring theirfamilytoruinmakethefishersandfishfarmersworryaboutfisheries productionsandlivelihood. Fisheriesareaglobalindustry.Itisinevitablethatfisheriesproductiontake placeatanyplaceaslongasthereexistsaquaticarea,evensmallartificialponds andotherculturingequipmentcangivechanceforoperatingfishculturingto terrestrialcountriesandregions.thefocusonthefisheryhasbeenincreasedby recentyears.peoplewhoeverliveindevelopingordevelopedcountriesstart payingattentiontotheglobalfisheriesissuessuchaspovertyproblem,food safetyandsecurityaboutfisheryandthesituationofwildfishresources. Furthermore,fisheryisbeingincreaseditsproductivitytoprovidemorefood andworkingopportunitiestohumansforresolutionofsomeproblems, especiallyfisheriesaquaculture. GlobalfisheriescanbedividedintolargeCscalefisheryandsmallCscale(artisanal) fishery.theformeroneusuallyistakenplaceintheoffshorewithlargevessels havinghugecapacityandstrongpowerandlesscrewonboard.thecostoflargec scalefisheryisquiethighbecauseofthelargeandexpensivevesselswithstrong engine,largefrozenstorageandwideandbigfishinggearandnets.thechanging fuelpriceistheexternalfactorthatcausesitscostinstable.thelatteroneis relatedtoalargepopulationandmanyintractableproblems.asmentionabove, 90percentof158millionfishworkers,includingfishers,fishfarmersand stakeholdersinfisheriesprocessandtheirfamilymemberswhoarepartctime, workinssf.here,theyarecollectivelyreferredtofisheriesworkers.apartof TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 11

21 fisheriesworkershaslinktothepovertyandfoodsecurityproblemsthatare highlightedbyfao. 2.2 Specification&of&fisheries&workers&in&SSF& Fisheriesworkersareoftenweakandmarginalized.Somefisherorfishfarmeris atoughjobthatpeoplewhotakeitneedsufferhardandlonelyforalongtime. Manypeopletakefishingandfishfarmingastheircareeronlyforthepurposeof earningalivinginsteadofbeinginterestedinit.insomecontexts,peopleonly fishwhentheydonothavefood.besides,nomatterharvestingorculturing, especiallythosetakingplaceonthesea,willtakealongtimetostayawayfrom themainstreamsocietywhichmakethemdifficulttointegrateintoitwhenthey gobacktolandafterfinishingwork.lessattentionispaidonthesepeoplewhile TVandnewspapermediararelybroadcastrelativeinformationtothepublicso thatthepublicdonotknowandunderstandwhatactuallyishappeninginthat worldandthefisheriesworkersaremarginalizedbythemainstreamsociety. Eveninsomedevelopingcountries,theywereoftenconsideredtobecareless spendthrifts;loudcmouthed;drunkards;easilyprovokedtoanger; smellingof fish andsoforth(j.kurien,2014).itisunfairbecausealotofthemarehard workingworkerswhodothesamethingasacommonworkerinanycareerto supportthemandtheirfamily. Fisheriesworkerseasilylosetheirbasiclivingresources.Iflandistheresource forfarmers,theaquaticspaceisfisheriesworkers treasury.theirlivingsecurity willdisappearwhentheirrighttohaveaccesstotheaquaticareawherethey usedtoharvestingorculturingfishforfoodistakenaway.thefisheries resourcescollapsealsobringmorepressuretothemwhileitisdifficultforthe participatorstosolvesuchconflictsbythemselvesindividually.violenceis definitelynotthewayoutofthem. Theagerangeonfishworkersiswide.Insomeplaces,childrenandelders participateinthefisheriesoperations.itincreasestheriskoffisheries productionandviolatestherequirementforproductionsecurity.fisheries productionwithingreatworkingintensityneedsahighdemandofstrongbody, TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 12

22 quickresponseandawellcestablishedtraining.thequalifiedcrewsandfish farmersshouldarethebesttoworkonboardratherthanchildrenandelders. Highcostofinputbringsfishworkersmorepressure.Fishinggearsandnetsand smallormiddlefishingvesselsareexpensive,butnecessaryfacilitiesfor fisheriesproduction.thesefacilitiesstillneedtoberenewedbythechangeof relatedfishingregulationsorbecausetheyareoldandbrokenafterbeingused formanyyears.itisaheavyburdenforsmallcscalefisheriesmembers,especially thosewhoonlyfishingforlivelihoodinsteadofmoney.thepossibilityoflosing livelihoodresourcesislargelyincreasedinsuchcontext.inaddition,thefish processorswhoworkonlandalsoneedfridgestostorefishproductsthatare theirtreasures. Fishworkersexperiencemorenaturaldisastersthatmostlymeandangerand lossesofproperty.bothfishersandfishfarmersworkingontheseawilldirectly takethechallengefromseasonaltyphoonandotherkindsofnaturaldisasters thatalwayslockthemintheharborsfortheirlifesafety.inmarineaquacultures, fishfarmerswillbetransformedtolandbutnottheirculturingfacilities.what theycandotoprotecttheirpropertyistoreinforcethemasmuchaspossible andpray.sometimes,thetyphoonmakesfishfarmerslosingeverythingonthe seaasaresultofblowawaytheculturingfacilities. 2.3 Strengthen&organizations&and&collective&action&in&SSF& ManysmallCscalefishersworldwidesufferfromlowincomes,lackofadequate accesstomarkets,socialandpoliticalmarginalization,exclusionand discrimination,andlowlevelsofhealthandeducation,includingbothmaleand female(j.kurien,2014).accordingtothereviewsofssf,itisclearthatsome fisherscansolvetheseproblemsbythemselves,butthereremainsamajorityof themlivinginmiseryasaresultoffisheriesproblems. So,theUnitedNationspointedoutthatorganizationsandcollectiveaction shouldbestrengthenedinssf. Workingtogetherinconsort,toachievecommonends,isafundamentalhuman trait(j.kurien,2014). Sofar,withthedevelopmentofhumancivilization,this typeofsolutionmethodisusedtosettlealargenumberofproblemswhen TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 13

23 individuals abilityisnotsufficienttohandlethem.theexperiencealsotoldthat twohandsarebetterthanone. Asthesayinggoes,Unitedwestand,dividedwefall.Powerandwisdomof individualsarealwaysweakerthanthoseinagroup.intherealmofssf, collectiveactionandorganizationsareusedtoensuresustainablefisheriesfor longyears.collectiveactionisreferredtoactionstakenbyagroupofindividuals forcommoninterests(j.kurien,2014).ithasthefeaturethatitcanhappen spontaneously,informally,temporarilyandsustainably.themotivationto collectiveactiondependsonwhetherthecommoninterestscanbeachievedor notbyimplementingthecollectiveaction.itispossiblethatonecollectiveaction willbestoppedwhenthecommoninterestsarecompletedorreplacedbyother collectiveactionsifithasnoorlesspositiveeffectonthecommoninterests. TheindividualstakingthecollectiveactionarethedecisionCmakersandthe beneficiaries.theyformvarioustypesoforganizations.itisnecessarytoknow thatcollectiveactioncanoccurwithoutorganizations,butanyorganizationis sameasanemptyshellifwithoutcollectiveaction(j.kurien,2014). 2.4 Elements&in&organizations&and&collective&action& Anyfisheriesorganizationhasisownstructure,butsomeelementsarerequired. Theyarethebackboneintheorganization sstructureandnegativeeffectswill takeplaceonthestabilityoforganizationsandfeasibilityofcollectiveactionif anyoftheelementsismissingorbroken. Fairnessandvoluntary Fisheriesorganizationsarethegroupsmadeoffishers,fishfarmersandrelated fishprocessors.initialmembersshouldagreecollectivelyandresolvetostandby thebasicpurpose/objectiveforwhichtheorganizationhasbeencreated(j. Kurien,2014,p67).Allofthemhavetherighttovoluntarilyjoinintherelating fisheriesorganizationstoparticipatethedecisioncmakingofobjectivesand strategiesofcollectiveaction.noneofthemissupposedtoberejectedbecauseof anyreasonreferringtogenderandotherkindsofdiscrimination.malefishers andfishfarmersundertakemajorharvestingandculturingproduction,however, femalefishprocessorswhoperhapsarefamilymembersofmalesornotalsorely TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 14

24 theirlifeonprocessingfishproductonland.ontheotherhands,thosefemales whoaremales familymembersbutnotworkinfisheriesproductionalsohas righttotheoneofmemberinfisheriesorganizations.itshouldberecognized thatfemales activitiesathomeandonlandisimportantformalestostayonthe sea. Democracymanagement Fisheriesworkersandtheirfamilieswhoformtheinitialmembershipofa fisheriesorganizationestablishfisheriesorganizations.thesepeoplecreatethe initialobjectives,andofcourse,allofthemcollectivelyagreewiththese objectivesandstandbythem.andthelatermembersaresupposedtoagreewith themaswelluntiltheyareachievedorchangedovertime. Aftertheobjectives,thefisheriesorganizationneedsavisionforcollectiveaction. Itdoesnotmatterwhetherallobjectiveswillbeachieved,butdesirablevision canhelpthemembersincreasingtheirmorale.asthejapanesesayinggoes, visionwithoutactionisadaydreamandactionwithoutvisionisanightmare.(j. Kurien,2014,p67)Certainly,themosttheimportantthinginthisstageisthatall themembersshouldattendtoarticulatethevisionstatementaswellasagree withitcollectively. Withfisheriesorganizations functioning,strategiesforcollectiveactionare goingtocomeintouse.ofcourse,theabilityofmembersinthefisheries organizationsmaynotbeadequatetocompleteitsothatsomeinternaland externalsupportsareusedforeffectivestrategies.thepowerofhumanengines andenthusiasmandspiritofvoluntarismfrommembershipoffisheries organizationsistheinternalsupportwhiletheycandrawtheexternalsupportof expertisefromothercreatedorganizationsorgovernment.implementationof anyactionneedsfinancialfund.infisheriesorganizations,itcanbecollectedin theorganizationbutalsocanbefundbytheexternalsuchasstateandnonc governmentorganizations. Duringtheprocessesoffunctioningoffisheriesorganizationsand implementationofcollectiveaction,thecausesandoutcomesofdifferent methodsforachievingthecommonobjectivesshouldberecordedandregarded asvaluableinformationforsummaryofpastandinspirationforfuture,no mattertheyaresuccessorfailure. TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 15

25 Possessingresourcesisnoguaranteeforsmoothandmeaningfulfunctioningof theorganizationsequence(j.kurien,2014,p69).manyfailuresaretheresultof misusingtheirresources.meanwhile,differentobjectivesshouldbeachievedby appropriatemeasurements.keytosuccessisthejudicioususeofresourcesin therightmeasureandsequence(j.kurien,2014,p69). Lastbutnotleast,Lawsandnorms(bothwithintheorganizationandexternally) thatarerequiredtofacilitateactionsintendedtoachievetheobjectivesmustbe putinplace(j.kurien,2014,p69).howcouldthecollectiveactionis implementedunderthecircumstancesthatitisoutofthelegalprotection.itis likelythattheymembersdidsomethingtheythoughtweregoodtotheir productionbutnotcomplywiththeprovisionsorlawssothattheireffortwould becomenothing. Respectandconfidence Respectandconfidencearethegluethatlinkandcombineallthemembersin fisheriesorganizationtoimplementthestrategiesofcollectiveaction.especially betweenleadersandmembers,mistrustanddiscord,astheresultsof contradictionwillhaveabadeffectonthefunctioninganddevelopmentof fisheriesorganization. Visionfordevelopment Evaluationandalliancearethesuitablewayforthefisheriesorganizationsto enhancetheircapacityandscale. Collectiveactionshouldbeevaluatedforthefuture.Manyorganizationsfunction atthesametimeworldwide.lessonslearningfromotherorganizations success andfailureareasimportantasthoseinown.especiallywhenfacingthe difficultiesthatcannotbesolvedthemselves,referringtoothers solutionsnot onlymayhelpdirectly,butalsobringinspirationtoimprovethecollectiveaction forpreventingthefisheriesorganizationfromthesimilarproblems.whenthe fisheriesorganizationisfunctionedinasuccessfulresultandlargerscaleis requiredforfurtherdevelopment,exceptadmitmoremembers,alliancewith otherorganizationsthathavethesameinterestsandvision.itcanincreasethe scaleifmemberwhileexpandthescaleoffishingareasoastoexpandthescale ofthefisheriesproduction. TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 16

26 Consequently,fisheriesorganizationsareorganizedandgovernedbytheir members.theconceptioninthefisheriesorganizationistheirmemberswho gathertogethersolvetheircommonproblemsormeettheircommondemands bygoverningthemselveswithcoherenceoftheirpygmyeffortandcollective action.oncetheirmemberslosetheabilityorrighttoparticipateinthedecisionc makingandgoverntheirorganization,itwillneverbeanorganizationunless theybecometheowneragain. Accordingtothehistoryofcollectiveaction,severaltypesoforganizationsare documented,forexamples,customaryorganizations,cooperativesandsocieties, associationsandunions,new supported organizationalformsandhybridand networkarrangements.theyhavebeenutilizedinthessfworldwideformany yearswithsuccessandfailure,andevensomearestillworkinginsomewhereso far. 2.5 Fisheries&cooperatives& Cooperativesmodeisoneofthefisheriesorganizations.ItiscreatedbyBobert Owenin1817andweavedbyRochdalin1844thatbelievedthatbeingvoluntary, democraticandselfccontrolled,thecooperativeprovidedtheframeworkby whichgrasscrootcommunities,throughgroupeffort(collectiveaction),could gaincontroloverproductiveactivitiesfromwhichtheyderivedtheirsustenance andlivelihood.implicitinthisbeliefwastherationalethatcooperative developmentwouldoriginatefrompeople sowninterestandmotivations(j. Kurien,2014,p48).However,thedevelopmentofcooperativesinthenext150 yearsdidnotgowell.in1950sto1970s,itevenbecameatoolofgovernmentto preformtheiroutcomesonthedevelopmentoffisheryinsomedeveloping countries. Sofar,cooperativesaredefinedbytheInternationalcooperativealliance(ICA) thatcanbetherepresentativeofcooperativesas: Anautonomousassociationofpersonsunitedvoluntarilytomeettheircommon economic,social,andculturalneedsandaspirations,throughajointlyowned anddemocraticallycontrolledenterprise(j.kurien,2014,p49). ICAlistedsevenprinciplesforcooperatives: TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 17

27 Voluntaryandopenmembership Democraticmembercontrol Membereconomicparticipation Autonomyandindependence Education,trainingandinformation Cooperationamongcooperatives Concernforcommunity Thesevenprinciplesrepresenttheidentity,democraticfunctioningmode,the waytoexpansionandcorporateresponsibilityofcooperatives. Thefisheriescooperativesshouldbeanorganizationoffishers,fishfarmersand stakeholdersconcerningtheirlivelihood,jobandwelfare.theyshouldbestarted asaconsequenceofspontaneousactionbyfishersinresponsetoexploitationby merchants;ortosituationswheretheirtraditionalrights,oraccesstofishery resources,werethreatenedbyoutsiders(j.kurien,2014,p52).everythingin fisheriescooperativesiscreated,found,solved,developedandconcludedbyand fortheirmembers.thecommonrequirementsformmembersarethefinaland onlygoals. Comparedtootherfisheriesorganizations,fisheriescooperativesarepermitted totakebusinessinsomecountries(j.kurien,2014,p52).ifthefisheries cooperativegoesverywell,itmeansthatitislikelytolessrelyonthesupport andevencaninvestitselfthroughitsmembership.membersnotonlyparticipate inthedecisioncmaking,butalsoplayaroleasinvestorsintheircareer.they spendmoreeffortsontheirjobduetotheirbeautifulexpectationsalongwiththe increasedresponsibility. Inviewofthebadexperienceoffisheriescooperatives,theirreputationisworse thatthedecayedfishforfishersandfishfarmersinsomeplaces.butthere remainedmanysuccesscasesgloballyoffisheriescooperativesapproachin governanceofssf.thesecooperativesexhibitedsuccessinavarietyofrealms, includinginteralia,theireffortstoprovideinexpensivecredit;tomobilize savings;todeliverinputsforfishingatcheaperprices;toorganizelivelihood provisionsforfishingfamilies;toprocessandmarketthefishoftheirmembers andalsosafeguardtheoriginalrights(j.kurien,2014,p52).itmeansthatthe TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 18

28 fisheriescooperativesapproachinssfisnotafailureanditsimplementation needtobeimprovedfromthelessonslearningfromthosesuccessesandfailures. Forinstance,thoughtheexperiencewithcooperativesinthefisheriessectorand forsmallcscalefishersoftenspannedovertwotothreedecades,itwasdifficult, inmostdevelopingcountries,toclaimthattheymadearealchangeinthe quantitativeorqualitativeaspectsoflifeandlivelihoodoffishers(j.kurien,2014, p52).howtorunsustainablefisheriescooperativesinssfgovernanceto achievethegoalsbothinthequantitativeandqualitativeaspectsistheresearch thatneedstobesearched. TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 19

29 Chapter&3 Governance&and&governability& 3.1 Theory&and&components& Maartenet al.(2013)indicatedthatgovernanceistheaggregateofgoverning activitiescarriedoutbysocietalactorsinresponsetopublicneedsandvisions.it isgenerallyorganizedandroutine,rarelyharmoniousbuttypicallyinteractive. Infisheriesgovernance,thesocietalactorshavemuchdifferentimpossibility. Sometimestheyarethenationalorlocalgovernmentorauthoritiesresponsible forfisheriesindustries.sometimesthenoncgovernmentorganizationscanalso qualifiedforthisrole.theygovernalsovariousfisheriesactivities,forexamples, fishingharvestingforcommercialorartisanalpurposes,fisheriesaquaculturein largeorsmallscaleandalsofishprocessingandmarketingandsoon.these activitiesconstitutesomemajorpartsinfisheryindustryortheyconsistofa wholefisheryindustry.thepeoplewhooperatethoseactivitiesarefishers,fish farmersorfishprocessorsworkingforthebasislifeofthemselvesandtheir families.however,theseactivitiesarenotallplainsailing.internalorexternal factorsasfishresourcecollapsing,climatechangingormarketchangingwill causethefluctuationsinoperators life,forinstance,lackoffoodandincome. Theyarenotabletosolvetheseproblemssothattheyneedthesocietalactors help.forthesocietalactors,helpingthefisheriesoperatorstosolvethe problemstakingplaceinfisheryindustryalsohelpthemselvestofinishtheirjob asagovernorandwinthefisheriesstakeholder sconfidenceandsupport. Theinteractivegovernanceisdefinedas:Thewholeofinteractiontakentosolve societalproblemsandtocreatesocietalopportunities,includingtheformulation andapplicationofprinciplesguidingthoseinteractionsandcareforinstitutions thatenablethem(maartenet al,2013).ittotallycorrespondstotheconceptionof thegovernanceandcanberegardasoneperspectiveofallgovernance perspectives.accordingtotheconceptiononinteractivegovernance,the interactionstakeninfisheryarethemostimportantmovementsinfisheries governance.knowingabouttheseinteractionsinfisherywillconducivetofind thecorrectsolutiontotheproblemsappearinginfisheryanddevelopnew opportunitiestofishery. TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 20

30 Governabilityisdefinedas theoverallcapacityforgovernanceofanysocietal entityorsystem (Maartenet al,2013).variousgoverningapproachtakenby differentsocietalactorswillshoweffectstohigherorlowerdegreeonthe systemctocbe governedsoastodemonstratetheirabilityongovernance.the definitionofgovernabilityisbuiltonthenotionthatsocieties,orpartsthereof termedsocietalsystems,aremadeupofthreerelatedcomponents:asystemctoc begoverned,agoverningsystemandgoverninginteractions(maartenet al, 2013),whichisshownasFigure1.Infishery,bothnaturalsystemwith environmentalandbiologicalaspectsandsocialsystemwithhumansociety consistofthesystemctocbecgoverned.ineachsystem,fourpropertiesthatare diversity,complexity,dynamicandscalepresenttheircontentbythevariables thatarecomponents,relationships,interactionsandboundaries. Theinteractionsaretakingplaceinandbetweenallsystems. 3.2 Importance&of&governing&interaction& InteractivegovernancetheorysuggeststhatthecentralfeaturesofsystemCtoCbeC governedandgoverningsystemarenormallyreflectedingoverninginteractions (Maartenet al,2013),whichisshowninfigure3. Figure&3&Interactive governance perspective of a societal system (Maarten&et al,&2013).& ParticipationsofbothsystemCtoCbeCgovernedandgoverningsystemarevery importantingovernance.infisheriesinteractivegovernance,allentities includingfishers,fishfarmersandprocessorsandfishmerchantsshouldcarethe TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 21

31 TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 22 processofgovernanceandcontributeeveryideatheyhavetoparticipatein fisheriesinteractivegovernance.itisamannerinpreventingthemselvesfrom beingcontrolledaswellastheirexistenceandimportanceforfisheriesindustry. Therearethreemodesofgoverninginteractions:selfCgoverningmode, hierarchicalmodeandcocgoverningmode(maartenet al,2013).toassessthe capacityofgovernance,agovernabilitymatrixincludingpropertiesofdiversity, complexity,dynamicsandscalesofrelatedsystemcomponentsthatarenatural andsocialsystemctocbegoverned,governingsystemandtheirgoverning interactionwillbeaddressed,whichisshownastable1. Table&1&matrix&of&governability&assessment& SystemCtoCbeCgoverned (NaturalandSocial) Governing system Governing interactions Diversity Whoareundercontrolof governingsystemandinthe systemctocbecgoverned? Whoplaythe rolesof governing system? Whatarethe interactions betweengoverning systemandvarious systemsctocbec governed? Complexity Whataretherelationshipsin andbetweendifferent entities? Whataretheir relationships? Howdoesthe interactionstake place? Dynamics Whataretheinteractionsin andbetweendifferent entities? What interactionsthey have? Whatchangeshave intheinteractions? Scale Whatisboundaryofthe systemctocbecgoverned? Whatisthe boundaryoftheir governing activities? Whichboundary doesthe interactionscover? Thismatrixishelpfultodiscussandwellunderstandthefeaturesinandbetween alltherelatedsystemcomponentsforassessingthegovernabilityinthe governance.

32 Chapter&4 Governability&assessment&of&a&case&study&of&large&yellow& croaker&aquaculture&fishery&in&ningde&city,&china& 4.1 Background&of&LYC&aquaculture&fishery& Thelargeyellowcroakerspeciesisthemainproductresourceoftheaquaculture largeyellowcroakerfisheryinningdecityoffujianprovince,china. Theyellowcroaker,whosesynonymsisPseudosciaenaCrocea,startedtobe culturedsince2003.theliveorfrozenwholeproductsofyellowcroakeraresold tosouthkoreaasoneofthemajorexportsinchineseaquacultureindustry(fao, 2005C2015).ThetoprecordedcaptureyieldofPseudosciaenaCroceawas tonsin1974andtherecentoutputswerelessthanoneCthirdsofthetop yieldduetothestrategyofmarineresourcesrecovery.comparedwiththat,the yieldofaquaculturepseudosciaenacroceacontinuedtoincreasedandreached to95118tonsin2012thathasexceededtheyieldofcapture(richardson,1846) Natural&advantage& NingdeCityCmotherlandoflargeyellowcroaker ThewildlargeyellowcroakerspeciesdistributeinthenorthwestPacificOcean alongthecoastallineofyellowandeastseaofchina,westofnorthandsouth KoreaandthewestofJapan.Theyliveintheshallowwaterasaseason migratoryspeciesthatinhabitsthecoastalwaterandestuaries.theyhavetwo spawningseasons,springandautumn,inwhichtheyswimfromtheshallow seawaterclosetotheriverestuariestodotheirreproduction.thelargeyellow croakerspeciesclusterstogetherwhentheystayinthewildseawater.small fishesandcrustaceansaretheirdailyfood. GuanjingOceanlocatingattheNingdecityisthespawningprotectedareaof YellowCroakerspecies.ManysmallislandsanddeepCwaterbaysarethenatural habitatforthewildlargeyellowcroaker,notmentionthatitisalsothelastand uniqueinnercbayspawninggroundoflargeyellowcroakerinchina.thequality ofseawaterissuitableforculturinglargeyellowcroakerwiththesurface temperatureof10to30.theislandsconsistofaprefectsafehaventoprevent alltheoffshoreoperationsfromdeadlydestroyingbytheseasonaltyphoon. TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 23

33 Nothingwillbebetterthanraisingachildintheirfamiliesthatissameas aquaculture.itisthebestchoicetodevelopthelargeyellowcroakeraquaculture fisheryinningdecitysinceitisthemotherlandofthisspecies. Furthermore,NingdeCityisalsotheplacewherethelargeyellowcroaker aquaculturetechniquewasborn.liujiafu,whoisregardedasthefartheroflarge yellowcroaker,hasdevotedhimselftoresearchforimprovingthetechniqueof culturinglargeyellowcroakersince1985andstillworksonit. Since1999,largeyellowcroakeraquaculturehasformedinalargescale.The annualyieldinchinaisincreasedfrom5.9thousandtonsto71.7thousandtons andtheannualyieldinningdecitykept84%to94%ofthatcountrywide.ning decityisworthofthemotherlandoflargeyellowcroakeraquaculture Culturing&equipment&and&scale& Sofar,bothpondsanddeepCwatercagesaretheaquaculturemethodsoflarge yellowcroakeraquaculture.but,thelatteroneisappliedinningdebecauseofits inherentenvironmentaladvantages.thosetraditionalcagesaremadebywood orbamboowiththesizeof4c4mand4c6mdepthalongwithnetmeshsizeof4 cm.thenumberofcagesofeachfishfarmersrangesfromadozentomorethat onehundreddependingonthesituationoffinancialabilityofeachfishfarmer. Cagesbelongingtoeachfish farmer areusuallylinkedtogethertoformasmall fishfarmonthesea.theselinkedcagesillustratedsceneryofcommunityonthe seathatispresentedinfigure3. Figure&4&View&of&LYC&aquaculture&fishery&in&Ningde&City,&China&(NDFA,&2015)& ThefishmealfedtoLargeyellowcroakerismadebyfrozensmallfishand artificialprocessedfishmeal.itisimpossibletofeedthefishby100%artificial TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 24

34 processedfooduntilnow,buttheresearchteamsneverstopworkingonits possibility. ThefriesofLargeyellowcroakerarenormallyculturedinFebrearyeachyear. Thefishfarmerscanbuythemthatarearound3cmfromJulyandstratculturing theminthecageslocatingonthesea.thefishwillgrowuptoaproximate500g intwoyearsandbeharvestedandsold.however,thelargerthefishis,themore valuableitwillbe Fish&farmers&and&stakeholders& ThewholeprocessofLargeyellowcroakeraquaculturereferstofishfry,fish aquacultureandfishsale.inthesethreesessions,themerchantswillsupplythe fishfry,fishmealandfishpillwhilefishcompaniesandmiddlemantakethesale session. Thepeoplewhowitnessthemostsignificantgrowthoffisharefishfarmers whosedailyworkanddecisionsofwaystoculturelargeyellowcroakerdecides thequalityoffishproducts.thelargeyellowcroakerfishfarmerscomefrom differentsocialgroups:fishfarmerswhocultureotherspeciesbeforelarge yellowcroaker,fisherswhotransformtobelargeyellowcroakerfishfarmers duetotheirvessels decommissionandtheotherpeoplewhoengageintolarge yellowcroakeraquacultureasthenewbeginningintheircareerandlife. Althoughthetraditionalfishfarmershavericherexperienceofculturingother aquaticspeciesandcertainskillsofoperatingaquaculturefishinggearsandtools thantheothertwogroups,allofthemarefreshmaninthelargeyellowcroaker aquaculturefisheryintermofanewaquaculturetechnologyexploitedin1985. Theygainedsometrainingcoursesonhowtoculturefish,usefishpillsand exporttherelatingproducts,especiallythefishers(notice).inaword,theyare themembersinsmallcscalelargeyellowcroakeraquaculturefisheryifthey operatesuchaquacultureinningde. Thesefishfarmersworkandlivealongwiththeirfishcagesandfishonthesea. Theybuilttheirhouseswithbasicandsimplelivingequipmentsuchasgas,fresh water,power,andeveninternetandcabletv.sofar,thearchitectures appearingontheseanotonlyarelivinghouses,butalsocommunity managementinstitution,policestation,supermarkets,restaurantsand TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 25

35 entertainments.evenso,thelifeontheseastillisfillingwithbadsmellfromfish mealandloneliness.manyfishfarmersexpressedthatthemostdifficultthingis nothowhardtheirworkandlifeare,andthattheyaremissingtotheirfamily wholivesonlandorothercities. Thefishfarmersmentionedaboveandotherfisheriesstakeholdersorganized fisheriescooperativesexistinginthelargeyellowcroakeraquaculturefishery voluntarily.accordingtotheprinciplesoforganizationsandcollectiveaction, fishfarmerscannotbeforcedtobecomeamemberofanyfisheriescooperatives. Theirvoluntarynatureplaysanimportantroleintheimplementofcollective actionforfishfarmers commonobjectives. Beforetheestablishmentoffisheriescooperatives,fishfarmersareindividuals thatarecalledfamilycrunssf.normally,abosswillbethecrewatthesametime. Theyrarelyhireanycrew,buttheirfamilymemberswillworkwiththem sometimes.undersuchcircumstances,theabilityofcollectinginformation, makingbusinessandhandlingthreatsisweakbecausetheyfightalone. Competitionamongotherfishfarmersarealsoveryfierce,whichmakethem madeincorrectproductionselectionssuchasusingbannedfishpillorultrac densityculturing Governors&and&their&responsibility& NingdeOceanandFisheriesBureauanditsfunctions NingdeOceanandFisheriesBureau(NOFB)isthemunicipaloceanandfisheries governmentwhotakestheresponsibilitytoallfisheriesactivitiesand utilizationsofseaunderitsjurisdictionsarea. TherearemanydepartmentsbelongingtoNOFB,includingNingdeCityofOcean andfisherylawenforcementdetachment,marineecosystemsofspecially protectedareasandguanjingyangningdelargeyellowcroakerproliferation station,fujianfisheriesresearchinstitute,ningdecityofoceanandfishery EnvironmentalMonitoringStation,NingdeCityFisheriesTechnologyExtension Station,Ningdeseausedynamicmonitoringcenter,NingdeCityAquaticSupply Company,MindonglargeyellowcroakerCorporation,andNingdeCityFisheries Association(NDFA,NingdelargeyellowcroakerAssociation). TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 26

36 Allthedepartmentsperformtheirownfunctionsfollowingthestrategiesand policiesofnofbtoachievetheoverallgoals.themaindutiesofnofbarelisted asfollows: Developmentstrategyandrelevantpolicyandmeasurements NingdeOceanandFisheriesBureauprotocolsandimplementstheoceanand fisheriesdevelopmentstrategiesandrelevantpoliciesandmeasurementsinthe juristicareaofit.thestrategies,policiesandmeasurementsmustfollowthe Nationalandprovincialmarineandfisherylaws,regulationsandpoliciestosuit theoveralldevelopmentinchinaandthedemandsofrelatedpeople. DevelopmentofOceanfunctionzoning,theseaandisland,marineand fisheriesregulations NOFBissupposedtomaketheplanforthedevelopmentofoceanfunction zoning,utilizationofseaandislandandmarineandfisheriesregulationsand monitortheirimplementation.accordingtotheseplans,coordinationshouldbe takenbythenofbtokeepthebalanceamongvariousgovernmental departmentsandindustry. Paidutilizationofsea InChina,thepaidutilizationofseaisappliedtomarineindustry.TheNOFB shouldtaketheresponsibilityofmaintainingtheordermonitoringofutilization ofseaandimplementingthesystemofpaidutilizationofsea,includingseawater ownershipregistration,demonstration,evaluationandboundarydemarcationof seawaterandsubmarineconstruction. Oceanenvironmentandconservationoffisheriesecosystem Allenvironmentandconservationoffisheriesecosystemisunderthe jurisdictionofnogb.theplanofmarineenvironmentconservationand governanceisprotocoledbynofbandrelevantdepartmentstomakeaformat forthepurposeofmaintainingtheexplorationofmultiplemarineactivities.for stance,offshoreoilexplorationanddevelopment,coastalandmarineprojects, andmarinedumpingdebrisarenotallowedtodamagethemarineenvironment. Meanwhile,NOFBalsoneedtomonitorthemarinebiodiversityinitsjurisdiction area. Disasterpreventionandfisheriesproductionorder TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 27

37 NOFBorganizestheinvestigations,supervisory,surveillanceandevaluationof marineenvironmentandreportthemarinehazardwarningtoallfishersandfish farmerswhoworkontheseatoprotectthemfromlosinglifeandproperty. Whenthedisasterpassed,NOFBalsoneedtotakeanimpactassessmentto strengtheninfrastructureofdisasterpreventionandmitigation. NOFBshouldorganizethefishersandfishfarmerstoapplysafefisheries productiontoensuretheirbasiclivingrequirement. Fisheriesmanagement NOFBimplementsthefisherieslicensingsystemtocontroltheaccesstofisheries inordertomaintaintheorderoffisheriesproductionandprotectthemarine ecosystem.accordingtofishersandfishfarmers demands,nofbissupposedto makeaplanaboutthefisheriestechniquedevelopmenttoimprovethe developmentoffisheries.otherwise,itshouldhelpfishersandfishfarmersto startforeigneconomicrelationsandcommunicationoffisheriestechniques. Statisticmanagement Dataincludingeconomy,financeandotherinformationcollectedfromall fisheriesandotherkindsofmarineactivitiesarerecordedbynofbforthe furthersuggestiontomarinedevelopmentofningdecity. ItisspecialthattheNingdeCityFisheriesAssociationeditorthe Fujianlarge yellowcroakerbreedingadvantageofregionaldevelopmentplanning"twice empoweredbythefujianprovincialoceanandfisheriesdepartment. 4.2 Export&crash&in&2007&and&its&impacts& Before2006,developmentoflargeyellowcroakeraquacultureindustry conductedverysuccessfully.itonlytakeslessthan29yearstodevelopthis industryfromthebreakoutofaquaculturetechniquetoexporttoaboard.the happinessandhonorasresultsofsuccessesofexpansionofaquacultureand economicbenefitscaughtfishfarmers,stakeholdersandgovernors eyesothat somepotentialthreatswereneglected.theydidnotreturntopeople sattention until2006. SouthKoreaisalwaystheregularcustomeroflargeyellowcroaker.Around 10000tonslargeyellowcroakerfishwasexportedtoSouthKoreaeveryyearin 2003to2005.However,thefrozenlargeyellowcroakerproductsweredetected TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 28

38 theexcessivelevelsofchloramphenicolinsouthkoreathatcausedthestopof exportoflargeyellowcroakerproductsinthelate2007.almosteverylarge yellowcroakerproductexportedtosouthkoreawasdetected.thoseproducts thatwerenotqualifiedwerenotallowedtobeexportintosouthkorea.many contractswerecanceledandthebusinesswasstopped.itmademanyexport companiesandtheirfishfarmerslosealotofmoneyandmadethemsadand disappointed.later,southkoreaincreasedtherequirementofnonctariff barrierstotradethatmadethehurtlargeyellowcroakeraquacultureworse.the exportyieldinningdecityeveryyearwasdecreasedtojust5000tonsuntil Main&factors&causing&the&crash& Largelossesoffinanceandunyieldingspiritturnedtheattentionfromfish farmers,fisheriesstakeholdersandgovernorsbacktothelargeyellowcroaker aquacultureproductioninordertofindthefactorsofproductsfailure.they foundthatthemainfactorsarenegligentmanagementandnoncstandard production. Intermstheformerone,theNOFBhasrecognizeditsnegligenceonnot governingtheentireindustryintimeanddiscussedthesolutionsonthepresent bottleneckofthedevelopmentofexportedlargeyellowcroakerindustrywith fishfarmers,stakeholdersandexperts.andtheyactuallyplayedacompetent roleinthenextprocessofgovernanceonlargeyellowcroakerfishery. Theyincreasedtheirabilityandnumbersofmonitoring,comtrollingand surveillance(mcs)inlatertime.buttherewerealsoproblemsmakingthe governancedifficultthatthenumberoffishfarmersinvolvinginthelargeyellow croakeraquacultureistoolargetogoverningtheirproductiononebyone.for instance,therewereseveralthousandsfisherfarmersculturinginningdecity andeachofthemhadaveragely100cages.itwouldbealargeprogramto monitorandtestthefishquality,productionprocessandwaterqualityineach cageofallfishfarmersintermsthatnofbisjustalocalauthority.then, differentfishfarmerssoldtheirfishtodifferentcompaniesfordifferent purposes.forexample,somesupplytheexportfishcompanyandsomeonlysold TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 29

39 thefishtothelocalmarket.hence,thereweredifferentstandardsforeach purposeanddefinitelythatforexportproductswasmuchhigherthanthatinthe localmarket.itmadethegovernanceintroublethatgoverningtheentire industryonthehighstandardswouldmakethefishfarmerswhohaveno relationtoexportsdisgustedtoacceptsuchevaluation. WhenitcomestothenonCstandardproduction,excessiveculturingdensityand excessiveandinappropriateuseoffishmedicinewerethemainfactor. Asmentionbefore,thesquaremetersofthecageisnormally16squaremeters. Sometimes,over6timesfishfrywouldbepulledinandbecultured.Itcanbe imaginedthatthelivingandactingspacetolargeyellowcroakerwouldbecome smallerandsmallerwiththeirgrowthonweightandlength.lackofspacenot onlymadefishmissingactivitythatcausefishbeingfat,butalsoincreasedthe possibilityoffishinfectiousdiseasesineachcage.itwouldbeworsethatfishin otherclosecageswasinfectedbecausetheculturingwatercannotberefreshed intimeasaresultofhighdensityculturinginalllinkedcages.finally,fishin manycageswoulddieinashorttimethatcausedhugelossesoffishfarmers. Certainly,fishfarmersarenotfools.Theyselectedtousefishmedicinetocontrol thefishdiseases.however,theyarenotcleverenoughtocontroltheamountof howmuchfishmedicinetheyshouldputineachcage.hence,usuallytheyput excessivefishmedicineinthewatertoensureitsefficiency.fishdiseases decreasedbuttheircostwasincreasedduetousinglargeamountoffish medicine.somefishfarmerswhodidnotwanttopaytoomuchforfishmedicine havetochoosethecheaperonefromsomespecialwaysuchasblackmarket.no onecanensurethesourcesandefficacyofthosemedicinessothatagreater hazardwasburiedinthelargeyellowcroakerfishery.finally,thelargeuseof fishmedicinedidnotcompletelyeliminatetheoccurrenceoffishdiseases,but residuesoffishmedicineinfishcausedfishqualitydegradationthatmadethe exportoflargeyellowcroakerfacedthebiggestchallenge. Lastbutnotleast,allthenonCstandardproductionsmadethequalityofculturing watertofall.onedaytherewouldhavenopossibilitytoculturelargeyellow croakerwhentheseawaterqualityistotallydestroyed,evenningdeusedtobe thehavenoflargeyellowcroakerwiththeadvantageofnaturalenvironment. TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 30

40 Otherwise,fishmealandenvironmentalpressurefromthelandwerethesmaller factors.thetechnologyofsyntheticfishmealwasnotgoodenoughto100%used intheculturingfishery.itstillneedsmoretimeandmoneytoexploitit. CoordinationwithotherdepartmentsonlandsuchNingdeCityEnvironmental ProtectionBureauwouldberequiredtoreleasethepressureofculturingwater. 4.3 Implementation&of&fisheries&cooperatives&approach&in&governance&of& LYC&aquaculture&fishery& Afterthediscussionwithfishfarmersandstakeholders,NOFBdecidedtoapply theapproachofcooperativesthatiscalledgovernancemodeofgroupedfishraft inmarineculturing.underthisgovernancemode,13fishprocesscompaniesand 1230fishfarmersformedafisheriescooperativeonthepurposeoflargeyellow croakerexportaquaculturefisheryin2008.threefishprocesscompanieshave joinedinthisfisheriescooperativeinthenextsixyears.allfishfarmerswere dividedinto3regions(jiaocheng,xiaopuandfuding)dependingontheir geographiclocationand21groupsaccordingtothenumberoffishcages(ningde China).Thisfisheriescooperativehas4components:committeeofexport processmanagement,committeeoffishraft,committeeofsupervisionand coordinationandadministrativeoffice.eachcommitteehaditsownfunctionto differentsectionsinthelargeyellowcroakeraquaculturefishery.theofficials workinginthesecommitteescamefromthefishprocesscompanies,fishfarmers andstakeholders.theirmaintasksarecoordinatingthecontradictionsinthe fisheriescooperative,promotingtheimportanceofstandardproductionand providethehelptomembers.atthesametime,theyalsoneededtocoordinate withthenofcanditsbelongingdepartmentaswellastocarryouttheregular andrandomexaminationsoffishandseawater Goals& AftertheexperienceofthefailureinSouthKoreanmarket,thesituationof exportmarketofculturedlargeyellowcroakerwentintoadepressedstate.the fisheriescooperativeforreinvigorationofthisindustrysettledgoalsasfollows: TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 31

41 Followingtheestablishmentofthefisheriescooperative,goalsaresettled outintermsofthepresentsituationandtherelatedfactorsthatcausing thefailuretotheexportmarket. Increasingthequalityoffishproductstosatisfytheinternationalrequirements ofexportfishproducts Facingtothefailureontheexportmarket,rejectedqualityisthefirstproblem thatmustbesolvedforrecoveryofthelargeyellowcroakerexportmarket.it doesnotmatterwhichcountryistheimportcountry.onlywhenthequalityofall fishproductsisimprovedtoalevelatwhichcanbeequaltoorevenhigherthan thattheyrequire,thedoorforexportlargeyellowcroakerproductswillopento theentireindustryagain.ifnotso,largeyellowcroakerhastostayhomeforever. Standardizingtheentirelargeyellowcroakeraquacultureproduction includingfishfrysource,culturingproduction,useoffishmedicine, sellingandexportprocessatcollectivelevel TheculturingproductionwasnonCstandard,andthatcausedthebadqualityof fishandpollutedtheculturingwater.thequalityofculturingwaterforfishcan beregardedasimportantasairtohumans.itdirectlyimpactsthequalityoffish., Standardizingtheculturingproductionnotonlycanhelptosolvethepresent problemsofnoncstandardculturing,butalsoprovideconvenienceforgovernors toreadjusttheindustrymacroscopicallyandforfishfarmersandstakeholdersto evaluateculturingsystemwiththedevelopmentoftechnology. Loweringtheculturingproductionriskinthefisheriescooperativeand stablingtheproductionsafety. AstheresultofnonCstandardproduction,alargeamountoffishdiedincages duetofishdiseasesthatcausedlargelossestofishfarmersfrequently.especially afterthetyphoonseasonaroundoctobertonovember,thehotweatherand warmwatertemperaturesincreasedthepossibilityoftheoccurrenceoffish diseases.itisoftenthebesttimetoharvestlargeyellowcroakeraftertyphoon season.thesuddendisasterhitthefishfarmersbysurprise.therewasonlya smallsteptothesuccess.itindicatedthatthelargeyellowcroakeraquaculture industrybecameabusinesswithhighriskoflosingeverythingaccordingtosuch context.so,theproductionstabilityhastobeincreasedinordertoenablethe fishfarmerstohaveeasyproductionandlifewithoutfearandtrepidation. TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 32

42 4.3.2 Measurements& Allmeasurementscanbedividedintotwostepsimplementedonthegovernance oflargeyellowcroakeraquaculturefishery. Thefirststepincluded8collectiveactionsthatwereimplementedasmeasures tostandardizetheproductionprocess,fishproductsprocessandexportsalesfor purposeofrecoveryoftheexportlargeyellowcroakeraquaculturefishery: Collectivepharmacyoffishmedicine Onepharmacywithsixclinicpointswouldbeplacedineachculturingregionso thatasystemofasupplycenterandsellingpointsforfishmedicinewas appearedineachregion.allusedfishmedicineisundersomeone sresponsibility ofprocurement,detecting,inspection,storage,deliveryandtrackingoftheir usage.itisachaincstyleserviceforthefishfarmersthatensuresafesourceof fishmedicineandmonitorofusedamountoffishmedicine. Ineachpharmacyandclinicpoint,therewasafishdoctorworkedforall membersincooperative.theymainlyrespondedtocollectandmasterthedata aboutthedynamicoffishdiseasesintheirregions,helptodiagnosefishdiseases, teachfishfarmershowtocorrectlyusefishmedicineandhowtopreventfish diseases. Collectiveuseoffishmeal Thefisheriescooperativerespondedtoregulardetectionandmonitoronthe fishmealusedtothefishcagesbelongingtoitsmembers.inthatway,fisheries cooperativecanincreasethesafetyofusageoffishmealtoavoidthecasethat fishfarmersuseunqualifiedfishmealtolowertheircost.atthesametime,the amountoffishmealusedinthefisheriescooperativecanberecorded. ThefisheriescooperativeshouldkeepintouchwithNingdeInspectionand quarantinedepartmenttocollecttheinformationaboutthequalifiedfishmeal. Withthedevelopmentoffishmeal,newfishmealproductwillbeapprovedbythe Inspectionandquarantinedepartmentandsoldinthemarket.Itisimportantto collectthoseconstantlyupdatedinformation,choosethesuitableselectionsand recommendthattothefishfarmerssothatthefishfarmerscanchooseoneor severalofthemtofeedthefishwithsafetyaccordingtotheirfinancesituation. TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 33

43 Collectiveinspectionoffishfry Buyingfishfryandpullingthemintocagesisthefirststepofthewhole aquacultureprocess.thequalityoffishfrydirectlydecidedthequalityoffish productsandthestabilityofculturingprocesssothatitiscriticalt o use qualifiedfishfrytocarryoutaquaculture.insomecontext,thefishfrysuppliers cultivatedfishfrybyinbreedingtoreducethecost.accordingtothetechnical SpecificationsofLargeyellowcroakerAquaculture,thebroodstockoflarge yellowcroakermustbeharvestedfromthenaturalmarineareaorproducedin thefishfryfieldowninglargeyellowcroakerproductionlicensesissuedbythe government.itisforbiddentousetheinbredoffspringasbroodstock.forthe purposesofstandardizingtheproduction,exportandprocessfisheries cooperativecontrolledthequalityoffishfrybydetectingthembeforepulling themintothefishcagessothatallthefishfryreachedaminimumrequirement ofqualifiedfishfrytoensurethesafetyofaquacultureproductionandqualityof fishproducts.ofcourse,fishfryfieldwithgoodreputationwouldbe recommendedtotheexportandprocessfisheriescooperativetomakeaclose linkwitheachotherforthestableproductioninfuture. Collectiveinspectionofseawater TheexportandprocessfisheriescooperativecooperatedwiththeMarineand FisheriesEnvironmentMonitoringStationbelongtoNOFBtoselectappropriate waterinspectionpointin21subcregionstocarryoutseawaterinspection.they alsocollectedthedataofinspectionsandanalyzeditbeforetheyreportwas pronouncedtothefishfarmers.undersuchcircumstances,fishfarmersknew abouttheirproductionsituationmoreorless.combiningwiththeeducationof preventionoffishdiseasesandotherfishdisasters,fishfarmerscanadoptsome measurementstodealwiththemalongwiththecoordinationwiththenofband MFEMSwhilethesetwoauthorizescanalsoremindfishfarmersofnoticingthe culturingsituationwhentheseawaterappearsawarningsignal.itnotonly monitortheprocessproduction,butalsoensuretheproductsquality. Collectivepurchasefromfishcagest o pr oces s compani es Thesaleoffishisalwaysaheadacheforfishfarmers.Sometimestheywere oppressedbythemiddlemanandmerchantwhopurchasedthefishataunfair price.intheexportandprocessfisheriescooperative,thereisnomiddlemanin TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 34

44 themiddleoffishfarmersandprocesscompanies.fishfarmersdirectlysupply theexportprocesscompaniesinthecooperative.further,thecooperative detectedthefishseveraltimesbeforeandafterthepurchaseinordertoensure fishquality. Collectivestandardoffishproducts Allexportprocesscompaniesadoptthesamestandardoffishproductsthat reachtherequirementsofcustomandclientsaboard. Collectiveoriginalmarkingonallexportproducts In2005,thelocalgovernmentofNingdeCityhasempoweredthelargeyellow croakerassociationbelongingtonofbtoregisterthemarkoforiginprotection atstatebureauofqualitysupervision.afterthat,nofbauthorizedthe qualificationofexportandprocesscompaniesinthefisheriescooperative.all thesecompaniesappliedfortheuseofthismarktothenofbandallthe qualifiedexportproductsmusthavethismark. Collectivecommunicationandcoordination Thefisheriescooperativecollectedthefeedbackintheculturingproductionand inthesaleprocessfromfishfarmers,fishprocessors,exportandprocess companiesandclientsaboardandreportedtheresulttothefishfarmerstohelp themtoimprovetheirculturingproductionincorrectpoints,especially accordingtoclients feedback.thefishfarmersandstakeholdersandgovernors wouldhavediscussionswitheachotheraboutwhatandhowtoachievethe improvementsandthentheycoordinatedtogethertocompletethegoals.onthe otherhand,fisheriescooperativesrepresentedallmemberstomakedecisions forexpansiononbusinessbytakingofproductivity,developmentplanandthe marketcontextintoconsideration. Thesecondstepwasthedemonstrationareaand1Corganization+4Csystems.In ordertostrengthentheeffectivenessofgovernanceoflargeyellowcroaker aquaculturefishery,nofbpromotedtheimplementationplanofningdelarge yellowcroakerqualityandsafetydemonstrationareainjiaochengdistrictin NingdeCity.JiaochengDistrictisoneofthreeregionsthatincludedintheexport andprocesslargeyellowcroakeraquaculturefisheriescooperativeregions.in thedemonstrationarea,nofbcoordinatingwith12othergovernmental departmentssuchasningdegovernment,jiaochengdistrictgovernment,food TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 35

45 safetyoffice,localagriculturedepartment,healthydepartment,commerceand industrydepartmentandqualitysupervisiondepartmentstartedthe implementationofdemonstrationarea.(chinaaquaticproductsonline) Theexportandprocesslargeyellowcroakeraquaculturefisheriescooperative stillwasthebasicconceptioninthewholegovernanceintheimplementationof demonstration.however,thegovernancesystemwasclearlydividedand systematized,includingamanagementsystemofsafetyandquality,control systemofaquacultureandprocess,riskprecautionaryandreactionsystemand technologysupportandservicesystem. Inaddition,therequirementofwastedisposalwasmorerestrictinthe demonstrationarea.eachfishraftindemonstrationareaplacedtrashbinsto collectgarbageeveryday.garbagecleantransportshipwouldcleanuptheliving garbageandthosefloatingontheseasurfacetwiceaweekandtransportthem ashoreforincineration.sickfishanddeadfishwouldbeharvestedtimelyfor harmlessdisposal.fishcagesandaquaculturegearsandtoolsshouldbecleaned atafixedpointandthewasterwaterandgarbagewouldbeprocessedthough sterilization,sedimentationandfiltration.thefinalgarbagewouldbeprocessed withlivinggarbage. Legalassistanceandmarketingpromotionwerealsothehighlightsinthe governanceoflargeyellowcroakeraquaculturefishery.withthelessons learningfromthefisheriescooperativesofothercountriesandtheirown experience,thepromulgationofthe LawofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaonSpecializedFarmersCooperativescame intoon1 st July,2007,whichprovidesfisheriescooperativescertainlegal guaranteeencouragingtheinceptionofmanynewfisheriescooperativeslater. Attheendof2002,theChineseMinistryofAgricultureimplementedaprogram called NonHumanHazardAgricultureproduction. Theaimofthisprogramis toprovidefarmersandfishfarmersguidanceinhowtofarmtheirproducts accordingtorequiredproceduresandstandards,andthoseproductsqualified willbelabeledwiththeseal Nonhumanhazardagriculturalproducts(FAO, 2005). Thislabelontheproductsindicatesthatthefoodsecurityandsafetyhas unifiedstandards,signs,program,managementandsupervision.since2007,the TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 36

46 geographiclabeloflargeyellowcroakerisoverallusedintheexportproducts andthelabelisshownasfigure4. Figure&5&Geographic&label&of&LYC&in&Ningde&City,&China(NDFA,&2015)& Outcomes& Recognitionissuedbythecentralgovernment In2012,thedemonstrationareawasapprovedasanationalagricultural demonstrationzoneofexportfoodqualityandsafety.theexpertsgroupof AQSIQspokehighlyoftheNingdelargeyellowcroakerqualityandsafety demonstrationareaonthereportmeeting.theydeterminedthattheefficiency ofdemonstrationareawasremarkableinlastthreeyearsandplayedagoodrole ofdemonstrationandexampletosimilarindustries. Doubleincreaseonbotheconomyandfishquality Withtheadvanceofthedemonstrationarea,theannualexportamountoflarge yellowcroakersubstantiallyincreasedyearbyyear.especiallyinjanuaryc October,2012,theexportgrowthcontinuedtoexpandupto$53,045,000thatis anincreaseof88.97%.theexportunitpricewasincreasedfrom$4,500/tonin 2009uptoof$6,811/tonin2012. TianyuYu)MScinInternationalFisheriesManagement 37