Northwest Coast- Totem Poles

Transcription

1 Native American Cultural Summaries Native People Of the Northwest Coast Canoes Northwest US- Oregon Thick Forest- wood; bear; elk; deer; moose; mountain goat; beaver; bone/stone tipped spears; rope; wooden fences; large wooden houses; roofing; mats, baskets; rope; blankets; waterproof cape; TOTEM POLES Ocean- fish; whale; seaweed; sea lions; seals; clams & shellfish; Mountains- rocks for tools; protection in the East; rain curtain; mountain goat River- salmon; fresh water; Northwest US- Oregon Pacific Coast; Thick Forests; Mountains in the East; Heavy Rainfall; Cool weather Abundant resources Division of Labor; Specialization of work; Gender Roles: Men- hunt, fish, build; carved masks; bowls; TOTEM POLES; wood; animal carvings; sharing family story; religion= interconnected living and nature (Women- dry salmon; weave; jewelry; Large wooden houses with bark roofs. Specialized tools: stone wedges and sledgehammers; spears, harpoons; canoes; bone needle; waterproof capes; bone drills; stone chisels; stone knives. Northwest Coast- Totem Poles

2 Of the Great Plains Horses- more mobile, better hunters Followed the buffalo where ever they went Great Plains- Central USA Buffalo- meat; dung- fire fuel; hide: shields, tepees, clothes, bedding, waterproof containers, thread; brain & fats- oils; tendons & hair bow strings; bones and hooves: tools, needles, knives, and bowls and glue Very little Wood: arrows; bows; tent poles Bird feathers: arrows Rich Soil in the East Stone: knives From Rockies to the Mississippi Rvr. And from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico Large (2000 miles) open grassland Stable food supply Stable food supply Hunters: V- wall traps, stampedes, cliffs, spears, bows and arrows Farms in the East Traded within their community and later with Europeans Specialized Tools: Horses; Bows&Arrows; needle&thread; tent poles; shields; stone knives; stone scrapers Evidence of Conflict Division of Labor: Gender Roles: Men: hunted Women: sewed, soften hides, cut up meat, took care of children Europeans constantly encroached on their land Young boys were often named after esteemed elders. Great Plains- Teepee

3 Of the Eastern Woodlands Canoes; transportation on Rivers and Lakes 2 languages- Algonquian; Iroquois Forest: Wood: longhouse; (20 x100 ) many families; covered in elm bark; hoes; canoes; grinders; bark barrels; spears, syrup Animals: deer; bears; beavers; birds; fish; EAT; Clothing Water: drinking water; fish; travel, transportation Bones, antlers, and hooves for tools (hooks and fish traps) From the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean, and from Canada to North Carolina Snowy winters, rainy summers, villages around water; endless forests, lakes and rivers and streams Some tribes have two chiefs; one for war, one for peace Housing: permanent: Longhouse- many families; Trappers, hunters, builders, gatherers, farmers, fishers, Specialized Tools: canoes, barrels, grinders, hoes, spears, traps, nets Division of Labor: Gender Roles: Women: gathered greens, nuts, berries, sap; Farmers: hoe the soil; planted- TOBACCO, sunflowers, corn, squash, beans; harvest; dry; grind; store; Tanned deer hide for skirts, capes, moccasins; boiled syrup Men: Cleared the land; hunt; trap; net; fish Jewelry: necklaces made from stone Face paint: Red=life; black=death or eternal grief; purple=royalty Wild spirit: Windigo Great Spirit created a harmonious world of plenty Clothes were decorated with feathers, quills, and shells Proposal of marriage would consist of a gift of meat that the male harvested himself. Art= clothing; shirt shoes, pottery, baskets, breastplates, paintings Eastern Woodlands- Longhouse

4 Of the Southeast Permanent shelter- - Southeast USA Agriculture- corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, sunflowers Jewelry- stone, shells, feathers, bones, pearls, and clay Young trees bent into shelter and plastered with clay and the roof was made of leaves Hunt and Fish for food Blowguns for squirrels, rabbits and turkey Bow and Arrow for large animals (deer, alligator, and turtles) Rich soil for farming Hunted for buffalo, deer, and bear Gatherers, fishermen Animals provided food, shelter, clothing and decoration Southern Ohio Valley to the Gulf of Mexico, and from Texas to the Atlantic Ocean Present day Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee Fertile Coastal Plains, River Valleys, Mountains and Swamps; Humid, warm summers and mild winters. Small towns were built around burial MOUNDS Trade and agriculture People built homes near each other. Welcomed people to join their region War councils Developed many cultures and spoke many languages Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee Division of Labor: Gender Roles: Women: Gathered plants, nuts and berries; Farms: Men: hunted; build MOUNDS, Farms produced enough food to allow full- time mound builders; Specialized tools: hoes (stone, shell, bone, wood); blowgun, bows and arrows; basket; Clothing- short deerskin skirts; Jewelry: rings, earrings, arm rings, hair pins MOUNDS- burial, temple- Religious Symbol/Ceremony Village- mounds, houses, farms Houses- Permanent- Young trees woven into a rectangle; plastered with clay; pointed, leaf roofs; Women worked the fields with hoes made of stone, shell and animal shoulder blades with wood handles. Women also gathered fruit and herbs. They grew corn, squash, beans, and other crops Men hunted Didn t have much clothing but still made jewelry Made baskets and animal masks

5 They believed they were part of nature and treated nature with respect Southeast- Mounds

6 Of the Southwest Nomads (wanderers)- hunter/gather Farmers- stationary near rivers Southwest US- AZ, NM, UT, CO, TX, OK, CA Plants & Minerals- Dye fabrics Clay: Adobe- bricks- great at insulating from Heat and Cold; Clay ovens; Clay pots Agriculture- CORN, squash, bean, chili peppers, cotton Rabbit- meat Irrigation ditches Southwest US- AZ, NM, UT, CO, TX, OK, CA Canyons, Mountains, Deserts, Mesas; CO and Rio Grande Rivers; Little Rainfall Flat topped mesas Co and Rio Grande Rivers Hot with little water Specialized Tools: clay ovens, clay pots, irrigation ditches, dams Specialized Jobs: Spin and Weave cotton Division of Labor: Gender Roles: Men: dug irrigation ditches; built dams Women: Grind corn. Bake bread Cornmeal- - - Bread Stew Cotton clothes Dyed clothes bright colors Large communities called PUEBLOS- apartment buildings (1000 people) built from ADOBE (sun baked clay) Clothes- made of thin woven cotton Song Southwest- Pueblos

7 Of the Great Basin Small groups wander (Nomads) in search of food and water Great Basin- East of CA; between the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains Limited Trees- Willow branches; pine sap; pine nuts Rabbit- clothing; meat Lizards; snakes; grasshoppers Reeds Cattails Plants (100)- seeds and berries and roots East of CA; between the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains Desert, harsh environment, limited rainfall, flat valleys surrounded by mountains Limited Resources Small groups Spend time looking for food Temporary Housing- caves and huts Specialized tools: water basket; nets; duck decoys; seed beater; sharp stick Rabbit Robes Specialized Jobs: Division of Labor: Gender Roles: Men: chased ducks Women: gathered duck eggs and cattails, weaving baskets, gathered berries; dug roots Weaving Great Basin- Very Few Resources

8 Aztec Books Aqueducts Causeway Boats Floating gardens; - corn, squash, beans, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, chili peppers Tomatoes Mexico; Mexico City; Lake Texcoco Lake; wet and swampy Traded Northern Cultures Rigid class system Nobles had the most power- Government leaders, priests, warriors The people they conquered were slaves but their children would be free More than 100,000 people Parks Schools Zoo Writing- Books Aqueducts Causeway WARRIOR; shields; Slaves Tribute Boats Religion- many gods (#1Sun and War) Their god told them to look for a sign and settle there Priests wrote records about the history of the Aztec people. Priests were teachers; they taught kids history, craft making and religious traditions Human Sacrifice to please their gods Books (bark pages) with information about their gods, important events, records Tenochtitlan place of the prickly- pear cactus Aztec- Warriors & Human Sacrifice

9 Mayan Writing- wrote stories about their leaders Hauled soil to their farms- Fertilizer Pilgrimage- religious journey Farmers basically stayed in one place; they had permanent shelter; large stone temples like pyramids Southern Mexico and Central America Middle Empire Limestone- temples, pyramids, palaces Cleared jungles for villages and farmland Skilled Farmers Drained marshes for farmland Built terrace to farm hills Small stone houses Jade, Gold, and Shells Raised turkeys and kept bees Brought silt from the riverbeds to use on farms Wood- bows, handles, levers First Farmers- Maize, Avocado, Chili Peppers, beans, squash, tomatoes, cacao beans, Copper for fishing hooks Tools- bone, obsidian, basalt Southern Mexico and Central America Middle Empire Yucatan peninsula in Central America Thick jungles with insects Drained marshes for farmland Hilly, fertile land for farming, they built terraces Traded with distant people in order to acquire Jade Based on agriculture, trade and craft production Cacao beans were used for currency Lived in independent city- states consisting of rural communities and large urban ceremonial centers Agriculture; Trade; Token - Cacao Bean money Religious Government (Theocracy) Pyramid Social Structure: Top= Leader/Priests; Bottom- normal people Priests were the highest social class and LEADERS No Standing armies, but warfare played an important role in religion, power, and prestige. Religion unified the society People created by Itzamna (god) OLDEST southern Empire Astronomy Math- Zero; number system of dashes and dots Accurate Calendar Terrace Farming; raised Turkey and Honey Bees Sports- spectator sports

10 WRITING Religion- pyramids, temples, palaces tombs Female gods Believed their good fortune was dependent on keeping their gods happy, because the gods controlled the sun, rain and other forces of nature. Temples were the centers of towns Master builders, farmers, priests (males) Females clothes, food, children Women: house work; food and clothing; worked the field and brought in the harvest Men: Farmers, raised boys, priests, warriors, If gods were pleased they would bless them with fertile land, good weather and good crops. Hieroglyphics on a stone columns Mayan- Calendar (Science, Math, Writing)

11 Inca Conquistador Pizarro 10,000 mile road system; Rope bridges Cleared, moved rock (excavated) 2,500 along the Andes Mountains Rope Bridges and roads Andes Mountains Rope bridges Raised Llama and Alpaca for meat and wool Cleared, moved, dug: Build Roads Agriculture: +cotton; terrace farming Mountains created natural barriers against enemies Fished in valleys Grew vegetables (squash corn beans cotton), herbs, straw Made rope out of straw Irrigation canal for farming Excavation of rock to create roads and terraces beer, Southern most Culture= South America Peru, Argentina, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia Mountains; valleys; rivers; cliffs; Rugged, active volcanoes, coastline, deserts, Government controlled- socialism (Command economy) Vast network of roads and bridges for trade NO money, NO marketplaces, NO class of traders, NO commerce of any kind. Cuzco- Capital City Government controlled- socialism; stored surplus food, and distributed food when necessary EMPORER with a huge Palace Powerful ruler made all major decisions 1000s of servants; gold armored guards People did projects for the government; AMBASSADORS- peaceful negotiations- DIPLOMACY CONQUERED BY PIZARRO do not steal, do not lie, do not be lazy Ama sawa, Ama llulla, Ama Quella 10,000 mile road system: Rope Bridges Largest southern empire Raised Llama and Alpaca for meat and wool AMBASSADORS- peaceful negotiations ORGANIZED- planned; stored resources Irrigation canals

12 NEGOTIATION Male Emperors Believed in reincarnation Extremely well organized Sacred Llama Nature was the core of all things Did not practice cremation Inca- Llama & Terrace Farming