Introduction history and prospects for biological control of Brazilian peppertree
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1 Introduction history and prospects for biological control of Brazilian peppertree Jim Cuda Rodrigo Diaz Veronica Manrique Greg Wheeler Bill Overholt University of Florida
2 Outline Background Introduction history Biological control
3 Background Native to Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina Introduced into FL as an ornamental in 1800s Invades a variety of habitats including disturbed areas as well as pinelands, hardwood hammocks and mangrove forests
4 Weitht (g) Invasive characteristics Fast growth Prolific seed production Vectored by birds Year round growth Vigorous resprouting Tolerant of a wide range of conditions Salinity Extremes in moisture Shade Rivina humilis a b Allelopathy 0 Control Treatment Schinus
5 Reasons for concern Ecological costs Displacement of native vegetation Economic costs Management Human health costs respiratory problems contact dermatitis
6 Introduction history : Specimen collected in Florida by Ferdinand Rugel 1898: Introduction of seeds from France and Algeria into USDA Plant Introduction Center in Miami 1926: Introduction from somewhere in Brazil into west coast Florida.
7 Number of herbarium records Invasion of natural habitats Uncultivated Cultivated present
8 Molecular evidence of introduction history Chloroplast Nucleus Chloroplast DNA Nuclear DNA + A x B + AA x BB A AB
9 Results chloroplast DNA A A B B
10 Nuclear DNA reveals extensive hybridization
11 Origin of Florida BP types B A
12 Overwintering experiment Flagler Co. Punta Gorda Miami
13 Percent mortality Mortality of plants in Flagler Co. Flagler Co. Jan b Flagler Co. Feb a a 0 Fernandina plants Punta Gorda plants Miami plants
14 How Biological Control Works Native home Invaded area Biological Control
15 Candidate biological agents under investigation Pseudophilothrips ichini Feeds on growing tips Calophya spp. Pit galls on leaves Apocnemidophorus pipitzi Defoliator, wood borer
16 Brazilian peppertree thrips, Pseudophilothrips ichini 3 mm
17 Percent Survival Percent survival Variation in thrips performance on different Brazilian peppertree types Curitiba: from type D BP 80 Ouro Preto: from type A Salvador: from type B Curitiba Ouro Preto Salvador Ouro Preto Curitiba BZ-D BZ-A FL-A FL-B FL-HYBA FL-HYBB Brazilian peppertree type Ouro Preto Salvador FL-A FL-B FL-HYBA FL-HYBB Brazilian peppertree type
18 Thrips reduced BP growth and biomass in the greenhouse Control plant (no herbivory) Two-months after herbivory
19 Host Range Testing of P. ichini
20 No-choice testing Family Scientific Name Common Name N F1 ADULTS Anacardiaceae Schinus terebinthifolia Brazilian peppertree ± 18.0 a Anacardiaceae Schinus molle Peruvian peppertree ± 10.1 b Sapindaceae Dodonaeae viscosa Florida hopbush ± 3.1 b Anacardiaceae Metopium toxiferum Poison wood ± 2.0 b Anacardiaceae Pistacia vera Pistachio nut tree ± 1.0 b Anacardiaceae Cotinus coggygria European smoke tree ± 0.7 b Anacardiaceae Rhus typhina Staghorn sumac ± 0.5 b Anacardiaceae Rhus glabra Smooth sumac ± 0.4 b Anacardiaceae Pistacia chinensis Chinese pistachio ± 0.2 b Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Mango 5 0 Anacardiaceae Rhus aromatica Fragrant sumac 5 0 Anacardiaceae Rhus copallinum Winged sumac 5 0 Anacardiaceae Rhus sandwicensis Neneleau 5 0 Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron vernix Poison sumac 6 0 Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron radicans Poison ivy 5 0 Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron pubescense Atlantic poison oak 2 0 Anacardiaceae Spondias purpurea Purple mombin 5 0 Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale Cashew 5 0 Anacardiaceae Spondias dulcis Plum 5 0 Anacardiaceae Cotinus obovatus American smoketree 5 0 Anacardiaceae Rhus michauxii Michaux s sumac 6 0 Anacardiaceae Comocladia dodonaea Poision ash 10 0 Anacardiaceae Pistacia texana texas pistachio 4 0 Combretaceae Laguncularia racemosa White mangrove 2 0 Fabaceae Arachis hypogaea Peanuts 2 0 Sapindaceae Litchi chinensis Lychee 3 0 Staphyleaceae Staphylea trifolia American bladdernut 4 0 Hippocastanaceae Aesculus pavia Buckeye 4 0 Aceraceae Acer rubrum Red maple 4 0 Aceraceae Acer saccharinum Silver Maple 4 0 Burseraceae Bursera simaruba Gumbo limbo 4 0 Fagaceae Quercus virginiana Live oak 4 0 Juglandaceae Carya glabra Pignut hickory 4 0 Myrtaceae Eugenia uniflora L. Surinam cherry 4 0 Aquifoliaceae Ilex cassine Dahoon Holly 4 0 Betulaceae Alnus serrulata Hazel Alder 4 0
21 No-choice testing Family Scientific Name Common Name N F1 ADULTS Ericaceae Arctostaphylos densiflora Manzanita 4 0 Hamamelidaceae Hamamelis virginiana Witch hazel 4 0 Rosaceae Prunus caroliniana Cherry laurel 4 0 Rosaceae Crataegus spathulata Hawthorn 4 0 Myricaceae Myrica (=Morella) cerifera Wax myrtle 4 0 Nyssaceae Nyssa sylvatica Blackgum 4 0 Adoxaceae Sambucus nigra Elderberry 4 0 Ulmaceae Ulmus alata Florida elm 4 0 Asteraceae Ambrosia trifida Giant Ragweed 4 0 Asteraceae Solidago arguta Goldenrod 4 0 Magnoliaceae Magnolia virginiana Sweetbay 4 0 Rutaceae Citrus sinensis Sweet orange 4 0 Rutaceae Citrus aurantifolia Lime 4 0 Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris Pinto bean 4 0 Malvaceae Hibiscus sp. Hibiscus 4 0 Lauraceae Persea americana Avocado 4 0 Poaceae Oryza sativa Rice 4 0 Poaceae Saccharum officinraum Sugar cane 4 0 Caricaceae Carica papaya Papaya 4 0 Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo biloba Maidenhair tree 4 0 Musaceae Musa sp. Banana 4 0 Euphorbiaceae Manihot sp. Cassava 4 0 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum sp. Glorybower 4 0 Verbenaceae Tectona grandis Teak 4 0 Verbenaceae Vitex sp. Chastetree 4 0 Rubiaceae Coffea arabica Arabian coffee 4 0 Proteaceae Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia nut 4 0 Bromeliaceae Ananas comosus Pineapple 4 0 Araceae Alocasia macrorrhizos Giant taro 4 0
22 Dual-choice Testing of P. ichini Family of non-target Non-target species #F1 adults on Brazilian pepper #F1 adults on nontarget Anacardiaceae Cotinus coggygria Anacardiaceae Pistacia chinensis Anacardiaceae Rhus glabra Anacardiaceae Rhus typhina Anacardiaceae Rhus sandwichensis Anacardiaceae Metopium toxiferum Sapindaceae Dodonaeae viscosa
23 Calophya latiforceps Calophya terebinthifolii Leaf galling psyllids
24 Damage
25 No-choice host range testing Scientific name Common name Eggs laid per female Survival to adult (%) Schinus terebinthifolia - FL Pure A Brazilian peppertree 7.4 ± ± 7.7 Schinus terebinthifolia - FL Pure B Brazilian peppertree 8.4 ± ± 6.7 Schinus terebinthifolia - FL Hybrids Brazilian peppertree 6.7 ± ± 5.0 Schinus molle Peruvian peppertree 0.4 ± Anacardium occidentale Cashew 0 0 Cotinus coggyria European smoke tree 0 0 Malosma laurina Laurel sumac 0 0 Metopium toxiferum Florida poisontree 0 0 Pistacia chinensis Chinese pistache 0 0 Rhus aromatica Fragrant sumac 0.1 ± Rhus copallinum Winged sumac 0.2 ± Rhus typhina Stoghorn sumac 0 0 Spondias dulcis Jewish plum 0 0 Spondias purpurea Purple mombin 0 0 Toxicodendron radicans Eastern poison ivy 0.2 ± 0.2 0
26 No-choice adult survival % survival BP Days
27 Apocnemidophorus pipitzi Larvae bore in stems and adults feed on leaf tissue Cambium (living) Bark (non-living) Wood (non-living) Larval Feeding Tunnels
28 Apocnemidophorus pipitzi (Faust) (Col: Curculionidae).
29 Adult Feeding No-Choice Test Bonferroni (Dunn) MCP p < 0.05
30 Adult Emergence Complete Development Multiple-Choice Tests Schinus terebinthifolius * Schinus polygamus Test Plant Test Plant
31 Insect Petition status Apocnemidophorus pipitzi Submitted October 2012, additional tests requested in November 2013 Calophya latiforceps To be submitted by June, 2014 Pseudophilothrips ichini To be submitted by June, 2014
32 The Federal Review Process.
33 To summarize Two types of Brazilian peppertree were introduced into Florida The two types hybridized, which we believe may have increased the tree s aggressiveness and allowed expansion into cooler areas Several candidate biological control agents are currently under investigation A petition for release of the wood boring weevil is pending approval Petitions for two other insects soon to be submitted
34 Thanks for your attention QUESTIONS?
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