Observa(ons and Biology of Kudzu Bugs and Their Management in Southeastern Soybeans
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1 Observa(ons and Biology of Kudzu Bugs and Their Management in Southeastern Soybeans University of Georgia P. Roberts, J. All, D. Bun(n, W. Gardner, John Ruberson, M. Toews, D. Suiter, and T. Jenkins Clemson University J. Greene, N. Seiter, and F. Reay- Jones USDA- NBCL W. Jones Soybean Breeders and Entomologists Workshop February 28, 2012
2 Megacopta cribraria Occurrence Southern United States Edisto REC, Blackville SC SEREC, Midville GA Map, courtesy of Wayne Gardner, UGA Research Entomologist
3 Dr. Mike Toews, Research Entomologist, SEREC Midville GA 2011 (2 kudzu bugs observed at SEREC in 2010) SEREC, Midville GA
4 Edisto REC Blackville SC
5 Yield Loss in Soybeans Georgia and South Carolina, n=19 Year State % Yield Reduc(on Maturity Group Test Type 2010 GA 11% MGVII Trt vs Unt 2010 GA 19% MGVII Trt vs Unt 2010 GA 23% MGVII Efficacy 2010 GA 23% MGVII Efficacy 2010 GA 14% MGVII Efficacy 2010 GA 22% MGVII Efficacy 18% AVG Range: 0%- 47% Year State % Yield Reduc(on Maturity Group Test Type 2011 SC 0% MGIV Threshold 2011 SC 10% MGVII Threshold 2011 GA 27% MGV Threshold 2011 SC 14% MGVIII Pheno 2011 SC 12% MGVII Pheno 2011 GA 47% MGV Pheno 2011 GA 36% MGV Efficacy 2011 SC 20% MGVII Efficacy 2011 SC 25% MGVII Efficacy 2011 GA 30% MGVII Efficacy 2011 GA 0% MGVII Efficacy 2011 GA 13% MGVII Efficacy 2011 GA 0% MGVII Efficacy
6 Kudzu Bug Adults and nymphs feed on the main stem Sucking mouthparts Feeds on plant sap excrement, sooty mold Purplish lesions on main stem and pefoles Does not feed on pods STRESS inducing pest
7 Yield Component Analysis ( ) Percent Change in Kudzu Bug Infested Treatment (P<0.05) 2010 Cage 2011 Cage 2011 Field (Midville) Seed Wt. per Cage/Plot Pods per Plant ? Seeds per Pod Weight per Seed
8 Clemson Cage Trial 2011 (Seiter et al.) 1.5x1.5x1.5 m cages MG VI (27 plants per cage) 0, 5, and 25 M. cribraria adults per plant (V8- maturity)
9 800 a Total Seed Weight/Cage (g) (27 plants/cage) F = P < Total Seed Weight (g) b c Initial Adult Density Level (bugs/plant) Density Level (Bugs/Plant) Pods/Plant Seeds/Pod Weight (g./ seed) a 2.4 a a a 2.2 a b a 1.8 b c
10 Soybean Invasion (ObservaFons) MigraFon to soybean from spring host(s). Kudzu appears to be an important early season reproducfve host (source).wisteria? Developmental biology of kudzu bugs on kudzu/soybean. MigraFon/invasion pa[erns (late June- July in Georgia) Is kudzu or another spring reproducfve host required? InfestaFons on seedling soybeans (OW adults). Very early planfngs? LaFtude? Tends to prefer soybeans 8-10 inches in height. InfestaFons typically higher on field edges. PopulaFons higher in early planted soybeans compared with later planfngs.
11 Field Trials Insec(cide Efficacy Phenological Suscep(bility Preliminary Thresholds
12 Kudzu Bug Insec(cides UGA Plant Science Farm, July 9, 2010 (2 DAT1) Insec(cide (n) Mean % Control (2-5 DAT) CV Hero 1 96 Brigade Karate+Orthene 1 94 Endigo Brigadier Discipline Sevin Karate Declare dimethoate 1 84 Cobalt Mustang Max Orthene methyl parathion 1 80 chlorpyrifos Asana Besiege Stallion 1 69 Tracer 1 68 Larvin Baythroid Fastac 1 63 Belay** Rimon 1 56 Leverage Lannate 1 53 Belt Dimilin Steward cv=s.d./mean*100
13 ReinfestaFon ager InsecFcide ApplicaFon? Late June- July migrafon from kudzu. Early fall migrafon when soybeans senesce (adults produced in early MG soybeans migrate to late MG soybeans).
14 35 30 Group VII Threshold Trial - adults Treatment: F = 2.29, P = Date: F = 10.87, P < Interaction: F = 1.12, P = Mean adults per sweep Untreated control Protected Low threshold High threshold Low w/ nymphs R3 Single application 5 0 (Seiter et al.)
15 Insec(cide Residual Control (Seiter et al.) Soybeans treated with pyrethroid (Bifenthrin) vs organophosphate (Acephate) insecfcides Exposed upper leaves collected from field, placed in petri dishes in lab Adults and 5 th - instar nymphs (n = 4 per dish) exposed for 24 hrs.
16 Petri Dish Insecticide Residual Assay-Adults 1 Spray application 2 Sep 2011 Proportion of adults knocked down Acephate (OP) Bifenthrin (Pyr) Untreated Hours after insecticide application n = 40 individuals per treatment per interval (20 male, 20 female)
17 1 Petri Dish Insecticide Residual Assay-5th Instar Nymphs Spray application 2 Sep 2011 Proportion of nymphs dead Acephate (OP) Bifenthrin (Pyr) Untreated n = 40 individuals per treatment per interval Hours after insecticide application
18 Kudzu Bug Large Plot Trials Morgan Co. (Bobby Smith) and Elbert Co. (Clay Talton) 2010 Nymph Peak Morgan Co. Elbert Co. S S S
19 Elbert Co. GA
20 Morgan Co. GA
21 Kudzu Bug Insecticide Efficacy Trial Morgan Co. (Bobby Smith) and Elbert Co. (Clay Talton) 2010 Prob t=0.18 Prob t=0.04 Applica(ons: August 5 & 27 September 16 3 Reps 2.5 A plots Morgan County GA 11 Percent Loss Elbert County GA 19 Percent Loss
22 Pheno Trials QuanFfy the suscepfbility of soybean phenological growth stages to field infestafons. InsecFcide applicafons (Endigo 4.5 fl ozs/a) applied on 1-2 week interval when inifated at: R1 R1 + 2 weeks R1 + 4 weeks R1 + 6 weeks R1 + 8 weeks Untreated Forward and Reverse needed. Seedling infesta(on data? Untreated plots sampled with a 15- inch diameter sweep net.
23 Pheno Trials Yield (Percent of Untreated) 304 (n) 1549 (a) 51(n) 113(a) 77(n) 256(a) Max. per 20 Sweeps nymphs adults
24 Threshold Trials Evaluate potenfal acfon/economic thresholds for kudzu bugs in soybean. Plots sampled with a 15- inch diameter sweep net. InsecFcide (Endigo 4.5 fl ozs/a) applied when acfon/ economic threshold is exceeded in specific treatments which include: Untreated Control Aggressively Protected (scheduled applicafons on 1-2 week interval) 1 Bug/sweep 2 Bugs/sweep 1 Bug/sweep (nymphs present) R3 (single applicafon)
25 Threshold Trials Yield (Percent of Untreated) 51 (n) 548 (a) 213 (n) 1270 (a) 6(n) 130 (a) Max. per 20 Sweeps nymphs adults
26 Host Plant Resistance
27
28 Benning / Ben H Kudzu Bugs per Sweep (approx. 60 and 90 DAP) 60 DAP 90 DAP John All, Roger Boerma, and Wayne Parro[, University of Georgia
29
30 Kudzu Bug Management Threshold (preliminary): Treatment should be ini(ated when nymphs exceed one per sweep. Nymphs usually observed at R2/R3. Consider adding 2 ozs Dimilin as a prevenfve treatment for velvetbean caterpillar and green cloverworm. PlanFng Date ObservaFons: More bugs on early planfngs. Kudzu Bug Risk: May>June>July QuesFons??? PlanFng Date by Maturity Group InteracFon Developmental Biology in Kudzu and Soybean Threshold Development InsecFcide Efficacy
31 Acknowledgments Soybean Boards in SC and GA Soybean Producers in SC and GA Cooperators in Industry Cooperators with USDA
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