AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE GYMNOSPERMS (CONIFERAE) OF ALBERTA
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1 AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE GYMNOSPERMS (CONIFERAE) OF ALBERTA Compiled and written by Linda Kershaw & Lorna Allen April 2018 Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen
2 This key was compiled using information primarily from Moss (1983), Packer & Gould (2018), Douglas et. al. (2000) and the Flora of North America ( ). Taxonomy follows VASCAN (Brouillet, 2015). Please let us know if there are ways in which the key can be improved. The 2017 S-ranks of rare species (S1; S1S2; S2; S2S3; SU, according to ACIMS, 2017) are noted in superscript (S1;S2;SU) after the species name. For more details, go to the ACIMS web site. Similarly, exotic species are followed by a superscript X (X).
3 2a GYMNOSPERMAE Conifers Key to Families 0 Leaves scale-like.. Cupressaceae (in part) (p. 3) 01b Leaves needle-like a Leaves paired (opposite) or in rings around the stem (whorls); mature cones berry-like, fleshy, waxy and bluish Cupressaceae (in part) (p. 3) 02b Leaves single (alternate) or in clusters; cones not as above b 3a a Plants with either or structures (but not both); seeds single, dark blue, embedded in a juicy, bright red, berry-like structure (aril); needles single, flat, 1-2 cm long, yellowish green, with a small sharp point; inner bark reddish to purplish; shrubs or small trees in Waterton Lakes N.P Taxaceae - Taxus brevifolia S1 03b Plants with both and cones; seeds numerous, in the axils of woody, spirally arranged scales in cones; needles and bark various, but not as above; trees, often widespread....pinaceae (p. 4) CUPRESSACEAE Cypress Family Key to Genera Cones dry, with woody scales opening to release seeds; trees.... Thuja plicata S2 01b Cones berry-like, with fleshy scales remaining closed, holding seeds; small trees and shrubs....juniperus JUNIPERUS Juniper (joo-ni-pe-rus; yoo-nē-pe-roos) 2b 0 Needles (leaves) awl-shaped, in rings (whorls) of 3, spreading, 5-15 mm long Juniper communis 01b Needles mostly scale-like, paired, pressed to the stem, mm long (also with some needle-like in Juniperus scopulorum) a 02a Low, creeping shrubs; needles abruptly tipped with a short, slender point Juniper horizontalis 02b Erect shrubs or small trees; needles not abruptly pointed... Juniper scopulorum 3
4 2a 2b 4a 1b 3a 4b PINACEAE Pine Family Key to Genera 0 Needles (leaves) borne singly b Needles borne in groups of a Needles 4-sided (can be rolled between finger and thumb), mostly pointed at the tip, rounded to squared at the base.... Picea 02b Needles flat (can t be rolled between finger and thumb), blunt or notched at the tip (sometimes pointed in Pseudotsuga menziesii), tapered to a stalk-like base a Branches (after needles are shed) rough with peg-like bumps; leading shoot typically nodding; cones cm long; needles (3) cm long; rare in subalpine forest..... Tsuga heterophylla S1 03b Branches not rough with peg-like bumps; leading shoot typically erect; cones 5-10 cm long; needles (3) cm long; generally more common and widespread a Cones erect, shedding their scales at maturity and leaving a central spike (axis) on the branch; bracts shorter than the scales, hidden in the cone; winter buds blunt tipped; leaf scars circular.... Abies 04b Cones drooping, shed as a whole, with scales intact; bracts longer than the scales, with 3-lobed tips projecting from the cone; winter buds sharp-pointed; leaf scars oval Pseudotsuga menziesii 5b 5a b 05a Needles evergreen, borne along branches in clusters of 2-5 with papery sheaths at the base.... Pinus 05b Needles shed in autumn (deciduous), on short side-shoots in clusters of without sheaths.... Larix ABIES Fir (Ā-bēz; A-bē-es) 0 Branches appearing flattened, with widespreading needles in 2 vertical rows (ranks); upper side of needles usually without pale lines; cones yellow-red or purple-tinged; scales of cones ±1.5 cm wide; cab to nab, mainly in the boreal forest region abies balsamea 01b Branches appearing bushy, with needles curved forward and upward, sometimes ± flattened/2-ranked; upper side of needles with conspicuous pale lines (rows of stomata); cones blue-violet; scales of cones cm wide; mountains and foothills in wab Abies bifolia [Abies lasiocarpa] 4
5 2a LARIX Larch ` (LA-riks; LA-rēks) 0 cones 1-2(2.5) cm long; seed bracts shorter than the scales; needles cm long, 3-angled; widespread across n 2/3 of AB Larix laricina 01b cones 2-5 cm long; seed bracts longer than the scales; needles 3-4 cm long, 3- to 4-angled; rare to relatively uncommon in the s cordillera b 02a Needles 4-angled; twigs woolly; cones 2.5-4(5) cm long, with jagged-edged scales and a mm wide stalk; mature bracts 6 mm longer than the scales Larix lyallii 02b Needles 3-angled; twigs ± hairless within the 1 st year; cones 2-3 cm long, with smoothedged scales and a mm wide stalk; mature bracts 4 mm longer than the scales..... Larix occidentalis S a PICEA Spruce (PĪ-sē-a; PĒ-kē-a) 0 cones persisting for several years, (3.5) cm long, often purplish; young twigs with tiny brown hairs; needles cm long, usually blunt-tipped.... Picea mariana 01b cones shed each year, cm long, brown when mature; twigs hairless or minutely hairy; needles 1.5-2(3.5) cm long, pointed a cone scales stiff, broadly rounded and smooth edged at tip; seed-wing impression mm below scale edge; cones cm long; needles mostly <1.5 cm long; youngest twigs hairless; throughout AB. Picea glauca* 02b cone scales flexible, squared to pointed and jagged at tip; seed-wing impression 3 mm below scale edge; cones 3-8 cm long; needles mostly >1.5 cm long; youngest twigs minutely hairy; mountain areas.. Picea engelmannii* 2b *Picea glauca and Picea engelmannii produce intergrading forms through hybridization in areas there their ranges overlap (i.e. at middle altitudes in the Rocky Mountains) 5
6 2a 3a 3b 4a PINUS Pine (PĪ-nus; PĒ-noos) 0 Needles in bundles of b Needles in bundles of a cones long-stalked, cylindrical, (10)15-25 cm long, with thin, flexible scales; needles (4)5-10 cm long, mm thick Pinus monticola S2 02b cones short-stalked or stalkless, eggshaped, 4-15 cm long, with thick, stiff scales; needles 3-7 cm long, 1-1.5(2) mm thick a Cones 8-20 cm long, opening at maturity; scales light brown, firmly attached Pinus flexilis 03b Cones 4-8 cm long, remaining closed; scales purplish, thin-based and easily broken off by animals....pinus albicaulis 04a Needles (2)3/bundle, (7)10-20(25) cm long; cones (7)10-15 cm long, often armed with stout spines; bark yellow- to red-brown, deeply dark-furrowed and cross-checked in platy scales.... Pinus ponderosa X 04b Needles 2/bundle, 2-8 cm long; cones 2-6 cm long, with or without spines; bark variously colored and furrowed, but with not obviously cross-checked b 5a 05a Cones directed towards the branch tip, without prickles or with a tiny point; bark orange- to red-brown, relatively thin and scaly Pinus banksiana* 05b Cones bent sharply back towards the branch (usually) base or spreading at right angles, armed with persistent prickles; bark brown to grey- or red-brown, thick and furrowed pinus contorta* *Pinus banksiana and Pinus contorta produce intergrading forms through hybridization in areas there their ranges overlap (i.e. c-nwab). 6
7 References Alberta Conservation Information Management System (ACIMS) List of all Vascular Plant Taxa Confirmed for Alberta as recorded in the ACIMS database October ACIMS, Government of Albert, Edmonton, Alberta. Brouillet, L., F. Coursol, S.J. Meades, M. Favreau, M. Anions, P. Bélisle & P. Desmet VASCAN, the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada. Budd, A. C., J. Looman, and K. F. Best Budd s flora of the Canadian prairie provinces. 2. Dicots. Reprint edition. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform Douglas, G. W., G. B. Straley, D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar Illustrated flora of British Columbia. Volume 1. Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons (Aceraceae through Asteraceae). British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia. Farrar, J. L Trees in Canada. Fitzhenry and Whiteside Limited, Markham, Ontario. Flora North America Editorial Committee Flora North America website. Oxford University Press. Accessed org. Kuijt, J A Flora of Waterton Lakes National Park. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Alberta. 684 pp. Moss, E. H Flora of Alberta. 2nd edition. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario. Packer, J. G. and A. J. Gould Vascular Plants of Alberta Part 1: Ferns, Fern Allies, Gymnosperms, and Monocots. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta. Vitt, D.H., J.E. Marsh and R.B. Bovey Mosses, Lichens and Ferns of Northwest North America. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton. 7
8 List of Species and Illustration Sources Scientific Name Abies balsamea Abies bifolia Juniperus communis Juniperus horizontalis Juniperus scopulorum Larix laricina Larix lyallii Larix occidentalis Picea engelmannii Picea glauca Picea mariana Pinus albicaulis Pinus banksiana Pinus contorta Pinus flexilis Pinus monticola Pinus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii Taxus brevifolia Thuja plicata Tsuga heterophylla Key to Illustration Sources Illus. Source B&B JM B&B JM B&B = Britton, N. L. and A. Brown (1913) = Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson ( ) JM = John Maywood. 8
9 Index Abies 4 balsamea 4 bifolia 4 lasiocarpa. See Abies bifolia Cupressaceae 3 Gymnospermae 3 Juniper communis 3 horizontalis 3 scopulorum 3 Juniperus 3 Larix 4, 5 laricina 5 lyallii 5 occidentalis 5 Picea 4 engelmannii 5 glauca 5 mariana 5 Pinaceae 3, 4 Pinus 4, 6 albicaulis 6 banksiana 6 contorta 6 flexilis 6 monticola 6 ponderosa 6 Pseudotsuga menziesii 4 Taxaceae 3 Taxus brevifolia 3 Thuja plicata 3 Tsuga heterophylla 4 9
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