Yield and quality of strawberry cultivars

Transcription

1 ANTUNES LEC; RISTOW NC; KROLOW ACR; CARPENEDO S; REISSER JÚNIOR C Horticultura Brasilira 28: Luis Eduardo C Antuns; Nara Cristina Ristow; Ana Cristina R Krolow; Sílvia Carpndo; Carlos Rissr Júnior Embrapa Clima Tmprado, C. Postal 403, Plotas-RS; luis.duardo@cpact.mbrapa.br ABSTRACT Th strawbrry cultivation is an important conomic activity in th Rio Grand do Sul Stat, Brazil, howvr th numbr of offrd cultivars to th growrs is rducd. Th yild and quality of strawbrry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cultivars Camarosa, Galxia, Earlibrit, Fstival, Plarionfr and Sabrosa was valuatd undr th climatic conditions of Plotas, Rio Grand do Sul Stat. W dtrmind th numbr, mass, total solubl solids (TSS ºBrix), total titratabl acidity (TTA), antocianin lvl and frsh fruits producd in an xprimntal unit. W also dtrmind th production of fruits pr hctar and pr plant. Th statistical dsign usd in th xprimnt was of compltly randomizd blocks with 6 tratmnts (cultivars) and 4 rplicats whr th xprimntal unit was composd of 8 plants. Th harvst bgan in th first half of August, xtnding to th scond half of Dcmbr, totalling 20 wks. Plarionfr, Earlibrit and Fstival cultivars showd highr production from th first half of Octobr until th nd of th first half of Novmbr. Camarosa rachd highr productivity, mass of plants and fruit wight. Thr wr no diffrncs btwn th valuatd cultivars in th lvls of TSS, antocianin, ATT and ph during th priod of valuation. RESUMO Produtividad qualidad d cultivars d moranguiro No stado do Rio Grand do Sul o cultivo do moranguiro é uma atividad conômica important, ntrtanto o númro d cultivars disponívis no mrcado é bastant rduzido. Assim buscou-s com st trabalho avaliar a produtividad a qualidad dos frutos d cultivars d moranguiro (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), Camarosa, Galxia, Earlibrit, Fstival, Plarionfr Sabrosa, cultivados nas condiçõs climáticas d solo do município d Plotas, RS. Dtrminaram-s, o númro, massa frsca tor d sólidos solúvis totais (SST) (xprsso m ºBrix), acidz total titulávl (ATT) (xprsso m % d ácido cítrico) tor d antocianinas, dos frutos produzidos por unidad xprimntal. Dtrminou-s ainda a produção acumulada d frutos (transformado m % a cada 15 dias d colhita), produção por hctar por planta. O xprimnto foi dlinado m blocos intiramnt casualizados, com 6 tratamntos (cultivars) 4 rptiçõs ond a unidad xprimntal foi composta por 8 plantas. A colhita tv início na primira quinzna d agosto, stndndo-s até a sgunda quinzna d dzmbro, totalizando 20 smanas. As cultivars Plarionfr, Earlibrit Fstival aprsntaram maior produtividad acumulada a partir da primira quinzna d outubro até o final da primira quinzna d novmbro, príodo st d maior prcntual acumulado d colhita durant toda a safra. A cultivar Camarosa proporcionou maior produtividad, maior massa d fruto por planta fruto com maior pso. Não houv difrnças para os tors d SST, ph, ATT tors d antocianinas no dcorrr d todo o príodo d avaliação. Kywords: Fragaria x ananassa Duch., productiv prformanc, adaptation. Palavras-chav: Fragaria x ananassa Duch., dsmpnho produtivo, adaptação. (Rcbido para publicação m 5 d janiro d 2009; acito m 3 d fvriro d 2010) (Rcivd on January 5, 2009; accptd on Fbruary 3, 2010) Cultivatd strawbrris blong to th family Rosaca, in th gnus Fragaria and to th spcis Fragaria x ananassa Duch. (Rsnd t al., 1999). Th hybrid Fragaria x ananassa Duch. x Rozir, rsulting from natural hybridization btwn th spcis F. chilonsis and F. virginiana, is currntly th most cultivatd (Silva t al., 2007). Th larg variability btwn th spcis that compos th gntic bas of Fragaria x ananassa allows a gratr rang of adaptation and quality of commrcial strawbrry cultivars (Passos, 1999; Santos & Mdiros, 2003). Larg oscillations hav occurrd in production volum and in th ara plantd with strawbrris in th last ight yars (Kirschbaum & Hancock, 2000; Antuns & Rissr Junior, 2007) in th growing rgions of Brazil, as a rsult of climatic variations, plant halth problms, th markt (Rsnd, 1999), and nw cultivation tchniqus (Bortolozzo, 2006; Calvt t al., 2007). Th introduction of nw strawbrry cultivars is important sinc thr is a natural substitution of th currnt varital pattrn with th adoption of cultivars with bttr charactristics of adaptation and managmnt and in rlation to qualitativ aspcts, which offr th farmrs plants with bttr productiv and qualitativ charactristics and conomic bnfits. Gntic improvmnt programs concntrat thir fforts in th obtaining of cultivars with plants that ar asy to handl (small and rct), rsistant to psts and disass, high yilding and arly, baring big fruits with a good apparanc and swtnss (Rios, 2007). Th introduction of cultivars by companis that sll plants, is a common practic adoptd in th country. Manwhil, th valuation of th agronomic prformanc of ths cultivars occurs in a localizd mannr and in thos rgions of intrst for ths companis, which maks dcision- 222 Hortic. bras., v. 28, n. 2, abr.- jun. 2010

2 making difficult for th growrs who do not hav accss to this information. Thrfor, th aim of this work was to valuat th productiv prformanc of nw strawbrry cultivars (Camarosa, Galxia, Earlibrit, Fstival, Plarionfr and Sabrosa) introducd in Brazil, cultivatd undr th daphoclimatic conditions of th municipality of Plotas, Rio Grand do Sul Stat. MATERIAL AND METHODS This rsarch was carrid out in th xprimntal fild of Embrapa Clima Tmprado, locatd in Plotas, with coordinats 31º S and 52º W, at an altitud of 70 m. Frtilizing and corrction of ph of th xprimntal ara wr carrid out according to th rcommndations for th crop (SBCS, 2004). Planting of th transplants was prformd at th nd of May 2006, whr thy wr arrangd in two lins pr bd, with spacing btwn lins and btwn plants of 0.35 m. Mulching (black polythyln film) and tunnl and drip irrigation wr utilizd in th crop production. Th control of plant halth was achivd by monitoring th plants, whr control masurs wr applid with th apparanc of symptoms, which involvd four applications of azoxystrobin-basd products and two of triazol. Wd control, and rmoval of dry lavs or thos with disas symptoms, of runnrs and fruits with disas symptoms, wr don manually. Th valuatd cultivars wr Camarosa (Univrsity of California), Galxia (California Giant Inc.), Earlibrit and Fstival (Univrsity of Florida) (Chandlr t al., 2000 ab), Plarionfr and Sabrosa (Planasa, Spain), all bing short-day. Th transplants utilizd wr importd from Chil (Camarosa) and Argntina (Galxia, Earlibrit, Fstival, Plarionfr and Sabrosa). Fruits wr harvstd from th first half of August to th scond half of Dcmbr, totalling 20 wks. Th numbr and frsh wight (xprssd in grams) of th fruits wr dtrmind wkly. Man fruit wight was calculatd by th ratio btwn numbr and total frsh wight. W also dtrmind th accumulatd production of fruits, and yild pr hctar and pr plant. Only sllabl fruits wr considrd, whr thos with dfcts, rottd or smallr than 3 g wr discardd (Cagsp, 2002). In Octobr, th following chmical charactristics of th fruits wr dtrmind: ph, total solubl solids (TSS) xprssd in ºBrix, total titratabl acidity (TTA) xprssd in prcntag of citric acid, TSS/TTA ratio and lvl of anthocyanins (xprssd in mg 100 ml -1 ) (AOAC, 1992). Th statistical dsign adoptd was that of randomizd blocks, with 6 tratmnts (cultivars) and 4 rptitions, whr th xprimntal unit was composd of 8 plants. Th analyzd data wr submittd to analysis of varianc, whr thy wr latr compard by th Scott & Knott tst at th 5% lvl of significanc, using th statistics program SISVAR (Frrira, 2000). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION T h p r o d u c t i o n o f t h s i x strawbrry cultivars lastd from August to Dcmbr. Ths rsults ar corroboratd by Olivira & Scivittaro (2006) who in valuating two strawbrry cultivars in th rgion of Plotas, Camarosa and Aromas, obtaind th sam production priod. Th bginning Prcntagm (%) of th production of strawbrris, for all th studid cultivars, occurrd btwn th scond half of August and first half of Sptmbr, whr this priod charactrizs th nd of wintr and th bginning of spring, with man daytim tmpraturs not xcding 20 o C in th priod of valuation, and nighttim tmpraturs blow 10 o C. Thr was an incras in production from th first half of Octobr up to th nd of th first half of Novmbr, this priod showing th gratst prcntag of accumulatd harvst during th whol harvst priod (Figur 1). In this priod, th cultivar Plarionfr (37%) showd th gratst production, followd by th cultivars Earlibrit (34%) and Fstival (33%). Ths rsults ar suprior to thos of Camarosa (30%), th main cultivar plantd in South Brazil (Antuns & Rissr Junior, 2007). Th distribution of th production, during th priod of valuation, showd similar graphic rprsntation, with xcption of th cultivar Galxia (Figur 1). This cultivar displayd a gratr production starting on th scond half of Octobr up to nd of th valuations, whr thr was no production pak in th month of Octobr as obsrvd in th othr cultivars. Th diffrncs found can b attributd to th production potntial of th studid cultivars and th diffrncs with rspct to rquirmnt Ago St Out Nov Dz Príodo d colhita Earlibrit Plarionfr Fstival Sabrosa Camarosa Galxia Figura 1. Dsmpnho produtivo (% m rlação a colhita total) ao longo do príodo d colhita d morangos, das cultivars Earlibrit, Plarionfr, Fstival, Sabrosa, Camarosa Galxia (productiv prformanc during th harvst priod of Earlibrit, Plarionfr, Fstival, Sabrosa, Camarosa and Galxia cultivars). Plotas, Embrapa Clima Tmprado, Hortic. bras., v. 28, n. 2, abr.- jun

3 LEC Antuns t al. Tabla 1. Produtividad (t ha -1 ), massa frsca média por planta por fruto (g) d cultivars d moranguiro (fild production (t ha -1 ), man frsh wight for plant and fruit (g) of strawbrry cultivars). Plotas, Embrapa Clima Tmprado, Cultivars Produtividad Massa frsca d Massa média/fruto (t ha -1 ) fruto/planta (g) (g) Earlibrit 36,06 c 722,45 c 18,95 b Plarionfr 30,45 b 621,73 d 17,19 c Fstival 37,36 b 771,09 b 16,84 c Sabrosa 35,81 b 716,43 c 18,45 b Camarosa 43,81 a 877,51 a 20,02 a Galxia 37,41 b 773,37 b 17,51 c Média 36,81 747,10 18,20 CV (%) 7,61 7,50 2,65 Médias sguidas pla msma ltra na coluna não difrm ntr si, plo tst d Scott & Knott, a 5% d probabilidad (mans followd by th sam lttr in th column did not diffr from ach othr, Scott & Knott, 5% of probability). Tabla 2. ph, sólidos solúvis totais (SST), acidz total titulávl (ATT), razão (SST/ATT) tor d antocianinas d cultivars d moranguiro (ph, total solids solubl (TSS), total titratabl acidity (TTA) and antocianin lvl of strawbrry cultivars). Plotas, Embrapa Clima Tmprado, Cultivars ph SST ATT Ratio Antocianinas (ºBrix) (% ác. cítrico) (SST/ATT) (mg 100mL -1 ) Earlibrit 3,54 a 7,8 a 0,58 a 13,71 a 28,41 a Plariont 3,49 a 8,7 a 0,70 a 12,41 a 30,69 a Fstival 3,45 a 7,6 a 0,74 a 10,83 a 34,60 a Sabrosa 3,41 a 8,7 a 0,79 a 10,95 a 26,64 a Camarosa 3,45 a 7,6 a 0,76 a 9,94 a 38,01 a Galxia 3,41 a 6,8 a 0,78 a 8,60 a 22,44 a Média 3,46 7,90 0,72 10,96 30,04 CV (%) 2,15 7,52 12,43 20,29 26,98 Médias sguidas pla msma ltra na coluna não difrm ntr si, plo tst d Scott & Knott, a 5% d probabilidad (mans followd by th sam lttr in th column did not diffr from ach othr, Scott & Knott, 5% of probability). for cold (Ronqu, 1998), during th priod of production of th plants. This rquirmnt for cold varis from cultivar to cultivar, and conditions th production potntial in th mor dmanding cultivars (Olivira & Scivittaro, 2009). Bsids, thr is a charactristic variation of ach cultivar, as shown by Antuns t al. (2006), who in valuating cultivars of California origin found diffrncs btwn thm in th priod of flowring and production. Frnandz t al. (2001) valuatd thr strawbrry cultivars (including Camarosa and Chandlr) and found California cultivars suprior to Swt Charli (Florida) for th variabls accumulation of dry mattr, rlativ growth and production. Th agronomic rsults obtaind in th xprimnt dmonstratd that th tstd cultivars displayd a productivity btwn and t ha -1 (Tabl 1). Manwhil, thr wr significant diffrncs in th production potntial of th valuatd cultivars. Th cultivar Camarosa showd th gratst production with g plant -1, followd by cultivars Galxia and Fstival, with and g plant -1, rspctivly. Th cultivar Plarionfr showd th lowst production with g plant -1. Ths rsults ar suprior to thos obtaind by Conti t al. (2002) who obsrvd a production yild for all th strawbrry cultivars valuatd in th São Paulo Stat in which non rachd 500 g plant -1. In rlation to th man fruit wight pr plant, Camarosa (20.28 g) showd th highst wight, whil Fstival had th lowst wight with g. Ths valus ar suprior to thos rportd by Olivira & Scivittaro (2006, 2008) in th rgion of Plotas, for Camarosa, Aromas, Diamant and Cgnidarm. Th cultivar Camarosa showd th gratst acumulatd production in th cycl (43.81 t ha -1 ) (Tabl 1), and th cultivars Plarionfr, Earlibrit and Fstival showd gratr production from th first half of Octobr up to th nd of th first half of Novmbr (Figur 1). Chandlr t al. (2000 a) rportd that Earlibrit had a production potntial qual to that of Camarosa, but with gratr fruit wight. Fstival was infrior in production pr plant and fruit wight (Chandlr t al., 2000 b). In rlation to th man wight pr fruit, th cultivar Camarosa, followd by th cultivars Earlibrit and Sabrosa, showd gratr fruit wight (20.02 g), and although th cultivar Fstival showd on of th highst productions, it had th lowst man wight pr fruit among th cultivars (Tabl 1). Ths data ar suprior to thos obtaind by Olivira & Scivitarro (2008) who in valuating th cultivars Aromas, Diamant and Cgnidarm, in th rgion of Plotas, found maximal valus of 18.5 g fruit -1. Th chmical charactristics of th strawbrris did not diffr statistically btwn th cultivars. With xcption of th cultivar Galxia, th tstd cultivars xcdd th valus rcommndd for an accptabl flavor which corrsponds to a minimum of 7% solubl solids (Namsny, 1999; Mitchll t al., 1996), spcially th cultivar Plarionfr. Th ratio TSS/TTA is on of th most utilizd ways for th valuation of th flavor of fruits. Although th statistical tst has groupd all th cultivars togthr, Earlibrit showd th highst valus for this variabl and th cultivar Galxia displayd th lowst TSS/TTA ratio in th group, du to th low lvls of TSS and lvatd acidity. Th variabls ph and anthocyanin lvls did not show significant diffrncs btwn th tstd cultivars. 224 Hortic. bras., v. 28, n. 2, abr.- jun. 2010

4 ºBrix Ago St Out Nov Dz In rlation to th TSS lvls during th valuation priod, th cultivars showd a similar bhavior, with small variations (Figur 2). Thr was a dclin in th lvls of TSS starting in th scond half of Sptmbr, with th incras in tmpratur and photopriod. According to Darnll (2003), th incras of th lngth of th day incrass th photosynthtic procss, whil rducing th priod btwn flowring and th harvst of th fruit, which in wintr is btwn 30 and 45 days and in spring btwn 25 and 30 days. This rduction in th prmannc of th fruit on th plant diminishs th accumulation of sugars. Th cultivars Plarionfr, Sabrosa and Fstival showd th highst valus of solubl solids during th ntir priod of valuation, whil Earlibrit showd th lowst valus. According to Chandlr t al. (2000 b), Fstival was suprior to Camarosa with rspct to swtnss. Howvr, th cultivar Earlibrit showd th lowst valus, which contradicts th findings of Chandlr t al. (2000 a) who statd that this cultivar is swtr than Swt Charli and Camarosa. According to Chitarra & Chitarra (2005), TSS lvls vary with th spcis, cultivar, stag of maturation and climat, with a rang of 2 to 25%, with man valus btwn 8 and 14%. Th lvls of anthocyanins did not Príodo d avaliação Earlibrit Plarionfr Fstival Sabrosa Camarosa Galxia Figura 2. Sólidos solúvis totais ( Brix) ao longo do príodo d colhita das cultivars d morango Earlibrit, Plarionfr, Fstival, Sabrosa, Camarosa Galxia (total solubl solids (ºBrix) ovr th priod of harvst of th Earlibrit, Plarionfr, Fstival, Sabrosa, Camarosa and Galxia strawbrris cultivars). Embrapa Clima Tmprado, Plotas-RS, diffr btwn th cultivars (Tabl 2), which is in lin with th findings of Calvt t al. (2008) who obtaind similar rsults to thos in this work for Camarosa (38.01 mg 100 g -1 ). Manwhil, ths authors obtaind highr valus for th strawbrry cultivars Srrano (56 mg 100 g -1 ) and Comandr (54 mg 100 g -1 ), and according to ths authors, thr is a tndncy of th consumr markt to dmand fruits with highr indics of this group of natural antioxidants, which appraiss and diffrntiats th production of strawbrris. Basd on th obtaind information, Camarosa is th most productiv of th valuatd cultivars, showing gratr production pr plant and pr hctar and fruits with gratr wight, continuing to b indicatd for planting in th rgion of Plotas. Thr is no qualitativ diffrnc btwn th valuatd cultivars for lvls of total solubl solids, ph, total titratabl acidity, and ratio and lvl of anthocyanins. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Financial support was providd by Fundação d Amparo à Psquisa do Estado do Rio Grand do Sul (FAPERGS) and Conslho Nacional d Dsnvolvimnto Cintífico Tcnológico (CNPq). REFERENCES ANTUNES LEC; REISSER JÚNIOR C Fragol, i prodottori brasiliani mirano all sportazion in Europa. Frutticoltura 69: ANTUNES LEC; RISTOW NC; KROLOW ACR; CARPENEDO S; REISSER JUNIOR C Comportamnto produtivo d novas cultivars d moranguiro na rgião d Plotas, RS. Plotas: Embrapa Clima Tmprado. 20 p. (Embrapa Clima Tmprado. Boltim d psquisa dsnvolvimnto, 70). ANTUNES OT; CALVETE EO; ROCHA HC; NIENOW AA; MARIANI F; WESP CL Floração, frutificação maturação d frutos d moranguiro cultivados m ambint protgido Horticultura Brasilira 24: A.O.A.C Official mthods of analysis of th association of official analytical chmistry. 11 d. Washington: AOAC, 1115p. BORTOLOZZO AR Produção d morangos m substrato artificial, m ambint protgido. In: ANTUNES LEC; RASEIRA MCB (ds), Palstras do III Simpósio Nacional do Morango; II Encontro d Pqunas Frutas Nativas do Mrcosul, Plotas: Embrapa Clima Tmprado (Documntos, 171). CALVETE EO; MARIANI F; WESP CL; NIENOW AA; CASTILHOS T; CECCHETTI D Fnologia, produção tor d antocianinas d cultivars d moranguiro m ambint protgido. Rvista Brasilira d Fruticultura 30: CALVETE EO; NIENOW AA; WESP CL; CESTONARO L; MARIANI F; FIOREZE I; CECCHETTI D; CASTILHOS T Produção hidropônica d moranguiro m sistma d colunas vrticais, sob cultivo protgido. Rvista Brasilira d Fruticultura 29: CHANDLER CK; LEGARD DE; DUNINGAN DD; CROCKER TE; SIMS CA Strawbrry Earlibrit Strawbrry. HortScinc 35: a. CHANDLER CK; LEGARD DE; DUNINGAN DD; CROCKER TE; SIMS CA Strawbrry Fstival Strawbrry. HortScinc 35: b. CEAGESP Normas d classificação d morango. São Paulo: CQH/CEAGESP. Documnto, p. CHITARRA MIF; CHITARRA AB Póscolhita d frutos hortaliças: fisiologia manusio. Lavras: UFLA-Fap. 785 p. CONTI JH; MINAMI K; TAVARES FCA Produção qualidad d frutos d morango m nsaios conduzidos m Atibaia Piracicaba. Horticultura Brasilira 20: DARNELL RL Strawbrry growth and dvlopmnt. In: CHILDERS NF (d). Th strawbrry: a book for growrs, othrs. Gainsvill: Univrsity of Florida. p FERNANDEZ GE; BUTLER LM; LOUWS FJ Strawbrry growth and dvlopmnt in an annual plasticultur systm. HortScinc Hortic. bras., v. 28, n. 2, abr.- jun

5 36: FERREIRA DF Análiss statísticas por mio do Sisvar para Windows vrsão 4.0. In: REUNIÃO ANUAL DA REGIÃO BRASILEIRA DA SOCIEDADE INTERNACIONAL DE BIOMETRIA, Anais... São Carlos: UFSCar. 45: KIRSCHBAUM D; HANCOCK JF Th strawbrry industry in South Amrica. HortScinc 35: MITCHELL FG; MITCHAM E.; THOMPSON JE; WELCH N Handling strawbrris for frsh markt. Oakland, CA: Univrsity of California, 14 p. NAMESNY A Posrcolcción d hortalizas: III Hortalizas d fruto. España, 302 p. OLIVEIRA RP; SCIVITARRO W Produção d moranguiro cv. Cgnidarm sob túnl LEC Antuns t al. plástico. Ciência Rural. s.n.p. OLIVEIRA RP; SCIVITTARO WB Dsmpnho produtivo d mudas nacionais importadas d moranguiro. Rvista Brasilira d Fruticultura 28: OLIVEIRA RP; SCIVITTARO WB Produção d frutos d morango m função d difrnts príodos d vrnalização das mudas. Horticultura Brasilira 27: PASSOS FA Mlhoramnto do moranguiro no Instituto Agronômico d Campinas. In: DUARTE FILHO J; CANÇADO GMA; REGINA MA; ANTUNES LEC; FADINI MAM; (ds). Morango: tcnologia d produção procssamnto. Caldas: EPAMIG RESENDE LMA; MASCARENHAS MHT; PAIVA BM Panorama da produção comrcialização do morango. Inform Agropcuário 20: RIOS SA Mlhoramnto gnético do moranguiro. Inform Agropcuário 28: RONQUE ERV A cultura do moranguiro: rvisão prática. Paraná: EMATER. 206p. SANTOS AM; MEDEIROS ARM Morango: Produção. Frutas do Brasil. Embrapa 40: 81p. SILVA AF; DIAS MSC; MARO LAC Botânica fisiologia do moranguiro. Inform Agropcuário 28: SBCS-SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIA DO SOLO. Comissão d Química Frtilidad do Solo Manual d adubação calagm para os Estados do Rio Grand do Sul Santa Catarina. Porto Algr: SBCS/CQFS. 400p. 226 Hortic. bras., v. 28, n. 2, abr.- jun. 2010