OBSERVATIONS OF FLORAL BIOLOGY AND

Transcription

1 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, tive ofttimes being loded down with from to- 0, or more, pounds of fruit. About months re required from plnting to first hrvest. Ripening my then continue for severl months. "Upon reching mturity, cocon fruits turn from the erlier bright-yellow to deepred or burnt-ornge color nd re then most ttrctive. At this stge the pechlike fuzz which is typicl of this tribe of edible lrgeberried fruits of the genus Solrium is esily brushed off, leving cler nd blemishfree skin. "The flesh nd inner pulp is of plecrem color throughout, fct which redily distinguishes this fruit from its two nerest reltives, the nrnjill nd lulit, the pulp of which is trnslucent green color. "Although the flvor of uncooked cocons is greeble, the pulp is distinctly cid, nd they re not recommended for eting out of hnd. When peeled s n pple nd used entire for mking preserves, pies, nd suces, the product might be compred with tht of pricot, pinepple, or gooseberry." The cocon plnt grows to height of 4- feet nd should be plnted - feet prt in the field. Plnted this yer for the first time t the Botny Deprtment of the University of Mi mi, the plnt hs shown some expecttions for the future. The fruit set ws definitely not bundnt, but seed is vilble in smll quntities to try out the plnt in some other prts of the Stte of Florid with little more distinct difference in dy nd night temperture s in Mimi dur ing the summer. The cocon is susceptible to nemtodes, which is prticulrly the cse in lkline soils. OBSERVATIONS OF FLORAL BIOLOGY AND FRUIT-SETTING IN LYCHEE VARIETIES Mrgret J. Mustrd University of Mimi Corl Gbles, Florid Su-Ying Liu University of Michign Ann Arbor, Michign Roy O. Nelson University of Mimi Corl Gbles, Florid The lychee, Litchi chinensis Sonn; is n tive of South Chin where it hs been culti vted for centuries. It is comprtively re cent introduction in Florid, hving fruited for the first time in this re in 88(). Al though cultivted on reltively smll scle in Florid, it is rpidly gining populrity s luxury fruit. A serch through the vilble literture on the lychee revels considerble informtion deling with the cultivtion nd utiliztion of this fruit but little informtion regrding its florl biology other thn tht presented by Khn () nd Groff nd Liu (). /The informtion presented here by Su-Ying Liu is portion of the mteril which she hs prepred s Doctorl disserttion t the University of Michign. The disserttion will be published elsewhere in its en tirety t future dte. Investigtors t the University of Michign nd t the University of Mimi recognized the need for this informtion nd unknown to ech other undertook similr investigtions. When the sitution becme known to those doing the reserch work, it ws decided to combine the findings into single pper. The observtions by Liu were mde on trees grown in the lte Col. Wm. R. Grove's Lychee Or chrds in Lurel, Florid nd those by Mus trd nd Nelson on trees locted in Dde County. Although this collbortion hs re sulted in some dupliction of dt, it is felt tht such dupliction is wrrnted s it shows tht the observtions mde hold true under somewht different culturl nd climtic con ditions. Flower Types The individul flowers of the lychee re born in profusion in pnicles (Fig. ). Ob servtions mde t Lurel show tht the lterl nd terminl pnicles vry considerbly in size (Tble ). The terminl inflorescenses on one tree of the Brewster vriety were found to v erge 4. cm. in length by. cm. in width, but in the Sweet Cliff vriety the dimensions were. by. cm. The verge length of

2 MUSTARD, LIU, NELSON: LYCHEE FLORAL BIOLOGY clerly show tht the sme three bsic types of flowers were observed in both loclities. Observtions in Dde County. Mle or stminte flowers (Plte I, Fig. nd ). These flowers re esily distin guished from the hermphrodite flowers by the bsence of pistil. The position normlly oc- Fig.. Lychee Pnicle. lterl pnicles in Brewster, Kwei Wei, nd Sweet Cliff vrieties shows remrkble differences. Brewster nd Kwei Wei both hve lterl pnicles.4 to. cm. long nd the Sweet Cliff vriety rnges from.0 to. cm. In Lte Globe vriety, only short pnicles were found verging bout. cm. in length. Liu found by counting the individul flower tht the longer the pnicle the more flower buds were produced. The reltively smll nd inconspicuous flow ers re yellow-green in color, pubescent nd petlous. The stmens nd pistils re in serted into the nectry locted within the cupshped clyx. The observtions of individul flowers mde in Lurel nd in Dde County show tht the lychee flowers differ consider bly with regrd to stmen nd pistil develop ment. Liu divides these flowers into three groups which she clssifies s stminte, func tionlly pistillte nd imperfectly hermphro dite; wheres, Mustrd nd Nelson clssify them s stminte, hermphrodite functioning s femle nd hermphrodite functioning s mle. Despite the differences in terminology, the ccompnying descriptions nd pltes 4 EXPLANATION OF PLATE I Flowers of lychee. Fig.. Stminte flower with long filments. Fig.. Stminte flower with short filments. Fig.. Hermphrodite flower functioning s femle. Figr. 4. Hermphrodite flower functioning s mle with long filments. Fig.. Hermphrodite flower functioning s mle with short filments. cupied by the ltter structure contins con spicuous pink, pubescent protubernce. This protubernce is very rudimentry or borted form of pistil lcking both stigm nd style. The filments in this type of flower vry in length. In some flowers the filments re from two to three times the length of the twocelled nthers. In others they re bout equl in length to the nthers. At the time the ltter type ws observed, the nthers were shedding pollen nd therefore should hve completed their growth.. Hermphrodite functioning s femle (Plte, Fig. ). This type of flower strongly

3 TABLE. Dt Regrding Durtion of Flowering, Numericl Distribution of Sex Types, nd Sizes of Inflorescence nd Flower Types in Lychee Vrieties* S««p! No. Vriety Plofnd Tree No. n Lycltee No. of Pnicles Observed Dte. of. Blooming Seson. Totl D*/S in Consecutive. Bloom Order of Bloom nd Av. Mo. of Bloomy Cycle ftepetcc Av. LengtK mi Terminl Inflorescence. (cm) OfrLfTml TUides Av. Lencjrk! of Hckis (fin) AvTot No- of Flowcr. Per Av.^ of UniSe«uoln«J Biseio. flencrs Av. Si&e of Different Sex of Flowers lppinj DyS Inter mission Dys Brevtster Clten Fmily Fcrple rewfer I-b M- Mr. I - Apr. fz Mr. 0-Apr ; ; ; 4. J.4 K. x f. 4. /.! ^ I o \0-lt x fc- *:. X.- Brewster II 8 0. X «-«0 8 '- f. *-4 " firewter I"/ Mr.-Afr. 4-4 f,? f»., \ I0X4 ' - Bre*sfer L-8 Mor.l4-Ayr.l /. X /. IS.I - 8*4 ftx 0 * j T Brewster K- Mr. 4- Apr - It 0 8.f,0. / (. 0 X 8x4 A if fl Kuei Wei Kwi Mi Mountin Lychee Mountin LycKee. Yellow Bed II- m Q-l 4-4- Mr.8-Apr.il Mr.-My Mor.4-Apr. Mr.f-Apr t? 0 4 f8 0 // fo /- *. x. x /-.. Z M Q tot 84 4.,c,. 4. (... /.. 80 / k 8x4 8x4 8x to * 4 /ox 4 /0* 8x -x 8.-/0x te. Globe. Sweet Cliff Blck Lef N- E- Mr.fe-Apr. Mr.l-Aprl Mr. -Apr /* M 0 8.) / <. x/- x/. /. -/ H-. 8 Mr.ll-Apr jl.s-. 8- Brewster L- Mr. -Apr - 4 / x «0«4..-,- 0.- /.- -, i» IM.0 tbjo 0. /4 0-8./ /ox 8-/0* 8 x x ttit- 4* frets W*r«. selected, of winch ^»t some 8 pnicles v»ere observed every dy dring fu«erin ** Tree. grown rom seedling. O o W O W I-H o d d w O o CO I /

4 MUSTARD, LIU, NELSON: LYCHEE FLORAL BIOLOGY resembles the hermphrodite flower function ing s mle with short filments except tht the lobes of the stigm open down the verticl cleft exposing the surfces of the stigm to pollen. None of the nthers observed on this type of flower dehisced nd my therefore be considered s non-functioning.. Hermphrodite flower functioning s mle (Plte, Fig. 4 nd ). Both pistil nd stmens re present in these flowers but the pistil is non-functionl s the lobes of the stigm do not open to permit the entrnce of pollen. The filments of these flowers lso vry considerbly in length. The filments of one group of flowers re pproximtely equl in length to those of mle flowers with long filments wheres the filments of the other group re like the mle flowers with short fil ments previously described. Both produced bundnt pollen. superior, compound, obcordte, short-stipitte, -lobed, -loculed, densely ppressed-pubescent, t length tuberculte, hirs short; lobes soon divricte nd prolonged but the fertile ones quickly enlrging nd lter erect, the other one bortive. Style erect between ovry lobes, terminl, bifid; with re volute stigmtic brnches, minutely hirsute outside nd ppil lose inside. Ovules solitry in locules, ntropous.. Imperfectly hermphroditic flowers (Plte III, Fig. ) lwys bloom fter the pistillte Observtions t Lurel. Stminte flowers (Plte II, Fig. ) usu- EXPLANATION OF PLATE III Flower of Litchi chinensis Sonn. NATURAL SIZE EXPLANATION OF PLATE II Flower of Litchi chinensis Sonn. vr. cult. "Brewster." Fig.. Hbit of portion, of stminte cyme. X0 Fig.. A pistillte flower. XI0 lly opening before pistillte ones, provided with minute, pubescent, depressed-conicl rudimentry pistil t center. Stmens to 0, usully or 8, widely diverging; filments free, subulte-filiform, hiry. Another - celled, ellipticl, pppillose, emrginte t pex, introse, bsiclly fixed, longitudinlly dehiscent. Pollen grins smll, tringulr, rrely qudrngulr, hving ngles nipple-like with three germinl pores.. Pistillte flowers (Plte II, Fig. ), often with to 8 contbescent stmens. Pistil one, bicrpellte, in the middle of the disc. Oviy Fig.. A functionlly dimorphic-stminte (but structurlly imperfectly hermphroditic) flower. XI0 Fig.. Simple unicellulr, uneqully two-rmed trichomes from flower, showing short stlk. X0 Fig.. Clyx of the flower, 4- or -prted, dis plyed nd much enlrged. Fig. 4. A pubescent nd depressed-conicl rudi mentry pistil from stminte flower. X0 Fig.. A stminte flower with ll stmens re moved to show the glndulr, fleshy disc nd recep tcle. X flowers. Although such flower possesses both mle nd femle orgns, the structures re quite different from other types. Stmens in two sets of unequl length, only those with long filments being fertile. Pistil one, with short undivided style nd stigmtic suture not opening to form two stigmtic brnches nd non-functionl s result. Pollen grins of two forms, some tringulr nd some rectngu lr in outline. Flowering Cycle It hs been found tht the three types of flowers previously described pper consecu tively on the sme pnicle. Khn (), work ing in Indi, describes their order of pper nce in five stges: mle cycle; first trnsition stge, when both mle nd femle flowers re present; femle cycle; second trnsition stge, when both femle nd mle flowers re pres ent; nd second mle cycle.

5 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, Since this portion of the investigtion in Dde county ws undertken to determine the vilbility of pollen for fertiliztion, no t tempt ws mde to distinguish between the stminte nd the hermphrodite flowers func tioning s mles. Both types of flowers re recorded simply s mle flowers in these dt. A totl of 4 pnicles were tgged on twelve Brewster lychee trees t the University Experi mentl Frm nd checked every three to four dys to determine the types of flowers present. In ddition, 8 pnicles were tgged on 4 other lychee trees scttered through Dde County. Flowers of the ltter trees were checked t weekly intervls. It ws found tht the ppernce of flowers followed the sme generl sequence on ll pnicles exm ined. The flowers which opened first were mles; those which opened next were femles; nd those which opened lst were mles. It cn be seen from the dt in Tble, tht the shift from one type of flower to the other oc curs s grdul trnsition rther thn s shrp demrction nd tht ll pnicles on tree re not necessrily t the sme stge in the florl cycle t the sme time. The situ tion should be beneficil to pollintion. Liu's observtions of the flowering cycle of lychees in Lurel, Fl. followed the sme gen erl pttern s tht of those in Dde County. Her dt is bsed on observtions mde of 8 pnicles on 4 lychee trees including repre senttives of the Brewster, Kwei Wei, Moun tin, Yellow Red, Lte Globe, Sweet Cliff, nd Hk-ip vrieties. Observtions were recorded dily during the flowering period. Liu found tht ech pnicle or flowering brnch bers either stminte or pistillte flowers t one time, the brnch becoming stminte nd pis tillte lterntely. All the smll lterl brnches of min thick brnch behve simi lrly, i.e., ll of them t the sme time hve flowers of the sme sex for brief period, ex cept during the overlpping dys when there re two types of flowers on the sme brnch. As cn be seen from Liu's dt in Tble, the order of flowering is stminte flowers first, then pistillte flowers, nd finlly imperfectly hermphroditic ones. After the first blooming, the second sequence begins sometimes re peting the order of the first sequence gin. Usully, however, the first phse is skipped, only the pistillte nd the imperfectly bisexul flowers repeting the second sequence. There is lwys either n overlpping or n intermis sion of one to three dys fter the first cycle or sequence. There re exceptions in the seed ling trees. They ll begin so fr s observed with pistillte flowers, which re followed by imperfectly hermphroditic flowers, nd stmi nte flowers end the first sequence. The sec ond sequence repets the pistillte, nd im perfectly hermphroditic flowers nd finlly the stminte flowers re skipped. Not ll the trees observed possessed this chrcteristic of repeting or prtilly repeting the flower ing sequence. Liu found tht stminte flow ers re produced for longer period thn pis tillte flowers in the blooming sequence of the Brewster vriety in which they continue to be produced for 0 to 0 dys. In the Hk-ip nd Yellow Red vrieties, stminte flowers re in bloom for pproximtely week. The function of the mle flower is over fter the nthers burst nd liberte their pollen. The pistillte flowers which follow next in se quence re usully produced for shorter time thn the stminte flowers. The former re produced for from to dys in the Brewster, Lte Globe, Sweet Cliff, nd Hk-ip vrieties. The lst to bloom in the first sequence, the im perfectly hermphrodite flowers, frequently re produced for longer period thn the other two types. Pollen Liu's investigtion includes study of the ntomicl differences in pollen produced by stminte nd imperfectly hermphrodite flowers. The detils of this phse of her re serch will be published elsewhere t future dte. Vibility of Pollen The procedure followed by Mustrd nd Nelson in determining the vibility of the pol len from the three types of flowers described bove is s follows. Hnging drop slides were prepred by plcing few grins of pollen to be tested on cover slip nd dding drop of nutrient solution to the pollen. A smll mount of vseline ws smered round the edge of the concvity of hnging drop slide nd the cover slip then inverted over the concvity. The slides were plced in dessictor contin ing 0% glycerine nd wter nd stored t 0 C. Preliminry tests were run using sucrose solutions rnging from to 0% with nd without the ddition of "Bcto" gr to determine the concentrtion best suited for

6 MUSTARD, LIU, NELSON: LYCHEE FLORAL BIOLOGY *ft o ooiftofh -to ft s & m_. Jl.. «l -h o f f ft i si o o o f o f oi o f f i o o f oi.^ f fe_ JLJLJ * ft o oi oi f f f _JL_».«_ O f fri» g &^ s f oi I ik, oi o o gsl,.jb i I f f f * f f.4 f f f f ^ S!- <r\ c^i v\ <r\

7 8 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, the germintion of lychee pollen. It ws found tht 4% sucrose solution either lone or with % "Bcto" gr dded resulted in higher percentge of pollen-tube formtion thn did ny other concentrtion of sucrose tested. Germintion studies were mde on three types of flowers using 4% sucrose lone nd 4% sucrose plus % "Bcto" gr. Six slides were prepred using ech medi nd exmined to determine the percentge of pol len tube development fter 4 nd 48 hours storge. As the nthers of the hermphrodite flowers functioning s femles did not dehisce it ws necessry to dissect the nthers to ob tin the pollen grins. The results of this study re summrized in Tble. Tble. Percentge of Iflrchee Pollen fron Different Flower Types tht Developed Folle Tboo in Ntrlent Solutions. Mle, short stmens Mle, Long stmens Hensephrodite flower functioning s rle, long stmens. Herssphrodite flower functioning s rle, fecle Sucrose & Agr It is evident from these dt tht the pollen produced by hermphrodite flowers function ing s mles is considerbly more vible thn tht produced by stminte flowers. It ws interesting to find tht lthough the nthers of the hermphrodite flowers functioning s femles fil to dehisce, they do produce very smll percentge of vible pollen. Fruit Set The question of fruit set is of utmost im portnce in the production of ny fruit crop. Liu mde detiled observtions of the time of shedding of young fruit from trees in Lurel, Florid. She found tht there re more or less definite periods or stges when extensive dropping occurs. After going through severl periods of fruit shedding dur ing the first month, there seemed to be certin criticl periods, fter which if sfely pssed, the rest of the fruit will proceed to develop nd rech full mturity. Her dt re sum mrized in Tble 4. She lso observed tht pprently these criticl periods for fruit setting re somewht correlted with internl chnges in the devel opment of the embryo. The fertiliztion process nd the following segmenttion nd growth of the embryo within the ovule re ccompnied by chnges in the surrounding ovry wll nd often in the funiculr tissues. Most noticeble mong these chnges is thickening nd n increse in size, chnge in color, shpe nd position of the young fruit, so tht it is evident very soon fter blossoming whether the fruit hs or hs not "set." Liu dissected the young seeds from lrge number of fruits which fell t different periods nd summrized her findings s follows:. Fruits dropped s result of filure in fertiliztion. No embryo ws found within the empty embryo-sc which ws filled with sp. Apprently the embryo-sc hd disintegrted prior to its mturtion, therefore, fertiliztion ws impossible. Fruits turned yellow to brownish color nd fell with the pedicel, be low which bscission took plce. The phe nomenon often occurred bout to 0 dys f ter blossoming. The verge size of fruit ws bout. cm. long nd 0. cm. wide (e.g., in Sweet Cliff), b. Fruits dropped s result of embiyo bortion nd the development of b norml cotyledons, such s those with one or two lobes. It is evident tht the growth ws rrested becuse of morphologicl or physio logicl chnges. Not impossibly some of it might hve resulted from pollintion with un reduced (diploid) pollen grins, resulting in triploid embryos. Unlike those of the first drop, these of the second drop hve every ex ternl ppernce of being norml. Fruits hve developed from fertiliztion nd hve grown up to certin stge. Ovules were found with slight embryo development. The cotyledons were lwys found to hve one lobe on one nd two or three lobes on the other. They were super-imposed on ech other. The ril developed s in norml fruits, nd enlrgement corresponded to tht ppro prite for growth of from weeks to weeks. Growth ws not crried to mturity. All evi dences show tht fertiliztion hd occurred in the ovule in this group of immture young fruits, but norml growth ws retrded to such n extent tht reching mturity ws pre vented by the bnorml development of the embryo. Embryo-sc bortion becomes in certin in stnces cuse of seedlessness rther thn unfruitfulness; but in some plnts such s mngo the embryo bortion t lter stge becomes distinct cuse of fruit dropping. If the em bryo scs degenerte nd fruit still forms,

8 MUSTARD, LIU, NELSON: LYCHEE FLORAL BIOLOGY TABLE 4 DATA REGARDING DURATION OF FRUITING; PERCENTAGES OF FRUIT SETTING, RETENTION TO PARTIAL MATURITY, AND TO COMPLETE RIPENING; WITH INDICATION OF FAVORABLE TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY FOR FRUITING IN LYCHEE VARIETIES* Smple No. Vriety JBrewsfcr CK«rv fmily furde?*. Jlf PlotonJ No of Frif. per Tree No. Pnicles «Lyrf.ee Observed Orchrd -Sb Totl Lcnstii Of Fruif- Gnovtin^ "Period. rw-ju«eo Totl D./ to 84 Fruitlfte min on fter One HonHv Av.% of Fruits per tonic Ic fferh Av. No of Iky Reuir«l /or complete. Development Of Aril Fvorble Temperture, nd Humidity for Fruitirtc Srewster M- 4. Apr-Junc Brewfer H-/ 0 Mr -June 0 \ Brewster I-l l*) Apr - JmI^ I) H) () Brewster L & Brewdter L Mfcr K- Hr.l-J»»*O Kuei Wei Mi Mi #i *. I- 0 Apr. -^ Kuei Wei I-b I to"' Mountin Lyckee. <*> Apr -Tul/0 Apr.ZS-TtyZS foi 8 () (I)f () II fountin Lyckee z Yellow KeJ Q-l ()0 ()0 0 ()0 4 i) -8-0 Lte Globe?- < Apr»--^ Sweet Cliff N Blck Lef HK-ip ' E ( frees w«r» *>l«ctc,<j. of wkicn -Hi* dw* fmta«elc>«v*«r«ofc*«rv«cl «v«ry otti««* * Fruits were Amq+d by wind. seedless specimens re produced. This gives more spce for ril development provided the fruit remins on the tree till reching mturity. The smll-sized fruits set from the second flowering re often seedless but the fruit qulity seems little inferior to tht of the seed-contining ones. The seedless fruits remin on the tree longer nd rech mturity lter. Their vlue hs been long noticed nd seedless vriety is vlued commercilly. Mustrd nd Nelson mde similr observtions to determine the percentge of the originl "set" fruit which remined on the tree until mturity. Their dt re bsed on observtions mde on pnicles of ten trees of the Brewster vriety. The number of set fruit ws

9 0 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, determined t the time of shedding of the lst mle flowers from the pnicles, two weeks lter, nd just prior to hrvesting. These dt re summrized in Tble. Tble. Tree U 8 0 No. Shedding of Immture Lycheo Fruit In Dde C ounty. number of Ave. Initil Ave. Number Ave. Kubtr Pnicles ilunber of of fruit of fruit t Checked Set Fruit efter wkd. mturity L 8 u 0 U A A 4 u 8 Ave. % fruit tt neturity crop yield might be mde t the end of this period. Summry The results of this investigtion show tht three types of lychee flowers pper consecu tively on the sme lychee pnicle nd tht the shift from one type of flower to the other oc curs s grdul trnsition rther thn s shrp demrction. The pollen produced by the different types of flowers vries in struc ture nd in vibility. The highest percentge of shedding of young fruit occurs during the first month fter fruit "set." The shedding of young lychee fruit my be prtilly ttributed to filure in fertiliztion nd to embryo bor tion. LITERATURE CITED The dt collected in Lurel nd in Dde County show tht the highest percentge of loss of fruit occurred during the first two to four weeks fter the young fruit hd set. It would seem tht fir estimte of potentil. Groff, G. Weidmn nd Liu, Su-Ying. Describ ing- Florid vrieties of lychee. Fl. Stte Hort. Soc. Proc.. pp. -8. ().. Groff, G. Weidmn. The Lychee nd Lungn. Ornge Judd Co., N. Y... Khn, K. S. A. R. Pollintion nd fruit formtion in lychee (Nephelium Litchi, Cmb.). Agr. Jour, of Indi. 4: ROOTING GUAVA (PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L., c SUPREME) STEM CUTTINGS IN A HYDROPONIC MIST-TYPE PLANT PROPAGATOR Joel Kuperberg Mimi, Florid In conjunction with the guv breeding nd selection progrms currently underwy in South Florid, considerble work hs been done towrd the development of rpid method for the vegettive propgtion of this plnt. Propgtion problems hve been mjor fctor in the slow development of com mercil guv culture. Only within the pst fifteen yers hve reserch workers in Florid done ny breeding nd selection work with guv. Virtully ll of the pproximtely 0 cres of commercil guv plntings in Florid in 48 consisted of seedling trees (4). Seed ling guv trees do not "come true" to de gree which would recommend the use of such propgtion mteril. Vegettive reproduc tion methods re of prime importnce in multi plying the selected mother trees produced by the breeding nd selection progrms (4, ). Prior to 48, root cuttings were considered the only prcticl plnt mteril for reproduc ing scion. This method, lthough successful (), results in serious injury to the prent tree if ny number of cuttings re tken. In 48, Ruehle suggested the ppliction of the plstic wrpped mrcot technique (). This hs proved rpid nd efficient method for vege ttive reproduction, the only objections being tht it requires considerble time to pply nd it yields reltively few propgules per mother tree. Mr. Roy Nelson, of the University of Mimi Experimentl Frm, hs devised ptch bud ding method which ppers s nother solution to this problem. Budding supplies the nswer to the problem of producing lrge numbers of propgules, but introduces nother difficulty. Guvs re subject to the deth of their eril portions t freezing tempertures (4, 8). In the cse of grfted or budded trees such injury would result in loss of the scion. Trees on their own roots will regenerte from root suckers nd frequently only one crop will be