Types of Rasperries. Daring to Grow Raspberries in a Warm Climate. Adaptation. Raspberry Site Selection. Raspberries Belong to the Rosaceae Family

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1 Daring to Grow Raspberries in a Warm Climate R. Allen Straw Area Specialist SW VA AREC Virginia Cooperative Extension Types of Rasperries Color Black Red Yellow Nutation of Red Purple Cross between Black and Red Thorniness Thorned or Spined Most varieties Thornless Joan J Adaptation Raspberry Site Selection Black Raspberries More native to warmer climates Native to Illinois Commonly found in Illinois in the wild Red Raspberries More native to cooler climates Commonly found in the Northeastern U.S. Soils: Fertile Deep Well-drained Prevent Phytophthora Consider building raised beds for poorly drained soils Elevation and Slope: Air drainage Passive Disease Control Passive Frost Protection Toward the top of a gentle slope avoids frost pockets. Aspect: North facing slope delays maturity. East facing slope dries faster. Raspberries Belong to the Rosaceae Family Other members of the Rosaceae family include: apples pears strawberries & many other plants with blossoms having 5 petals Raspberry Site Selection Crop Rotation Because of the potential of Verticillium Wilt: Avoid sites used for strawberry, pepper, tomato, potato or eggplant during the past 4 to 5 years 1

2 Preplant Site Preparation 2 Year Life Cycle of Canes Start 1 to 2 years in advance of planting Eliminate noxious weeds Soil Test Detailed test (ph, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, micros) 0 to 6 in. depth Or, if bedding as deep as the beds are high Adjust ph to 6.0 to 6.5 (6.2) Incorporate organic matter (>3% is desirable) Subsoil, especially in heavier clay soils Primocanes Develop from shoots from basal buds of canes (crown buds) in spring Develop fruit buds in the fall Floricanes Buds go dormant over the winter Require 800 plus chilling hours Temperatures between 25 and 40 degrees Bloom in the spring Mature fruit in June Die after harvest Raspberry Fruit Development Cell Enlargement Seed Embryo Develops & Seed Coat Hardens Cell Division Suggested Plant Spacings Traditionally: Red Raspberries 2 to 3 ft. in-row 6 to 10 ft. between rows Black Raspberries: 3 to 4 ft. in-row 8 to 10 ft. between rows Purple Raspberries: 3 to 5 ft. in-row 10 to 12. ft between rows Recent Recommendations: 2 to 3 ft. in-row 2.5 ft. or 30 in. 10 to 12 ft. between rows Raspberry Yield Components Cultural Factors Affecting Raspberry Yields Fruit Number # canes / lineal ft. of row spacing between rows # fruiting laterals / cane (Black) #blossoms / lateral % flowers producing marketable fruit # of over-ripe fruit # fruit harvested & sold Fruit Size or Weight # druplets size of druplets Site Cultivar selection In-row Spacing Row spacing Soil management Cover Crops Irrigation Training & pruning systems Insect control Disease control Weed control Mineral nutrition Harvest methods 2

3 Fruit Size Dependent On: Number of individual druplets Size of individual druplets Pollination Fertility (primarily Nitrogen) Plant Health or Healthy Foliage Proper light exposure to fruits & foliage Water Raspberry Fruit Growth» 85% total» size & wt. <5% total 10% fruit» growth» Wt Fruit Ripening Increase in size & weight Color change Flavor & sugar increase Softening Ethylene production increases Raspberry - loosens from receptacle Raspberry Root Systems Nearly 75% in upper 18 in. & extend laterally in all directions (roots will go down as far as 6 ft. in well-drained soils) Reds grow new canes from root buds Blacks grow new canes from crown buds Purples may or may not develop new canes from root buds Raspberry Flower Bud Formation In response to lower temp & shorter days Begins 1st at terminal bud Progresses down cane in the axillary buds at the base of leaves flower bud initiation stops during winter & continues for a short period in early spring Raspberry Fruiting Reds - terminal bud blooms 1st & progresses on laterals and on down to lower laterals fruit ripens over an extended time giving high yields Blacks & purples - fruit ripens over a short period of time 2 to 2.5 weeks of production 3

4 Black Raspberries Native to North America Not as winter hardy as reds More disease susceptible (?) Verticillium Viruses Less productive (?) Fruit is firmer with a different, pleasing flavor Black Raspberry Varieties Bristol medium-large, firm fruit Jewel early ripening, resistant to anthracnose Allen and Bristol Black Hawk Allen Released in 1963 From New York Bristol x Cumberland Early to Mid Maturity Large, attractive fruit Mild Flavor Vigorous plants Moderate yield potential Moderately hardy Bristol Released in 1934 From New York Watson Prolific x Honeysweet Early Maturity Medium to Large berries Firm Fruit Excellent flavor Vigorous plants High yield potential Moderately hardy Susceptible to Anthracnose Resistant to PM Released in 1954 From Iowa State University Quillen x Black Pearl Medium to large fruit Good flavor Good juice berry Vigorous plants Moderate yield potential Hardiest black raspberry (?) Resistant to Anthracnose Two year old plants very aggressive. Large berries Yield 237 pints 40 hills, spaced 2.5 ft 4 ¾ pints/hill June 2 to June 25 Peaked June 9 to 13 Cumberland and Haut Jewel Cumberland Released in 1896 From Pennsylvania Gregg open pollinated Mid-season Maturity Medium sized berries Fair Flavor Vigorous plants Moderate yield potential Poor hardiness Haut Released in 1987 From Maryland Manteo x ( Bristol x Bristol ) Early Maturity, but long harvest Medium sized berries Firm Fruit Good flavor Vigorous plants Moderate to high yield potential Released in 1973 NYFTA, Geneva, NY ( Bristol x Dundee ) x Dundee Mid-season Maturity Firm, Glossy Fruit Excellent Flavor Vigorous, erect plants Very hardy plants Disease Resistance Anthracnose Several plantings Large berries Yield 237 pints 40 hills, spaced 2.5 ft 4 ¾ pints/hill June 2 to June 25 Peaked June 9 to 13 4

Mac Black and Munger Purple Raspberries Mac Black Released in 2000 From a private breeding program in Ontario Late season Maturity Medium to large berries Flavor is mild and good Vigorous, erect

5 Mac Black and Munger Purple Raspberries Mac Black Released in 2000 From a private breeding program in Ontario Late season Maturity Medium to large berries Flavor is mild and good Vigorous, erect plants Moderate to high yield potential Good cold hardiness Munger Released in 1897 From Ohio Shaffer open pollinated Mid-season Maturity Medium to large berries Firm, shiny Fruit Good flavor Moderately vigorous plants Moderate cold hardiness Hybrid resulting from crosspollination of red with black Intermediate in growth habit Fruits are larger, juicier, and more productive than black raspberries Purple Raspberry Varieties Royalty Brandywine fruit is large, tart Royalty fruit is large, sweet, attractive Released 1982 From New York Best purple raspberry for fresh eating Fruit are large Fruit tends to be soft but sweet and flavorful when eaten fresh. Extremely Productive Vigorous, tall plants Moderate hardiness Susceptible to Phytophthora root rot and crown gall Disease problems Fruit is very good Very productive Not for U-Pick!!! Fruiters are very tender! Estate Brandywine Released in 2000 Developed by a private breeding company in Ontario (Minnesota) Large Red Fruit Good Flavor Better than Brandywine Not as sweet as Royalty Acceptable winter hardiness Two year old plants are looking good. Some pollination issues: Poor fill sometimes Prolific cane producer (10 12) Needs thinned to 3 to 5 canes per hill Released in 1976 From New York NY 631 x Hilton Late Maturity Flavor is tart Wine or juice berry Vigorous, tall plants Moderate hardiness Susceptible to Phytophthora root rot 5

Black Raspberry Production Tips Red Raspberry Trickle Irrigation High Organic Matter in Soil Raised Beds Mulching Shade

Fall or Ever-bearing Varieties Recommended Varieties Red Raspberry and Yellow come in 2 types: Summer Bearing Fall

not have to hand remove dead Floricanes Less disease pressure Summer Latham Low Yields Mandarin Plants (?) Quality (?

6 Black Raspberry Production Tips Red Raspberry Trickle Irrigation High Organic Matter in Soil Raised Beds Mulching Shade At Harvest Summer vs. Fall or Ever-bearing Varieties Recommended Varieties Red Raspberry and Yellow come in 2 types: Summer Bearing Fall Bearing Ever-bearing Primocane Fruiting Many producers prefer: Primocane Fruiting Mow off canes in the late winter Do not have to hand remove dead Floricanes Less disease pressure Summer Latham Low Yields Mandarin Plants (?) Quality (?) Reveille For Trial Several Varieties Fall Heritage Sunburn Bliss Even earlier, too hot Britten Caroline Latham Mandarin Developed by NC State breeding program Released 1955 Lost 1960 s Re-discovered In the last few years 6

7 Summer Bearing Observations Algonquin Data from the Berry Ridge Farm in Overton Co. Special thanks to David Webb for supplying his observations! Released 1984 Named in 1989 Ag. Canada & WSU Few spines (spineless) High Yield Bright Red Upright Plant Habit Completely killed back 2 nd year after planting Probably not a good choice! Canby K-81-6 Released in 1953 Viking x Lloyd George Corvalis, OR Light Colored Fruit Large, Firm, Sweet Fruit Spineless Cannot tolerate temperature change. Grows fast in summer. Canes are tender and crack in spring. Possible use in home or small plantings. Released from Canada Late Season Large Firm Berry Excellent Flavor Excellent Cold Tolerance Completely killed back 2 nd year after planting Probably not a good choice! Killarney Taylor Released in 1961 Canadian Chief x Indian Summer Excellent for Fresh Market Acceptable for the first two years. Deserves another look with proper weed control and sub-soiling. Not as vigorous as Reveille. Released from New York. Late Ripening Moderately Hardy Plants are vigorous with some spines Fruit is medium to large with excellent flavor, good color and firmness. Shows some potential. Deserve another look with proper weed control and sub-soiling. Not as vigorous as Reveille. 7

8 Total Yield (lb/a) Anne Bliss Britten Caroline Dinkum Fall Gold Heritage Himbo Top Josephine Nova Prelude Marketable Yield (lb/a) Anne Bliss Britten Caroline Dinkum Fall Gold Heritage Himbo Top Josephine Nova Prelude 02/12/13 Titan Lauren Plant Patent #5404 Newburgh x St. Walfried Large, Mild Flavor Fruit Very susceptible to Phytophthora root rot. Cannot tolerate temperature changes. Rapid growth Tender canes that crack in the spring Soft fruit Root rot Probably not a good choice! Released from Maryland Only moderately hardy Tall, vigorous plants Large fruit Good quality Not as vigorous as Reveille. Some damage from fluctuating temperatures. Yield 13 gallons June 2 to June hills, 3 ft spacing 2 year old plants Raspberry Varieties to Consider Summer Bearing Tulamagic Switzerland Encore Cornell Mid-Late Season Nearly Spineless Octavia Late Season Extend season into Primocane season. Fall / Summer Bearing Prelude Nova These are late ever bearing varieties that can be used as both Fall and Summer Bearing varieties. Fall Bearing Raspberry Trial Location Kentland Farm Blacksburg, VA Planted Spring ft. apart in-row Varieties Anne Bliss Varieties (cont.) Britten Caroline Dinkum Fall Gold Heritage Himbo Top Josephine Nova Prelude Total Yield Marketable Yield

9 Anne Bliss Britten Caroline Dinkum Fall Gold Heritage Himbo Top Josephine Nova Prelude Anne Bliss Britten Caroline Dinkum Fall Gold Heritage Himbo Top Josephine Nova Prelude Percentage Marketable (%) Fruit Weight (grams) 02/12/13 Percentage Marketable Fruit Weight Yield Caroline Bliss Heritage Himbo Top Marketability Bliss Fall Gold Summary 2006 Fruit Size Anne Nova Quality Bliss Very nice Heritage Hard to pick Prelude Unique tart flavor Ever Bearing Raspberry Varieties to Try Jaclyn Early Dark red berries Joan J Early Spineless canes Josephine Late Season Mid-Atlantic region Nantahala NC State release Largest fruit Late season Polana Very early Polka Poland Early season Keys to Raspberry Production in Warmer Climates Proper Site Selection Proper Site Preparation Proper Variety Selection Drip Irrigation Weed Control, especially during establishment years. Shade at Harvest R. Allen Straw Questions? SW VA AREC VPI Farm Rd. Glade Spring, VA Mobile: astraw@vt.edu Fax:

Raspberry Varieties for the Inland Northwest & Intermountain West

Raspberry Varieties for the Inland Northwest & Intermountain West Danny L. Barney, Ph.D. Raspberries come in four colors, black purple, red, and yellow. Black raspberries typically sucker little and grow