Cool Season Crops. Liz Maynard. Extension Specialist, Dept. of Hort. and LA. Indiana Horticultural Congress January 23, 2014 Wyndham Indianapolis West

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1 Cool Season Crops Liz Maynard Extension Specialist, Dept. of Hort. and LA Indiana Horticultural Congress January 23, 2014 Wyndham Indianapolis West Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.

2 What Are Cool Season Crops? Hardy Half-hardy Asparagus Onion Beet Broad beans Parsley Carrot Broccoli Peas Cauliflower Brussels sprouts Radish Celery Cabbage Rhubarb Chard Chives Spinach Chicory Collards Turnip Chinese cabbage Garlic Horseradish Kale Kohlrabi Leek Mustard Globe artichoke Endive Lettuce Parsnip Potato Salsify Source: O.A. Lorenz and D. N. Maynard, Kno$'s Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1980.

3 Why Grow Them? u Interest in local food creates year-round demand u Product available for early Spring, late Fall, Winter u Suitable for season extension structures u Current Indiana production less than 1% of Indiana consumption Spinach, Jan. 12, 2014

4 Approx. Monthly Temperature for Best Growth and Growing Degree Day Base Temperature Plant Family Crop Opt GDD Min Max Base F Carrot Carrot Carrot Celery Carrot Parsley Carrot Parsnip Goosefoot Beet Goosefoot Chard Goosefoot Spinach Onion Chives Onion Garlic Onion Leek Onion Onion Pea Broad beans Pea Peas Sunflower Chicory Sunflower Endive Sunflower Lettuce Source: Maynard, D.N. and Hochmuth, G.J Knott s Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 5 ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

5 Approx. Monthly Temperature for Best Growth and Growing Degree Day Base Temperature Plant Family Crop Opt GDD Min Max Base F Mustard Broccoli Mustard Br. sprouts Mustard Cabbage Mustard Cauliflower Mustard Ch. cabbage Mustard Collards Mustard Kale Mustard Kohlrabi Mustard Mustard Mustard Radish Mustard Rutabaga Mustard Turnip Source: Maynard, D.N. and Hochmuth, G.J Knott s Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 5 ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

6 Kale 4/21/2013 in high tunnel Tatsoi Feb in high tunnel Spinach, 4/21/2013 in high tunnel LeNuce, 4/21/2013 in high tunnel

7 Temperature and Daylength Effects u Flowering Bolting Bulbing Quality

8 Major Nutrients P2O5 and K2O are maintenance amounts based on crop removal. Plant Family Crop N P2O5 K2O ph Micro Response lb./a High Med. Carrot Carrot B Cu, Mn Carrot Celery B Cu, Mn Carrot Parsley Mn B, Cu, Zn Carrot Parsnip B Cu, Mn Goosefoot Beet B, Cu Mn, Zn Goosefoot Chard B, Cu, Mn, Zn Goosefoot Spinach B, Cu, Zn Mn Onion Onion Cu, Mn, Zn Pea Peas Mn Sunflower Endive Cu, Mn B, Zn Sunflower Lettuce Cu, Mn B, Zn Source: Warncke, D., J. Dahl, B. Zandstra Nutrient RecommendaSons for Vegetable Crops in Michigan. E2934. Michigan State University, E. Lansing.

9 Major Nutrients P2O5 and K2O are maintenance amounts based on crop removal. Plant Family Crop N P2O5 K2O ph lb./a Mustard Br. sprouts Micro Response High Med. B,+Cu,+ Mn Mustard Broccoli B Cu,+Mn Mustard Cabbage B Cu,+Mn Mustard Cauliflower B Cu,+Mn Mustard Collards Cu,+Mn B,+Zn Mustard Kale Cu,+Mn B,+Zn Mustard Mustard Cu,+Mn B,+Zn Mustard Radish Mn Mustard Rutabaga B Mustard Turnip B B,+Cu,+ Zn Cu,+Mn,+ Zn Cu,+Mn,+ Zn Source: Warncke, D., J. Dahl, B. Zandstra Nutrient RecommendaSons for Vegetable Crops in Michigan. E2934. Michigan State University, E. Lansing.

10 Major Nutrients u Nitrogen u Take into account N from prior crop and organic materials u Phosphorus u Use maintenance levels when soil P is more than ppm u No more needed if soil P is more than 80 ppm u Potassium u Use maintenance levels when u soil K more than 85 ppm on soils with CEC=4 u soil K more than 115 ppm on soils with CEC=16 u No more needed if u soil K more than 135 ppm on soils with CEC=4 u soil K more than 165 ppm on soil with CEC=16 Source: Warncke, D., J. Dahl, B. Zandstra Nutrient RecommendaSons for Vegetable Crops in Michigan. E2934. Michigan State University, E. Lansing.

11 Plant Population Source: ID and Knott's Handbook

12 Plant Population Plant Bet. Family Crop Row In-row Ft In Mustard Broccoli Mustard Br. sprouts Mustard Cabbage Mustard Cauliflower Mustard Ch. cabbage Mustard Collards Mustard Kale Mustard Kohlrabi Mustard Mustard Mustard Radish Mustard Rutabaga Mustard Turnip, greens Mustard Turnip, root Source: ID and Knott's Handbook

13 Weed Management u Mechanical u Cultivation u Hoe and hand-weeding u It s a system: row or bed spacing, plant spacing, equipment, people u Stale seedbed u Flaming u Mulches u Dense planting u Herbicides u See the ID-56 at mwveguide.org

14 Harvest Gast, KLB Harvest Maturity Indicators for Fruits and Vegetables. MF Kansas State Univ. AES and CES, Manhattan.

15 Gast, KLB Harvest Maturity Indicators for Fruits and Vegetables. MF Kansas State Univ. AES and CES, Manhattan. Crop Broccoli Br. sprouts Cabbage Cauliflower Collards Kale Mustard Radish Rutabaga Turnip, greens Turnip, root Harvest Harvest Notes Florets tight, good color, 3 in. diam. 8 in. long, trim off side shoots and leaves. Better after freeze, in., begin at bottom of stem, remove outer leaves Firm head, 1 lb. min., trim outer leaves Blanch head during production. min. 4 in., tight florets. Trim outer leaves. Market dictates size. Harvest entire plants or cut leaves for bulk sales. Market dictates size. Harvest entire plants or cut leaves for bulk sales. Market dictates size. Harvest entire plants or cut leaves for bulk sales. Size: 1/2 to 1.25 in. diam. Bunch by size. Leave tops on or trim close to root. Min. 1/75 in. diamter. Top and trim and wax for longer storage. Market dictates size. Harvest entire plants or cut leaves for bulk sales. Min. 1 in. diam. With tops, short-trimmed, or without tops.

Storage Optimal Conditions for Storage u 32 F u RH 95% for lettuce and beets u RH 65-70% for dry bulb onion and garlic u RH 90-95% for all others Source: USDA ARS. 1968.

16 Storage Optimal Conditions for Storage u 32 F u RH 95% for lettuce and beets u RH 65-70% for dry bulb onion and garlic u RH 90-95% for all others Source: USDA ARS The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks. Agriculture Handbook Number 66. online draft available at

17 Storage Optimal Conditions for Storage u 32 F u RH 95% for lettuce and beets u RH 65-70% for dry bulb onion and garlic u RH 90-95% for all others Crop Broccoli Br. sprouts Cabbage Cauliflower Ch. cabbage Collards Kale Kohlrabi Mustard Radish Rutabaga Turnip, greens Turnip, root Length of Storage d 3-5 wk 3-6 wk early, 3-4 mo late 2-4 wk 1-2 mo d d 2-4 wk d 3-4 wk 2-4 mo d 4-5 mo Source: USDA ARS The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks. Agriculture Handbook Number 66. online draft available at

18 Varieties Beet$%std Beet$other Asian% Brassicas$ std Asian% Brassicas$ other Broccoli$ std Broccoli$ other Cylindra Early Blood Soloist San Fen Arcadia Fiesta Baby Pac Bull's Blood Boro Choy Fen Jen Belstar* Imperial Chiogga* Bulls Blood MeiQing Mizuna DiCicco Detroit Dark Shanghai Red* Chioggia Green Napa Green Belt Green Early Wonder Eagle Tatsoi Prize Choy Magic Early Merlin Wonder Gypsy* Pronto* Gold varieties Pak Man Red Ace* Solo Tall Top Golden Tall Top Forono Varieties reported by survey respondents as standard or other varieties you would like to see in trial

19 Varieties Varieties reported by survey respondents as standard or other varieties you would like to see in trial Cabbage - std Cabbage - other Carrot-std Cauliflow er-std Carrotother Collardsstd Collardsother Blue Dynasty Alantis Ablodo Dragon Absolute Champion Vates Blue Vantage* Bravo Chantenay Laguna Amazing Cheers Capture Danvers Mokum* Bishop Copenhagen Charmant Hercules Cheddar Little fingersearly Deadon Early Edith Gonzales Early Thunder Nantes Fremont* Kaitlin Late Dutch Napoli* Orange Purple Red Dynasty Reds Nelson Graffiti Stonehead Snow Crown Super Star Thunderhead

20 Varieties Varieties reported by survey respondents as standard or other varieties you would like to see in trial Kale-std Kaleother Kohlrabistd Lettucestd Lettuceother Mustardstd Mustardother Blue Armor Red Russian* Kohlabri Bergams Cardinale Green Wave Baby cuts Dwarf Siberian Winterbor Kossack* Cherokee Dancine Broadleaf Lacinato Winner Concept Green Ice Florula Rhubarb Red Green Forest Pablo Salad Types Toscano Guzmaine Tropicana Southern Giant Curled Tuscan types Leaf Types Nancy Paris Island Cos Skyphos

21 Varieties Varieties reported by survey respondents as standard or other varieties you would like to see in trial? Family Seed Turnip greensstd Parsnipstd Andover Radish - std Radish - other Spinach - std Spinach - other Rutabag a - std French Breakfast Rudolf Menorca America Laurentian Turnip - std Asian Varieties Purple Tops Javelin Champion Daikons Bloomsdale* Giant Nobel Hakurei Cherriette Donkey Large Upright Hakurei* German Giant Pigeon Summer Tolerant Purple Top* Sparkler Raccoon* Tyee Shogoin White Icicle Space Teton Tyee*

Leafy Greens. Liz Maynard. Extension Specialist, Dept. of Hort. and LA

Leafy Greens. Liz Maynard. Extension Specialist, Dept. of Hort. and LA Leafy Greens Liz Maynard Extension Specialist, Dept. of Hort. and LA Illiana Vegetable Growers Symposium March 4, 2014 Teibel s Restaurant, Schererville, IN Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service