Paul Vossen University of California Cooperative Extension 133 Aviation Blvd. Santa Rosa, CA (707)

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1 Paul Vossen University of California Cooperative Extension 133 Aviation Blvd. Santa Rosa, CA (707)

2 Tree Ripened Fruit

3 Fruit Trees Grapes Christmas Trees Berries Vegetables Cut Flowers Herbs Many Choices

4 Crops Lost since Prunes: 20,000 acres worth $6 million Hops: 2,800 acres worth $2 million Walnuts: 1,100 acres worth $800,000 Pears: 3,000 acres worth $630,000 Cherries: 1,000 acres worth $624,000 Berries: 670 acres worth $178,000 Apples: 13,800 acres worth $574,000 Peaches: 200 acres Kiwi: 44 acres Figs: 13 acres

5 Sonoma County Prunes

6 Sonoma County Prunes

7 Sonoma County Prunes

8 Hops 1940 s

9 Hops Organic Fresh - Direct sales Yields: About 1 ton/acre Value: About $7-10/lb $14,000-$20,000/acre (gross) Vermont Research 4.8 man-hours / one dry pound $96,000/acre to $10/hr.

10 Red Walnut (Livermore) Walnuts

11 Bartlett Pears Huge trees expensive to harvest Lots of Pests Codling Moth Fire blight Mites Psylla

12 Bartlett Pears Mendocino/Lake

13 Cherries in Sonoma County Low yields dry farmed Virus diseases Short lived trees Trunks fungus diseases Huge trees expensive to harvest

14 Sonoma County Cherries

15 Redwoods to Apples

16 Booming Apple Industry 1940: 13,875 acres - $574,643 $ /box fresh $10/ton processed Could raise a family of 4 on 10 acres 1980: 8,306 acres - $55,061,600 $400/ton fresh packed = 3,120/acre 7.8 tons/acre = $1,053/acre 1,000 + growers growers in properties in growers in 2009

17 Apple Production 08-09

18 Apple Economics 2010 Processed = 4.5 t/a = $877/acre About 90% of the crop Fresh $1,780/t = $7,144/acre About 10% of the crop

19 Processing Apples

20 Processed Apples (1 in SC)

21 Semi Abandoned Orchards

22 Old Age Diseases

23 Non Harvested Fruit

24 Fresh Apples & Looks

25 Fresh Apple Industry 25 packers to 1

26 Apples to Grapes 2004

27 Apples to Grapes 2011

28 Marzipan Fruits

29 Orchard Planning Puzzle Soil Rootstock Variety Climate Management

30 Keys to Successful Fruit Trees 1. Right Variety Right Rootstock 2. Plant high (mound) 3. Spacing ~ 12 ft. for 9 tall tree % weed control (mulch) 5. Zero drought stress (water every day) 6. Adequate fertilizer 7. Thin fruit 8. Control Pests 9. Pruning = head low, thin & spread branches to open trees at 45 o -65 o angles, manage vigor, (peaches & nect. cut out 50%, all others cut out 20%)

31 Types of Fruit Trees Pome Fruits (Apple Malus domestica, Pear Pyrus sp., Quince Cydonia) Stone Fruits (Peach and Nectarine Prunus persica, Apricot P. armeniaca, Plum P. salicina, Cherry P. cerasus, etc.) Olive (Olea europaea) Fig (Ficus) Citrus (Orange, lemon, grapefruit, mandarin, Citrus sp.) Persimmon (Diospyrus sp.) Mulberry (Morus sp.) Nuts (Almond Prunus, Walnut & Pecan Juglans, Chestnut Castanea, Filbert Corylus, Pistachio Pistacia

32 What Conditions Are Best For Fruit Trees? Regional Conditions Mild to cold winter (400 to 1,000 hours chilling) Dry spring and summer No frost at bloom (April) Local Conditions Deep, well drained soils Lack of weed competition

33 Apple Variety Selection Traditional varieties New specialty varieties Antique varieties Disease resistant varieties Early mid season late varieties

34 Traditional Varieties Golden Delicious Red Delicious Fuji Gala Granny Smith Yellow Newtown Rome Beauty Gravenstein

35 Eight strains of Gala

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38 Save the Gravenstein

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40 Popular Hard to Grow Uneven Ripening Short Stem Early Drop Low Yield Poor Keeper Vigorous Trees

41 New Specialty Varieties Braeburn Pink Lady Jonagold Pink Pearl Pacific Rose Tsugaru Arlet Cameo Empire Ginger Gold Golden Supreme Honeycrisp Kinsei Orin Pinova Ambrosia

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44 Antique Varieties Jonathan Sierra Beauty Arkansas Black Northern Spy Spitzenburg MacIntosh Hawkeye (original Red-Del)

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46 Disease Resistant Varieties Coop 25 Coop 29 Coop 37 Empire Enterprise (Coop 30) Florina-Querina Goldrush Liberty Pristine Williams Pride

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48 Early Varieties Vista Bell Jerseymac Paulared Akane Mollygold Sunrise Williams Pride Primgold Pristine Sansa Ginger Gold Jonamac Summerred Arlet Earligold Gala Gravenstein

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53 Zestar

54 Semi-dwarf apples Semi Dwarf Orchard Sebastopol Tilton Road

55 Central Leader Apples

56 Mini sprinkler - Apples

57 Modern Apple Orchards Gala San Joaquin County

58 Modern Apple Orchards

59 Modern Apple Orchards Central leader easy to grow Need good weed control Need irrigation water

60 Modern Apple Orchards

61 Modern Apple Orchards

62 Calabria, Italy Central Leader Apples

63 Organic Products

64 Pear Varieties Amire Joanett Bartlett Seckel Berre Hardy Tarusa Crimson D Anjou Bosc Red Clapp Comice Winter Nellis Shinseiki 20th Century Chojuro Hosui Shinko Tarusa Crimson Kikusui Niataka Yali Suli

65 Amire Jonet Comice Bartlet D Anjou Seckel

66 Chojuro Hosui Tsu li ASIAN PEARS Kikusui Niitaka Nijisseiki

67 Asian Pear Set

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69 Quince

70 Soil for Stone Fruits Must be well drained = no wet feet Sand to Loam Clay soils require mound planting Shallow soils can be overcome with excellent irrigation No toxic levels of minerals

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72 Hard to Grow? Apricot Blooms very early, fruit will not ripen in marine climate, self fruitful Cherry Blooms late, many diseases, requires bird control Peach Almost any climate, easy to control tree size, self fruitful, requires heavy pruning and leaf curl spray Nectarine Easy like peach, fruit scaring from thrips, heavy pruning, & leaf curl Plum very easy, pseudomonas, requires cross pollination

73 Rootstocks for STONE FRUITS Apricot Citation, Lovell, Nemaguard, Mariana 2624, Besseyi Cherry Colt, Giesla series, Maheleb, Mazzard, Stocton Morello, Vladamir Peach and Nectarine Citation, Lovell, Nemaguard, Besseyi Plum Citation, Lovell, Mariana 2624, Myrobolan 29C, and Myrobalan Seedling

74 Tree Ripe Cherries

75 Packing Cherries

76 Cherry Rootstock Colt Giesla series Maheleb Mazzard Stockton Morello Vladamir

77 Huge Old Cherry Tree

78 Older Cherry Orchard

79 Smaller Cherry Trees (rootstock training) Space 8 to 12 ft. apart

80 New Dwarf Cherry Orchard

81 Cherries

82 Cherries

83 PYO Cherries

84 Dwarf Cherry Trees

85 Open Center Cherry Trees

86 Cherry Varieties Early Burlat Bing Black Tartarian Brooks Lambert Rainier Royal Ann Stella Montmorency North Star - Meteor Utah Giant

87 Apricot Varieties Autumn Royal Blenheim (Royal) Flora Gold Harcot Katy Moorpark Royal Rosa Tilton Wenatchee Moorpark

88 Peach/Nectarine Rootstocks Citation P. Besseyi G F Lovell Nemaguard Myrobolan 29C St. Julian A P. American P. Tomontosa St. Juilian Halford SD. Bailey SD. Siberian SD.

89 Lovell and Citation Rootstocks

90 Yellow Flesh Peaches Suncrest Springcrest June Crest Fay Elberta Red Haven O Henry Veteran Loring Fair Time J-H Hale Indian Blood Frost

91 White Flesh Peaches Arctic Supreme Arctic Gem Babcock Giant Babcock Sugar Lady Nectar Strawberry White Lady

92 Nectarine Varieties Arctic Glow Heavenly White May Glow May Grand Summer Grand June Glow Double Delight Fantasia Flamekist Flavortop Goldmine Late LeGrand

93 Indian Blood Peach

94 Flat donut Peaches

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96 Tatura Peaches

97 Central Leader Peaches

98 Open & Covered Peaches

99 Peach and Nectarine from bud to fruit

100 Center bud = Vegetative 2 outside buds = Flowers

101 Fruit Thinning

102 Thin for size and to prevent branch breaking

103 Thin to remove scarred fruit

104 Pruning Peaches and Nectarines

105 Citation Mariana 2624 Myrobolan 29C Myrobolan Seedling Lovell Nemaguard P. Besseyi P. Tomantoso Marianna 4001 St. Julian A Pixie Plum Rootstocks

106 Plum & Prune Varieties Beauty Burgundy Catalina Elephant Heart El Dorado Friar French Prune Green Gage Stanley Santa Rosa Satsuma Shiro Golden Nectar Howard Miracle

107 Plums bear on shoots and spurs

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109 Select 3 4 scaffolds Spaced evenly around Spaced vertically

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112 Summer prune to keep trees small

113 After Summer Pruning Before Summer Pruning

114 Bacterial Canker & Brown Rot

115 Table Olives

116 Specialty Table Olives CA Black Spanish Greek Italian Salt Cured

117 Greek

118 Italian

119 Spanish

120 Table Olives

121 Hand Harvest

122 Sorted by Size and Maturity

123 Placed in a Sealable Container

124 Sicilia - Marsala

125 Cracked olives

126 Placed in Lye 2.9% & salt

127 Salt Brine Fermentation

128 Home Cured

129 Rock Salt Cure

130 Safety for table olives is important

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132 Information Sources Kailis Book: UC Publication: anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu cesonoma.ucdavis.edu

133 Table Varieties Any variety will work - Remove bitterness - add salt, acidity, spice Big fruit easy to pit Manzanillo Sevillano Mission Baroni Ascolano Picholine Grossane Giaraffa Nocelara del Belice Santa Caterina Chalkidiki Amigdalolia Kalamon

134 Table Varieties readily available Manzanillo Mission Sevillano

135 Chalkidiki Picholine Amigdalolia Nocelara del Belice Table Varieties limited availability Santa Caterina Kalamon Grossane

136 Fresh uncured edible varieties Termite di Biteto Dolce di Andria

137 Why Olive Oil? Lower grade soils Easy to grow Few pests Low water use Lower quality water Mechanized Healthy - tastes good Big market Vertical integration Sales all year

138 Condiment Oil Olive oil is not just a FAT Spice to Flavor Food H E A L T H

139 Revised Olive Production Manual University of California # 3353 Climate & Site Selection Botany Cultivars Physiology Pruning Irrigation Nutrition Pests Harvest

140 Old Large Olive Trees

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143 Boutique Industry Coastal & Foothill areas Small acreage Specialty varieties Vertical integration (fruit-oil-marketing) Attractive bottles Specialty marketing Prestige Acres planted in CA in the last 15 years ~ 3,000 High prices low volume high costs Creates a good market for everyone Paul Vossen

144 Boutique Production - CA Cultural Operations ~ $1,000 Harvest & Transport ($350/ton) ~ $1,000 Processing, Storage, Marketing, Overhead, Capital Recovery Yield of 2.5 tons per 45 gallons per ton Cost $ 80 per gallon and 500-ml bottle is $11.15 Retail $ /gallon Paul Vossen

145 Oil Varieties Any variety will work - Big or Small - Oil content, flavor style, cold & disease resistance Well known with potential Frantoio Leccino Coratina Taggiasca Ascolana Arbequina Picual Hojiblanca Picudo Mission

146 Best Oil Varieties Hojiblanca Picual Picudo Arbequina Mission Taggiasca

147 Best Oil Varieties Coratina Leccino Moraiolo Frantoio Koroneiki Chemlali

148 Style Generalities Mild Arbequina Ascolana Empeltre Kalamon Leccino Pendolino Maurino Picudo Sevillano Taggiasca Medium Aglandau Barnea Bosana Bouteillan Farga Hojiblanca Manzanillo Mission Strong Arbosana Chemlali Coratina Cornicabra Frantoio Koroneiki Moraiolo Picual Picholine

149 Olive Tree SPACING 20 ft.

150 Peacock Spot

151 Copper After Harvest

152 OLIVES DON T LIKE WEEDS

153 Weeds

154 1:2.6 ratio $160/ton

155 Continuous Flow System Paul Vossen

156 Locally produced, fresh, great flavor

157 Olive Oil Positive Characteristics Paul Vossen

158 How Might Olive Oil Fit In?

159 Growing Figs

160 Figs bear on current season s shoots

161 Figs

162 Figs

163 Figs

164 Figs

165 Figs

166 Figs Adriatic or White Genoa

167 Black Mission Fig

168 Growing Citrus

169 Citrus Size Control Variety and Rootstock

170 Citrus Cold Tolerance

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172 Cold Protection for Citrus

173 Mandarins are cold hardy Seedless if only Clementine and Satsuma are present

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175 Mandarins

176 Mandarin - Tangerine

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178 Meyer Lemon Ice on fruit

179 Loquat

180 Tomato Tree Tamarind

181 Ripe Tamarind

182 Growing Feijoa

183 Feijoa

184 Feijoa

185 Feijoa tree-bush

186 Cactus Fruits

187 Cactus Fruits

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189 Cactus Fruits

190 Mulberry

191 Mulberry

192 Mulberry Female Flowers Male Catkins

193 Chestnuts

194 Chestnuts

195 Chestnut flowers

196 Chestnut burrs & catkins

197 Chestnuts heavy yield

198 Chestnuts sweeper - harvester

199 Chestnuts washing & sizing

200 Chestnut sizer

201 Chestnuts

202 Chestnut refrigeration Store like apples cold and moist

203 Chestnut dryer

204 SRJC Farm

205 Paul Vossen University of California Cooperative Extension 133 Aviation Blvd. Santa Rosa, CA (707)

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