WORLD PISTACHIO TRADE

Transcription

1 WORLD PISTACHIO TRADE 2017 Schramm, Williams & Associates, Inc. October 2017, First Edition

2 Copyright 2008 through 2017 Schramm, Williams & Associates, Inc. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved

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5 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...3 MAJOR PRODUCING COUNTRIES U.S. - Trade...9 Iran - Trade...16 Turkey - Trade...21 Syria - Exports...27 MAJOR NON-PRODUCING IMPORTING AND EXPORTING COUNTRIES China - Trade...31 Hong Kong - Trade...35 Germany - Trade...40 The Netherlands - Trade...45 United Arab Emirates - Trade...49 Vietnam - Trade...51 Other Pistachio Trading Countries ASIAN COUNTRIES India - Imports...55 Japan - Imports...56 South Korea - Imports...57 Russia - Imports...58 Thailand - Imports...61 Singapore - Trade...62 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Belgium - Trade...69 Cyprus - Imports...73

6 France - Trade...74 Italy - Trade...80 Luxembourg - Trade...86 Spain - Trade...88 Switzerland - Imports...92 Ukraine - Imports...94 United Kingdom - Trade...95 MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES Israel - Imports NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES Morocco - Imports NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES Canada - Imports Mexico - Imports SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES Brazil - Imports Chile - Imports Venezuela - Imports SOUTH PACIFIC COUNTRIES Australia - Imports New Zealand - Imports CURRENTLY APPLIED TARIFFS Table TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS APPENDICES FAS GAIN Report - European Union-28 Tree Nuts Report Appendix - A FAS GAIN Report - Turkey Tree Nuts Report Appendix - B FAS GAIN Report - China Tree Nuts Report Appendix - C 2

7 Introduction The 2017 World Pistachio Trade Report identifies major producing, importing, and exporting trading countries in order to clarify movement of pistachios traded internationally. The report s statistics, for most countries, include calendar years 2008 to The United States export trade data is reported quarterly in the American Pistachio Growers (APG) newsletter, which can be found by accessing their website at: The Administrative Committee for Pistachios 1 (ACP) provides data for U.S. exports and imports monthly for shipments from the states of California, Arizona, and New Mexico, but does not have the authority to obtain export data. In calendar year 2016 the U.S. pistachio industry exported approximately 320 million pounds (145,000 MT) and imported 2.4 million pounds (1,080 MT). Pistachio Producing Countries The United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran) are the global leaders in the production and cultivation pistachios. The Republic of Turkey 2 (Turkey), and the Syrian Arab Republic (Syria) follow the United States and Iran in pistachio production. While Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Egypt, Greece, Lebanon, Israel, Italy, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia and the Mediterranean Islands also produce pistachios, most are locally consumed, with minor exports to countries within their respective regions. Pistachio producing nations are not typically thought to be importers, yet statistics show that the United States and Iran both import. Reverse trade for the United States is typically a result of reimported domestic product that was exported for the purpose of separating the pistachio nut from its shell. This process allows producers to take advantage of lower labor rates in other nations, such as China. Other instances for re-imported product can be attributed to rejected shipments based on quality standards. Major Pistachio Importing Countries The largest pistachio import markets are Hong Kong/Peoples Republic of China, Vietnam, and Germany. Not all countries import directly from pistachio producing countries. Transshipments may occur for the following reasons: strategic trading purposes, quality issues, or evasion of domestic and foreign laws and regulations. 1 ACP is a Federal Marketing Order for pistachios grown in California, Arizona, and New Mexico. 2 Most of Turkey s pistachios are sold for ingredient purposes. 3

8 Major Non-Producing Pistachio Importing/Exporting Countries Hong Kong 3 occupies a key position in the world trade of pistachios as the largest transshipper of pistachios, with most of its imports being re-exported into Vietnam. Germany, the United Arab Emirates and the Netherlands and most recently Vietnam also import and re-export a significant percentage of the world trade of pistachios. Pistachio Trade Reporting Sources Several government sources were researched for this report: The United States International Trade Commission (USITC); Eurostat, the European Union s government database; Economia, a Mexican government trade database; the United Nations (UN) Comtrade database; the Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration (as reported by the Iran Pistachio Association); and the United Arab Emirates Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority. The UN database is the source for the vast majority of the import and export data detailed in this report. The United Nations obtains statistical trade data by requesting individual countries to report what they have imported and exported. Due to this methodology, discrepancies sometimes occur when comparing what one country reports as imported product with what a partner country has reported as exports. These discrepancies can occur due to the exporting country reporting the destination, but the importing country not reporting the shipment as imported due to transshipments to a third country. The discrepancies can also occur if data is improperly reported to the UN by a reporting government or if transshipments of products are misreported. Statistical Observations Throughout this report there are instances of large trade volumes that occur between nontraditional or non-historical trading partners. Where possible we have attempted to note these occurrences or provide explanation for trade exports that do not match trade volume imports and vice versa. Additionally, with each update of this report we revisit and sometimes revise previous years data to correct errors that occur from incomplete or partial data reporting by countries to the reporting sources listed above. For the last several years of this report we noted discrepancies with U.S. exports to Europe; exports that do not match their country to country corresponding import volumes. Generally, in 2016, the 28 members of the European Union reported importing a combined 82 million pounds of raw pistachios from the United States, while the United States reports exports of nearly 13 million pounds more, 95 million pounds. Circumstantial evidence indicates that these discrepancies are the result of transshipments between European and non-european countries, and delayed reporting by EU member states. 2016, however, is the second consecutive year where we are unable rectify the inconsistencies between the two reporting agencies. Additionally, according to Eurostat, European imports of U.S. pistachios are significantly down, 3 While Hong Kong is recognized as a territory of China, statistically it is regarded as a separate entity due to its historic position as a transshipment point for large volumes of trade. 4

9 from 120 million pounds in 2015 to 82 million in U.S. data reports a more moderate decline from 102 million pounds to 95 million pounds. Trade reports from China continue to produce differences in export volumes to the United States. In 2016, China exported 701,000 pounds of pistachios to the United States (318 MT), while the United States reports zero imports from China. It is a common practice for U.S. producers of pistachios to ship in-shell closed pistachios that have not naturally opened to China to be artificially opened by local workers. A percentage of the opened nuts are then exported back to the United States. According to U.S. Customs and Border Protection, this product should be classified under HTS number or , as the act of cracking, shelling, and sorting does not change the condition and/or value of the pistachios; U.S. statistical services do not report imports of the product when it is returned to the United States. Iranian data is sourced from the Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration. The trade is reported on the Islamic calendar year that runs from September 23 to September 22 of the following year. The most recent report covers 11 months for 2016, from September 23, 2016 to August 22, Nearly 256 million pounds were exported during these months and this number is expected to slightly increase with one additional month of export data yet to be reported. Iranian data also indicates that some 21.3 million pounds was exported to the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) (9,700 MT) and 10.5 million pounds to Turkey (4,790 MT). In recent years, Turkey has never reported imports from Iran. Iranian data, however, notes that both the U.A.E. and Turkey are re-export points. The U.A.E. is not a producer of pistachios, but is traditionally a re-distributor of pistachios. Since the establishment of the U.S sanctions against Iran, the U.A.E. has only provided non-country specific total import and export data. Significant Changes in World Trade Informed industry members have stated that product enters from Hong Kong to Vietnam, as a transshipping point between Hong Kong and China, in order to avoid the Chinese tariff on pistachios. While China s tariff on pistachios is only 5 percent, Vietnam enjoys duty-free access to China under the Association of Southeast Asian Nations tariff agreement. Total Vietnamese imports of pistachios for 2016 were approximately 166 million pounds, some 75 percent higher than trade in 2015 and the largest volume on record. This is predominately due to increased exports from Hong Kong to Vietnam. Additional product to Vietnam is being reported by Madagascar. Madagascar has reported sizable exports of pistachios to several countries in this report from 2012 to 2016, mostly notable exports to Vietnam. This trade activity suggests that Vietnam be re-categorized as a major re-distributor of pistachios. After two years of significantly lower exports, U.S. exports to China were more than double the volume from 2015 to 2016, moving from 13.7 million pounds to 32 million pounds according to Chinese import reports. While this does not match U.S. export data, when China and Hong Kong export data is combined, the United States exported 163 million pounds verses imports from the two countries of 169 million pounds. Regardless of the differing sources, the China/Hong Kong was without question the top market for U.S. pistachios in While the reasons for this are varied, some return of export volumes in the 100 million pound range can be attributed to exports in 2016 that were not inhibited by the port delays of late 2014 and early

10 Tariff Nomenclature Prior to January 2012, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (formerly known as U.S. Customs) reported pistachio trade for three Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) numbers: HTS# (raw in-shell), HTS# (raw shelled), and HTS# (roasted in-shell and kernels). In January 2012, the United States incorporated tariff schedule changes recommended by the World Customs Organization for several commodities including those for raw pistachios. As such, raw in-shell pistachios have moved from to Likewise, raw shelled pistachios have been moved from to The HTS number for roasted pistachios ( ), included with several other roasted tree nuts, remained unchanged. Three years of data are now available and this report provides, where possible, raw in-shell and raw shelled imports and exports as well as combined raw pistachio trade. Tariff Levels Under the 1994 Uruguay Round Agreement, each country committed to limit tariff rates for commodities to a specific level. These tariffs are also specific to each country and are known as bound tariff rates. Since that time, individual countries have unilaterally adjusted their tariff levels on commodities in order to spur trade or discourage imports. Tariff rates that are lower than a country s bound rate are known as currently applied tariffs. A number of countries have been selected that represent key and potential export markets for pistachios and are organized in a table that includes details on their tariff, tax, and other duty information. The tariff data is the most up-to-date applied tariffs data available. Possible and Future Tariff Rate Adjustments As the World Trade Organization multilateral negotiations continue, as well as free trade agreement negotiations with and Europe (Transatlantic Trade Investment Partnership), the tariff table on page 124 of this report will be updated to reflect the currently applied tariffs as agreements are finalized and implemented. Aflatoxin Levels According to Codex s report on the Fourth Session of the Committee on Contaminates in Food, April 2010, the maximum aflatoxin level for read-to-eat tree nuts is 10 µg/kg, whereas maximum level for tree nuts for further processing is 15 µg/kg. While some countries follow aflatoxin levels as established by Codex, others have set their own maximum aflatoxin limit at levels either higher or lower than Codex s standard. 6

11 Major Pistachio Producing Countries 7

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13 U.S. - Exports (all raw and roasted) Country Hong Kong 14,371 25,898 26,960 31,902 57,052 55,983 33,992 15,484 70,320 Belgium 17,566 19,103 15,088 10,223 13,261 11,693 16,761 17,704 17,100 Canada 7,589 4,984 8,626 13,502 14,825 17,205 16,850 14,413 12,213 The Netherlands 11,753 12,515 11,850 8,933 10,580 7,607 11,048 8,473 7,715 Germany 7,897 7,073 6,446 5,833 5,610 9,163 8,615 6,942 6,222 Vietnam , ,945 France 5,394 5,082 5,064 4,205 3,929 3,205 4,342 4,185 3,816 China 12,968 11,244 8,113 10,607 16,199 11,100 4,294 3,511 3,792 Israel 195 2,420 4,572 4,208 3,348 3,199 4,401 2,238 2,716 Mexico 2,943 3,635 3,069 3,675 4,092 4,146 3,966 3,041 2,712 Spain 3,690 4,191 2,697 1,931 2,804 3,686 3,415 1,817 2,278 Italy 3,532 3,664 2,373 3,789 2,415 2,282 2,525 2,267 1,886 Japan 2,621 2,593 3,202 3,167 2,722 2,907 3,572 2,479 1,665 U.K. 2,681 2,654 2,682 2,058 1,704 2,288 2,352 1,733 1,632 Australia 1,927 1,974 3,000 4,414 4,265 5,257 5,528 3,470 1,629 Luxembourg 4,732 4,736 4,950 1,999 3,917 6,176 1,554 2,317 1,486 Saudi Arabia ,068 1, ,211 Turkey ,729 1,812 1,527 2, ,116 South Korea ,377 1,130 1,394 1, U.A.E ,123 1,104 1,649 2,706 2,628 1,568 1, Russia 2,534 1, ,603 2,276 3,682 1, Other 17,840 12,670 11,061 10,843 10,724 12,739 12,658 7,838 6,918 Total 121, , , , , , , , ,705 Source: United States International Trade Commission. 9

14 U.S. - Exports (roasted ) Country Canada 5,700 3,665 6,764 10,703 12,867 14,498 14,336 12,661 11,256 Mexico 1,611 1,596 1,759 2,663 3,138 3,442 2,640 1,836 1,666 Australia ,119 2,229 1, Japan Hong Kong 2,543 1,488 3,075 3,339 3,097 5,084 3, Taiwan Philippines China Norway New Zealand Colombia Korea Guatemala Panama Costa Rica Chile South Africa El Salvador Honduras Vietnam Dominican Rep Brazil Venezuela Spain U.A.E Turkey , United Kingdom , Belgium 1, ,

15 Israel India Qatar France 1,355 1, Saudi Arabia Iraq Netherlands 896 1, Switzerland Oman Libya Italy Luxembourg Russia Germany 2,312 2,971 3,487 1, Jordan Ukraine Greece Romania Other Total 20,467 16,512 19,568 23,720 25,746 33,403 29,478 20,754 16,370 Source: United States International Trade Commission. 11

16 U.S. - Imports Country Description Turkey Italy Canada Thailand Raw Inshell Pistachios Greece Other Subtotal Turkey Italy Canada Thailand Raw Shelled Pistachios Greece Other Subtotal Turkey Italy Canada Thailand Roasted Pistachios Greece Other Subtotal Turkey Italy Canada Thailand Total Pistachios Greece Other Total , ,067 1,079 Source: United States International Trade Commission. 12

17 European Union 28 - Imports from U.S. (in-shell and shelled) Country Belgium 12,922 9,562 5,619 6,131 6,708 6,128 4,783 6,347 8,124 Luxembourg 6,501 9,672 19,092 11,264 7,984 9,149 14,825 20,987 8,123 The Netherlands 12,660 11,951 9,683 7,381 8,880 7,879 7,646 8,522 6,786 Germany 7,637 4,171 3,831 4,142 5,681 8,989 12,239 9,187 5,140 France 4,514 3,827 4,408 3,219 4,591 3,660 3,869 3,135 2,999 Spain 2,895 3,342 2,456 1,766 2,548 2,853 1,890 2,082 1,819 Italy 2,336 2,796 1,898 2,701 2,650 2,558 2,706 1,962 1,393 U.K. 1,805 1,684 1,482 1,328 1,155 1,226 1,541 1,266 1,258 Croatia 25 1 n/a Cyprus Lithuania Portugal Poland Bulgaria Greece 1,385 1,872 1, Sweden Slovakia Latvia Other Total 54,844 49,816 51,236 39,759 42,066 43,578 51,437 54,635 37,293 Source: Eurostat. 13

18 European Union 28 - Imports from U.S. (in-shell ) Country Luxembourg 7,984 9,149 14,825 20,987 8,123 Belgium 6,614 5,960 4,687 6,242 7,653 The Netherlands 8,541 7,847 7,629 8,470 6,786 Germany 4,518 8,545 11,746 8,914 5,101 France 3,968 3,261 3,221 2,543 2,860 Spain 2,428 2,791 1,789 1,747 1,819 Italy 2,060 2,173 2,127 1,599 1,392 U.K. 1,034 1,194 1,332 1,037 1,258 Lithuania Portugal Poland Bulgaria Greece Cyprus Sweden Croatia Slovakia Latvia Other Total 38,827 41,992 49,231 52,384 35,760 Source: Eurostat. 14

19 European Union 28 - Imports from U.S. (shelled ) Country Luxembourg Belgium The Netherlands Germany 1, France Spain Italy U.K Lithuania Portugal Poland Bulgaria Greece Cyprus Sweden Croatia Slovakia Latvia Other Total 3,236 1,584 2,206 1,981 1,533 Source: Eurostat. 15

20 Iran - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country * Hong Kong 17,928 37,742 60,952 28,732 53,731 32,887 58,332 41,170 24,147 Vietnam 1,935 5,026 6,274 5,358 6,391 9,465 19,493 18,317 19,084 U.A.E.** 10,989 20,361 16,364 15,540 16,314 15,518 17,887 14,395 9,705 Germany 9,530 13,877 10,897 9,948 6,464 7,745 9,938 11,083 9,684 India 933 3,392 5,171 2,483 4,270 4,872 4,666 6,116 6,549 Kazakhstan 1, ,457 5,221 11,233 6,907 5,549 6,509 Iraq 5,579 5,705 6,768 6,915 5,078 6,271 7,341 6,166 5,734 Turkey** 1,399 1,597 4,801 2,202 2,377 10,665 10,917 5,306 4,787 Pakistan 2,313 2,757 4,348 3,050 2,474 2,209 3,471 3,986 4,619 Lebanon 1,972 2,656 2,573 2,187 2,357 2,063 2,866 2,728 3,100 Spain 48 2,450 3, ,368 2,323 2,571 Italy ,779 Russia 6,357 8,149 14,549 14,691 7,306 1,885 1,980 1,403 1,745 Kuwait ,500 1,703 Jordan ,489 1,498 1,632 Afghanistan , ,535 2,121 1,959 2,073 1,591 Taiwan 661 2,203 3,090 1, ,474 1,404 1,231 Greece , Uzbekistan , Canada Slovakia Kyrgyzstan Qatar China ,334 1, Poland The Netherlands ,382 1, ,133 1, Lithuania Syria 3,038 6,273 4,122 2,

21 Singapore Belgium 3,160 1,757 1,978 1,597 1, Tunisia Japan Australia Ukraine 1,466 1,213 1,609 1,046 1, France Turkmenistan Malaysia Egypt 879 2,193 1,052 1, Tajikistan 1,086 1,078 1,300 1, Azerbaijan Romania Mexico Saudi Arabia ,245 2, Croatia Other 1,245 1,264 1, ,029 1, Total 77, , , , , , , , ,198 Source: Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration. NOTE: Data reported above is from September 23 to September 22 of the following year as reported by the Iran Pistachio Association. *NOTE: 2016 data only covers 11 months - September 23 to August 22 which is inclusive of all data available during the publishing of this report. ** NOTE: Report as a re-export market. 17

22 European Union 28 - Imports from Iran (in-shell and shelled) Country Germany 17,677 12,227 13,428 12,692 10,506 11,871 12,559 13,168 12,685 Spain ,607 1,755 1,307 1,416 1,514 2,330 2,854 Greece ,801 Italy 1, ,036 1,030 1,844 The Netherlands ,827 1, , Slovakia Belgium 3,747 3,142 1,734 1,833 1,496 1,358 1, Lithuania 1, Poland France Romania Czech Republic Sweden Luxembourg Other Total 26,699 18,457 20,835 19,759 16,505 17,141 18,676 20,785 23,210 Source: Eurostat. NOTE: Eurostat reported no data for Portugal. 18

23 Europe - Imports from Iran (in-shell ) Country Germany 8,305 10,182 9,784 10,324 9,813 Spain 1,248 1,391 1,472 2,284 2,840 The Netherlands 1, , Italy ,111 Belgium 1,496 1,109 1, Greece ,718 Slovakia Lithuania Poland Romania France Sweden Czech Republic Luxembourg Other Total 13,677 14,742 14,756 16,830 19,101 Source: Eurostat. 19

24 Europe - Imports from Iran (shelled ) Country Germany 2,201 1,689 2,775 2,844 2,872 Spain The Netherlands Italy Belgium Greece Slovakia Lithuania Poland Romania France Sweden Czech Republic Luxembourg Other Total 2,828 2,399 3,920 3,955 4,109 Source: Eurostat. 20

25 Turkey - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country Italy ,180 1,787 Saudi Arabia Germany Israel U.S.A Greece n/a n/a n/a 122 n/a U.A.E Egypt Jordan Turkmenistan Iraq Libya Other 1,574 1, Total 2,621 2, ,160 2,328 3, ,155 4,690 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 21

26 Turkey - Exports (in-shell ) Country Italy Saudi Arabia n/a Germany Israel U.S.A Greece U.A.E Egypt Jordan Turkmenistan Iraq Libya Other Total 663 1, Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 22

27 Turkey - Exports (in-shell ) Country Italy ,164 1,767 Saudi Arabia n/a Germany Israel U.S.A Greece n/a n/a n/a U.A.E Egypt Jordan Turkmenistan Iraq Libya Other Total 1,664 2, ,613 3,794 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 23

28 European Union 28 - Imports from Turkey (in-shell and shelled) Country Italy , ,088 1,973 Germany Greece Belgium Bulgaria Spain France Romania U.K Other Total 826 1, , ,685 2,657 Source: Eurostat. 24

29 Europe - Imports from Turkey (in-shell ) Country Italy Germany Greece Belgium Bulgaria Spain France Romania U.K Other Total Source: Eurostat. 25

30 Europe - Imports from Turkey (shelled ) Country Italy 692 1, ,072 1,935 Germany Greece Belgium Bulgaria Spain France Romania U.K Other Total 877 1, ,615 2,541 Source: Eurostat. 26

31 Syria - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country Jordan 1,037 2,998 2,324 1,308 1,279 1, ,110 Algeria 25 n/a n/a Egypt U.A.E Sweden Italy Greece n/a 14 n/a Canada Saudi Arabia , n/a Tunisia n/a Lebanon n/a Belgium n/a Spain n/a n/a n/a n/a Kazakhstan n/a n/a n/a n/a India n/a n/a Other 128 1,430 1, Total 1,849 5,564 5,047 2,447 3,599 5,821 1,125 1,633 1,830 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. NOTE: Data for years 2011 to 2016 was reported by the importing country. 27

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33 Major Non-producing Pistachio Exporting and Importing Countries 29

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35 China - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country U.S.A. 18,011 15,922 17,203 18,992 21,781 11,658 7,281 6,233 14,541 Iran 11,364 5,102 35,366 5,362 5,158 1,265 2,523 4,387 2,880 Australia Other Total 29,605 21,545 52,781 24,952 27,364 13,171 10,051 10,896 17,679 China - Imports (in-shell ) Country U.S.A. 21,139 11,194 6,570 5,790 13,917 Iran 5,146 1,249 2,507 4,373 2,858 Australia Other Total 26, ,691 9,324 10,435 17,025 China - Imports (shelled ) Country U.S.A Iran Australia Other Total NOTE: According to Foreign Agriculture Service, USDA Hong Kong post officials, China s market on average is estimated at 50,000 MT of pistachios annually. The majority enters through Hong Kong and is moved to China through official and grey channels. Approximately 5-10% percent goes to other Asian markets for above-board sales and consumption. See Hong Kong imports on page 35. Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 31

36 China - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country U.S.A. 6,260 1,744 1,045 2,653 6,664 1, Hong Kong ,260 1,055 2, Australia Germany n/a n/a 176 Malaysia n/a 21 n/a Italy n/a n/a n/a n/a 40 n/a 121 Singapore Russian Federation United Kingdom n/a n/a n/a n/a 20 Indonesia n/a n/a n/a n/a France n/a n/a 19 0 Spain 76 n/a n/a n/a Belgium , n/a n/a n/a 0 Other Total 7,691 2,469 3,382 5,178 9,937 4,362 2,068 1,585 1,405 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 32

37 China - Exports (in-shell ) Country U.S.A. 5, n/a n/a Hong Kong 944 2, Australia 14 7 n/a n/a n/a Germany n/a n/a 730 Malaysia Italy 140 n/a n/a n/a 80 Singapore 34 n/a Russian Federation U.K. 100 n/a n/a n/a n/a Indonesia 92 n/a n/a France 332 n/a n/a n/a n/a Spain 120 n/a n/a n/a n/a Belgium 138 n/a n/a n/a n/a Other n/a Total 8,866 3, Source: United Nations Comtrade Database 33

38 China - Exports (shelled ) Country U.S.A Hong Kong Australia Germany n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Malaysia 0 n/a n/a n/a 14 Italy 0 n/a 40 n/a 41 Singapore n/a 7 4 n/a n/a Russian Federation n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a U.K. n/a Indonesia n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a France 56 n/a n/a 19 n/a Spain 0 n/a n/a Belgium 0 n/a n/a n/a n/a Other Total 1, ,292 1, Source: United Nations Comtrade Database 34

39 Hong Kong - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country U.S.A. 14,639 23,732 29,334 35,620 53,381 64,361 29,674 21,914 68,295 Iran 33,230 25,639 61,594 34,219 43,595 30,488 58,800 46,202 35,743 China ,414 1,118 2, U.A.E. 74 n/a ,703 1, Turkey Vietnam n/a n/a Other 1, Total 50,890 50,259 92,640 71, , ,728 90,742 69, ,399 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 35

40 Hong Kong - Imports (in-shell ) Country U.S.A. 53,362 64,361 29,674 21,894 68,289 Iran 43,457 30,472 58,787 46,173 35,684 China 1,103 2, U.A.E 161 1,703 1, Turkey Vietnam n/a Other Total 99, ,573 90,697 69, ,289 Hong Kong - Imports (shelled ) Country U.S.A Iran China U.A.E Turkey Vietnam Other Total Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 36

41 Hong Kong - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country Vietnam 6,274 10,727 4,618 22,106 42,157 26,381 51,789 40,793 66,145 China 16,945 13,585 40,021 18,725 13,181 7,541 5,867 6,373 13,056 U.S.A , U.A.E , Germany Russian Federation 1, ,089 2,135 1, India ,763 1, Australia Thailand Turkey France Ukraine Other , Total 25,140 25,499 50,019 58,686 63,145 40,651 63,760 49,126 81,282 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 37

42 Hong Kong - Exports (in-shell ) Country Vietnam 41,473 26,261 51,789 40,785 66,140 China 13,181 7,451 5,867 6,332 13,052 U.S.A , U.A.E. 1, Germany Russian Federation 1,089 2,135 1, India 1,751 1, Australia Thailand Turkey France Ukraine Other 2, , Total 62,434 40,507 63,740 49,056 81,230 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 38

43 Hong Kong - Exports (shelled ) Country Vietnam China U.S.A U.A.E Germany Russian Federation India Australia Thailand Turkey France Ukraine Other Total Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 39

44 Germany - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country U.S.A. 24,698 20,544 17,246 14,763 16,775 18,166 19,216 15,699 16,216 Iran 18,137 12,691 13,738 24,998 18,903 13,735 11,628 5,284 5,039 Italy ,346 1, Luxembourg Turkey France Other ,431 1, , Total 43,702 34,507 33,675 41,552 37,315 33,460 32,099 23,120 23,160 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 40

45 Germany - Imports (in-shell ) Country U.S.A. 7,388 12,234 13,868 10,860 10,092 Iran 15,363 11,757 8,819 3,951 3,123 Italy Luxembourg Turkey France Other Total 23,159 24,432 23,047 15,407 13,973 Germany - Imports (shelled ) Country U.S.A. 9,387 5,931 5,348 4,839 6,124 Iran 3,540 1,977 2,809 1,333 1,916 Italy 1, Luxembourg Turkey France Other Total 14,156 9,027 9,052 7,712 9,187 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 41

46 Germany - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country Spain 4,484 2,145 2,738 3,342 1,960 1,953 2,554 2,910 4,302 Italy 1,735 1,804 3,051 3,293 1,635 2,172 2,793 3,585 3,846 U.K , ,284 France 920 1,086 1,236 1, ,304 1,511 1,501 1,731 The Netherlands 1, , ,287 1,720 1,379 1,794 1,404 Poland Hungary Lithuania UAE Sweden Switzerland Russian Federation Other 6,715 6,108 8,542 5,150 2, ,595 1, Total 17,309 13,205 18,594 15,309 10,589 9,629 12,307 13,314 16,891 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 42

47 Germany - Exports (in-shell ) Country Spain 1,960 1,953 2,554 2,910 3,944 Italy 1,635 2,172 2,793 3,585 3,321 U.K , ,588 France 864 1,304 1,511 1,501 1,219 The Netherlands 1,287 1,720 1,379 1,794 1,058 Poland Hungary Lithuania UAE 0 n/a Sweden 47 n/a Switzerland Russian Federation Other 2, , Total 10,589 9,629 12,307 13,314 13,857 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 43

48 Germany - Exports (shelled ) Country Spain Italy U.K France The Netherlands Poland Hungary Lithuania UAE Sweden Switzerland Russian Federation n/a 0 Other Total 2,664 1,633 2,767 2,907 3,034 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 44

49 The Netherlands - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country U.S.A. 12,660 11,951 9,683 7,194 8,838 7,879 7,646 8,453 6,822 Iran ,722 1, , Germany 904 1,663 1, ,280 1,249 2, Greece n/a France 869 2,129 2, , U.K n/a Other Total 14,574 16,425 14,784 10,477 12,771 10,025 10,729 10,380 8,571 Source: Eurostat. 45

50 The Netherlands - Imports (in-shell ) Country U.S.A. 8,499 7,847 7,629 8,401 6,822 Iran 1, , Germany 901 1, Greece n/a France 1, U.K. n/a Other Total 11,926 9,733 9,394 10,082 8,291 The Netherlands - Imports (shelled ) Country U.S.A Iran Germany , Greece n/a France U.K. n/a Other Total , Source: Eurostat. 46

51 The Netherlands - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country Germany 12,595 9,089 7,398 5,353 7,088 5,613 4,676 4,941 6,832 France 3,264 2,535 3,279 3,363 2,283 1,939 1,867 2,199 1,976 Poland , U.K ,849 1,027 1,140 1, , Belgium Romania Denmark Switzerland Serbia Other Total 17,121 13,251 18,329 11,209 11,532 9,653 8,642 9,015 10,028 Source: Eurostat 47

52 The Netherlands - Exports (in-shell ) Country Germany 7,048 5,609 4,676 4,934 6,832 France 2,226 1,926 1,867 2,199 1,974 Poland U.K. 1,133 1, , Belgium Romania Denmark Switzerland Serbia n/a Other Total 11,241 9,348 7,930 8,816 9,829 The Netherlands - Exports (shelled ) Country Germany France Poland U.K Belgium Romania Denmark Switzerland Serbia n/a n/a Other Total Source: Eurostat. 48

53 United Arab Emirates - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008* 2009* 2010* 2011* Iran 16,771 12,124 13,998 12,741 12,623 7,361 14,417 16,379 12,665 U.S.A. 67 1, ,515 2,076 1,469 1, Turkey Syria Kuwait Lebanon Saudi Arabia Germany Hong Kong , Madagascar , Other ** Total 17,059 13,170 14,343 13,179 16,206 14,337 16,743 18,072 14,671 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. *NOTE: Data was sourced from the Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority, United Arab Emirates. **NOTE: Data listed as other for 2016 include 505MT from Yemen and 261MT from Afghanistan. 49

54 United Arab Emirates - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008* 2009* 2010* 2011* Iraq n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a ,337 Saudi Arabia 4,012 4,311 5,415 4,492 1,039 3,276 6,154 6,418 2,266 India 2, Jordan Egypt 1, , , Algeria Oman n/a n/a n/a n/a Kuwait Yemen Germany Tunisia Iran n/a Bangladesh Libya Qatar Russian Federation n/a Hong Kong n/a 101 1,703 1, Other 1,407 1, n/a 1,508 1, ,746 Total 14,154 8,952 10,474 9,016 8,292* 12,013 15,432 12,097 8,807 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. *NOTE: Data was sourced from the Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority, United Arab Emirates. 50

55 Vietnam - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country * 2013* 2014* 2015* 2016* Hong Kong ,157 26,261 51,389 40,793 66,145 U.S.A , ,922 Madagascar ,509 9, ,007 China Other Total ,724 36,384 52,553 41,627 73,078 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. *NOTE: Data from 2012 to 2016 was reported by the exporting country. Vietnam reports small quantities of pistachio imports as seen in years 2008 to Hong Kong, however, reports exports in very high quantities (see page 37). It can be assumed that some of Hong Kong s reported exports are being transshipped through Vietnam. Despite this, on the ground reports of pistachios in quantities larger than those reported by Vietnam provide strong evidence that imports for consumption are much larger than what is being reported. Additionally, Madagascar has reported sizable exports of pistachios to Vietnam. Initially, this appeared to be a data error, however, more investigation is needed to definitively determine the source of the product. Industry source believed it to be Iranian product. 51

56 52

57 Asian Pistachio Trading Countries 53

58 54

59 India - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country Iran 3,134 2,499 4,042 4,674 4,003 3,487 7,297 7,514 7,195 Afghanistan 2,596 2,500 1,306 1, ,467 2,383 1,789 U.S.A. 1,203 2,434 2,030 1,955 3,160 2,399 1, UAE Turkey 0 10 n/a n/a Other Total 7,171 7,812 7,482 8,818 8,257 6,841 10,297 10,841 9,710 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 55

60 Japan - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country U.S.A. 2,061 1,674 1,946 1,889 2,020 2,080 1,895 1,524 1,077 Iran Italy Other Total 2,418 1,838 2,218 2,151 2,202 2,333 2,117 1,897 1,331 Japan - Imports (in-shell ) Country U.S.A. 1,924 1,965 1,750 1, Iran Italy 0 n/a n/a 0 0 Other Total 1,983 2,053 1,795 1,521 1,035 Japan - Imports (shelled ) Country U.S.A Iran Italy Other Total Source: United Nations Comtrade Database 56

61 South Korea - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country U.S.A , Iran Other Total , South Korea - Imports (in-shell ) Country U.S.A Iran Other Total South Korea - Imports (shelled ) Country U.S.A Iran Other Total Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 57

62 Russian Federation - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country Iran 18,830 7,836 11,570 15,690 13,774 6, ,096 1,589 Kazakhstan , China Belarus U.A.E , Czech Republic , U.S.A. 7,079 3,763 1,660 2,373 3,909 5,528 1, The Netherlands Hong Kong Germany U.K Turkey Argentina Other 1, Total 27,032 11,776 13,354 18,147 18,311 12,954 10,687 2,270 2,256 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 58

63 Russian Federation - Imports (in-shell ) Country Iran 13,719 6, ,049 1,561 Kazakhstan , China U.A.E 0 0 1, Czech Republic 0 0 1, U.S.A. 3,812 5,452 1, The Netherlands Hong Kong Germany U.K Turkey Argentina Other Total 18,151 12,816 10,589 2,194 2,213 59

64 Russian Federation - Imports (shelled ) Country Iran Kazakhstan China U.A.E Czech Republic U.S.A The Netherlands Hong Kong Germany U.K Turkey Argentina Other Total Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 60

65 Thailand - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country * U.S.A Iran China Other Total Thailand - Imports (in-shell ) Country * U.S.A China Iran Other Total Thailand - Imports (shelled ) Country * U.S.A. 21 n/a n/a n/a 9 China 6 n/a Iran Other Total Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. *NOTE: Data reported by the exporting country. 61

66 Singapore - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country Iran n/a U.S.A Netherlands China Indonesia n/a n/a n/a 3 n/a Thailand 17 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Other Total Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 62

67 Singapore - Imports (in-shell ) Country Iran U.S.A The Netherlands China Indonesia Thailand Other Total Singapore - Imports (in-shell ) Country Iran U.S.A The Netherlands China Indonesia n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 Thailand 0 n/a n/a n/a 0 Other Total Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 63

68 Singapore - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country Malaysia India Brunei Indonesia Ecuador Hong Kong n/a 2 1 Other Total Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 64

69 Singapore - Exports (in-shell ) Country Malaysia India Brunei Indonesia Ecuador Hong Kong 3 7 n/a n/a 0 Other Total Singapore - Exports (shelled ) Country Malaysia India Brunei Indonesia Ecuador 6 2 n/a n/a 0 Hong Kong 23 7 n/a 2 0 Other Total Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 65

70 66

71 European Pistachio Trading Countries 67

72 68

73 Belgium - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country U.S.A. 12,921 9,560 5,619 6,158 6,708 6,999 4,783 6,347 7,790 Iran 3,747 3,142 1,734 1,960 1,496 1,572 1, Luxembourg Italy Germany France Turkey Spain China n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Syria Other Total 17,759 14,027 9,016 9,862 9,497 9,594 6,879 9,307 9,335 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 69