Rhizobium leguminosarum genotypes associated with high levels of Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) by faba bean
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1 Rhizobium leguminosarum genotypes associated with high levels of Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) by faba bean Euan K. James Marta Maluk Pietro P.M. Iannetta
2 N H + + 8e - 2NH 4+ + H 2 Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) Root nodule on Sesbania rostrata cut open to reveal the N 2 -fixing cells (*) Immunolocalisation of nitrogenase Fe-protein in bacteroids (b)
3 BNF Green Manures in action No fertiliser necessary, as you get your Nitrogen for free! Paddy field at IRRI, Manila Stem nodulated Sesbania rostrata
4 Non-nodulated legumes are N- deficient
5 Economical importance of BNF Australia (soybean, peas, f. beans) New Zealand (pasture legumes for dairy) Brazil/Argentina (soybean, French bean) USA (soybean, peas) Worth billions of $ to the economies of these countries Assisted by large research programmes into rhizobial inoculants and their application (in partnership with industry) $10 m Bill Gates-funded programme aims to bring this technology to Africa ( N 2 Africa ): soybeans, common beans, cowpeas
6 Global grain legume production FAO STAT 2013
7 Soybean production FAO STAT 2013
8 Faba beans and peas Faba beans (Vicia faba) and peas (Pisum sativum) are the UK s main grain legumes, and are of great economic and agricultural importance as a source of protein for humans and animals (Prices: 250 & 350 per tonne, respectively). Like many legumes they can have all their N- requirements supplied by forming symbioses with a common soil bacterium called Rhizobium. Both are widely grown in temperate regions, such as East Scotland, often in rotation with non-legume crops, in which their capacity for BNF is utilised. However, they are NOT inoculated with rhizobia and farmers simply rely on native rhizobial populations.
9 Experimental trials of Faba beans at JHI (Balruddery CSC)
10 Centre for Sustainable Cropping (CSC) At Balruddery Farm Experimental research platform Large scale and long-term 6-course rotation Split field design Conventional ( C ) Sustainable ( S = compost only) Crop yield and quality Economics Nutrient budgets Soil structure GHG emissions Above and below ground diversity 10
11 Measuring BNF by Faba beans BNF measured at early pod fill using the (delta) δ 15 N natural abundance technique. Total N removed in the grains at final harvest, and the N remaining in the field (shoots & roots) also estimated. Rhizobia isolated from nodules and genotyped. Strains tested on peas in greenhouse and field trials
12 Fixed N at mid podfill ( ) Estimated using 15 N BNF Kg Ha C S C S C S C S
13 Fixed N in crop residues (shoots + roots) 120 N in residues Kg Ha C S C S C S C S
14 Genetical markers to identify rhizobia (nodd)
15 noda I Rhizobium laguerreae FB206 T (NZ MRDM ) Vicia faba Tunisia Vicia faba: 3841 Balruddery Sustainable 19 isolates Balruddery Conventional 13 isolates Balruddery other fields 13 isolates JHI maximum yield trial isolates York 6 isolates Monifieth 2 isolates Jedburgh 3 isolates Yetesbury Wilts isolates East Hendred field isolates Gloucester Champion heritage variety from Francis Rayns 1 isolate Pisum sativum: Balruddery 7 isolates White Horse Hill 2 isolates Cambridge 1 isolate Orkney 1 isolate Vicia tetrasperma: Arthur s Seat 1 isolate Lens culinaris: Hut Field 1 isolate 72 Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS 571 T (AP ) Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae KHDVB (KM ) Vicia cracca Sweden II Lens culinaris, Phaseolus vulgaris, Lathyrus sativus III Pisum sativum Monifieth and Carnoustie, BK2 LegTech, Vicia sepium 99 IV Vicia sativa Mostly wild legumes Kirkton Hill, LivingFieldGarden 3 isolates, Balruddery intercropping trial 2016 Vicia faba: Balruddery Sustainable 5 isolates, Balruddery Conventional 11 isolates, Balruddery other fields 14 isolates, Bowlands Beauty and Seville heritage variety from Francis Rayns Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae KHDsib 8.11 (KM ) Vicia multicaulis Russia V Vicia sativa Carnoustie and Lens culinaris Bangladesh VI Vicia hirsuta and Vicia cracca Sweden Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii WSM2304 (CP001192) Rhizobium leguminosarum bv.trifolii WSM1325 (CP001623) Rhizobium mongolense USDA 1844 T (AJ ) Rhizobium gallicum R602 T (CP ) 96 Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 T (NC ) Rhizobium phaseoli Ch24-10 (AHJU ) 99 Rhizobium etli CFN 42 T (U ) Pisum sativum: Orkney 5 isolates Balruderry 2 isolates Balruddery intercropping trial 2016 Laurencekirk Conventional and Sustainable Skye 0.1
16 nodd I 81 II III IV Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571T(NC ) 0.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv.viciae J-1 (GQ ) Rhizobium leguminosarum bv.viciae Nvf1 (GQ ) JHI838 Phaseolus vulgaris Salamanca Spain Rhizobium bangladeshense BLR175 T(JN ) Lens culinaris Bangladesh Rhizobium lentis BLR9 (JN ) Lens culinaris Bangladesh 66 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae CCBAU11080 (GQ ) Liaoning Spring RLV-IV 96 JHI1249 Pisum sativum Orkney 69 JHI1084 Lathyrush sativus Washington USA Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii WSM2304 (DQ ) Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii (AJ306480) Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii WSM1325 (DQ ) Rhizobium sullae Hc 04N (KR ) 99 Rhizobium phaseoli Ch24-10 (AHJU ) Rhizobium etli CFN 42T (U ) Rhizobium gallicum R602T (CP ) Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899T (NC )
17 Screening rhizobia Field Greenhouse
18 Control VF E2-1B Lat.Lini2B-1 LegTech 42 LA-2A VF Top 12 rhizobial strains 4.0 Dry weight above ground biomass (g) pea cv. Kareni
19 BNF work at JHI Faba beans can fix >300 kg N ha -1 After grain harvest up to 100 kg N ha -1 can be left in the soil for the use of the following (nonlegume) crop. With fertiliser at a price of 300 t -1 this BNF amounts to a considerable cost saving. Dependent on the presence of good rhizobia in the soil. These are a source of potential elite inoculants for commercial exploitation.
20 Area change for European pulse crops FAO STAT 2013
21 Problems and solutions Domestically-grown f. beans suffer from massive competition from imported soybean. F. beans suffer from yield instability, which makes them unreliable. In part, this is linked to erratic BNF performance in the field and it can be corrected.
22 BNF is adversely affected by: Lack of suitable rhizobia in the soil leading to low nodulation and low BNF. Inappropriate use of N-fertiliser (legumes will not fix N if fertiliser is present). Inappropriate crop rotation/sequences.
23 Solutions Inoculation with elite strains of rhizobia We have a collection of >150 genotypes These have been screened for their BNF ability in the greenhouse So far, 12 genotypes have performed significantly better than industry standards These 12 are being tested in the field
24 Participating organisations Genomia Fund Producers & Growers Research Organisation Legume Technology
25 Acknowledgements Graham Begg Cathy Hawes Marcel Lafos Geoff Squire Mark Young Laura Lopez del Egido (Syngenta) Francesc Ferrando Molina (University of Stirling) Genet Mhretu (Addis Ababa University)
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