4.References of germplasm collections or databases in internet Grapevine varieties identification by microsatellites:

Transcription

1 Status Report of Vitis germplasm in SPAIN J.M. Ortiz, F. Cabello and G. Muñoz 1.Importance of the Viticulture in the country Total surface of viticulture in Spain (updated at 31/July/2011): 968,297 ha., distributed as: 949,962 ha for wine; 16,040 ha for table grapes; 1,390 ha for raisins. 2.Collections or germplasm banks for Vitis The three main collections for Vitis are: 1) IMIDRA (Instituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario) at El Encín, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid) (started in 1893): Total number of accessions: 3,417 distributed as: 1,229 wine grapes; 903 rootstocks; 725 Vitis sylvestris; 489 table grapes; 71 hybrids. Total number of different genotypes: 1,756. 2) ICVV (Instituto de las Ciencias de la Vid y el Vino) at La Grajera, Logroño (La Rioja) (started in 1982): Total number of accessions: 2,195 distributed as: 2,058 wine grapes; 122 table grapes; 8 hybrids; 7 rootstocks. Total number of different genotypes: ) CIFA (Centro de Investigación y Formación Agraria) Rancho de la Merced, Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz) (started in 1887): Total number of accessions: 1,921 distributed as: 1,236 wine grapes; 503 table grapes; 128 rootstocks; 54 hybrids. Total number of different genotypes: ) Other 16 collections in the country: Total number of accessions: 3,066 distributed as: 2,582 wine grapes; 342 table grapes; 82 rootstocks; 48 Vitis sylvestris; 12 hybrids. 3.Status of characterization of the collections Ampelographic characterization has been carried out for all accessions in 12 of the 19 collections, and partially on the other 7. In total, about 80% of the accessions have been characterized with OIV descriptors. Molecular characterization has been carried out in 10 of the 19 collections, and partially in 6 other. In total, about 70% of the accessions have been characterized with at least 9 microsatellite markers. 4.References of germplasm collections or databases in internet Grapevine varieties identification by microsatellites: Identification of grapevine varieties with microsatellites: Seedy and seedless table grapes in Spain: Ficha=342 5.Main varieties in the country Expressed in percent of surface: 1

2 Airén: 22,56% Tempranillo, Cencibel, Tinto Toro: 21,46% Bobal : 6,96% Garnacha Tinta: 6,68% Monastrell: 5,32% Macabeo, Viura: 3,70% Pardina, Jaén Blanco, Calagraño, Robal: 3,02% Cabernet Sauvignon: 2,24% Syrah: 2,12% Garnacha Tintorera: 1,96% Verdejo: 1,80% Palomino: 1,48% Merlot: 1,40% 6.Table grapes: According to the official data the surface dedicated to production of table grapes is around the 16,000 ha. Total production is around 300,000 tm. The main cultivated varieties, according to the official information, are: Table 1: Main table grapes cultivated in Spain. Berry colour Seedy Seedless White Red Black Calmeria Chasselas Gold Italia Moscatel de Alejandría Roseti Servant Cardinal Queen Alfonso Lavallée Black Rose Moscatel de Hamburgo Emerald Seedless Sultanina Flame Seedless Ruby Seedless During the last years the average percentages of table grapes are the following: Moscatel de Alejandría, 45% Rosetti: 15% Napoleón: 10% Cardinal: 10% Aledo: 6% Italia: 4% However the situation of the market is highly changing, with the frequent introduction of new varieties into cultivation. 7.Selection or breeding programmes in course: At the present the three main breeding programmes are carried out at the following research centres: 1) IMIDRA (Instituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario) at El Encín, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid). 2

3 2) IMIDA (Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario) at La Alberca (Murcia). 3) IFAPA (Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera), at Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz). 8.Clonal selection status: Clonal selection programmes are carried out by the regional governments, being controlled by the Spanish Office for the Obtainment of Plant Varieties (OEVV, Oficina Española de Variedades Vegetales). 9.Catalogue or reliable publications with a list of the confirmed synonymies: Annex 1 shows a list of confirmed synonymies, extracted from Cabello et al. (2011). Number (or list) of endangered cultivars: The following minor cultivars for wine production are endangered: Albillo de Granada Allarén Argamusa Batista Benedicto Blanquiliña Cagarrizo Cañorroyo Cherta Cuatendrá Eperó de Gall Excursach Fernandella Gabriela Garrido Macho Gualarido Luisa Blanca Mansés de Tibbus Mantúo de Pilas Mondragón Morate Morisca Moscatel de Angüés Palote Pampolat de Sagunto Pampolat Girat Parduca Pedro Luis Puerto Alto Quigat Rayada Melonera Rocia Sabaté Salvador Santa Magdalena 3

4 Señá Tarragoní Trobat Also, among the autochthonous table grapes, the following cultivars are endangered: Corazón de Cabrito De Cuerno Moscatel Rosa Negra Rayada Quiebratinajas Teta de Vaca (Ciruela Roja) Uva de Olaz (Jerónimo) Main international varieties cultivated: Cabernet Franc Cabernet Sauvignon Chardonnay Chasselas Dorée Chenin Folle Blanche Gewurztraminer Malbec Merlot Morrastel-Bouschet or Gran Negro Pinot Noir Riesling Sauvignon Blanco Syrah Viognier Main rootstocks used. List of rootstocks recommended: List of the recommended rootstocks: Rootstock Origin 1 Blanchard Berlandieri x Colombard Castel 1203 Couderc (Mourviedro Rupestris Martin) Riparia Gloria 6736 Castel Riparia Rupestris de Lot Couderc Riparia Berlandieri 1616 Couderc Solonis x Riparia 3309 Couderc Riparia Tomentosa Rupestris Martín 333 Escuela Montpellier Cabernet Sauvignon Berlandieri 13-5 EVE Jerez descendencia de Berlandieri Resseguier nº 2 Fercal Berlandieri-Colombard nº 1 B x 333 EM 5 A Martínez Zaporta autofecundación de 41-B 41 B Millardet-Grasset Chasselas Fercal Berlandieri 420 A Millardet-Grasset Berlandieri Grasset Riparia Millardet-Grasset Malbec Berlandieri Millardet-Grasset, (6) Riparia Rupestris 1103 Paulsen Berlandieri Resseguier nº 2 Rupestris de Lot 31 Richter Berlandieri Resseguier nº 2 Novo Mexicana 4

5 99 Richter Berlandieri Las Sorres Rupestris de Lot 110 Richter Berlandieri Resseguier nº 2 Rupestris Martín 140 Ruggeri Berlandieri Resseguier nº 2 Rupestris de Lot 5 BB Teleki-Kober Berlandieri Riparia SO4 Selección Oppenheim del Teleki nº 4 = Berlandieri Riparia Rupestris du Lot Variedad de Rupestris From the previous list, the most used are: 110 Richter Couderc Castel 3309 Couderc 41 B Millardet-Grasset 420 A Millardet-Grasset 6736 Castel 99 Richter Rupestris du Lot Use of microsatellites in characterization: Most of the germplasm banks are using microsatellites for characterization. These markers are also used for characterization or identification of varieties with different goals. At least the six microsatellites included in the OIV descriptors OIV 801 to 806 are used. Currently nine microsatellites are used to check identities and up to twenty for parentage studies. Sanitary status of the propagated material: Material is propagated following the European Union regulations and the Spanish Office for the Obtainment of Plant Varieties (OEVV). Main reference publications related to Vitis varieties or clones: See references at the end of this article. Existence of old vineyards Out of the total surface for vineyards, around 40% of the total are plantings older than 30 years, most of them corresponding to old autochthonous cultivars. Number/listing of minor cultivars (area below 1-3 ha) Distribution of vineyards of a surface below 3 ha is: 88,094 ha in plots below 1 ha (8% of the total surface) 71,674 ha in plots from 1 to 2 ha (7% of the total surface) 59,763 ha in plots from 2 to 3 ha (6% of the total surface) Neglected cultivars (present in repositories only) All the neglected cultivars are preserved at least in the IMIDRA, at El Encín (see point 3, above). In many cases the regional repositories have also duplicates of the autochthonous cultivars of the area. Occurrence of Vitis sylvestris in wild habitats 5

6 Localization of some populations of Vitis sylvestris in wild habitats of Spain: Castilla y León: province of León, margins of river Sella and Angulo and Mena valleys in the province of Burgos. Principado de Asturias: margins of rivers Sella, Covadonga, Cares y Deva. Cantabria: in zones with autochthonous vegetation located at meadows for feeding cattle, like in the environments of San Vicente de la Barquera. Other populations are located in areas of riparian vegetation near the rivers Deva, Asón, Calera and Gándara. País Vasco: in the meadows of the rivers Cadagua and Calera in Vizcaya, Ursuarán and Deva in Guipúzcoa, and Ega in Álava. Navarra: in the margins of the rivers Arga, Baztán, Bidasoa, Ega and Ulzama. Extremadura: in the province of Cáceres has been found in the riparian vegetation of the brooks Higuera and Fuente Blanca as well as in the Ambroz river. In Badajoz the populations are mainly distributed in the brooks and rivers of the counterforts of the Sierra Morena, near the brooks Álamo, Parrilla, Cabra and Albuera. Castilla-La Mancha: in the province of Ciudad Real, in the Sierra Morena and near the Despeñaperros pass. Andalucía: in the counterforts of the Sierra Morena, Despeñaperros river, Sierra de Cazorla, around the Serranía de Grazalema and in the mouth of the Guadalquivir river. Is on farm evaluation and maintenance carried out? Although private vineyards carry out evaluation programs and maintain collections of cultivars and clones, there is not a coordinate action on this field. Reliable results usually proceed from experiments carried out by research groups working at public or private institutions. Realization of prospections (minor cultivars, clones, Vitis species) Prospection is carried out by most of the germplasm banks located at different regions of the country. The minor or endangered plant material is studied and included in the germplasm bank. Is particular attention paid to preservation of clones? Grapevine clones are selected either by private farmers or nurseries or by research centres. After characterized and registered they are ready for distribution to the farmers. Are there any organizations responsible for grape germplasm, e.g. linking gene banks or coordinating activities? The national organism that regulates the germplasm is the already mentioned Spanish Office for the Obtainment of Plant Varieties (OEVV), working in coordination with the centres doing research in viticulture. References Asensio M.L., Valdés E., Cabello F. (2002). Characterisation of some Spanish white grapevine cultivars by morphology and amino acid analysis. Scientia Horticulturae, 93, 3: Bowers J.E., Meredith C.P. (1997). The parentage of a classic wine grape, Cabernet Sauvignon. Nature Genetics, 16:

7 Cabello, F., J.M. Ortiz, G. Muñoz, I. Rodríguez, A. Benito, C. Rubio, S. García y R. Sáiz (2011). Variedades de vid en España. ISBN: Editorial Agrícola Española, S.A. 489 pp. Cabezas J.A., Cervera M.T., Arroyo-García R., Ibáñez J., Rodríguez-Torres I., Borrego J., Cabello F., Martínez-Zapater J.M. (2003). Garnacha and Garnacha Tintorera: Genetic relationships and the origin of teinturier varieties cultivated in Spain. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 54: Casanova, J., P. Mozas and J.M. Ortiz (2011). Ampelography and microsatellite DNA analysis of autochthonous and endangered grapevine cultivars in the province of Huesca (Spain). Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 9(3): Castro, I, C. D onofrio, J.P. Martín, J.M. Ortiz, G. De Lorenzis And O. Pinto-Carnide (2011). Effectiveness of AFLPs and retrotransposon-based markers for the identification of portuguese grapevine cultivars and clones. Molecular Biotechnology. DOI /s y. On line 13 NOV Castro, I, J.P. Martín, J.M. Ortiz and O. Pinto-Carnide (2011). Varietal discrimination and genetic relationships of Vitis vinifera L. cultivars from two major Controlled Appellation (DOC) regions in Portugal. Scientia Horticulturae 127(4): Cervera M.T., Cabezas J.A., Sancha J.C., Martínez de Toda F., Martínez-Zapater J.M. (1998). Application of AFLPs to the characterization of grapevine Vitis vinífera L genetic resources. A case study with accessions from Rioja (Spain). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 97: Cervera M.T., Rodríguez I., Cabezas J.A., Chávez J., Martínez Zapater J.M., Cabello F. (2001). Morphological and molecular characterization of grapevine accessions known as Albillo. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 52: Chomé P.M., Sotés V., Benayas F., Cayuela M., Hernández M., Cabello F., Ortiz J.M., Rodríguez- Torres I., Chaves J. (2003). Variedades de Vid. Registro de variedades comerciales. Ed. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. 303 pp. González-Andrés, F., J. P. Martín., J. Yuste, J.A. Rubio, C. Arranz and J.M. Ortiz (2007). Identification and molecular biodiversity of autochthonous grapevine cultivars in the Comarca del Bierzo, León, Spain. Vitis 46(2): Hidalgo L. (1993). Tratado de Viticultura General. Ed. Mundi-Prensa. Madrid. 983 pp. Marcilla J. (1954). Nociones de Ampelografía. Los productores directos. Las vides viníferas. En: Tratado práctico de Viticultura y Enología españolas. Ed. Saeta, Madrid. Tomo I, Viticultura, pp MARM (2011). consultado en junio, Martín J.P., J.L. Santiago, O. Pinto-Carnide, F. Leal, M.C. Martínez, and J.M. Ortiz (2006). Determination of relationships among autochthonous grapevine varieties in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula by using microsatellite markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 53: Martín, J. P., C. Arranz, I. Castro, J. Yuste, J.A. Rubio, O. Pinto-Carnide and J.M. Ortiz (2011). Prospection and identification of grapevine varieties cultivated in north Portugal and northwest Spain. ISSN Vitis 50(1): Mila A., Cabezas J. A., Cabello F., Lacombe T., Martínez-Zapater J. M., Hinrichsen P., Cervera M. T. (2007). Determining the Spanish origen of representative ancient American grapevine varieties. American Journal of Enologie and Viticulture 58: Ortiz, J.M., J.P. Martín, J. Borrego, J. Chávez, I. Rodríguez, G. Muñoz and F. Cabello (2004). Molecular and morphological characterization of a Vitis gene bank for the establishmnent of a base collection. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 51(4): Santana, J.C., E. Hidalgo, A.I. De Lucas, P. Recio, J.M. Ortiz, J.P. Martín, J. Yuste, C. Arranz and J.A. Rubio (2008). Identification and relationships of accessions grown in the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Germplasm Bank of Castilla y León (Spain) and the varieties authorized in the VQPRD areas of the region by SSR-marker analysis. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 55: Santiago, J.L., S. Boso, J.P. Martín, J.M. Ortiz and M.C. Martínez (2005). Characterisation and identification of grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) from northwestern Spain using microsatellite markers and ampelometric methods. Vitis 44(2): Santiago, J.L., S.Boso, M.C.Martínez, O.Pinto-Carnide and J.M.Ortiz (2005). Ampelographic Comparison of Grape Cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) Grown in Northwestern Spain and Northern Portugal. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 56(3): Yuste J., J.P. Martín, J.A. Rubio, E. Hidalgo, P. Recio, J.C. Santana, C. Arranz and J.M. Ortiz (2006). Identification of autochthonous grapevine varieties in the germplasm collection at the Ita of 7

8 Castilla y León in Zamadueñas Station, Valladolid, Spain. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 4(1): Zaharieva T.B., S. Moussaoui, M. Lorente, J. Andreu, R. Núñez, J.M. Ortiz and Y. Gogorcena (2010). Preservation and molecular characterization of ancient varieties in Spanish grapevine germplasm collections. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 61(4):